World Bank Document - Documents & Reports - All Documentsdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/...• DPR regulations; Oil Minerals Act and Petroleum Act of 1969 • The regulations,

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Niger Delta Power Holding Company ("NDPHC")/NIPP Calabar

Environmental Impact Assessment

In Support of the Application for an IDA Partial Risk Guarantee

Under the Nigeria Electricity and Gas Improvement Project

April, 2013

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background Information

1.2. Administrative and Legal Framework

1.2.1 The policies, laws and regulations applicable to the assessment of environmental

impact of the project

1.2.2 Basis of EIA Report preparation

1.2.3 Standard adopted in Assessment and Analysis

1.3 EIA Objectives

1.4 Terms ofReference (TOR)

1.5 EIA Work Scope

1.2.4 Assessment Methodology

1.6 Structure ofthe Report

2.0 CHAPTER TWO PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

2.1 Need for the Project

2.2 Value of Project

2.3 Envisaged Sustainability

2.4 Project Alternatives /Options

3.0 CHAPTER THREE PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 The Proposed Project

3 .1.1 Pipeline Construction

3.1.2 Metering Station Site Works

3 .1.3 Offshore Construction

3.2 Project Location

3.3 Project Description

3.3.1 Natural Gas Pipeline

3.3.2 Metering System

3.3.3 Cathodic Protection

r EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CALABAR (IKOT NYONG) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

3.4 Gas Transmission Operation

3.5 Project Operation and Maintenance

3.6 Decommissioning

3.7 Project Schedule

4.0 CHAPTER FOUR DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT/BASELINE INFORMATION

4.1 Study Approach

4.1.1 Literature/Data Review

4.2 Description of the Environment

Laboratory Analysis 4.1.3

4.1.4.1

4.1.4.2

4.1.5

Quality Control for Sample Collection and Storage

Quality Assurance for Equipment

Geographical Location


4.2.1 Climate Conditions

4.2.2 Air Quality

4.2.3 Noise Level

4.2.4 Surface Water

4.2.5 Geology

4.2.6 Groundwater Quality

4.2.7 Landform

4.2.8 Soil Characteristics

4.2.9 Hydrology

4.2.10 Geomorphology

4.2.1 1 Aquatic Studies

4.2.12 Vegetation Cover Characteristics

4.2.13 Wild Life

4.2.14 Land Use

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EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CALABAR (IKOT NYONG) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

4.3 The Social Environments

4.3.1 Stakeholders' Consultation

4.3 .2 Socio-economic Description

4.4 Infrastructural Services

5.0 CHAPTER FIVE ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS

5.1 Impact Prediction Methodology

5.2 Description of Impact

5.2.1

5.2.2

5.2.3

5.2.4

5.2.4

5.2.4.1

5.2.4.2

5.2.5

5.2.6

5.2.7

5.2.8

5.2.9

5.2.10

Site Preparation and Construction

Air Quality Impact

Noise and Vibration Impact

Soil Quality

Surface Water Resources

Calabar River Estuaries (Creeks)

Atlantic Ocean (Offshore)

Groundwater

Land Use

Landscape and Visual Impact

Traffic and Transportation

Social Environment

Operational Impact

5.3 Hazard and Risk Assessment

5.4 Potential Impact Evaluation

5.4.1 Potential Impact Analysis

6.0 CHAPTER SIX MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1 Best Available Control Technology

6.1.1 Design

6.1.2 Construction

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CHAPTER SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Scope ofEnvironmental Management Plan

7.1.1 Construction Phase EMP

7.1.2 Pipeline Operation Impact Management Plan

7.2 Roles and responsibilities

7.2.1 Contractor

7.2.2 Niger Delta Power Holding Company

7.2.3 Environmental Site Supervisor or Consultant

7.4.1 Environmental Audit

7.4 Staff Development and Training

7.5 Emergency Planning

7.6 Emergency Responses

7. 7 Decommissioning/ Abandonment Plan

7.7.2 Stakeholders Consultation

7. 7.3 Wind - Down Operations

7. 7.6 Reporting

7.7.5 Re-Use/Recycling ofEquipment

7.7.4 Decommissioning ofFacilities

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1.0

1.1 Background Information

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Natural gas plays an important role in meeting Nigeria's energy demands, due to its availability and environmental acceptance. Nigeria faces the challenge of developing its domestic gas utilization to improve its energy system rapidly to ensure economic and industrial development. To achieve this, there is the need to develop the natural gas resources and monetize same for enhance revenue, power generation and other socio-economic issue.

The Federal Executive Council on lOth November, 2004 approved a new National Power Policy, which emphasizes the use of natural gas as the choice fuel for power generation, in order to reduce the current trend of extensive flaring of associated gas. The amount wasted by Nigeria in gas flaring activities annually stands at N332.5 billion at international market price.

The rate of wastage of gas through flaring was being reduced with the increasing use of gas in power generation in the country; gas consumption in power generation has risen in the last two years by 1 00 percent.

Nigeria has made clear its intention to encourage the use of natural gas, in particular to boost its utilization in the power generation, a sector in which gas is still marginal. Used for power generation, natural gas has less unit capacity investment costs, shorter building periods, more operating flexibility, and reaches higher energy efficiencies than any other source of energy; it is in these sector that gas is expected to grow fastest. However, gas in power will increase mainly with economic growth and the need for more power generation.

The Niger Delta Power Holding Company (NDPHC) Ltd through the National Integrated Power project (NIPP) is constructing a 561MW Power Plant at lkot Nyong, Calabar Cross River State to add to the Government target of generating 10, OOOMW of electricity by end of 2013. The plant will be fired with natural gas.

The Federal Executive Council also has approved the construction of the natural gas pipeline and metering station that will supply the newly constructed Power Plant. The pipeline (24" x 90km) will facilitate delivery of gas from ADDAX (Adanga platform) to the Power plant.

1.2 Administrative and Legal Framework

This section addresses the regulatory requirement applicable to the project

1.2.1 The policies, laws and regulations applicable to the assessment of environmental impact of the project.

The legal and administrative framework within which the EIA was carried out is based on the following regulations, guidelines and standards;

• The regulations, guidelines and standards of the Federal Ministry of environment (FMENV) concerning infrastructure development activities in Nigeria

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act no.86 of 1992

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• National Inland Waterways Authority Act No. 13 of 1997. • Public Health Legislations and Regulations • DPR regulations; Oil Minerals Act and Petroleum Act of 1969 • The regulations, guidelines and standards of the Akwa Ibom and Cross River States

Ministries of Environment • All International Conventions on Environmental Protection to which Nigeria is a party. • The Power Reform Act ofNERC. • Electricity Act of 1969 • Nigerian Local Content Development Act 2007

Other Regulations include:

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National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes Regulations) 8.1.9 (1991)- This stipulates that:

No industry shall release toxic substance into the air, water and land of the Nigerian environment, beyond permissible limits. It is mandatory for all industries to have industries to have industrial pollution monitoring capabilities within their own set up.preferably they should have on-site pollution control unit or assign it to a consultant/contractor approved by the federal ministry of environment. All manufacturers should draw up a contingency plan against accidental releases of pollutants. For the present point and non-point sources of industrial pollution, all industries with potential for the release of gaseous, particulate, liquid or solid untreated discharge is mandated to install into their system, appropriate pollution abatement equipment in accordance with prescribed guideline. All discharges of effluent with constituents beyond permissible limits into public drains, stram, rivers, lades, sea or underground infection are unacceptable and are prohibited unless a permit is obtained in writing from federal ministry of environment (fmenv)or any organization so designated by fmenv. Solid waste generated by industry including, sludge and all bye-products resulting from the operation of pollution abatement equipment should be dispose off in an environmentally safe manner. The general aesthetic sanitary conditions of factories and surroundings shall be adequately maintained Within limits ofthe provisions by the national policy on environment, the safety ofworkers from exposure to hazardous conditions in the work place shall be guaranteed. The collection, transport and final disposal of waste should be the responsibility/capability of the company generating the waste, which shall be liable for clean-up, remediation, restoration and where necessary, compensation to all affected parties. The general aesthetic sanitary conditions of surrounding shall be adequately maintained . Environmental Auditing (EA) of existing industries and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of new industries and major developmental projects shall be mandatory.

National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulation (8.1.8) 1991

Waste Wanagement and Hazardous Waste Regulations (.'i.1.15) 1991

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4. Affected Local Government Councils

5. Federal and Cross River and Ahva !hom States Forestry Laws

The principal legislation on force for the regulation of the forest sector in Nigeria is the Forestry Act 195 8 at the federal level and representative States' Forestry Laws or Edicts level.

The Forestry Law cap 51 of 1994 is the only substantive legislation applicable to all parts of the federation. The law prohibits any act that may lead to the destruction of or cause injury to any forest produces, forest growth or forest property. The law prescribes the administrative framework for the management, utilization of forestry recourse in Nigeria.

6. Land Use Act, 1978 The Nigerian Land Use Act 1978 was promulgated in March 1978. It vests all land in each state of the federation (except land already vested in the Federal Government or its Agencies) in the Governor of the State. It makes the State Government the authority for allocating land in all urban areas, for residential, agricultural, commercial and other purposes while it (the Act) confers similar powers regarding non-urban areas on the Local Government in such area. The Governor of a State can revoke Right of Occupancy (Statutory Customary) for overriding public interest.

7. Endangered Species Act 11. 1985 In pursuance of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITIES), the Federal Government ofNigeria enacted endangered species (control of international Trade and Traffic) Act 11, 1985 which makes among others, provisions for the conservation ,management and protection of some of the country's endangered species. Section 1 of the Act absolutely prohibits the hunting or capture or trading in the threatened animal species. The list of endangered specie includes reptiles. Bird (Aves) and mammals (insectivores, primates, rodents, carnivores)

8. World Bank and Aji'ican Development Bank I International Lending Organizations Requirement An EIA study by an intending borrower is a prerequisite for projects' financing by lending organizations such as the World Bank, African Devekopment Bank, etc. The World Bank Operational Manual OP 4.01 of 1999 mandates the conducy of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Category A projects.

9. The Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Act 1992 The Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Act 88 of 1992 established a Development Control Department (DCD) which is charged with the responsibility for matters relating to development control and implementation of physical development plans at Federal, State and Local Governments' levels within their respective jurisdiction. The Act stipulates among other: • Approval of the relevant DCD shall be required for any land development • A developer shall submit a development plan for the approval of the DCD of local

government, state or federal government.

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• A developer (whether private or government) shall apply for a development permit in such manner using such forms and providing such information including plans, design, drawings and any other information, as may be prescribed.

• a developer shall at the time of submitting his application for development submit to an appropriate control department a detailed environment impact statement (EIS) for an application for,

);;> A residential land in excess of 2 hectares or, );;> Permission to build or expand a factory or for the construction of an office

building in excess of four floors of 5000 square meters of a lettable space or );;> Permission for a major recreational development

1.2.2 Basis of EIA Report preparation • Environmental Impact Assessment Report writing format issued by the Federal Ministry of

Environment. • The national policy on environment launched in1989 by the Federal Government ofNigeria

to achieve a sustainable development in Nigeria. • The technical main points in the assessment of environmental impact of infrastructure

development in Nigeria issued by the federal ministry of environment. The contents of which are related with outlines of associated environmental impact, assessment and analysis of environmental components etc.

1.2.3 Standard adopted in Assessment and Analysis

• For the quality of surface water:- Applicable standards of FMENV shall apply: (refer to appendix-! i)

• Quality standard of Air: Applicable standard of FMENV • Noise standards:- Applicable standard ofFMENV • Quality ofwaste water discharge:- Applicable standard ofFMENV • Surface and groundwater (borehole) quality for drinking:- Applicable standard of Nigeria

and WHO respectively.

1.3 EIA Objectives

The objectives of the EIA are to: • Establish the existing biological, physical, and socio-economic conditions of the project

area. • Characterize the environment thereby identifying the resultant hazards (including social)

associate with power generation project. • Assess proactively the potential impact and associated impact(including health and socio

economic impacts) of the proposed construction project on the project area. • Make recommendations to eliminate/mitigate/control the magnitude and significance ofthe

hazards and effects. • Recommend control techniques to eliminate/minimize the severity of the effects and to

manage it. • Recommend plans and procedures to manage the consequences.

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• Ensure proper consultation with the communities bordering the proposed construction site in line with FMENV guideline

1.4 Terms of Reference (TOR)

1.4.1 EIA Work Scope • Comprehensive literature review to generate background information on the environmental

characteristics of the study area • Review of national and international regulations on power plant construction and operation • Identification of all communities within the project location for effective consultation,

including FMENV and ABMENV and CRMENV.

• A two season detailed site investigation of existing baseline data and laboratory analysis. • Identification of potential and associated impacts • Qualification of potential impacts prediction and evaluation of their significance using

appropriate models. • Identification of effective mitigation/enhancement measures and monitoring programmes

using best up to date technology for the project activities. • Development of a comprehensive environmental management plan, including monitoring,

decommissioning/abandonment and remediation plans. • Writing of EIA reports (field, draft, final draft and final) that conform to standards and

guidelines set by the regulators, international bodies (including World Bank) and other Non Governmental Organizations (NGO).

1.5 Assessment Methodology

The assessment methodologies adopted in this EIA study are in accordance with the Federal Ministry of Environment and Cross River and Akwa lbom Ministries of Environment guidelines.

Literature Review Review of existing literature particularly, from reports of previous EIA studies and other relevant studies on the environmental characteristics ofthe project area. Materials reviewed

include textbooks, reports, survey maps, aerial photographs, articles and other international

journals and internet.

Reconnaissance Survey A reconnaissance survey of the study area was carried out and it helped in the concept

design of field investigation execution.

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Consultation In line with FEPA (now FMENV) 1995 Procedural and Sectoral Guidelines for EIA in

Nigeria, Consultations with the host communities (neighbours), and other Stakeholders were undertaken. The Stakeholders consulted include:

• • • • • • • •

Federal Ministry of Environment Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Cross River and Akwa Ibom States Ministries of Land and Survey Cross river and Akwa lbom States Ministries of Environment Nigerian Gas Company Affected Local Government Areas Project affected persons (PAPs) Community Based Organization

1.6 Structure of the Report

The EIA Report conforms to the report writing format as contained in the FMENV Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines (1995). The content includes the

following:

Chapter One gives the project background information, administrative and legal framework and terms of reference

Chapter Two provides the justification for the project that includes the need, value and sustainability ofthe project

Chapter Three describes the project/process, it provides a detailed explanation and description of the project actions and present brief information on the associate in-built impact control measures in the project.

Chapter Four gives the description of the environmental and social setting of the project area and consultation process

Chapter Five gives the environmental changes (negative and positive) that might result from installation and accompanying processes ofthe project development.

Chapter Six provides the mitigation measures that will protect the environment from adverse effect of the project actions.

Chapter Seven gives the environmental monitoring programme and management plan for environmental protection during project operation and also decommissioning plan

Chapter Eight is the conclusion

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2.0 CHAPTER TWO

PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

2.1 Need for the Project

The increasing strains on the country's energy supply capacities and related infrastructure have slowed down the economic expansion of Nigeria over the years. To meet the energy challenge, he Federal Government emphasized efficient energy utilization and increased energy security. The discovery of rich natural gas reserves in the country has made it possible to narrow the gap between the domestic energy demand and supply.

It is estimated that about 2 billion standard cubic feet of gas is currently being flared in Nigeria, the highest among OPEC countries. Government has been concerned about the very high volumes of associated gas being flared in Nigeria, with the environmental hazards posed, and the loss of valuable natural resources. In 1995, the government reviewed that existing National Gas Policy, increasing the penalty, which the oil producers had to pay on every cubic foot of gas flared. The main thrust of the policy is to ensure that gas flaring shall stop by the year 2008.

By providing the necessary infrastructure, i.e., gas transmission pipelines and auxiliary equipment, the project was consistent with government gas policy, which emphasized physical infrastructure and use of natural gas. Although the recent vandalization of gas pipelines in the country dampened the energy demand, the basic government strategy ofthe use of natural gas for power generation remains sound and valid. The relevance of the project was particularly reinforced by the government power generation target of 1 O,OOOMW by 2007 and establishment of the National Integrated Power Projects. Without the project, the newly constructed Power Plant in Calabar would not be able to operate.

The government gas policy on fiscal and tax incentives to expand utilization of natural gas also stressed greater private sector participation. A strong justification for the government to invest in the pipeline transmission capacity was that it would attract or secure more private sector investment in the upstream exploration and production of natural gas. The project would encourage investments in gas reserves.

2.2 Value of Project

The main objective of the project it to increase the indigenous natural gas supply capacity by expanding the gas transmission system to meet the growing energy demand that would otherwise have been flare. Additional objectives were to improve environmental and safety standards, increase efficiency of natural gas use, and strength institutional capacities in support of the future development of the hydrocarbon sector. The project will bring about net positive impacts on the environment and environmental management in the hydrocarbon sector. The project will reduce air emission global warming by reducing gas flaring.

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• EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CALABAR (IKOT NYONG) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

In light of the recent poor power supply, however, by supplying gas for power generation, the project will help in improving power supply. Also, employment will be generated. during project development and operation.

2.3 Envisaged Sustainability

Technical Sustainability Sustainability of the project depends on continued demand for and adequate supply of natural gas. The demand is likely to continue growing due to long-term economic recovery, expected high international oil prices, and improved enforcement of environmental emission standards.

Natural gas that traditionally was flared at oil extraction sites for years, (as of mid-2002, gas flared was 21.56bcm while gas utilized was 20.76bcm), has increasingly been recognized as an enormous income-generating resource for Nigeria and now being captured for processing and sale both regionally and overseas. Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) estimates that Nigeria flared natural gas accounts for approximately 20 percent of the world total. The ongoing trend of developing natural gas resources began to accelerate. Within the last four decades, about 23 Tcf of gas has been produced, with activity in the sector expanding each year.

The power sector currently consumes minimal percent of Nigeria's natural gas. Nigeria's Power Development Plan emphasizes diversification in its fuel mix as a measure of energy security. On the supply, the proven and probable natural gas reserves will ensure supply for at least another 20 years.

The project's sustainability also depends on NIGP's capability to operate and maintain the pipelines. Natural gas transmission through pipelines is a core business area for Nigerian Gas Company (NGC), which has a proven record in maintaining and operating pipelines. The NGC will help in the maintenance.

The designed life for pipelines is generally about 30 years, which is primarily determined by the life expectancy of the cathodic protection (anticorrosion) system. With proper corrosion inspection and remedian ofthe corroded pipes, this life expectancy can be achieved. NGC's pipelines, has been in safe operation for 20 years.

NGC is well versed in maintaining high standards in health and safety in pipeline operations and has invested heavily in monitoring equipment and staff training. Therefore, in all likelihood, the project will be sustainable and will reach its design life and possibly beyond.

Environmental Sustainability To ensure that environmental suatainability is maintained, the pipeline will be laid without excavating more than required and the excavated material will be used to backfill. Futhermore, waste materials will be collected and disposed off in an approved manner by an accredited waste vendor. Meanwhile the ROW will be done only to the extent of what is required to execute the project.

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Economic Sustainability The project will definitely stimulate economic activities around the area as long as gas is being supplied to the power plant. The execution of the project will ensure increase income to those employed. The gas supply will ensure monetization of gas from Addax fields and also sales of power generated will improve revenues and economic activities around the area and in the country as a whole.

2.4 Project Alternatives /Options

The pipeline will cross forest, residential areas, marshy swampy areas and the Atlantic Ocean to reach Addax platform. Several alternatives routes across forest, residential areas, marshy swampy areas and the Atlantic Ocean were reviewed, eliminating those routes with the most negative impacts. To cross the pipeline from Addax Platform to Calabar power station boundary, four routes were considered with the potential of utilizing two out of four:

• Route Al - a straight route to the power station site, cross the swampy forest and creeks between Ikot Nyong (plant location) and Ekpri Adrabo settlements to meet Route A2 at swampy forest.

• Route A2 - a route diagonal approaching Odupani Junction and turning right towards hilly ground cultivated by PALMOL Oil crossing creeks and land areas of the following communities (Abiabo Ikot Ukpa, Okimbe Ikot Ibok Eyo, Ikot Obongs Enanang, Ukim Ita and Creek town).

• Route Bl -a route that crosses the Atlantic to the Addax Platform.

• Route B2 - a route which crosses the marshy swampy forest south of Oron Jetty and follows settlements by-passing proposed seaport for Ministry of Commerce before crossing the Atlantic to the Addax Platform.

Following extensive evaluation, routes across built-up areas involving resettlement/relocation, clearing of structures and foundations (routes A2 and B2).

Table 2.1 Comparison of effects on Routes Al, A2, Bl and B2 -Social Aspects

Social Aspect Route-At Routc-A2 Routc-Bl Routc-Bl Traffic Traffic access to Traffic access to Traffic access to No road traffic

the area would area would be area would be be affected by slightly affected slightly affected pipe laying and by pipe laying by pipe laying crossing of the crossing of the crossing of the roads and road. Access to road. Access to properties will be all roads and all roads and maintained. properties will be properties will be

maintained. maintained. Dust Dust will be a Dust will be a Dust will be a No dust

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' EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CALABAR (IKOT NYONG) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

problem if problem if problem if generated construction construction construction takes place in takes place in takes place in built-up built-up built-up environment. environment, but environment

minimal problem if construction is in not a built-up environment

Noise Construction Construction Construction Noise generated noise is noise potentially noise is will not affect potentially greater for road potentially residents greater for residents due to greater for residents due to heavy residents due to heavy traffic/cranes etc. heavy traffic/cranes etc. traffic/cranes etc.

Community Community Few community Community No community facilities centres, schools, structures etc centres, school, structures will be

homes and will be affected homes and affected important important structures would structures would be affected be affected creating noise, creating noise, access and safety access and safety issues. issues.

Home based No businesses No businesses No businesses No businesses businesses will be directly will be directly will be directly will be directly

affected. affected. affected affected

Table 2-2 Comparison of effects on Routes Al, A2, Bl, and B2 -Environmental Aspects

Environmental Route-At Routc-A2 Route-Bl Route-Bl Aspect

Marshy Swampy Areas of existing Areas of Areas of No marshy forest marshy Swampy existing marshy existing marshy swampy forest

forest can not be Swampy forest swampy forest to avoid avoided. can not be can be partially

avoided avoided Creeks/Ocean Creek in the Creeks in the Few creeks will Creeks/ocean

communities communities be affect will be affect would be would be significantly significantly affected by pipe affected by pipe laying. laying.

Birds Birds will be Birds will be Birds will be Birds will be disturbed during disturbed during disturbed during disturbed during

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construction construction construction construction Benthos/bottom Pipe route Pipe route Pipe route Pipe route living species through the through the through the through the

Trees

creeks will have creeks will have creeks will have Ocean will have potential effects potential effects potential effects potential effects. Trees will be Route through Few trees will Nil avoided the area selected be affected

will minimize tree removal

Although the route A 1 and b 1 options were the most effective, the potential disruption to the school, community structures and homes would cause more impact to the local community

than the A2 and B2 options. Routes A2 and b2 were therefore selected as the favoured routes.

• The 'No Project' Option

In the No Project Option, Calabar Power Plant would not be connected to natural gas supply and hence there would not be the construction of a natural gas transmission line from Addax Platform and the development of the field. Without these constructions, the construction of calabar 561 MW power plant to add to the 1 O,OOOMW electricity generation target of federal government would not be feasible. Thus, in the No Action option the proposed Natural gas pipeline and power station would not be built.

• Production of LNG The gas from the Addax facility can be liquefied using a small LNG facility attached to the Adanga platform. This will pose more challenges of LNG evacuation and storage facility will be difficult.

• Re-injection of the Gas The gas produced can be wholly used to re-inject in the reservoir to maintain pressure for oil production. This option was rejected because the country require the use of gas for power generation.

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EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CA~ABAR (IKOT NYONG) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

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3.0 CHAPTER THREE

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 The Proposed Project

The proposed project is the construction of90km of24-inch-diameter gas transmission pipeline and measurement facility (metering station).

The pipeline with design flow rate of200 mmscfd shall be link to the gas source at AddaxAdanga Offshore.

The gas pipeline route will transverse offshore, swampy forest and water logged areas of Akwa Ibom and Cross River States.

The natural gas transported will be used to fuel 561MW power plant being constructed at Ikot Nyong, Calabar Cross River State. At Addax-Adanga platform, the gas flow rate is 175mmscfd. The gas pressure and temperature at Addax manifold (inlet) are 90barg and 25°c respectively.

The project is designed to comply with all the applicable Nigeria Regulation and Standards including the existing.legislation of ministries of Environment of Cross River and Akwa Ibom States.

Project Inputs and Outputs

Inputs The following materials will be used at construction of the transmission system:

• Steel pipes with concrete coating • Corrosion protection in the forms of coating (e.g. external: asphalt enamel, bitumen

and internal: epoxy) and conventional sacrificial anodes (e.g. aluminium). • Steel/Concrete construction and technical equipment of the platform • Natural materials for sea bed rectification, trench backfilling- sand, gravel, rock • Sea water and- if necessary- additives (e.g. oxygen scavenger) for pipeline

flushing and hydro-testing • Fuel oil

Outputs In the course of constructions/commissioning there will be:

• Emission ofpollutants (C02, CO, S02 NOx etc) from transport-and-power and welding-and-assembling units

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• Noise and vibrations at land sites and offshore from lay-barge and at platform location during pipeline operation following outputs are possible.

• Emission of the gas or products of it combustion in the case of accidents (pipeline rupture);

• Emissions and noise from maintenance (e.g. regular rigging (cleaning) of pipeline)

The project development activities are described as follows:

3.1.1 Pipeline Construction

Surveying and Clearing the Right-of-Way (RoW)

The RoW is a narrow strip of land that will contain the pipeline(s) and is where all on site construction activities will occur. The project RoW will have the following widths: 25m Minimum normal soil and open ground, 25m Minimum width swamp areas and 30m Minimum offshore. The areas that require a greater width for construction activities, the ROW shall vary accordingly. It shall be surveyed and cleared of brushes and trees and existing structures and foundations. Forested areas will be cleared using conventional methods; chain saws will be used for filling of large trees.

The under brush will be cleared by hand cutting, felled trees will be cut into logs stocked pilled and solid for used in construction and building purposes. Trees and vegetative materials not suitable for use as construction material will be given to locals for use as firewood. Leaves will be allowed to rot. Debris generated from demolition of existing structure shall be re-used and those that can not be reused on site or sold will be properly disposed.

The Right-of-Way Preparation

The right-of-way will be graded and access road constructed to allow for the movement of excavators/ditchers, materials and other pipeline construction activities. The ROW will be graded with a grader and it will not exceed the area surveyed.

Hauling and Stringing the Pipe(s)

The lengths of pipe shall be moved from stock site to the right-of-way. The length of the pipe shall be moved with trucks and lined up along the RoW to be welded. Pipes shall be strung only on the ROW that has been cleared and in such a manner as to leave gaps across the RoW to facilitate the movement for farm equipment or livestock.

Bedding the Pipe(s)

The pipeline will cross over hills and curve around special places such as Creeks and sacred sites. To accomplish this, a specialized pipe-bending machine will be used to bend some

21

•

EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CALABAR (IKOT :-lYON G) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

pipe to the shape of the land. The pipe(s) shall retain their strength and remains circular where it is bent because of the characteristics of steel and bending techniques used.

All bends shall be made cold and uniform by the use of approved shoes of proper size. No stretching or thinning of the pipe wall thickness shall be made with 11/2 pipe diameter of a

completed circumferential butt weld. No field bends shall have a radius of less than 24times the outside diameter of the pipe. The radius shall be reasonably uniform through the arc.

Welding

Welding is a technique where another metal is melted and used to join lengths of pipe. The area of weld where the two pipes are joined will be stronger than the pipe by design. All welding shall be carried out following specific and qualified procedure. Test shall be carried out before welding, radiographs, macro and micro examination hardness survey and twothirds Charpy V -notch impact. All welders and welding machine operators shall be pass welder performance test.

The welding shall be repeated a number of times until multiple pipe sections are joined to form a pipeline. Automatic welding machine will be used where possible and some hand welding shall be strength and quality of the welding. All welded joints connecting pressure parts shall be treated after welding is completed.

A rigorous quality assurance and quality control programme will be followed to ensure the strength and quality of the welding.

Digging the Trench

A trench or ditch shall be dug where the pipe will be buried. A minimum of 150mm of topsoil shall be stripped to make a ditch where the pipe will be laid. The excavation shall be made by hand or machine and within 150mm required level. The minimum dimensions of the trench shall be such as will provide the following excluding any crown above the general ground level:

Depth of cover pipe in soil Depth of cover in rock Width of trench in excess of pipe diameter

0.9m 0.6m 0.4m

All digging shall be kept free of water by pumping and well pointing, especially in wet seasons. Sand spoil generated from digging of trench shall be separately stockpiled where it will not disrupt natural drainage path for re-use. The bottom of the trench shall be uniformly graded and free from loose rock, gravel and other objects which might damage the pipe.

All ditches, open drains or water courses interfered with during digging shall be maintained in effective condition during construction and restored to its former condition land drains over the trench and for a distance of 500mm on each side of the trench shall be replaced.

22


Lowering of pipe

Wide non abrasive slings, belts or cradles shall be used in lowering ofthe pipeline. Care will be taken to avoid damaging the pipe and it exterior coating. All brush, skid, pipe protectors, rocks, large clods, sticks, projecting rocks and other hard objects shall be removed from the bottom of the trench to prevent the puncture of the protective coating. The entire ditch line shall be crumbed and graded at the bottom of the trench where the ditch has been conglomerate. A building layer of 1.12mm concrete, not less than 75mm thick shall be placed to prevent deterioration of the formation and to form a clean working surface for the lowering of pipes.

The pipe shall not be permitted to rest directly on the trench bottom, which consists of rocks, stones or other material, rock fragment or any other material that could damage the pipe coating. In all such cases, the pipe shall be bedded on and surrounded by a soft padding of a minimum thickness of 150mm. in marshy and swampy areas, all pipes shall be floated into position and lowered into place with adequate floats or pontoons. In lowering the pipe into the water portion of the floatation ditch and into the ditch at water crossing, there shall be sufficient use of number of floats and pontoons.

Installing Valves and Special Fitting

Valves and other connection are parts of a pipeline and they are installed as the pipeline is constructed. They include shunt-off valves that can block all sections of the pipeline for maintenance.

Pipeline Crossings

The pipeline will need to cross road, rivers, streams and other pipelines. All roads crossing whether cased or uncased shall have a minimum of 1.5m cover. At major road crossing, the pipeline shall be installed by thrust (Auger) bearing and shall be sleeved.

At minor roads (road without Tar-Macadam wearing surface), pipeline will be installed by thrust bore or by open cut and need not be sleeved. Water crossing shall either be by open cut Techniques or by horizontal directional drilling. General, horizontal directional drilling is selected for major river crossing. Crossing of small waterways and rivers of widths less than 60m and depth greater than 0.5m, the minimum cover to the pipe below the natural bed-level of the channel at any point, over the whole width of the channel, shall be 0.6m for rock and 1.5m for other materials. Concrete weight coating shall be applied to give negative buoyancy in the worst soiling condition prevailing.

At crossing within 1OOm of villages or habitation, the ROW shall be fenced over its full width at the top of the river bank to prevent unauthorized access to crossing. Crossing of large rivers width greater than 60mm or of actual or known future oil or gas well locations and actual or known future access slots shall be constructed as that of small rivers excepts that the minimum cover to the pipe shall be 4.5m below LL WS at the lowest bed level or

23

•


1.5m below the natural bed-level of the channel at any point which ever results in the greater depth. Crossing the major navigable rivers and marine waterways shall be constructed as for Small River except that the minimum cover to the pipe shall be 4.5m below LL WS at the lowest bed level or 3.5m below the natural bed-level of the channel of any point, whichever results in the greater depth.

Back-Filling the Trench Before testing the pipeline, the ditch shall be backfill. Excavated soil· shall be used to fill the trench. Care will be taken to protect the pipe coating from potential damage.

Before any backfilling the pipe shall be evenly bedded upon the bottom of the trench through its length and not riding upon any stones, rocks or other material, which may be harmful to the pipe.

On steep slopes or areas subject to severe erosion and where there is danger of the backfill being washed out of the trench, sandbag breakers shall be installed prior to backfilling. There shall be terracing across the pipeline ditch to direct flow of water into natural drainage courses and away from the pipeline ditch.

Testing Testing shall be carried out after backfilling the pipe trench, including the sections within the terminals and which are to be buried. A variety of methods will be used to ensure the integrity of the assembled pipeline and to comply with applicable codes. If any section fails during testing, there shall be excavation and repair of any damage or leakage sustained by the pipeline.

Testing shall be carried out after backfilling the pipe trench. During testing operations, all main valves shall be in the open position.

Clean-up and Reinstatement The pipeline RoW and temporary facilities shall be cleared. Where topsoil has been stripped from the surface of the trench width, it shall be replaced after backfilling has been completed, to the current contours and thickness and in a loose workable condition.

3.1.2 Metering Station Site Works

The Metering Station shall be located at the site of the newly constructed 561MW Power Plant at Nkot Nyong Calabar. The metering station shall comprise a control building located within a fenced and gated area with it own access and internal road and pathways.

This site work of the metering station shall include clearing of vegetation and leveling/grading of surface area.

The area, which are not surfaced shall be laid to fall, drained and covered with 1 OOmm thick layer of 200mm granite chippings.

24

EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CALABAR (IKOT NY ON G) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

A guardroom shall be provided at the mean access gateway to the station. Emergency personnel exit gates shall be constructed to give alternative escape route from the station. The site include the building shall be provided with its own security fence. There shall be a 3m fie-break covered with 1 OOmm thick layer of 20mm granite chipping around the fence.

3.1.3 Offshore Construction

Seafloor sediments will be excavated, jetted or suction dredged to create a trench for the pipeline and construct the outfall pipeline through the Creeks. These sediments will be sides cast at the side of the trench. If directional drilling will be used sands and gravels between the edges of the creek and 60km pipeline end point in Ocean will be excavated to accommodate the pipeline using a directional drilling method of pipeline construction. This material will be trucked to the construction management area and reused if appropriate.

Bentonite is naturally occurring clay and is used to lubricate the outside of the pipe during drilling. Bentonite will remain in-situ and there will be no associated contamination issues from the use of bentonite during this process.

Sediments excavated through directional drilling will need to be dewatered in specially built setting structures. The water from these settling structures will be filtered and put back into the creek in an appropriate condition that does not adversely affect the creek/estuary.

25

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3.2 Project Location

The land which is to be made available to the project by the communities is as follows:

a) Location for tie-in to ADDAX-Adanga offshore manifold b) The plant site for the Metering Station c) The pipeline routes RoW

A total of 90km (30km on land and 60km on sea/creek) will be used for the pipeline route RoW. The gas pipeline route will traverse locations that are offshore, swampy, thick forest and water logged inAkwa Ibom and Cross River States (see figure 3.2). The geographical location of the project range from Lon~itude 008° 16' 19.9" E to 008° 13' 13.4" E and Latitude05° 13' 13.4"EandLatitude05 11' 19.9Nto04°42' 20.5"N.

The Metering Station is located longitude 008° 16' 19.9" E and Latitude 05° 11' 19.9" N, while the Addax platform is located at longitude 008° 13' 13.4" E and 04° 42' 20.5" N.

28


The project shall traverse through the following villages/communities in Odukpani Local Government Area of Cross River State, ikot Nyong, Mkpara Essien, Etak Okono, Eseku, Ekpri lyoki, Ufot Ubet, Ikot Esu, Ifako, Ikot Obong, Eno, Creek Town-Ukim Ita.

Kilometer 25 Location This point is located in a marsh/swampy area along the creek after Creek Town. It is 25km from the power plant following in GLROW. The location is at longitude 008° 33' 16.9" E and 04° 14' 59.4" N.

Kilometer 35 Location

29


This point is located in a marsh/swampy in Parrot Island. It is 35km from the power plant following the GLROW. The location is at Longitude 008° 29' 18.2" E and 04° 16' 23.6" N.

Kilometer 45 Location The point is a virgin forest beside the creek before Atlantic Ocean and is in Oron. The location is at longitude 008° 15' 7 .5" and 04 ° 48' 10.1" N.

Kilometer 60 to 80 Location The point is in the Atlantic Ocean. The location is at longitude 008° 16' 13.9" E and 04° 46' 2.2" N.

Kilometer 90 Location The point is at Addax Platform. The location is at longitude 008° 13' 13.4" E and 04° 42' 20.5" N.

3.3 Project Description

The general layout of the project is to supply gas and maintain its operating conditions from Addax-Adanga platform to the metering station/power plant boundary limit at Calabar with emphasis on operational safety efficiency and flexibility with a view to providing industrial standard, remote supervision and control.

The project primary components are:

• The pipeline • Metering station • Cathodic protection facilities

The natural gas composition and characteristics is shown in table 3.1

Table 3.1 Natural Gas Compound Composition

SIN Compound Mole 1 C1 0.03 2 C2 0.03 3 C3 0.02 4 C4 0.01 5 C5 0.00 6 C6 0.00 7 C7+ 0.00 8 C02 0.01 9 H20 0.00 10 H2S 0.00 11 N2 0.00

30


3.3.1 Natural Gas Pipeline

The pipeline has length of 90km, diameter of 24-inches and flow of 200mmscfd. The pipeline design temperature and pressure are 1 OObarg and its grade is X60.

Pipe wall thickness will be increased for major crossing and for the following points: starting point, main line valves, future connections and terminal point.

Positions of branches, bosses, flanged ends and instrument connections shall be within a tolerance of+- 3mm (118"). (Tolerances shall not be cumulative). The maximum length of a single joint shall not exceed 13.72meters. The pipes shall be straight. Deviation shall be less

than 0.2% of the lengths of a pipe. The pipes shall have beveled ends to an angle 30° + 5-0° measured from a perpendicular drawn to the axis of the pipe and with a root face of 1.6mm + 0.6mm (1/12A + 0.025)

3.3.2 Metering System

The metering station shall have at take-off a gas pressure and temperature of 30-35 bay and 20-85°C respectively. The gas flow rate and dew point are 175mmscfd and 15°C.

The gas metering station shall be located at the power plant land already acquired for the power plant.

The station shall be compact design to suit available spare and ensure safe operations. It will contain receiving pig traps from incoming pipeline.

The gas metering station is designed to operate in a full automatic mode with possibilities for future data monitoring and control being exercised from a central control center (see figure 3.3).

The component ofthe metering station includes the following main element:

• A gas actuated emergency shunt down valve with line detector on the inlet gas pipeline to metering station.

• An inlet gas filter/separator of 100% capacity down stream of the pig receiver.

• Heating system: two gas heaters, each capable of handling 100% maximum station flow. Heater controls designed for on-off operations to facilities tum-down to zero flow.

• Pressure reduction system: two 100% stream of active/monitor pressure regulating valves, each stream designed to maintain the required down stream set pressure. Each stream have actuated slam-shunt isolating valves for stream shunt-off via local high temperature switch protection or stream station shut down system.

31


• Two transfer metering stream that is capable of providing totalized flow and flow rate indicator over the full range of gas flows. Meters are of the orifice type and the flow calculation shall be performed by on stream digital computers, local read out mechanic chart recorder. The measurement shall be on a volumetric basis with compensation for temperature and pressure. The metering system shall be capable of transmitting flow of data to be read in the local control room and for remote transmission.

• All necessary interconnecting process piping, valving, instrumentation and relief systems including cold events.

• A vent system that shall take full account of the limitation on vent area and radiation levels as imposed by the station location in a built-up area. Pressure relief rates and blow down rates shall be minimized consistently with an overall safe design.

• Pigging system: Pigs are devices that are placed into a pipeline to perform certain functions. Some are used to clean the inside of the pipeline or to monitor its conditions. Launchers and receivers are facilities that enable pigs to be inserted into or remove from the pipeline. The pig hunching/receiving system of the station shall include the safe venting of gas from the station to the atmosphere during normal operation and flared during emergency condition and the safe disposal of any liquid to the buried drained bank.

The material of the major and minor barrels of the launcher/receiver shall be carbon steel. The diameter of the major barrel shall be 4" size larger than that of the minor barrel. The minor barrel is the size of the pipeline. The pigging associated with the pig launcher and receiver includes: Bye pass, kicker, balance/equalization, thermal relief, purge, drain and vent line.

The pig launcher and receiver system have the following valves:

• lxSDV located on riser side of the bar tie

• 2xpig trap or main line valves(+ bleed valves, double block and bleed arrangement)

• lx by pass V

• 2x kicker Valves (double block and bleed arrangement)

• lx balance

• 2x drain Valves (double block and bleed arrangement)

• lx Vent Valve

The launcher/receiver are the type hat shall be manually depressurized before draining. The valves shall be ball valve (see figure 3.4)

);;> A Control Building: The building shall be of single storing construction and fully airconditioned utilizing window - type units on 15amp supply circuits. The building shall have the following features: • Entrance Hall

• Toilet/Washroom

• Cloak Room

32


• Control Room

• Switchgear and 2 hour UPS Room

• Battery Room (for 2-hour UPS system)

• SCADA Equipment Room

• Messing Area

• General Office

• Power Generation Room

);> 415/240-volt Electrical Power Supply and Distribution System. The system include:

• One diesel engine driver generator rated for 100% of metering station load • Switchboard for all station power supplies and with hook-up to generator • Exit lamps with battery back-up • Hook-up ofLV switch board to ND PHCN supply • UPS System

);> Portable water system to be based on supply of water from the power station water supply system. The facilities to be provided within the gas metering station shall include:

• 8m3 buried tank with inlet filters and a valve and flanged inlet supply line within the metering station fence.

• 8m3 elevated head tank with gravity feed to water users on station inclusive of all distribution piping, fittings and instruments.

• Electric motor driven pump for automatic transfer of water from buried tanks to elevated tank.

• A borehole supply and water treatment plant.

);> Fire protection system: The detention and protection facilities include hand held and portable extinguishers and a control building Halon system.

);> A buried drain tank of 1Om3 working capacity etc. The tank will collect liquids from traps, filter/separator etc. It will be atmospheric operation vent stack independent of the station vent system. It shall be equipped with electric motor driver pump for transfer of liquids to mobile tanker.

3.3.3 Cathodic Protection

Buried pipelines will be protected by special coatings on the outside of the pipe, as well as a cathodic protection system. The Cathodic protection system consists of current electricity applied to the buried pipe to ensure adequate protection in the event of damage to the exterior coating.

The cathodic protection system of the pipelines shall be sized in order to guarantee at each point that the value of pie-to-soil potential shall be more negative than -0.95 volt versus Cu/CuS04 half cell reference electrode with drain point potential not more negative than -2.50 volts. The cathodic protection of the pipeline extensions shall be integrated with that of

33

ETA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CALABAR (IKOT NYONG) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

the existing pipelines. The value of mean insulation resistance of the pipes toward the ground assumed for design calculation, taking into consideration the soil resistivity, type of external coating and laying conditions shall be 8,000 ohm.sq.m.

The cathodic protection system selected to protect the pipeline is solar type. However, transformer rectifiers can be used where there is availability of constant power supply. It shall consist mainly of: • D.C. power sources • Impressed current groundbeds (anodes+ backfill) • Potential test point and bonding posts • Current measurement posts • Insulating joints • Surge diverters • Zinc anode earthing system

The feeders employed for the impressed current system will be transformer-rectifier (TR). The TR units shall be rated for continuous service, suitable for connection to 240V, single phase, 50Hz A.C. supply - Rates current output Amperes 20 - Rated voltage output volts 50.

The groundbeds will be made of silicon-iron anodes, and will be horizontal, vertical or deep-well type. The minimum life under the maximum operating conditions will be 20 years.

3.4 Gas Transmission Operation

The project operation shall involve the transmission of gas from Adanga platform to metering station through pipeline. At Adanga, natural gas shall be brought to the surface through wells drilled into the natural gas reservoir s. because natural gas reservoirs are under pressure deep in the earth, it rises through the wells even without the need for compressors. At the surface (platform), inlet separators/filter is used to remove water and natural gas liquids to prevent blocking in the pipeline while it is transported.

From the Addax-Adanga manifold, the gas is fed into the pipeline, which moves it to Calabar metering Station. Sometimes the gas will be at a lower pressure than the pipeline pressure, or sometimes it losses pressure due to friction as it travels through the pipeline. In both cases the pressure is increased by compressors.

At the metering station the gas will be filtered again at efficiency of 98% wt for liquid and 100% for 5micron solid. After filtration, on demand gas will be sold on a volumetric basis to the 561MW station at sale flange. The flow rate will be variable depending on demand.

3.5 Project Operation and Maintenance

Comprehensive operating procedures are in place to ensure the pipeline surveys and inspections will be conducted to monitor activities of third parties in the vicinity of the pipeline to reduce the risk of pipeline damage; to check corrosion control measures and

34


auxiliary equipment, and monitor land restoration. Continued liaison with landowners and occupiers will ensure any remedial action to make good land drainage associated with the pipeline is undertaken where necessary.

The gas metering station shall be monitored and controlled from the equipment/plant control panel by an operator.

The separation/filtration, pressure reducing, gas heaters, valves, utilities and metering equipment at the metering station shall be operated in automatic mode.

The pipeline route shall be inspected regularly to ensure that no settlement, scouring, erosion or other defect has occurred. The inspection shall be routine and no less frequently than once a month during the dry season and fortnightly during the wet season.

The access along the pipeline ROW and on roads and tracks adjacent thereto shall be preserved for maintenance purpose.

During operation the project level of control, shall be as follows:

1. The metering station shall be manned

2. When certain conditions occur which are deemed hazardous to the system, metering station, gas transmission pipeline or equipment such as high pressure, high liquid level etc, the affected equipment or facility as necessary would be automatically shut down using gas actuators and left in safe condition. The restarting of such equipment or facility following an emergency shut down shall be carried out manually.

3. The equipment/facility shall be capable of being started, stopped and controlled from equipment control panels (ECP) situated at the skids or component (e.g. valves).

4. During operation, there shall be continuous monitoring of control parameters and the set points, and the control system as provided in the equipment/facility shall control and adjust the process variables to optimize performance.

The communication facilities, which shall consist of VHF land mobile radio system and shall provide voice communication among the following locations:

• Metering Station • The Power Plant being supplied gas • Gas Producers • Mobile vehicles and personnel, which can be anywhere around the metering station, its

surrounding and pipeline routes.

The pipeline operator shall provide and install radios in the two (2) mobile vehicles and single battery chargers for each of the radios (walkie-talkie types).

35


3.6 Decommissioning

At the end of its useful life, the pipeline and associated facilities will be decommissioned safely and with due regard to the environment, and the relevant legislation prevailing at the time of decommissioning. The selected method of decommissioning will take account of all new and proven technologies available at that time.

3. 7 Project Schedule

The project development will take a coordinated and well-planned effort to complete. If the project proceeds as expected, natural gas transmission could start by 2012.

The project development phase includes:

• Feasibility study and survey, which has been completed • Project definition phase, which is currently on the way • Construction • Operations • Decommissioning

The project definition phase include

• Engaging in public consultation • Gathering tradition knowledge from local people • Environmental impact assessment study process.

The, construction phase includes design of facilities, purchase of goods and services, mobilization of equipment, site preparation, construction of pipeline and measuring facilities. Most of the pipeline construction activities will take place throughout the year.

Following construction and testing, the project would move to operation phase. The operation will involve the transmission and selling of natural gas for power generation.

Decommissioning activities will be performed in compliance with applicable regulations at the time of the project and will include the following:

• Demolition and site clean up • Disposal ofwaste generated • Site review

The Project Schedule is shown in figure 3.5

36


Feasibility Study and Survey work 2005-2006

Completed Project Definition

Public Construction Consultations E.l.A Process 2010-2013

Detailed Operation Design of Start-up Facilities. operation Decommissioning Procurement of Transmission Equipment/Good ofgasand Operate after 25 and Services. Maintenance Site activities

years Abandonment and

Preparations. reclamation Construction of Pipeline and Metering Station.

Figure 3.5 Project Schedule.

37


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38

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4.0 CHAPTER FOUR

DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT/BASELINE INFORMATION

This Chapter describes the environment within which the natural gas pipeline is to be constructed which includes:

• The physical environment including the landforms the pipeline route will cross • The biological environment that will be affected by pipeline construction activities. • The social, amenity and economic environment which includes the social

environment, perceptions of the proposed project, and the commercial interests in areas which focus on the fishing.

4.1 Study Approach

The study approach is in accordance with the most recent FMENV EIA guidelines. Analysis of all the environmental variables were carried out and this was to define those identified environmental characteristics, which are locally the most representative of the natural conditions of the environment and most likely to be affected by any disturbance.

The fieldwork activities were carried out between 6th and 14th of October, 2006 for wet season and between 23rd and 31st January, 2007 for dry season; this is to cover the two hydrological regimes in the project area. The consultations and meetings, environmental regulators and host community in the project area continued for several months, up to March 2007.

The study area covered the pipeline route, immediate vicinity of the route and control site outside the area of influence of the project.

4.1.1 Literature/Data Review

Literature review and reconnaissance survey of the project area preceded field activity that included consultations; this is to enable the EIA team in the concept design of the field study execution, which was approved and supervised by NIPP.

Data on the project was demanded and obtained from NDPHC/NIPP, NGC etc and it includes the following:

• Project description and diagrams • Available process information • Associated development activities • The necessary map/pipeline route

Also, baseline information on the physical, chemical and biological attributes of environment of the area and community related issues were obtained from existing data.

39


Waste management and general ecology of the area were reviewed. Literatures on related studies of project type in other locations were perused for the purpose of gathering preliminary information; data were obtained from the following:

• Purchasing of samples to identify the areas of interest • Collection of soil samples: surface soil (depth of 0-20cm) and sub soil depth of (20-

25cm) to obtain data on the quality of soil • Quantity of samples collected • Sample points identification/geo-referencing • Samples storage and preservation • Stratified random sampling.

Table 4.1 gives the geographic co-ordinates of the sampling locations obtained with the aid of a Garmin etrex GPS (Global Positioning System), with accuracy of about a meter.

Control locations (see figure 4.1) was selected and taken in a primary rainforest paraHel to (not more than lkm) the project route.

Table 4.1: Geographic Co-ordinates of the Sampling Points

Location GSP Reading Date Route Mark Elevation(m)

CALl 05°11' 19.9"N 23/1107 Location of Calabar 15.9 008°16' 19.9"E Power Plant

CAL2 05011'19.1"N 23/1107 Forest at Ikot Nyong 471.5 008°16'14.4"£ "

CAL3 05°11 '07.1 "N " Forest at Ikot Nyong 9.3 008°16'21.3"E

CAL4 05°11 '04.1 "N " Ikot Nyong Stream 10.5 008°16' 17 .6"E

CAL5 05°1 0'59.4"N 2411/07 Mangrove swamp/marsh at 5.9 008°16' 12.2"E Mkpara Otop

CAL6 05°05'00.4"N " At Km 7, Forest at Adiabo 72.2 008°14'18.l"E Ikot Ukpa

CAL7 05°04'59.8"N 25/1/07 Forest at Km 9 84.0 008°14' 18.1 "E "

CAL8 05°04' 48.1 "N " (Km 11) Forest at Ikot Okon 123.38 008°14'14.8"£ Bassey Village

CAL9 05°03 '08.2"N " (Km 15) Forest at Ikot Esu 67.0 008°13'46.1''£

CAL10 05°02 '20.5"N " (Km 18) forest Creek Town 58.9 008°13 '41.3"E

CAL 11 04°15'23.3"N 2611/07 (Km 20), Swampy along the Creek 17.8 008°35'26.7"£

CAL 12 04°14' 59.4"N " (Km 25), Swampy along the Creek 335.1 008°33' 16.9"E

CAL13 04°13'43.2"N " (Km 30), Swampy along the Creek 335.1 008°31' 17 .6"E

40


CAL14 04°16'23.6"N 27/1/07 (Km 35), Parrot Island (Marsh/swamp 15.4 008°29' 18.2"E along the creek)

CAL 15 04°16' 14.5"N " (Km 40), Boundary Creek 9.2 008°21 '15 .2"E

CAL16 04°48' 10.1 "N 29/1/07 (Km 45), Forest in Oron 18.6 008°15'7.5"E

CAL17 04°47'3.8"N 008° " (Km 50), Lagoon 9.6 17'' 1.1 "E

CAL 18 04° 46'2.2"N " (Km 60), Atlantic Ocean 17.1 008°16' 13.9"E

CAL19 04° 42'20.5"N " Addax Platform (Km 90) 4.5 008°13' 13 .4"E


Control locations were selected and taken lOOm from the Gas Line Right of Way (GLROW). The information on the baseline characteristics of the transmission line was gathered as follows:

• Climate/Meteorology The meteorological data of the project area for wet season was obtained from parameters: -Temperature and Evaporation, Relative Humidity, Thunderstorm, Rainfall, Wind Speed and Direction. To complement the data, maximum/minimum thermometer was used to monitor temperature at different locations of the project area. The thermometer was held with the bulb exposed continuously in air for at least 5 minutes before taking reading. The thermometer was calibrated at 0.05°C intervals.

• Air Quality The ambient air quality of the project area for wet season was determined by sampling in-situ at nineteen different locations for the following parameters N02, S02, H2S, CO, NH3, and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM). The SPM was measured using a digital Dust Indicator Model P-SL2, while N02, S02, H2S, CO and NH3 were measured using N02. meter, S02. meter, CO-meter and NH3 meter respectively. The ambient air quality in-situ measurement result is given in table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Air Sampling Equipment

Parameter Equipment Reading Model N02 N02-Meter <Oppm Toxi RAE Single Gas Monitor

(N02) so2 S02-Meter <Oppm Toxi RAE Single Gas Monitor

(S02) co CO-Meter 0-50ppm Toxi RAE Single Gas Monitor (CO) NH3 NH3-Meter <Oppm Toxi RAE Single Gas Monitor

(NH3) NOISE Noise Meter >lOOdB(A) Rion Sound level meter NA model

41

EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CALABAR (IKOT NY ON G) GAS PIPELL"'E AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

SPM Dust meter Upto 250g/m3 PD R-1 000 personal dust meter H2S H2S-Meter <Oppm Toxi RAE Single Gas Monitor

(H2S)

• Noise Level The baseline noise level of the area was measured using Rion Sound pressure level (decibel) meter, NA model. The measurement was carried out at nineteen (19) different locations. The in-situ noise level result is given in table 3.2.

• Vegetation Unidentified plant species whose identification was doubted were collected; given sample locations, code numbers and preserved in a plant press for identification in a herbarium. Sampling was carried in October for raining season and January for dry season.

Species identification and nomenclature followed the flora of West Tropical Africa (Hutchinson and Dalziel), (1952 -1974), an outline ofNigeria Vegetation (Keay, 1959), Olorode (1984) and Lowe and Soladoye (1990). Plant species composition and richness were established for each vegetation type in the project area using the data from the sample sites. The project site cut across mangrove forest, disturbed forest and farmlands, therefore sampling was conducted in all the vegetation belts. To determine the plant species type in the project area, a total of 6 locations were samples for plant species.

The leaves of plant species were examined for symptoms of diseases and nutrient element deficiency. Where a particular disease was not diagnosed the diseased plant was taken to the laboratory for proper identification of causative organisms.

Invertebrate Fauna Quadrat sampling was used at a sampling location a 5m by 5m (25m2) quadrat was measured out (Maxwell, 1971; Slingby and Cook, 1989; Southwood, 1992) and the fauna within the quadrat were identified on sighting, enumerated and recorded directly into a previously prepared table. Fauna that could not be immediately identified to species level was captured or killed and put into a labeled and coded specimen container prepared for the location. Insect and spiders were captured with an insect sweep net or by hand picking. The trials, faces and burrows of animals and cast of earthworm were also used to indicate the presence and probable number of specific animals and species. Small captured fauna were preserved in very dilute formalin in the specimen containers.

A second quadrat (a replicate) nearby, taking into account different vegetation from the first, was also measured out and the fauna identified, enumerated and captured. In order to ensure adequate representation population densities were expressed as numbers per 25m2

•

Fauna All the samples were collected by random sampling of a stretch of Yz km in the site.

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Benthos: Sediments were collected at river Orashi and Ojiji River using elk man grab. The sediments were put in small black polythene bag. Another grab haul of sediment were sieved and sorted out on site. The sieved materials were put in labeled container having 5% formalin for preservation prior to post-sampling analysis at the laboratory.

F'ish: Samples were collected at the fisherman berthing point. Oral interview was conducted and inventory of the fish species endemic to the area was taken. The samples were immediately put in sample bottles having 5% formalin for preservation and identification with appropriate labeling.

• Wildlife The footprints, trails, nest, faces and cells of birds and mammals were observed for evidence of wildlife presence in the project area. The wildlife were also ascertained from interviews with local hunters, butchers and drawings and photograph of snakes, bird and mammals in Cansdale (1991), Nason (1992) and Booth (1991) respectively, for their confirmation of their presence in the project area and their local named.

• Soil and Topography Soil samples were collected from each sample location. A total of 19 soil samples that includes sub (50cm or more) and surface soil (0-15cm) were collected from project location. Dutch auger of uniform cross section was used to ensure that uncontaminated and reproducible unit of soil samples were collected. Surface liters of undecomposed plant materials were removed to ensure that uncontaminated soil samples were collected. Soil samples were collected in appropriately labeled and selected polythene bags in accordance with Standard Procedures of ASTM (Anon, 1994), FMENV (1991) and APHS ( 1975), and kept away in a large "Ghana-most-go" bags in the field vehicle. Samples for physical analysis were dried in a dust free environment. Nine permeability tubes were used to collect soil core sample at the project location and control location for soil permeability analysis, erodibility, compaction and characteristics. A topographical survey and landscap of the project area was used to determine drainage patterns and flood control ofthe area.

The soil types in the area were ascertained from maps from Federal Survey Department, Lagos.

Sample equipment used includes a 90mm diameter Dutch auger, cutlass (clearing of bush), polythene bags and hand trowel.

• Land Use Pattern Land use map, physical observation and interviews were used to determine the land use pattern of the project areas. A land use pattern map of the areas within and outside the project area was obtained from topographicaf maps.

• Geology and Hydrogeology The regional and local geology and geomorphology of the area were obtained from literature review and maps obtained from Federal Survey Department Lagos on geology and landforms in Nigeria.

43


Existing boreholes were used to study the geology and underground water of the Gas Line Right of Way (GLRoW).

• Surface Waternlydrodynamics The Project area is drained by Ikot Nyong stream, Calabar River (Creek) and Atlantic Ocean.

The water use of the stream, creek and ocean in terms of drinking, domestic application, transportation, agricultural importance was examined during the field study.

Surface water samples (9 Nos.) and sediment samples (8 Nos.) were collected from Ikot Nyong stream, creek and ocean.

The pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, TDS, DO of the water samples taken from the rivers was determined in-situ. Samples were collected using I liter glass stopper for laboratory analysis.

Surface water samples were taken from 9 sampling points respectively. The geographical coordinates of the sample locations and numbers are shown on Table 4.1

• Oceanographic Studies The oceanographic studies carried out covered the following: sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, waves, tides, currents (long shore currents, tidal currents, rip currents), seasonal upwelling, storm surges and sediment transport dynamics.

• Waste Management Waste inventory of the gas pipe Line Right Way (GLROW); community, Local Government Council and States were carried out to identify the type of characteristics of waste generated and disposal route and sites for both seasons.

• Socio-economics The communities that are within the project right of way and were consulted are as follows: Ikot Nyong, Mkpara Otop, Adiabo Ikot Ukpa, Atan Nyang, Ikot Efa, Okimbe, Ikot Essien, Etak okono, Eseku, Ekpri Iyoki, Ufot Ubet, lkot Esu, lfako, Ikot Obong, Eno, Creek Town-Ukim Ita, all in Odukpani Local Government Area of Cross River State.

In Akwa Ibom the settlements that were consulted include those that are within the proximity ofthe GLROW and they are as follows: Oron LGA: Eyo Absi, Esin Ufot, Parrot Inland, Esuk Oron, Udong Okong, Afaha Eduok, ukpata, Esuk Mbiom, Esuk Mma/Kangi, lquita. Effiat Mbo LGA: Esuk Ewange, Ihaka, Ohong Nim, Iwua Ahasi, Akwa Ohio, ohio Iyata, utan Effiong, Ine Ekpo, Usuk Efffiat, Utan Effiong, ihuot uran, hrama, ikot Etuk, Udung, utan Antai, asiak Ohufa. Udung Uko LGA: Eyokponung, Eyotai, Usung, Eniogo, Uhoro Isong Inyany.

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Mba LGA: Oduo, Adaba, Eyosin, Osu, Akai Udo, Asak Ikang, Abiak Owo, Akai, Atak Idiang, Etisong, Okobo, atak Akpa, utu Idim, Isa, Eyulor.

In Odukpani LGA in Cross River State, the meetings were held Community by community on different dates to ensure full representation of each Community consulted. Generally there were full representation of all segments of each community consulted-chiefs, elders, women and youths. The Communities were friendly and freely expressed their goals, views, feeling and expectations.

In Akwa Ibom, due to the number of stakeholders and terrain of accessibility, all the villages/settlement was invited to a meeting that was held at Edak Palace Hotel Oron, Akwa Ibom State. All the impacted villages sent representatives to the meeting.

At each meeting with the Communities, the Consultant Representative informed the people:

• The project construction and operation is likely to impact positively and/or negatively on the Communities within the project's Right of Way, hence the need for the Community and Consultant to meet and discuss and for the Community to express her opinion.

• That the Consultant had been commissioned to carry out an environmental study of the project.

• A team of scientist from IUSL would study the natural, biophysical and socioeconomic environment of the project area to determine the project environment impact.

• Before the study team could enter the bush, forest and river, it was necessary for the community to be informed and for them to give definite approval.

• The major activities to be carried out such as site preparation, installations and gas supply were explained to the communities.

Questionnaires were administered at each community consulted.

• Community Health Interview with locals was used to determine the health status and disease inventory of the area in wet and dry season. Also, samples of community boreholes were collected to check for suitability for drinking and domestic use.

4.1.3 Laboratory Analysis

Water Chemistry The Physico-chemical and heavy metal characteristics of the rivers and borehole water determined using the standard method and equipment shown in table 4.3.

Soil

Physic-chemical characteristics of the soil (pH, moisture content, total Organic content (TOC), NrN03, P04, S04) were determined as in table 5.3.

45


Metals: - The sample were first digested in a fume cupboard with cone HCL and heated before determination of the concentration of exchangeable cations (Na, Fe, Ca, and Mg) and heavy metals in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, AAS. Particular Size: dry sieving and the percentage of sand, silt and clay determined grain size by sediment using a hydrometer. Permeability was determined using a felling head permeameter in which water is passed through a soil sample and the hydraulic gradient, and quality of water flowing into/through the sample and measured.

Total Heterotrophic Bacteria and Total Coliforms

Heterotrophic bacteria and total coliforms were enumerated by adopting the standard plate count technique using spread plate method.

Appropriate dilutions of samples were plated out on Nutrient agar plates for bacteria and MacConkey Agar plates for total coliforns. The plates were made in duplicate and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 hours and 48 hours respectively. At the end of the incubation periods, the number of colonies on the agar plates were counted and enumerated.

The growth on the agar plates were noted with regards to the following characteristics: form, pigmentation or colour, texture and elevation. Based on these, some or most microorganisms were identified. Each bacterial culture was identified based on its morphological characteristics using gram reaction.

Table 4.3: Summary of Analytical Methods and Equipment used in Laboratory Analysis of Water and Soil.

SINo PARAMETERS DETERMINED EQUIPMENT/TECHNIQUE 1 _pH Jenco UC meter 6100 2 Tem_perature Jenco UC meter 6100 3 Conductivity, !!S/cm-1 Hanna H1 8733 meter 4 Salinity % or ppt Salinometer 5 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/I DO meter, wrinkler's 6 Transparency (m) Secchi disc 7 Grain size Granulometry and sedimentation 8 BOD5 mg/I Hach BOD track 9 NH4 mg/I Nessler's reagent 10 N03 mg/I Phenoldisulphionic acid 11 P04 mg/I Colorimetry and photometry 12 so4 mg!I Turbidometry and l'_hotometty 13 THC m_g/I Capillary GL 14 Aliphatic and Aromatic mg/I GC-Ms 15 TOC% Graphite furnace and gravity 16 N% Graphite furnace and gravib-'_ 17 TDS mg/I Gravimetry after drying to constant weight 18 TSS mg/I Gravimetry after drying to constant weight

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19 Heavy Metal mg/I or ppm AAS, UNICAM 939, after digestion 20 Soil Moisture Content % Gravimetry after drying to constant weight 21 Soil permeability Falling heed permeability test 22 Exchangeable cations mg!I AAS, after digestion

Benthos In the laboratory, the preserved animal samples collected from each location were washed with tap water through a 0.5mm sieve to remove the preservative and any remaining fine sediment; the animals were sorted and identified to species level where possible. The biota was identified using the text of day (1967a, 1967b), compbell (1977), Edmunds (1978), Barnes (1980) and FAO (1992).

Statistical analysis involving margalefs (d) index, Shanno and Weaner information function, equitability measures and cluster analysis were applied to evaluate species density and diversity.

l'vfargalefs index Margalefs (1957)'s (d) index was applied on the micro benthos from the station. Margalefs (d) was calculated as:

where d=diversity index, S=number of species N=number of individuals

This is a diversity of species richness, which does not take into account dominance but is largely dependent on the species richness; the more species present in a sample, the greater the diversity.

Sediment Analysis

Grain Size Analysis A sample of oven- dried sediment from each location was passed through a graded series of standard sieves of aperture sizes 1000!-!m, 500!-!m, 350!-!m, 90!-!m, 631lm and shaken. The fractions retained in each serve (fine, gravel, very coarse sand, coarse sand, medium sand and find sand and very, very find sand) were weighed and recorded. The portion which passed through the 63!-!m sieve was mud (silt and clay) (Friedmgnn and Johnson, 1982).

Plankton Analysis Each sample was concentrated to 1Om!. five drops of each were thoroughly investigated using a Wild II binocular microscope with calibrated eye piece and average taken. The microtrasect drop count method described by Lackey (1938) was employed. Since each drop is O.lml the results on abundance were multiplied accordingly to give the values as numbers of organisms per mi. all organisms were identified using appropriated keys and illustration described in Hendey (1964), Winpenny (1966), Olaniyan (1975) and Nwankwo (2004). All organisms were recorded as number of organism per mi.

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4.1.4 Quality Control/Assurance Procedures

The quality control and assurance (QC/QA) procedures were in accordance with standard procedures of ASTM (Anon, 1994), FMENV (1991) and APHA (1975) and they include the following:

4.1.4.1. Quality Control for Sample Collection and Storage

Soil Samples • Samples chain custody was used for coding and for easy tracking from field to

laboratory. • All sample locations were geo-referenced. • Dutch auger was used to avoid dirt infiltration into samples; samples were collected

in labeled sealed polythene bags. • Only qualified personnel collected samples.

Water Samples

• Samples chain custody was used for coding and labeling for easy tracking from field to laboratory.

• All sample location were geo-referenced • Sample containers were clean and thoroughly flushed with the sample being taken • Only qualified personnel collected samples • Samples were collected with 1 liter glass bottle with glass stoppers to check for

physical - chemical and 1 liter plastic bottle with plastic cover to check for heavy metal.

• Samples were preserved in ice packed container in the field and latter taken to the laboratory and refrigerator at 4°C.

• For trace (heavy) metal analysis sample collected were acidified with Cone. HN03 for preservation and to inhibit precipitation of metal ions.

Vegetation Samples Samples that were not identified in the field were collected and immediately preserved with a plant press and transferred to the herbarium for identification and post-sampling analysis.

Sediment Samples

• Sediments were sieved and sorted out in the field • Sieved materials were preserved in labeled container containing 5% formalin

Aquatic Fauna Samples • Plankton samples were preserved in labeled container containing 5% formalin • Fish samples were preserved in labeled container 5% formalin

Samples for Aficrobiology • Soil, sediment and water sample for microbiological studies were separated and 1 Oml

portion transferred into sterile McCartney bottles.

48


• The samples were preserved in iced container (cooler) and transported to the laboratory and stored in the refrigerator at 4°C prior to analysis.

Terrestrial Fauna Samples

• Samples were preserved in labeled container containing 5% formalin prior to postsampling analysis at the laboratory.

Questionnaire Administration • Questionnaires were administered to men, women, elderly and youths of different age

bracket. • The right community heads (chiefs) were consulted • Moving round the community to identify the settlement pattern, sociology/anthropology,

archeology etc.

4.1.4.2 Quality Assurance for Equipment

• Equipments were regularly calibrated and recalibrated as per manufacturer's instruction.

4.1.5 Geographical Location

The metering station shall be linked to a gas source at Addax-Adanga offshore platform with 24" x 90km gas pipeline. The gas pipeline route will traverse locations that are offshore, swampy, thick forest and water logged. The geographical location of the project range from Longitude 008° 161 20.511 N.


The description of the physical environment will begin with the land area, Cross River Estuary and move eastward toward the Ocean, following the route of the pipeline as it is constructed through the landscape and marine.

4.2.1 Climate Conditions

The project area experiences a tropical climate consisting of wet season (April to November) and dry season (December to March). The climatic characteristics of the area are influenced by the general circulation patterns in the equatorial tropics associated with the movement of the sun and the relative position of the Inter-Tropic Discontinuity (lTD). It is also governed by two air masses, the south westerlies and the north east harmattan dry wind. As the lTD oscillated to its northerly position, the areas south experience heavy rainfall.

Temperature

The minimum temperature in the project area varies between 21 °C and 25°C, with the lowest occurring between the months of May and October. The minimum temperature of Akwa Ibom States and Cross River are shown in tables 4.4a and 4.4b respectively.

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Jan 22 23 24 22 22 23 23 21 25

Jan 3.3 32 33 32 32 33 32 33 32

Jan 3.3 32 33 32 32 33 32 33 32


Table 4.4a: Monthly Minimum Temperature of Akwa Ibom State, in °C (1998-2006)

Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Year 25 25 25 25 24 23 23 23 23 23 - 1998 24 24 24 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 1999 24 24 24 24 - 23 23 23 23 24 22 2000 24 24 24 24 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 2001 25 25 24 24 23 24 23 23 23 24 23 2002 25 25 24 24 23 23 23 23 24 24 23 2003 25 25 24 24 23 23 23 23 24 23 23 2004 24 24 25 24 24 23 23 24 23 24 24 2005 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 24 24 23 2006

Table 4.4b: Monthly Minimum Temperature of Cross River State, in °C (1998-2006)

Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Year 35 34 33 33 31 29 28 29 30 31 31 1998 32 32 31 31 30 29 29 29 29 30 32 1999 34 34 32 32 31 29 28 29 30 31 32 2000 34 32 32 32 30 28 27 28 30 31 32 2001 34 32 32 32 30 30 28 30 30 31 32 2002 34 33 32 31 30 30 29 30 31 31 32 2003 35 34 32 31 30 30 28 30 30 31 32 2004 34 32 32 31 29 28 27 29 29 31 31 2005 33 32 32 30 30 28 28 28 30 31 2006 Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Oshodi

The maximum temperatures of the area range from 27°C to 36°C. Highest values are recorded in February and March which is the onset of the wet season, with temperature ranging from 27°C to 35°C and for Cross River and 29°C to 36°C for Akwa Ibom (see tables 4.5a and 4.5b ).

0 Table 4.5a: Monthly Maximum Temperature of Cross State, C £1998-2006) Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Year 35 34 33 33 31 29 28 29 30 31 31 1998 32 32 31 31 30 29 29 29 29 30 32 1999 34 34 32 32 31 29 28 29 30 31 32 2000 34 32 32 32 30 28 27 28 30 31 32 2001 34 32 32 32 30 30 28 30 30 31 32 2002 34 33 32 31 30 30 29 30 31 31 32 2003 35 34 32 31 30 30 28 30 30 31 32 2004 34 32 32 31 29 28 27 29 29 31 31 2005 33 32 32 30 30 28 28 28 30 31 2006

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T bl 4 5b M hi M . a e . : ont aximum T emperature o fAk Ib wa om Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Year 33 35 36 34 33 32 30 29 29 31 32 - 1998 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 30 29 30 31 31 1999 33 35 33 32 32 - 30 29 29 32 32 32 2000 33 35 33 32 32 - - - - - 32 33 2001 33 35 33 32 32 31 30 28 30 30 32 32 2002 33 34 34 33 32 30 29 29 30 31 32 32 2003 32 35 35 32 31 30 30 29 30 32 32 33 2004 33 34 33 33 31 30 28 28 30 31 33 32 2005 33 34 33 33 31 31 29 29 29 32 32 33 2006

Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Oshodi

Wind Speed and Direction

The project area experiences mainly the south western lies which are onshore confined generally to azimuths of 215-266 with velocities of 2 to 5m/s and force range of 2 to 3 Beautifort (Ibe et al, 1984). The wind direction of Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State covering the project areas are shown in table 4.6a and 4.6b respectively.

Table 4.6a: The Monthly Wind Direction of Cross River State (1998-2006) Jan Feb Mar A_Qril May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Year NW s s sw s sw sw sw s s s NE 1998 s s s s s s s s s s s s 1999 s s s s s s sw sw sw s s NW 2000 NW s s s s s s sw s s NW NW 2001 NW s s s s s s sw sw w s NW 2002 s s s s s sw s s s sw s w 2003 s s s s s sw sw w s sw sw s 2004 w sw s s s sw s sw sw s w s 2005 sw s s s s sw sw sw sw sw sw 2006

Table 4.6a: The Monthly Wind Direction of Akwa !born State (1998-2006) Jan Feb Mar April M'!}' June July Aug SeQ_t. Oct Nov. Dec. Year N s s s sw w w w w sw sw - 1998 N w s s s s sw sw sw sw sw NW 1999 s N sw s s - sw sw sw s w N 2000 N N sw s s s s s sw s s N 2001 N N s s s s w w w w s N 2002 N s s s s s w w w s s N 2003 N N s s s s w w s s s N 2004 N s s s s s w w s s w s 2005 w s s s s s s w s s N N 2006

Nigerian Meteorological Agence, Oshodi

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In Akwa Ibom area during the peak wet season (June - September) wind speed do not exceeds 3.7knots and in dry season (December to March) and speed varies between 2.5knots and 4.5knots. Also, in Cross River the wind speed varies between 3.3knots and 6.5knots. The peak wet season ranged from 3.5knot to 6.5knots. The highest occurred in August 2006. The dry season showed range of2.9knots to 5.0knots (see table 4.7).

Table 4.7a: Wind Speed of Cross River State Area, in knots (1998-2006) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Year 4.4 4.6 4.2 5.1 5.3 4.8 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.4 1998 4.5 4.8 4.7 3.7 4.3 5.0 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.7 1999 4.0 4.9 4.9 4.8 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.8 4.0 3.7 3.7 2000 4.2 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.1 4.3 3.9 4.3 4.9 4.3 4.4 2001 3.8 3.8 3.6 4.4 4.4 5.3 4.4 3.7 4.8 4.1 3.7 2.9 2002 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.4 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.2 2003 3.3 4.1 4.6 3.9 3.3 3.7 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.5 2004 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.4 4.1 4.2 3.9 3.8 4.2 4.1 3.5 3.3 2005 3.5 4.4 5.0 4.9 3.9 4.0 3.5 6.5 4.1 3.8 3.0 2006

Table 4. 7b: Wind Speed of Akwa Ibom State Area, in knots (1998-2006) Jan Feb Mar AQ_ril May_ June July_ Aug_ Se_pt. Oct Nov. Dec. Year 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.4 3.0 4.1 1998 3.2 2.9 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.1 2.4 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.8 1999 2.9 3.2 4.0 3.8 2.9 3.5 2.8 3.3 3.0 2.8 3.1 2000 2.9 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.4 2.9 2.5 2.7 2001 3.6 3.6 3.5 5.0 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 2002 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.1 3.3 3.8 3.5 3.2 2003 3.5 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.4 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.1 2.8 2004 4.5 4.1 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.3 2.7 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.5 2005 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.7 2.6 2.4 3.7 2.8 2.6 3.1 2.5 2.7 2006

Rainfall

Seasonal variations in rainfall in the area controlled by the seasonal displacements of the ITC2 (Haslenrath, 1985).

Maximum rainfall occurs in the project area where the thickness of the humid southwesterly Monson air mass is greater as thus band passes over the peak is in June- September. The project coastal area rainfall is additionally modulated by the coastal ocean. The monthly rainfall of the area ranges from O.OOmm to 808.7mm with the majority of the rain falling between June and October. The monthly rainfall ofthe area between 1998 and 2006 is provided in table 4.8a and 4.8b.

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Table 4.8a: Rainfall data of Cross River State (1998-2006 inmm Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Year 0.0 13.8 76.2 140.6 143.0 346.2 350.6 190.2 303.0 150.8 235.0 61.0 1998 59.2 70.7 111.6 316.6 187.7 138.7 269.9 318.7 540.7 396.9 96.3 0.0 1999 9.5 1.2 118.2 101.7 327.3 163.8 330.5 313.2 267.1 191.2 132.1 39.1 2000 0.0 5.2 201.0 234.4 329.6 536.4 203.4 196.1 248.1 234.6 94.6 3.7 2001 0.0 24.2 125.1 257.9 302.1 285.1 174.8 388.4 266.7 398.8 86.3 6.3 2002 23.4 121.0 111.2 250.5 207.7 149.3 475.0 274.3 388.8 191.3 101.3 4.5 2003 4.3 56.0 27.4 177.7 162.0 379.0 380.2 240.6 355.8 284.1 93.4 1.5 2004 30.7 83.0 170.4 314.1 229.6 319.5 552.0 295.0 268.7 381.8 164.4 2.6 2005 5.4 62.1 192.7 219.8 292.9 486.1 269.0 277.9 414.8 300.4 37.6 0.0 2006

Table 4.8b: Rainfall Data of Akwa lbom State (1998-2006 inmm Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Year 25.4 6.0 174.0 149.1 217.6 504.5 255.2 353.7 365.0 437.1 170.0 33.6 1998 86.0 49.8 203.0 311.4 180.0 270.3 349.9 494.5 368.3 463.7 207.2 0.3 1999 66.0 0.0 95.9 166.4 217.0 250.6 617.9 390.2 627.6 232.9 153.6 57.5 2000 0.0 11.6 151.7 371.8 491.4 390.5 268.5 457.0 455.7 381.0 217.1 5.7 2001 0.0 13.5 154.6 383.2 301.3 344.6 274.1 623.5 284.3 285.8 126.0 6.8 2002 26.7 103.2 226.6 283.0 315.3 202.2 327.4 398.6 399.3 224.1 148.5 2.9 2003 9.9 19.9 73.5 278.4 270.2 308.0 303.5 391.9 335.5 196.4 168.3 0.6 2004 33.8 35.3 295.9 299.9 263.9 615.6 808.7 624.0 230.4 279.8 182.3 71.5 2005 84.7 57.1 323.0 166.1 430.8 227.7 484.9 273.4 536.3 175.3 134.4 0.1 2006


Humidity

The project area is in Nigeria Coastal zone. The Nigerian coastal zone is a region of high surface humidity. Highest humidity occurs along the coast.

The Relative Humidity of the project areas ranges from 63% to 93%, High values are recorded between June and September ranging from 87% to 93% while lowest values 63% to 87% occurs from November to March. Period of very low humidity 63% to 81% occurs in January to February during harmattan spell. The relative humidity of Cross River and Akwa lbom States are shown in tables 4.9a and 4.9b respectively.

Table 4.9a: Relative Humidity of Cross River State in % (1998-2006) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Year 75 75 77 84 84 85 90 91 91 88 88 82 1998 80 84 83 86 85 87 88 88 90 90 88 78 1999 80 71 78 83 85 86 90 91 91 88 86 78 2000 77 70 83 85 85 88 90 94 92 88 86 79 2001 68 75 83 84 85 87 89 92 89 89 87 82 2002 80 81 82 85 81 88 89 93 90 88 87 81 2003 80 75 76 87 87 89 90 91 89 88 86 81 2004 67 80 84 86 86 91 92 93 89 89 86 84 2005 85 84 84 85 88 87 91 91 91 88 85 2006

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Table 4.9b: Relative Humidity of Cross River State in %_( 1998-2006} Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Year 66 75 73 83 84 87 90 89 90 89 87 80 1998 78 83 83 86 86 87 90 88 91 90 87 74 1999 76 61 73 83 85 - 89 90 90 87 86 74 2000 74 67 82 84 85 88 89 91 90 89 86 81 2001 61 71 83 84 85 88 89 91 88 89 85 77 2002 78 78 79 84 86 87 89 91 90 87 86 76 2003 76 69 74 84 85 87 89 89 88 86 85 80 2004 63 77 83 86 87 91 93 91 89 87 82 81 2005

2006 Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Oshodi

High humidity encourages low temperature rate. The evaporation rate of the areas varies between 0.9m/s and 5.9, with Akwa Ibom area showing ranges of 1.1m/s to 5.1 and Cross River 0.9m/s to 5.9m/s. The period of high evaporation was between January and March. June and September (period of peak rainfall) showed low evaporation level. The evaporation rate of the project areas is shown in table 4.1 Oa and 4.1 Ob.

Table 4.10a: Monthly Evaporation rate of Akwa lbom State, in m/s (1998-2000 Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Year 3.7 4.9 4.6 2.7 3.2 2.3 1.6 1.4 1.4. 1.7 1.9 2.8 1998 3.3 2.9 3.8 2.0 2.6 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.8 3.1 1999 3.0 4.5 4.1 2.9 2.4 2.1 XX Xx XX XX XX 3.0 2000 3.3 4.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.0 1.8 0.9 1.3 2.1 2.4 3.2 2001 5.6 4.8 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.2 2.0 1.0 1.9 1.8 2.2 3.1 2002 3.6 3.7 3.5 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.1 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.0 2003 3.5 5.3 4.7 2.7 2.5 1.9 1.9 1.5 2.2 2.2 2.4 3.6 2004 5.9 4.0 2.8 3.0 2.9 1.8 1.4 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.6 2.9 2005 3.1 3.4 3.1 4.0 2.4 2.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.3 2.6 2006


4.2.2 Air Quality

The activities in the project area that can generate emissiOns are use of generators by local residence, vehicular movement, bush burning in the dry season and gas flaring offshore. Air quality measurements were carried out in the project ROW for wet and dry seasons. CO concentration varied between 0.1 ppm and 0.2ppm in dry and wet season. S02 and N02 showed concentrations that are less than 0.01ppm for both season. All air quality parameters showed concentrations that are within FMENV limits.

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Table 4.11: Result of Air Quality Parameters of the Project Area in Dry Season. (2007)

Location Noise Susp. Parti. N02 so2 NH3 co H2S dB(A) Matter (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

(ug/m3)

CAL 1 41.2 41.2 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.01 CAL2 41.2 41.2 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.01 CAL3 43.S 43.S 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.01 CAL4 43.4 43.4 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 CALS 47.7 47.7 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 CAL6 47.7 47.7 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.01 CAL7 46.S 46.S 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01. CALS 4S.4 4S.4 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.01 CAL9 44.S 44.S 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.01 CALlO 44.6 44.6 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.01 CAL 11 44.6 44.6 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 CAL12 40.S 40.S 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 CAL 13 40.S 40.S 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 CAL 14 40.6 40.6 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 CALlS 40.2 40.2 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 CAL16 40.3 40.3 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 CAL17 40.1 40.1 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 CALlS 40.2 40.2 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01 CAL19 40.3 40.3 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.01

Table 4.12: Result of Air Quality Parameters of the Project Area in Wet Season (2006)

Location Noise Susp. Parti. N02 so2 NH3 co H2S dB(A) Matter (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

(ug/m3)

CALl 43.0 2S.O 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL2 43.1 2S.O 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL3 4S.6 27.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL4 42.6 2S.O 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CALS 47.9 26.0 0.00 . 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL6 43.7 27.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL7 46.6 2S.O 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CALS 43.4 2S.O 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL9 42.4 27.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CALlO 43.3 2S.O 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL 11 40.6 26.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL12 40.S 24.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL 13 4S.S 24.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL14 41.6 . 2S.O 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CALlS 41.2 24.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL16 42.6 27.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL17 46.1 2S.O 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CALlS 46.3 24.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01 CAL19 46.3 24.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.2 0.01

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4.2.3 Noise Level

Only transient noise currently emanate in the project RoW and it is from traffic and residential activities, the noise is however not audible over most of the area proposed for development.

Noise level ofthe project area was monitored at different locations within the project ROW. The noise showed range of 41.2dB (A) to 47.7dB (A) in dry season and 405dB (A) to 47.9dB (A), this is provided in table 4.11 and 4.12. Logging affected the noise level of the area especially in the bushes.

Plate 4.1: Experts Sampling Air Quality Parameters of the Project Area

4.2.4. Surface Water

Within this report, the surface water is taken to mean the Creeks and Atlantic Ocean.

Creeks

Creek is a narrow area of water where the sea flows into the hmd and rivers. The part of the creek studied is a slightly deep, divided into parts by mangrove (creek) and receiving incoming water from Cross River/Calabar River and seawater from Atlantic Ocean. The creeks is at the Cross-River Estuary where is has direct contact with the sea. The CrossRiver entrance to the sea (through the creeks) represents a typical estuarine complex.

About 85% of the area is tidal mud and .sand flat exposed during periods of low tide. The creeks are surrounded on all sides by mangrove swamps.

Water quality temperature, salinity, pH, light transmissions/clarity and dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentration in the creeks reflects freshwater and seawater inputs and

56


concentration. The Tidal inlet to Calabar River and creek is open; there is tidal exchange between the creeks and the ocean.

Contaminants can enter the creek from a number of sources, with the principal contributors being the Cross River, Calabar River and runoff from surrounding areas and human activities. The Calabar River drains the coast ofCalabar and the inner city.

Plate 4.2: Creek in the Project Area

Existing Water Quality

Salinity

Salinity values are not expected to vary widely depending on the inputs and mixing of freshwater and seawater.

The salinity level of the creeks varies between 25% and 28% in wet season and 27% and 29% in dry season.

DO, BOD and COD Dissolve Oxygen concentration in coasted water can also vary orderly depending on the influenced of fresh water and seawater inputs, as well as the daily and seasonal changes in photosynthesis and respiration rates by submerged vegetation. The tidal inlet to the creek is open and there is mixing of fresh water and seawater.

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The DO of the creek varies between 4.1 mg/1 and 9 .80mg/l in wet season; with Ikot Nyong stream showing the lowest concentration of 4.1mg/l. In dry season it varies between 5.03mg/l and 5.8mg/l; Ikot Nyong stream was dry in dry season. The BODs ranges from 4.0mg/l to 5.55mg/l for wet season and 5.71mg/l to 6.17mg/l in dry season while the COD ranges from 5.0mg/l to lO.Omg/1 for both seasons.

TDSandSS The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Suspended Solids (SS) generally showed low values in both wet and dry season ranging from 6.0mg/l to 10.5mg/l and 12.0mg/l and 45.0mg/l respectively (see tables 4.13 and 4.16).

pH The pH of coastal waters can vary in response to seasonal difference and seawater inputs and daily and seasonal variation in biological process (Photosynthesis).

The pH values ranges from 7.2 to 7.5, with the dry season showing range of 7.2 to 7.4 and wet season 7.3 to 7.5.

Turbidity Water clarity is expected to reflect phytoplankton abundance, sediment re-suspension and sediment loads from run-off, thus, conditions can be expected to vary seasonally in response to rainfall and biological cycle.

The turbidity rapges from 18.0NTU to 38.6NTU in wet season and 56NTU to 57NTU in dry season.

Plate 4.3: Experts undertaking Water Sampling

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Nutrient

Nutrient (e.g. nitrate, phosphate and sulphate) concentrations reflects inputs and mixing of fresh water and sea water and biological process (uptake and recycling by plants).

Run off from agricultural, equestrian, settlement areas within the area and erosion of soil containing fertilizers can represent important sources of excess nutrients load.

Water samples were analysed for nitrates, phosphate and sulphate. Nitrate concentration within the creeks exhibited low seasonality, particularly with respect to wet and dry season. In dry season the concentration of nitrate, sulphate and phosphate ranges from 0.25mg/1 to 0.27mg/l, 2.llmg/l to 2.19mg/l and 0.19mg/l to 0.25mg/l respectively while in wet season nitrate, sulphate and phosphate concentrations showed range of 0.20mg/l to 0.26mg/l to 4.40mg/l and 0.13mg/l to 0.45mg/l respectively.

Water Heavy Metals

The heavy metal of the creek showed concentration range of 0.01 ppm to 1.45ppm for both wet and dry seasons. Pb and Cr showed concentration range of O.Olppm and 0.03ppm. V and Ni were not detected.

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Table 4.13: Water quality results of the sampled Creek and Atlantic Ocean in Dry Season (2007)

Sample Codes Cal- Cal- Cal- Cal- Cal- Cal- Cal- Cal-Parameters 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 Colour 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Odour 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ph 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.9 Temp °C 28.0 30.0 28.1 28.1 30.0 29.1 28.2 27.2 Cond. (uScm-1) 78.33 78.4 79.9 77.2 78.1 96.9 79.3 78.9 TSS (mg/1) 30.0 30.5 37.6 31.3 30.9 30.0 30.3 30.6 TDS(mg/1) 10.0 11.2 12.6 14.2 14.6 15.0 15.0 15.0 Turbidity iliTU} 57 56 57 57 57 57 57 58 Alkalinity (mg/1) 36.07 30.0 30.0 35.3 33.2 34.2 32.6 35.5 Total H. (mg/1) 4.18 4.0 4.0 4.17 4.54 4.32 4.12 4.02 BODs(mg/1} 5.71 6.0 6.15 6.0 6.0 6.15 6.14 6.17 COD (mg/l) 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 DO (mg/1) 5.61 5.60 5.51 5.80 5.20 5.03 5.13 5.60 Oil/grease (mg/l) 5.3 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.06 0.08 Q.02 0.01 Salinity% 27 27 28 27 27 27 27 29 Sulphate (mg/1) 2.11 2.15 2.11 2.17 2.20 2.19 2.19 2.18 Phos_p}late _(_mg/l) 0.19 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.20 Nitrate (mg/1) 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.27 Chloride (mg/l) 3.48 3.60 3.45 3.45 3.46 3.48 3.48 3.48 Calcium (ppm) 6.48 6.0 6.50 6.~5 6.56 6.56 6.56 6.58 Magnesium (ppm) 3.0 3.13 3.15 3.19 3.15 3.14 3.14 3.16 Sodium (ppm) 4.84 4.26 4.36 4.80 4.84 4.83 4.82 4.82 Potassium (ppm) 2.59 2.69 2.72 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.72 Iron (ppm) 1.5 1.45 1.24 1.22 1.22 1.24 1.25 1.25 Copper (pQ_m) 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 Manganese (ppm) 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.08 Chromium (ppm) .03 0.2 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 Lead (ppm) 0.01 0.01 0.01 ND ND 0.01 0.01 0.01 Vanadium (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Nickel (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

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Plate 4.4: Experts Sampling Sediment

Sediments Quality

The southwesterly waves break at an oblique angle to the coast along the eastern coastline resulting in a west-east drift. The zone is fed by sediments transport by rivers such as Nun, Sombrero, now Calabar, Bonny, Imo and Kwa Ibo. Substantial amounts of this sediment are channeled into the Calabar Canyon.

The sediments and mud in the creek along the route ofthe proposed pipeline have been sampled to determine sediment grain across the estuary bed and to calculate how much sediment has the potential to become suspended in the water column during the pipeline construction and excavation of the trench. In general, finer sediments are more likely to suspend in water than heavy sediments with a larger grain size. Both the Calabar and Cross Rivers carry contaminants from urban runoff into the estuary and the sediment cores were analysed to determine the concentration of metals in sediment layers along the proposed pipe route.

Grabs were thrown along the proposed pipeline route in wet and dry seasons. Detailed results along with summary data on sediment texture, and grain size and organic matter for each grab for both seasons, are shown in table 4.14 and 4.15.

Sediments along the proposed pipeline route in the creeks sampled were generally sandy silt, with 14% to 16% clay, 10% to 19.3% silty and 81% to 87%. In the dry season sediments consisted of sandy silt with 8.5% to 9.5% clay, 80% to 95.2 sand, 10% to 15% silt.

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Table 4.14: Sediments Texture, Particle Size Distribution and Moisture Content of Surface Water in Wet eason (2006)

Sample Codes Cal-Sed-11 Cal-Sed- Cal-Sed- Cal-Sed- Cal-Sed- Cal-Sed-17 12 13 14 15

Parameters Moisture content %

30.9 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.9 Sand,% 86 83 80 86 81 87 Silt,% 10 12 13 15 10 19.3 Clay,% 14 14 15 15 16 -

Dark sandy Dark Dark Dark Dark Dark silt with clay sandy silt sandy silt sandy silt sandy silt coarsening

Description and trace of with clay with clay with clay with clay sand with organic and trace and trace and trace and trace trace shell. matter of organic of organic of organic of

matter matter matter organic matter

Table 4.15: Sediments Texture, Particles Size Distribution and Moisture Content of Surface Water in Dry Season

Sample Codes Cal-Sed-11 Cal-Sed- Cal-Sed- Cal-Sed- Cal-Sed- Cal-Sed-17 12 13 14 15

Parameters Moisture content %

30.3 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.9 30.9 Sand,% 86 83 8. 86 81 95.2 Silt,% 12 12 13 15 10 2.4 Clay,% 9.1 8.5 8.5 9.5 8.6 -

Dark sandy Dark Dark Dark Dark Dark silt with clay sandy silt sandy silt sandy silt sandy silt coarsening

Description and trace of with clay with clay with clay with clay sand with organic and trace and trace and trace and trace trace shell. matter of organic of organic of organic of

matter matter matter organic matter

Metal concentrations in the sediments are summarized in Appendix-4i Cadmium, Chromium, Vanadium and Lead have a similar distribution pattern, they were not detected. Zinc concentrations in dry season ranges from 1.15ppm to 2.51ppm and 0.81ppm to 2.18ppm in wet season. Cupper concentrations were similar showing less than 0.1 ppm.

The pH varies between 6.1 and 6.9 and oil and grease content showed concentration less than 0.05mglkg for both wet and dry season.

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Sample Codes Cal- Cal- Cal- Cal- Cal- Cal- Cal- Cal-Parameters Cal-4 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 Colour 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Odour 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 pH 7.4 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.5 8.1 Temp °C 25.1 28.20 28.10 28.20 28.21 28.21 28.20 28.21 28.22 Cond. ( uScm -1) 23.6 50.35 50.4 51.0 50.2 50.9 50.69 50.7 50.5 TSS (mg/1) 12.0 45.0 38.2 35.2 41.0 40.3 43.0 44.3 40.5 TDS(mg/1) 6.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.5 10.5 10.0 10.0 Turbidity (NTU) 18.0 38.4 38.4 38.6 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.5 39.7 Alkalinity (mg/1) 12.0 17.63 17.10 17.57 17.63 17.21 17.24 17.61 17.65 Total H. (mg/1) 4.0 18.10 18.10 18.01 18.10 18.14 18.10 18.10 18.10 BODs(mg/1) 4.0 4.29 5.0 5.55 4.10 4.10 4.13 4.12 4.10 COD (mg/1) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 DO (mg/1) 4.1 9.01 9.80 9.61 9.10 9.10 9.23 6.33 6.10 Oil/grease _(mg/1}_ 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.01 Salinity% 26 26 25 27 25 25 28 28 28 Sulphate (mg/1) 2.0 4.40 4.25 4.01 4.15 4.10 3.10 3.05 3.92 Phosphate (mg/1) 0.13 0.47 0.41 0.45 0.42 0.43 0.41 0.30 0.40 Nitrate (mg/1) 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.25 Chloride (mg/1) 3.0 4.12 4.10 4.05 4.15 4.26 4.18 4.58 4.28 Calcium (ppm) 5.4 4.84 4.80 4.60 4.55 4.26 4.26 4.26 4.32 Magnesium (ppm) 1.0 2.52 2.10 2.10 4.51 4.03 4.22 4.04 4.28 Sodium (ppm) 2.10 3.36 3.16 3.31 3.60 3.60 3.13 3.62 3.72 Potassium (ppm) 2.80 3.31 3.16 3.27 3.23 3.13 3.13 3.15 3.14 Iron (pg_m) Nd 1.05 1.02 1.06 1.07 1.02 1.06 1.08 1.05 Copper (ppm) 2.1 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Manganese (ppm) 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 Chromium (ppm) ND 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Lead (ppm) ND ND 0.01 0.01 ND ND 0.01 0.01 0.01 Vanadium (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Nickel (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

Temperature

The surface water is basically warm with temperature generally greater than 24°C the sea surface

temperature showed double peaked cycle which match quantatively the circle of solar heights.

Between October and may, sea surface temperature ranges from 24°C to 28°C while during peak

wet season of June to September, the range is 24°C to 25°C this decline has been ascribed to an

expression of the overall cooling of the south Atlantic and gulf of guinea during this period of the year (Ionghurst, 1984).

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Plate 4.5: The Atlantic Ocean Sea Surface Salinity

The surface water is typical ocean surface water of the gulf of guinea with salinity generally less than 35.0% the surface water receives run-off water from land and from annual precipitation. The salinity showed 30% in wet and dry season.

Waves The wave affecting the Nigeria continental shelf including the study area are wind generated with intensities generally determined by the wind velocity, duration and fetch.

Tides The tides offshore generally approach from the south west and are of the semi-diurnal types with two inequalities. The tidal amptitude along the coast moves from west to east. Cross River estuary height tide, showed high water spring of 3.048 high water neap of 2.652 low water spring of 0.488 low water neap of 1.036 and mean sea level of 1.95 (height of tides (m) at important coaster locations)

Ocean Current

The West - East Guinea current is the dominant ocean current affecting the area eastward the Guinea current joins the equatorial counter which transport the warm saline water formed along the southern edge of the north altantic eddy. From the south the cold saline benguela current flows northwards becoming the south equatorial current the guinea current attain a spead of 0.3m/sec with

64


some reversals. The guinea current could be important for the dispersal of suspended fines beyond

the influence ofwave and tide generated current.

~Vater Quali(v

Dissolve Oxygen

Relatively greater variations in dissolve oxygen concentration are expected to reflect depth distributions and several cycles of- photosynthetic organisms (phytoplankton), periodic upwelling events and movement and mixing of different coaster water masses. Dissolved oxygen concentration ranges from 6.10mg/l in wet season and 5.60mg/l in dry season (see table 4.13 and 4.16)

Plate 4.6: Experts Collecting Water Sample of the Ocean

pH

The pH of seawater does not vary widely (more than a few tenths of a pH unit). The pH value at

sampled point showed 7.9 in wet season and 8.1 in dry season.

4.2.5 Geology

The sand rock and other geological features in the project area fall under odukpani formation. The general sequence of odukpani formation is as follows, (youngest bed at the top):

• Floggy shades and calcareous sandstones with lower turonia ammonites

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• Sandy shades with sandstone bands and calcareous sandstone with cenomanian ammonites • Basal sandstones and conglomerates Precambrian basement

• Limestone and calcareous sandstone with fragmentary crinoids algae

• Basal sandstones and conglomerates Precambrian basement.

The formation was deposited under shallow water conditions. It represents foreland the basal beds are arkosic followed by a quartzones sandstone- limestone facies.

The nature of the vegetation in the project area is mostly rainforest to mangrove forest. Sediments at the mangrove forest of the creeks are liked to that of the occidental Cameroon. Notably calabar share boundary with Cameroon.

P. Dieboid (1960) considers the basal sandstone of the mungo river formation (mundeck sandstone) to be a continuation of the lower most sandstone bed of the odukpani formation of the Calabar district. The project RoW being in a coastal region has an annual rainfall that is high throughout the year and in view of this, rainy season of the tropical countries causes a considerable decrease in salinity of coaster areas. Fresh water and low salinity shales are often extremely finely bedded, where as marine shales tend to be coarsely bedded owing to flocculation by the seawater of clay particles arriving from watercourse.

The project area is in the Niger-Delta complex which consists of formation deposited in a high energy constructive deltaic environment. Sediment build up was accompanied by growth faulting normal to the direction of the progradation which resulted in a series of near parallel fault bounded depositional belts.

Plate 4. 7: Expert Studying Geology of the Area.

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4.2.6 Groundwater Quality

Boreholes were identified within the project area and samples were taken to determine the quality.

The groundwater result wet and dry season showed pH range of 5.0 to 5.1 indicating acidity. The

total hardness range from 76.0mg/l to 87.0mg/l in dry season 76.7mg/l chloride consent varies

between 20.0mg/l and 25.7mg/l in dry season and 12.0mg/l and 15.0mg/l in wet season. Cr, Pb and

Mn were not detected. The physic-chemical and heavy metal characteristics of the groundwater in

dry season is given in table 4.17 and wet season is shown in table 4.18

Table 4.17: Physcio-chemical and Heavy Metal Results of Groundwater Sample in Dry Season (2006)

Sample Codes Ikot Nyong Ikot Okon Creek Town Oron Borehole Borehole Borehole Borehole

Parameters Colour 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Odour Odorless Odour less Odourless Odourless pH 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.1 Cond (uScm-1) 48.5 48.3 45.3 43.9 TS (mg/1) 25.2 25.1 23.1 29 DS (mg/1}_ 19.7 19.0 19.0 15.8 Alkaline (mg/1) 20.0 20.0 20.0 21.0 Total H (mg/1) 76.0 76.5 76.5 87.0 BOD5 (mg/1) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 COD (mg/1) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Chloride (mg/1) 22.0 22.0 22.0 25.7 Calcium (ppm) 55.0 55.0 55.0 43 Magnesium (ppm) 2.5 3.4 3.4 2.3 Sodium (gQ_m) 5.2 5.1 5.1 20.0 Potassium (ppm) 2.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 Iron (ppm) 0.62 0.49 0.49 1.2 Copper (ppm) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.12 Manganese (ppm) ND ND ND ND Chromium (ppm) ND ND ND ND Lead (ppm) ND ND ND ND

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Table 4.18: Physico-chemical and Heavy Results of Groundwater Samples in Wet Season

Sample Codes Ikot Nyong Ikot Okon Creek Town Oron Borehole Borehole Borehole Borehole

Parameters Colour 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Odour Odorless Odourless Odourless Odourless pH 5.0 5.1 5.0 5.1 Cond (uScm-1) 48.6 48.6 45.3 43.9 TS (mg/1) 23.2 22.1 23.1 29 DS (mg/1) 20.3 19.1 20.0 25.0 Alkaline (mg/1) 20.0 20.0 20.0 21.0 Total H (mg/1) 77.0 76.7 76.8 87.5 BODs (mg/1) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 COD (mg/1) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Chloride (mg/1) 15.0 13.2 12.0 15.0 Calcium (ppm) 56.5 56.1 55.0 45.0 Magnesium (ppm) 6.5 6.3 5.4 4.5 Sodium (ppm) 5.1 5.2 5.1 20.0 Potassium (ppm) 2.5 5.6 2.2 2.0 Iron (ppm) 1.40 1.43 0.49 1.2 Copper (ppm) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.10 Manganese (ppm) ND ND ND ND Chromium (ppm) ND ND ND ND Lead (ppm) ND ND ND ND

The microbial count of the underground water ranges from 0.0120 CFU/ml to 21x102CFU/ml for both seasons. The list of dominant species and population densities of micro organisms in the

sampled underground water of the area along the right of row (ROW) are shown in appendix-4ii

4.2. 7 Landform

Topography related to the configuration of the land surface and is evaluated in terms of differences in elevation, slope and landscape position (i.e. the lay of the land). Slopes generally encourage erosion of the surface layers and allow less rainfall to enter the soil before running off, thus preventing soil formation from getting very far ahead of soil destruction. The topography of the

project area before the creeks us gently slope so, accelerated erosion hazard is expected to be

marked. However, sheet erosion is a major problem associated with the soils. This is due to the fact

that the surface soil aggregates often weak and the thick illuvial-clay subsoil (argillic orkandic

horizons) often slow down considerably the infiltration of water into the soils resulting in ponding

and eventual run-off on the surface. Considerably the infiltration of water into the soils resulting in

ponding and eventual run-off on the surface.

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4.2.8 Soil Characteristics

The climate condition of the area (heavy rainfall and high temperature) have made chemical weathering the dominant geomorphic process in the area. This has resulted in the formation of clay minerals and silt particles from the parent materials. The soils in the swamp are organic soils. They form wherever production of organic matter exceeds its mineralization, usually under conditions of almost continuous saturation with water which curtails circulation of oxygen through the soil. The soils have shallow depth to bedrock or ironpan layers also have poor drainage.

The soils before the creeks are well drained, reddish and lateritic. Soil colours vary from dark red and often not mottled. Most of the soils vary in texture from loamy sand to sandy loam surface horizons, over sandy clay loam and sandy clay to clay sub soils.

Plate 4.8: Experts Collecting Soil Sample

The soil types in the area include fresh water alluvium, flood plan and mangrove swamp soils.

The flood plain soils are low lying stretches of land bounded by natural levees. The soils are clayey loams to clay. The project area has more of the mangrove swamp soils.

69


Physico-chemical Characteristics

Dry Semwn Analytical Result

Texture and Grain Size

The project area soils have alluvium and swamp soils. Samples were collected from land swampy

area. The surface soils (SS) in the land area down to 20cm shows that the soil was made up of

brown sandy loam with trace of plant roots while the swampy areas are made up of soft mud with

mainly silt and clay. The distribution of soil grains was .70.2% to 91.5% and 8.5% to 25.7%loam,

8.7% silt in the land area and 87.5% to 52.5% silt, 8.5 to 26.9% clay in the swampy area (see table

4.19). the above stratum was underline generally by dark red sand clay loam in the subsoil soil from

20cm to 50cm depth. They contain 69.1% to 82.1 sand, 2.3% loam, and 9.7% to 11.2% in the land

area before the creeks.

Moisture Content

The percent moisture content was determined in relations to total weight of a soil samples.

Generally in the alluvium soil areas, topsoil had more moisture content than subsoil. The percent

content for topsoil ranged from 11.0% to 18.3% while that for subsoil ranged from 11.2% to 15.8%

also in the swampy soils percent moisture content ranged from 21.0% to 28.3%

Table 4.19: Soil Texture, Particle Size Distribution and Moisture Content of Soil Samples in Dry Season (2007)

Sample Moisture 0/o 0/o Depth content %loam %silt Description

Codes (%) sand clay

Cal-1-TS 0-20cm 11.0 81.5 18.5 - - Reddish sandy loam mixed with trace of" plant

Cal-1-SS 0-50 12.2 71.3 2.3 - 11.2 Dark red sandy clay loam Cal-2-TS 0-20cm 18.3 73.6 25.7 - - Reddish sandy loam Cal-2-SS 0-50cm 11.2 69.1 2.3 - 10.1 Dark red sandy_ clay loam Cal-3-TS 0-20cm 27.0 - - 52.5 8.5 Dark brown silt clay mixed with

trace of plant roots Cal-5-TS 0-20cm 12.4 85.3 15.4 8.7 - Reddish brown, lateritic sandy loam Cal-5-SS 0-50cm · 12.8 72.1 - - 9.2 Reddish sandy clay to clay Cal-6-TS 0-20cm 13.0 91.5 8.5 - - Reddish sandy loam mixed with trace

of_QJant roots Cal-6-SS 0-50cm 14.5 82.1 - - 9.7 Reddish sandy clay to clay Cal-7-TS 0-20cm 15.1 73.5 20.9 - - Reddish sandy loam mixed with trace

of plant root Cal-7-SS 0-50cm 15.8 72.8 - - 10.2 Reddish sandy clay to clay Cal-8-TS 0-20cm 12.1 70.2 16.8 - - Reddish sandy loam mixed with trace

of plant roots Cal-8-SS 0-50cm 12.8 72.1 - - 9.8 Reddish sandy clay to clay Cal-9-TS 0-20cm 13.3 71.6 20.9 - Reddish sandy loam mixed with trace

ofplant roots

Cal-9-SS 0-50cm 14.8 72.1 - - 9.7 Reddish sandy clay to clay Cal-16 0-20 21.0 - - 81.6 18.5 Dark brown silt clay

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Bulk Density and Permeability Undisturbed core cutter soil samples were at 0.05m taken at 2 locations in the project ROW. The soil was loose to medium dense with trace of plant root, and with 11.5% moisture content (see table 4.20). The project location soil has bulk density that range from 1.350mg/m3 with permeability constant that varies between 1.50x10-5k(ms- 1

) and 1.52xl0·5 k(ms-1) control location was also loose to

medium dense sandy loam trace of plant root with 10.8% moisture content, bulk density 1.350mg/m3 and permeability constant of 1.50x10-5k(ms- 1

).

Table 4.20: Permeability Test results on Cored Undisturbed Samples in Dry Season (2007)

Sample Depth Moisture Bulk

Permeability Content Density Description

Codes (m) (%) mg/m3 k(ms-1

).

Cal-3 0.50 11.5 1.452 1.52xl0·5 Loose to medium dense sand and loam with trace of plant roots

Cal-5 0.50 11.5 1.350 1.50x1o-) Loose to medium dense sand with trace of plant roots

Cal-contro 1- 0.5 10.8 1.350 1.50x1o-) Loose to medium dense core sand with trace of plant

roots

Exchangeable cations The major exchangeable cations in soil areNa+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. The trace/heavy metal includes iron, copper, cadium, lead, asenic, nickel, vanadium, mercury and zinc.

The concentrations in topsoil and their spatial distribution in the study area are shown in table 4.21 potassium and calcium are major nutrients

Potassium is an important constituent of plant tissues, required in carbon dioxide assimilation, synthesis of amino acids and proteins and plant growth. It is also required in water relations; it deficiency results in stunted growth, calcium is required for development of cell walls and normal root tips.

Deficiency results in stunted terminal buds and roots system and pale yellow colour in the leaves

magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, aluminum and molybdenumll molecules hence essential for photosynthesis and development of oil producing crops its deficiency results in chlorolic condition in leaves. Manganese is needed in association with nitrogen in protein synthesis; copper is generally required as enzymes activator and also in chlorosis giving a pale green colour leaves.

Sodium concentrations range from 8.1mg/kg to 9.8mg/kg in topsoil and 8.0mg/kg to 8.9mg/kg in subsoil. The concentration of potassium in both top and subsoil ranges from 1.4 mg/kg to 8.6 mg/kg

71


and calcium 1.8 mg/kg to 8.9 mg/kg. Magnesium concentration varies between 1.3 mg/kg and 6.9 mg/kg at project area.

Cadmium, lead, vanadium and nickel were detected not detected. Zinc was less than 3.32 mg/kg in

both top and subsoils. Coppers level ranges from 0.03 mg/kg and 1.10 mg/kg varies between 2.0

mg/kg.

Table 4.21: Concentration (in mg/kg) of Exchangeable Cation and Heavy/Trace Metal Representing Soil Sam pies in Dry Season (2007)

Sample codes Soil depth Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Cd Ni Pb v Zn Cr Cal-TS-1 0-20cm 9.2 7.4 8.9 5.2 5.0 1.0 NO NO ND ND 4.6 ND Cal-SS-1 20.50cm 8.0 6.2 3.5 3.0 1.5 0.09 ND ND ND ND 2.55 ND Cal-TS-2 0.20cm 9.2 8.6 6.7 2.5 0.90 0.03 ND ND ND ND 3.32 ND Cal-SS-2 20-50cm 8.0 6.0 5.6 1.7 0.60 0.09 ND ND ND ND 1.26 ND Cal-TS-3 0-20cm 9.6 1.6 3.7 2.5 1.2 0.03 ND ND ND ND 3.26 ND Cal-SS-3 0.20cm 8.0 1.4 2.6 1.0 0.4 0.09 ND ND ND ND 1.26 ND Cal-TS-5 20-50cm 9.6 8.0 7.0 5.0 2.5 1.10 ND ND ND ND 0.10 ND Cal-SS-5 0-20cm 8.9 5.2 3.0 4.0 1.4 0.07 ND ND ND ND 0.30 ND Cal-TS-7 0-50cm 9.0 7.8 6.7 3.4 0.64 0.07 ND ND ND ND 1.87 ND Cal-SS-7 0.20cm 8.8 5.0 4.5 1.3 0.16 0.07 ND ND ND ND 0.45 ND Cal-TS-8 20-50cm 8.1 6.2 3.8 1.4 0.25 0.07 ND ND ND ND 1.80 ND Cal-SS-8 0-20cm 7.5 5.8 1.8 5.0 0.18 0.11 ND ND ND ND 0.79 ND Cal-TS-9 20-50cm 9.1 7.5 5.1 3.3 0.76 0.10 ND ND ND ND 2.73 ND Cal-SS-9 0-20cm 8.5 5.3 3.2 3.2 0.25 0.5 ND ND ND ND 1.03 ND Cal-TS-16 0-20cm 9.8 4.3 2.5 6.9 0.72 0.07 ND ND ND ND 2.45 ND Cal-SS-16

' I 0-20cm 8.1 1.3 2.0

Soil Acidity and Non-cation Nutrient

5.2 0.31 0.06 ND ND ND ND 0.34 ND

Soil pH affects the concentration of some exchangeable cations and phosphorus in very low pH the availability of calcium and phosphorus is reduced calcium is leached in acidic soils Among non-cations required by plants, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorous and carbon are major elements. Nitrogen is needed in protein formation, encourage vegetative growth of all plants and gives leaves a good green colour. Plant lacking nitrogen are stunted in growth with yellowish leaves

and poorly developed root system.

Phosphorus is a constituent of cell membranes and is essential for cell division sulphur-containing proteins are essential for activities of certain enzymes e.g papain, and as constituents of some

vitamins (Alan, 1970)

The soil pH, percent total organic content and concentration of nitrate, phosphate sulphate and oil

and grease in dry season are given in table 4.22

The pH ranged from 5.0 to 5.5 in both topsoil and subsoil. The soil organic matter content varied

from 1.02% to 1.5% for topsoil and 1.0% to 1.15% for subsoil. Generally, topsoil. had higher

72


concentration of organic matter than subsoil. Where the reverse occurs, it suggests leaching. The soil nutrient concentration ranged from 0.24mg/kg to 0.99mg/kg for both topsoil and subsoil. The phosphate concentration ranges from 0.32 mg/kg to 0.53 mg/kg, for topsoil to 0.61 mg/kg for subsoil. The sulphate concentration ranged from 6.0 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, for topsoil and 3.0 mg/kg to 5.01 mg/kg for subsoil.

Oil and Grease/Total Hydrocarbons Content

Table 4.22 shows that the oil grease from 0.15 mg/kg to 0.35 mg/kg for topsoil and 0.02 mg/kg to 0.18 mg/kg for subsoil. The oil grease content of the area decreases in concentration from top to

subsoil.

Table 4.22: Physico-chemical Characteristics of Project Area Control Site Soils in Dry Season Sample codes Soil depth Ph Cond TOC 0/G Cr N03 so4 P04

J.IS4 -1 Mklkg Mg/Kg Mg/Kg Mg/Kg Mg/Kg Mg/Kg em Cal-TS-1 0.20cm 5.4 6.10 1.04 0.32 17.0 0.63 6.0 0.53 Cal-SS-1 20-50cm 5.0 2.20 1.00 0.18 12.0 0.27 4.0 0.32 Cal-TS-2 0-20cm 5.9 5.50 1.02 0.33 18.0 0.66 7.0 0.43 Cal-SS-2 20-50cm 5.2 3.53 1.0 0 . .12 10.0 0.27 4.0 0.31 Cal-TS-3 0.20cm 5.1 5.10 1.40 0.15 18.0 0.99 10.0 0.40 Cal-SS-3 20-50cm 5.0 2.90 1.15 0.02 15.0 0.24 5.0 0.24 Cal-TS-5 0-20cm 5.2 5.65 1.10 0.35 18.0 0.63 10.0 0.32 Cal-SS-5 20-50cm 5.2 2.20 1.0 0.09 15.0 0.46 5.01 0.61 Cal-TS-7 0-20cm 5.9 5.10 1.20 0.15 19.0 0.63 10.0 0.32 Cal-SS-7 0-50cm 5.2 1.90 1.05 0.07 15.0 0.28 5.0 0.35 Cal-TS-8 0-20cm 5.0 5.10 1.50 0.19 18.0 0.98 9.0 0.40 Cal-SS-8 20-50cm 5.2 1.90 1.05 0.08 15.0 0.25 4.0 0.36 Cal-TS-9 0-20cm 5.2 5.10 1.10 0.17 17.0 0.64 7.0 0.42 Ca1-SS-9 0-50cm 5.5 3.14 1.06 0.05 12.0 0.30 3.0 0.31 Cal-TS-16 0-20cm 5.5 4.23 1.12 0.15 14.0 0.60 7.0 0.45 Cal-SS-16 0-50cm 5.0 2.43 1.03 0.09 10.0 0.36 4.0 0.30

\ .. \';:, /. d

Dt:v Season Analytical Result

Soil Texture and Particule Size

There was no marked difference in soil texture and grain/particulate size distribution in dry and wet season. Topsoil where in both season reddish sand loam with traces of roots of plant, and subsoil were reddish dark brown sand clay loam to clay. Table 4.23 gives the soil texture and particulate size distribution of randomly selected representative sample. The percent sand was slightly higher for topsoil in dry season.

Moisture Content

There was higher percent moisture content in both topsoil ranging from 17.7% to 19.2% for topsoil and. 15.5% to 17.5% for subsoil.

73


Table 4.23: Soil Texture, Particle Size Distribution and Moisture Content of Soil Samples in VVetSeason(2006)

Moisture % % % 0/o Sample Codes Depth content sand loam silt clay Description (%)

Cal-l-TS 0-20cm 17.7 83.2 9.2 - - Reddish sandy loam mixed with trace of plant root

Cal-1-SS 0-50cm 15.9 71.3 3.4 - 11.9 Dark san<t'_ clay loam Cal-2-TS 0-20cm 18.2 77.2 18.2 - - Reddish san<t'_ loam Cal-2-SS 0-50cm 15.5 70.1 - - 11.2 Reddish sandy clay to clay Cal-3- 0-20cm 23.2 - - 92.3 8.5 Dark (muddy) brown silt clay

mixed with trace of plant roots Cal-5-TS 0-20cm 18.9 75.1 16.5 2.1 - Reddish brown lateritic sandy

loam Cal-5-SS 0-50cm 17.3 69.5 - - 10.8 Reddish dark sandy clay to

clay Cal-6-TS 0-20cm 19.2 81.5 17.4 - - Reddish sandy loam mixed

with trace of plant roots Cal-6-SS 0-50cm 15.5 70.1 - - 11.2 Reddish sandy clay to clay Cal-7-TS 0-20cm 18.5 73.9 17.8 - - Reddish sandy loam Cal-7-SS 0-50cm 16.9 60.5 - - 15.3 Reddish dark sandy clay to


with trace of plant roots Cal-8-SS 0-50cm 17.5 65.2 - - 12.1 Reddish dark sandy clay to


with trace of_Qlant roots Cal-9-SS 0-50cm 17.5 65.1 - - 11.2 Dark brown silt clay Cal-TS-16 0-20cm 24.0 - - 81.6 18.5 Dark brown silt clay Cal-SS-16 0-50cm Reddish dark sandy clay to

Clii,Y_

Bulk Density and Permeability The soil bulk density range from 1.450mg/m3 to 1.452 mg/m3 and permeability constant, K, 1.50xl o-5ms-l

Table 4.24: Permeability Test Results on Cored Undisturbed Sampled in VVet Season (2006) Moisture Bulk

Sample Codes Depth {m) content density Permeability Description (%) mg/m3

Cal-3 0.50 19.5 1.452 1.50Xl0.5 Medium dense sand with trace of plant roots

Cal-5 0.50 19.5 1.450 150xl0-5 Medium dense sand with trace of plant roots

Cal-control-core 0.50 19.4 1.451 1.50xl0-5 Medium dense sand with trace of plant roots

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Soil Acidity and Nutrients Table 4.25 gives the result for randomly selected topsoil samples in the project area in both seasons. Soil pH of for dry season did not show significant difference in wet season, soil being neutral at pH

5.0 to 5.9 in topsoil and subsoil.

These TOC decreased slightly but not with significance in the wet season, ranging from 1.09% to 1.14% for topsoil and 0.65% to 1.04% to 1.04% for subsoil.

The concentration ofN03, P04 and S04 were in the same general range as for those in wet season. The concentration of oil and grease content were all in the same range as in dry season.

Table 4.25: Physico-Chemical Characteristics Of Project And Control Site Soils In Wet Season

Soil depth Ph Cond TOC 0/G Cr N03 so4 Sample codes J.lSCm-l Mklkg Mg/Kg Mg/Kg Mg/Kg Mg/Kg Cal-TS-1 0.20cm 5.9 6.20 1.10 0.10 18 1.07 9.0 Cal-SS-1 20-50cm 5.9 2.30 0.70 0.05 11.0 1.05 5.0 Cal-TS-2 0-20cm 5.2 5.60 1.09 0.10 20.0 1.10 10.0 Cal-SS-2 20-50cm 5.8 3.63 0.83 0.03 15.0 0.86 8.0 Cal-TS-3 0.20cm 5.1 5.30 1.14 0.10 18.0 1.53 8.0 Cal-SS-3 20-50cm 5.0 2.50 0.80 0.03 10.0 0.32 4.0 Cal-TS-5 0-20cm 5.9 5.75 1.14 0.20 17.0 1.40 9.0 Cal-SS-5 20-50cm 5.9 2.70 0.80 0.05 12.0 0.96 6.0 Cal-TS-7 0-20cm 5.2 5.10 1.10 0.20 19.0 1.53 10.0 Cal-SS-7 0-50cm 5.8 1.90 0.65 0.04 15.0 0.91 8.0 Cal-TS-8 0-20cm 5.9 5.50 1.12 0.20 19.0 1.04 10.0 Cal-SS-8 20-50cm 5.9 1.70 0.80 0.06 10.0 0.45 8.0 Cal-TS-9 0-20cm 5.2 5.50 1.05 0.20 18.0 1.28 8.0 Cal-SS-9 20-50cm 5.0 3.14 1.02 0.03 10.0 0.92 6.0 Cal-TS-16 0-20cm 5.3 4.23 1.08 0.20 18.0 1.04 10.0 Cal-SS-16 20-50cm 5.0 2.43 1.04 0.02 12.0 0.14 8.0

\. ,\ /)c,, ;, .

Exchangeable Cations and Heavy Metals Concentration.

P04 Mg/K_g_ 1.46 1.01 1.39 0.96 1.93 0.86 1.72 1.62 1.83 1.70 1.64 0.65 0.40 0.21 1.62 0.92

Table 4.26 shows the concentration of exchangeable cations especially Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe and heavy/trace metals in randomly selected soil samples in the project area and in wet season. Pb, Cd and Nickel were detected in dry season they were analyzed in wet season and were also detected in the same range and concentration.

75


Table 4.26: Concentration (In Mg/Kg) Of Exchangeable Cation and Heavy/Trace Metals epresen mg 01 am pies n e eason, R t· S ·1 S I I W t S 2006

Sample Loctn Soil depth Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Cd Ni Pb v Zn Cr Cal-TS-1 0-20cm 9.2 7.6 9.1 5.5 0.52 0.10 ND ND ND ND 2.13 ND Cal-SS-1 20.50cm 8.0 6.2 3.7 3.6 0.30 0.08 ND ND ND ND 1.95 ND Cal-TS-2 0.20cm 9.5 8.6 6.8 2.7 0.51 0.15 ND ND ND ND 2.45 ND Cal-SS-2 20-50cm 8.0 6.3 5.9 1.9 0.40 0.05 ND ND ND ND 1.58 ND Cal-TS-3 0-20cm 9.3 1.7 3.6 2.7 0.63 0.05 ND ND ND ND 2.10 ND Cal-SS-3 20-50cm 8.0 1.6 2.6 1.5 0.35 0.04 ND ND ND ND 2.01 ND Cal-TS-5 0-20cm 9.6 8.0 7.0 5.6 0.85 0.08 ND ND ND ND 2.10 ND Cal-SS-5 20-50cm 8.9 5.4 3.0 4.8 0.40 0.10 ND ND ND ND 2.01 ND Cal-TS-7 0-20cm 9.0 8.0 6.8 3.9 0.62 0.08 ND ND ND ND 2.51 ND Cal-SS-7 0.50cm 8.8 5.5 4.9 1.5 0.45 0.05 ND ND ND ND 1.79 ND Cal-TS-8 0-20cm 9.1 6.5 4.5 1.2 0.75 0.05 ND ND ND ND 2.15 ND Cal-SS-8 20-50cm 4.0 5.9 2.1 5.6 0.45 0.04 ND ND ND ND 2.03 ND Cal-TS-9 0-20cm 8.0 7.8 5.3 3.9 0.91 0.10 ND ND ND ND 2.56 ND Cal-SS-9 0-50cm 6.4 5.7 3.5 3.5 0.46 0.04 ND ND ND ND 1.83 ND Cal-TS-16 0-20cm 9.2 4.5 2.7 6.7 0.74 0.12 ND ND ND ND 2.89 ND Cal-SS-16 0-50cm 8.1 1.9 2.3 5.7 0.48 0.05 ND ND ND ND 1.24 ND

Microbial Count

Soil sample were examined for the presence of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi as well as hydrocarbon utilizing microorganism whose population may be affected by project activates, in particular radiation, Appendix-4iii shows the data on soil and sediment microbes.

Heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria species encountered in majority of the sampling

locations include: baccillius, subtitis, micoccocus spp, arthrobacter spp pseudomonas spp, klebsiella aerogenes and streptococcus auereus.

The predominant yeast/fungi soil samples included Rhizopus nigricans, mucor, aspergillus niger

and penicellium notatum with aspergillus and Rhizopus.

These microbial groups have been associated with organic transformation and recycling in soils, ranging from 0.0220 to 112x104 in both wet and dry season.

4.2.9 Hydrology

The Calabar River and creeks drains an area of 30km of the project area. The remaining 60km are

the Atlantic Ocean (off shore)

The River is in the Eastern Littoral hydrological area and originates from the basement complex.

The Creek has verifying depth and widths, which result from the tidal activities of the Atlantic

Ocean.

76


The tidal activities which may extend several tens of kilometers inland varied the length and width ofthe creek.

The general hydrological cycle in the area has a dry season period of about 4 months: December to march, in April the stage gradually rises in the river reached a peak around September to October.

The average discharge oftidal and fresh water into Calabar River through the creeks is 8,800ms/sec (fresh water discharge in some coaster river, NEDECO 1961).

4.2.10 Geomorphology

The project area is in the geomorphic unit of the Niger-Delta. The Niger-Delta is a major geomorphic feature in the Nigeria coaster zone. It stretches from Benin River estuary for about 450km eastward and terminates at the month of the imo river estuary. A total of 21 estuaries open and discharge into the sea through the delta river calabar estuary is opened and discharged in the sea in the project area (see figure 4.2)

4.2.11 Aquatic Studies

Aquatic Flora and Fauna Ikot Nyong stream, Cross-river creek and Atlantic Ocean are the major surface bodies on the gas pipeline right of way (ROW). The aquatic flora and fauna of the stream, creek and ocean are well represented by plant and animals communities the Flora consists of phytoplankton and macrophytes, while the fauna consists of zooplankton, macrobenthos and invertebrates.

Plate 4.9 Expert Sampling Aquatic Flora and Fauna of The Creek

77


Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Distribution Planktons (phyto and zoo) are free-floating or weakly swimming plant and animals that form the

base of the aquatic food. Plankton communities vary considerably from season to season due to changing conditions of temperature, prevailing currents and other hydro biological parameters. A

total of 41 species were recorded for both the phytoplankton and zooplankton spectra.

The phytoplankton predominant families recorded: bacillarophycease, chlorophyceae and cyanophyceae. Seasonal density and diversities are insignificant. Diatoms, green and blue algae

were recorded. The most common species of diatoms are: conscinodiscus spp, pleurosigma spp.

The cyanobacteria (cyanophyceae) recorded a total of 8 genera the euglenoids ( euglenophyceae)

was represented by a sole species (trachelomonas hispida). The diatoms (bacillariophyceae) recorded a total of20 species from 12 genera. The green algae (chlorophyceae) recorded a total of 4

species from 4 genera. Oscillatoria species (cyanophyceae), navicula and synedra species (diatoms) were the more frequently occurring species for the phytoplankton spectrum.

Major zooplankton groups recorded include copepods, calanoids amphipods bivalve lavae, brachyuran larvae rotifers, coelenterates gastropod larvae and natantia larvae and ostracods.

The rotifers (monogonanta) recorded two species namely lecane bulla and lacane species. The

cyclodpoid (cope pod) recorded two species of cyclods species, eucyclops and microcyclops species. The plecoptera recorded only one genus-isogenus and the cladocerans a sole species- daphnia

The composition of the phytoplankton and zooplankton taxa in the surface water(s) sampled are given appendix-4iv

Benthic Micro Invertebrates

Invertebrates are important component of aquatic ecosystem and represent a good source for many fish and birds. The benthic macrofauna of the creeks consists fo important groups such as; oyster, brachiostoma, bloody cockle (senilia spp), molluses, crustaceans and polychaetes (see table 4.27)

Table 4.27: Benthic Micro Fauna present along Gas Pipeline RoW Aquatic Ecosystems Phylum Class: - species

I) Annelid Oligochaeta: tubifex, lumbricus, naris, dero, hirudinea: hirudo, erpobdella

II) Arthropoda Crustacean: cladocera - daphnia, cyclopoida - Cyclops, ostracoda -cypris, copepod- diatom us amphipoda- gammarus, dacepoda- grapsus Ephemeroptera: baetis, centroilium. Odonata: enallagma sp (damselfies), cordulia sp, gomphus sp, orthetrum sp. Arachinida: dolomedeles sp (water spider)

III) Mollusca Gastropoda: limnaea sp, bulinus sp, physa sp, tympanotonus sp. Bivalvia: mutela sp, aspatharia sp, anadara senilis, cardium costalium, crassostrea gasar. Cephalopods: !oligo vulgaris, octopus vulgaris, sepia officinalis

IV) Chordate Amphibia: anura rana ~., bufo regularis, xeno_l)_us SQ.

78


In the project area, fish account for up to 80% of the animal protein consumed by people. Bonga (Ethmalosa Fimbriata), · Sardinella Maderensis Llisha Africana Are Common In The Creeks And Estuary While Skipjack (Katswonus Pelamis). Yellow fin (thunnus albacores) and bigeye are common offshore. The fishes found in coaster areas of Nigeria are in the project area (see table 4.28)

The offshore supports a very rich shrimp fishery due to the heavy load rich organic debris brought down by various rivers (federal department of fisheries 1995). The pink shrimp (penaeus notialis), which is in 10 to 50m depth occur abundantly from bonny river estuary to cross river estuary, its maximum sustainable yield being estimated at about 6,000 metric tons. In the creeks the guinea shrimps (parapenaeopsis atlantica) were observed the royal shrimp (parapenaeus longirostris) occurs abundantly in deep waters of 60-120m deeps.

In the mudflats of the mangrove crabs were identified, the swimming crabs of the genus callinects are the most important common and they are expected for food. Marine crabs were also observed in the sea and they include the following families: portunidae and geryonidae.

The mangrove oyster (crassostrae gasar) was observed in the swamp and estuary and they are exploited at subsistence level. The oysters grow on the roots of mangrove trees and were seen being harvested by cutting off mangrove prop roots. Other molluscs (bivalves) in the area which are exploited include the ark clams, senillia senillis, anadara senegalensis, bloody cockles, cardium costatus and periwinkle tympnotonus spp). Cephalopods- squids, cuttle-fishes and octopus occur commonly in offshore depths of90-250m where they are taken as by-catch bottom trawl catches.

79


Plate 4.10: Types of Fishes in the Project Area

T bl 4 28 C a e . : ommon F' hS lS .pec1es AI ong Th G p· I' R WA f E e as 1pe me 0 ,qua lC t cosys em. Scientific name Common name

Tilapia sp Tilapia Oreochromis sp Tilapia Hemichromis sp Til apia

Clarias sp Catfish Chrysichthys sp Catfish Synodontis sp Bony;afish Ethmalosa sp West African herriny; Sardinella s12_ West African herrinf(

Llisha Africana Croaker Pseudotolithus elon_g_ates White _grou]J_er

Epinephalus aeneus Grunts Pomadasys perotet Gobi ids

Porogobius schlegelii Mudskipper Periophthalmus papilio Mud eel

Myrophis plumbeus Nigerian .tongue sole Cynogo Is sus browni WestA}Yicanlad~fish

Elops lacerta Atlantic tarpon Megalops Flat head _gre]l_ mullet

Mugil cephalu

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J\1icro-Organisms Various discharges to receiving waters have been known to contain a variety of micro-organisms. The major sources of micro-organism are faecal discharges from infected humans, animal pets, farm animals and wildlife, which are continually being released to the soil and water environment. The microbial agent includes pathogenic bacteria, virus and protozoa. Bacteria and other microorganism use organic matter present in a body of water as nutrients, digesting them into simpler compounds. In this way, organic matter in the water is removed.

The decomposition process utilizes oxygen, the more the organic matter in the water the greater the quantity of dissolved oxygen required. When the organic loading of the aquatic environment becomes abnormally high, the BOD far exceeds the available oxygen. When this happens the bacteria and other microorganisms still degrade the organic matter but this is done by the microorganisms that can do so in the absence of oxygen.

The microbial count of ikot nyong streem, creek and Atlantic Ocean ranges from 0.0110 CFU/ml to 4.00x103CFU/ml ·

The dominant micro-organisms were species of becillius,klebsiella, pseudomonas, micrococcus, Escherichia, and aspergillus the populations of heterotrophic bacteria in the rivers are relatively higher than those of fungi. This is attributed to hydrobiological factors that are unfavourable to fungi growth. The list of dominant species and population densities of microorganisms is the sampled surface water of the area is shown in appendix-4v

4.2.12 Vegetation Cover Characteristics

The project is located in an area of high rainfall (more than 200cm (80inches) per year), high humidity, relatively high and constant temperature averaging more than 17°C, and little seasonal variation in dry length (Hickman Roberts & Larson, 2001).

Flouristic Composition The vegetation contains hundreds of species none of which is dominant trees shrubs, herbs and lianas climbing trees and epiphytes cover the project area. Apart from producing many resources of substances and commercial importance the forest play a key role in regulating water flow, conditioning local climate and protecting against soil erosion.

The stratification of the vegetation canopy is divided into eight (8) strata viz

• Mesophanerophytes (tree above 30m high)

• Mesophanerophytes (tree 8-30m high)

• Microphanerophytes (trees and shrubs (2-8m high)

• Nanophanerophytes (shrubs and herbs under 2m high)

• Chamaephytes (plants with surying buds close to the ground surface)

• Hemicryphytes (plant with surying buds hidden under soil surface)

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• Cryptophytes (plant with buds completely concealed in the ground with horizontal roots, staks, bulbs, tubers and geophytes)

• Therophytes (annual plants)

• Epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants)

Swampy Forest

The forest is swampy and vegetation grows luxuriantly covering any available spaces on the forest floor, on fallen trees, and on rock surface. The flouristic composition is heterogeneous with no particular plant dominating. The trees and most of the shrubs studied are evergreen broadleaves plants.

1Hangrove Forest The soil is soft mud and waterlogged it consist mainly of silt and clay the mangrove forest fronts the sea and is dominated by the red mangrove. Rhizophora racemosa, grows scattered sparsely amongst the red mangroves and thrives in less waterlogged areas. Other rhizophora species found include: R. harrisonii and R. mangle. Raffia palm is luxuriously spread along the bank; these palm trees can withstand water logging. Two species were observed: raphia hookeri and R. vinifera. Also

lants lemna paucicostata, nymphaea lotus, salvinia andjussiaea. '': '1lli\•,

Plate 4.11: Expert Studying Vegetation of the Project Area.

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To describe the vegetation of the project area, six locations were sampled and results are listed as follows:

Location 1: GPS reading at site is (15° 05° 00.4"N 008° 14' 18.1 "E) at kilometer 7. This is a secondary forest; logging and farming have reduced the true forest area considerably. The species encountered at this location include Aframomum Sceptrum, Ageratum, Conyzoides, Albizia Adianthifolia, Alstonia Boonei Anthonotha Macrophylla Aspillia A.fricana, Axonopus Compressus Berlinia Grandiflora, Bulbophyllum Sp, Calopogonium Mucunoides Cedrus, Deodora, Chrysophyllum Albium, Cnestis Ferruginea, Panicum Maximum, Cola Nitida, Costus Afer, Desmondium Triforum, Diodea Scandens, Dracaena Arborea, Elaeis Guineenis, Harungana, Madagascariensis, Irvingia, Gabonensis Khaya Sp; Cupanioides Lecaniodiscus Lemna Paucicostata (Found In Small Ponds) Malvastrum Coromandelianum, Manihot Esulenta Mangifera Indica, Manniophyton Fluvum Mesobotrya Barteri Nephrolepis Biserrata Pentadethra Macrophylla Panicum Maximum Paspalum Scrobiculatum Passiflora Foetide, Paulinia Pinnata Psidium Guajava Raphia Hookeri Rauvolfia Vomitoria Sida Acuta, Smilax Anceps Spathodea Campanulate, Spondias Mombin, Syndrella Nodifera Telfairia Occidentalis (Ugu), Thaumatococcus Danieli, Trema Orienta/is, Zanthoxyllum Gilletii.

Location 2: GPS reading at site is (05° 03' 08.2"N 008° 13 '46.1 "E) at kilometer 15. This is a secondary forest, The plant species recorded at this location include Ageratum conyzoides, albizia adianthifolia, alchornea at this location include aspilia A.fricana bambusa vulgaris baphia nitida bulbophyllum sp ceibe pentandra chrysophyllum albidum cola accuminata cola milenii cyathula prostrate dacryodes edulis dracaena arborea funtumia elasica heliotropium indicum khaya sp., lecaniodiscus cupanioides lemna paucicostata (plant found in ponds) malvastrym coromandelianum mesobotrya barteri nephrolepis biserrata palisota hirsute panicum maximum paspalum scrobiculatum pentaclethra macrophylla psidium guajava raphia hookeri rauvolfia vomitoria scundapsus aureus sida acuta smilax anceps spathodea campnulate spondias mombin sporobolus pyramidalis sterculia tragacantha syndrella nodifera telfairia occidentalis (ugu) thaumatococcus danielii thoningia sanguine trema orienta/is urena lobata xylopia aethiopica zanthoxylum gilletii

Location 3: GPS reading at site is (05° 02' 20.5"N 008° 13' 41.3"E) at kilometer 18. This is a secondary forest and farmland. The species encountered at this location were Alchornea Cordifolia Alstonia Boonei Anthonotha Macrophylla Aspilia A.fricana Asystasia Gangetica Axonopus

Compressus Bambusa Vulgaris Baphia Nitida Berlinia Grandiflora Calopogonium Mucunoides Centrosoma Pubescens Chromolaena Odorata Chrysophyllum Albidum Cocos Nucifera Cola Nitida Cyathula Prostrate Desplatsia Subericarpa Funtumia Elastica, Harunagana Madagascariensis Heliotropium Indicum Hevea Brasilensis Irvingia Gabonesis Khaya Sp Lecaniodiscus Cupanioides Lemna Paucicostat Malvastrum Coromandelianum Manihot Esulenta Mangifera Indica Manniophyton Fluvum Mesobotrya Barteri Myrianthus Arboreus Nephrolepis Biserrata Newbouldia Laevis Palisota Hirsute Panicum Maximum Paspalum Scrobiculatum Passiflora Fortide Paulinia Pinnata Psidium Guajava Raphia Hookeri Scundapsus Aureus Setaria

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Longiseta Spathodea Campanulate Spondias Mombin Sporobolus Pyramidalis Sterculia Tragacantha Telfaira Occidentalis Thaumatococcus Danielii Thoningia Sanguine Trema Orienta/is Urena Lobata Xylopia Aethiopica Xanthosoma Sagittifolius.

Location 4: GPS reading at site is (04° 15' 23.3"N 008° 35' 26.7"E) at kilometer 20. This is a mangroove forest. The soil is soft mud and waterlogged. The plant species recorded here were-: avicennia A.fricana,encephalartos sp., jussiaea sp., nypa .fructicans, nymphaea lotus, rhizophora racemosa, rhizophora mangle, raphia hookeri, }uncus sp. And salvinia.

Location 5: GPS reading at the site is (04° 13' 43.2"N 0080 31' 17.6"E) at kilometer 30. This is a mangrove forest. The plant species recorded here were-: Avicennia A.fricana, enceophalartos sp.,jussiaea sp., nypa .fructicans, nymphaea lotus, rhizophora racemosa, rhizophora racemosa, rhizophora mangle, Raphia hookeri, }uncus sp. And salvinia.

Location 6: GPS reading at the site is (04° 16' 23.6"N 0080 29' 18.2"E) at kilometer 35, Parrot Island. This is a mangroove forest and plant species observed here were-: avicennia A.fricana, cocos nucifera, encephalartos sp., jussiaea sp., nypa .fructicans, nymphaea lotus, rhizohpora racemosa, rhizophora mangle, raphia hookeri and salvinia.

The general physiognomy of the plants presently existing within the study area is that of primary and secondary rainforest and mangrove forest vegetation. There are no unique, rare or endangered species, no plant barriers and corridor. There are no sign of any plants diseases and no evidence of mineral deficiency. The vegetation is growing luxuriously and the forest has a strong ability to regenerate by itself when damaged. Test carried out on the leaves show there has been no exposure to any harmful chemicals such as insecticides, herbicides or industrial gases. Worldwide, however, the mangrove forest is regarded endangered.

Mangroves forests are taxonomically diverse, salt-tolerant tree and other plant species, which thrive in intertidal zones of sheltered tropical shores, "over wash" islands, and estuaries. Mangroves trees have specially adapted aerial and salt-filtering roots and salt-existing leaves that enable them to occupy the saline wetlands other plants life cannot survive.

Mangroves have a very specialized adaptation that enables them to live in salty waters. Breathing roots allow them to survive in anaerobic sediments. Buttresses and aboveground roots enable them to grow in unstable mud flats. Their foliage removes excess salt from the sap, and they conserve water to cope with periods of high salinity. Their seeds are buoyant to allow them to disperse and establish themselves in new areas. Mangroves vary in height according to species and environment, from mere shrubs to 40 meters trees. The prop of some mangrove species, such as rhizophora "red mangrove" and pneumatophores of others, such as avicnnia or "black mangrove" contain many small "breathing" pores, called "lenticels." These allow oxygen to diffuse into the plant, and down to the underground roots by means of air space tissue in the cortex, called "Aerenchyma." The lenticels are inactive during high tide.

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The mangrove forests perform multiple ecological functions (e.g. production of woody trees; provision of habitat, food, and spawning grounds for fish and shellfish; provision of habitat, food, and spawning grounds for fish and shellfish; provision of sediment to form new land), and some of these functions have benefits far beyond the geographical limits of the mangrove zone itself (Hamilton and snedaker 1984; MacNae 1974; Ssenger, Hegerl, and Davie 1983). The mangrove areas have high b iological productivity associated with heavy leaf production and leaf fall, and rapid decomposition of the detritus. The mangrove ecosystem is dynamic, changing in both location and composition, and has great resilience with the ability to restore itself after heavy damage, as long as seed sources and water flow are maintained.

The forests ate sources of firewood, charcoal, wild, wild fruits, medicines timber used in building boats and paddles. The mangrove also serves as self-renewing sites for collecting fish, and shellfish.

Farming is the main occupation of people ofthe area. Many decades offarming have resulted in the slight change in vegetation of the communities (especially in Odudpani LOA) Table 4.29 gives the economic plants common in the project areas. Diseases affected vegetation was not identified.

T bl 4 29 E a e: : ·c co nomic rops /PI t S an ~pec1es p t" s resen m urroun d. c mg ommum 1es.

SIN Scientific Names Common Name Conservation

I Edible

A Fn1

Ananas comosus Pineapple Very common

Chrysophyllum albidum Common

Citrus sinensis Orange/Grape/Lemon Very common

Cocos nucifera Coconut palm Very common

Cola sp. Cola Few

Dacryodes edulis African/native pear Common

Elaeis guineensis Oil palm Common

Irvingia gabonensis Ogbono/wild mango Common

Mangifera indica Mango Few

Mesobotrya barteri Few

Musa sp. Banana/plantain Very common

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Psidium guajava Guava Common

Spondias mombin Hog plum Few

l:t

Manihot esculenta Cassava Very common

Xanthosoma sagittifolius Coco yam Vary common

c Spice

Aframomum sceptrum Common

Xylopia aethiopica Guinea pepper Few

i)

Myrianthus arvoreus Common

Telfaira occidenentalis Fluted pumkin Common

ii Forage/cover crops

Calopogonium mucunoides Legume folder crop Common

Centrosoma pubescens Legume folder crop Common

iii Oil

Elaeis guineensis Oil palm tree Very common

Pentaclethra macrophylla Oil bean Common

iv Latex

Hevea brasilensis Para rubber Common

Funtumia elatica Bush rubber Common

v Handicraft

Laccasperma secundiflorum Few

vi Wrapping leaves

Thaumatococcus dnielil Miraculous berry Very common

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vii Building

Raphia sp. Raphia palm Very common

Bambusa vulgaris Bamboo Very common

Encephalartos Very common

viii Medicinal: almost all plant species are medicinal, few are

listed viz;

Alchomea sp Christmas bush Common

Allanblackia sp. Common

Alstonia boonei Stool wood Common

Anchomanes difformis I go Very common

Asystasia gangetica Common

Ceiba pentandra Silk cotton tree Common

Dracaena sp. Common

Harungana madagascarensis Dragon's blood tree Common

Lecaniodiscus secndoflorum Common

Newbouldia laevia Common

Passiflora foetida Common

Rauvolfia vomitoria Indian snake root Common

Sterculia tragacantha African tragacanth Common

Zanthoxyllum gilletii Candlewood Few

Ix Timber

Albizia zygia Albizia Few

Picralina Few

Spathodea campanulata African tulip tree Few

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4.2.13 Wild Life

The project area supports a distinct wildlife assemblage. The area contains highly diverse ecosystems and some of the world's biologically productive habitats such as mangroves. They are important for food production, derivation of energy, minerals and other raw materials.

The mangrove swamps provide critical habitats for many endangered animal species, important wildlife and migratory and resident aquatic reptiles, birds and mammals. These wildlife species are completely dependent on such habitats for their existence. Field observations and interviews suggest that, with the exception of birds, there is little conspicuous wildlife and a considerable percentage of the animal population lives in upper comers of forest vegetation, making observation difficult.

Invertebrates The five main classes of arthropoda were identified, namely: crustacea, chilopoda, diplopoda, insecta and arachnida. Butterflies, moths, spiders, crabs, crayfish, waterflies, mites, ticks and other insects such as beetles, ants, flies and mosquitoes mainly represented these group of animals. Other Arthropods were seen for example centipede etc. table 4.31 summarizes the invertebrates encountered and attested to by locals, during the field survey. Other classes of arthropods includes arachnida e.g. spider, diplopoda e.g. millipede and chilopoda e.g. centipede while gastropoda e.g. snail represents the mollusks.

Table 4.30: Invertebrates in the Project Area

PHYLUM CLASS:- species

!)Annelida Ologochaeta: Hyperiodrilus A.fricanus, Libyodrilus Violaceus

Ii)Arthropoda Arachnida: Lycosa Sp., Salticus Sp! Torania Variata & Scodra Griseips (Jumping Spiders), Loxosceles Sp. (Brown Spider), Scorpionidatick), Armadillidium Sp. (Wood Lice)

Diplopoda (Millipedes): Pachybolus Ligulatus, Prepodesmus Sp., Oxydesmus Sp., Habrodesmus Sp.

Insect:

Trichoptera: Agraylea Sp, Leptocella Sp, Limnephilus Sp. Rhodanella Minos (Collembolan Springtail)

Coleopteran: Canthon Sp., Cybister Sp, Photuris Sp., Hydroporus Sp.,

Dytiscus Sp., Leptocella Sp., Cybister Sp, Belostoma Sp., Mellodon Downer (Longhorn Beetles), Anthia Sp. (Ground Beetle), Adalia Bipunctata

(Ladybird)

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iii)

Herpeto-fauna

Dipteral: Chironomus Sp. (Midge a), Culex And Anopheles Sps. (Mosquitoes), Sinulium Sp. (Black Fly). Tipula Sp., Psychoda Sp.,Chrysops Sp., Musa Domestica (House Fly), Drosophila Sp. Glossina Sp. (TseTse Fly), Tabanus Sp.

Orthoptera: Schistocerca & Locusta Sp. (Locusts), Zonocerus Varegatus,Sphedromantis Lineola (Praying Mantis), Gryllotalpa A.fricana (Cricket), Conocephalus Sp. (Longhorn Grasshopper).

Homoptera: Tibicen Sp. (Cicada), Aphid

Isopteran (Termitee): Teticulitermes Sp, Amitermis Sp, Cubitermis Sp, Macrotermis Sp.

Lepidoptera (Butterflies): Papilio Sp, ,Limenitis Sp, Danaus Sp, Heliothis Sp, Sphinx Sp., Acrea Sp., Precis Sp., Neptis Sp.

Hymenoptera: Apanteles Sp, Oecophylla Sp. (White/Tailor Ant). Monomorium Destructor (Black Ant), Apis Sp. (Honey Bees), Polistes Sp &

Vespa Sp (Wasps).

Crustacean; Clibanarius A.fricana (Hermit Crab). Callinectis Amnicola (Blue Brackish Water Crab), Sesarma Huzardi (Hairy Mangrove Crab), Cardiosoma Armatum(Blue Red Crab), Uca Tangeri (Mangrove/Lagoon Fiddler Crab), Penaeus Notialis, Palaemonetes A.fricanus (Mangrove/Lagoon Shrimps), Nematopalemon Sp (Crayfish).

Gastropoda: Archatina Sp. (Giant African Land Snail), Limocolaria Sp. (Garden Snail), Tympanotonus Fuscatus (Periwinkle), Thais Haemostoma.

Bivalvia: Egeria Paradoxa. (Mussel), Crassostrea Gasar (Oyster), Area Senilis. (Bloody Cockle).

These animals are found both on land as well as in water, and representatives were identified. Few specimens were caught and released; these include lizards, frogs and toads. Locals attested to a healthy population of herpetofaunal species in the area. In the sampling area three families of amphibians and reptiles were observed. Lizards were encountered on the project-site Right of way (RoW). Tadpoles were seen in the water bodies encountered in the course of sampling. The specimens seen were crawling on trees, basking in the sun, feeding or hopping around in the field. Table 4.31 summarizes the herpetofauna encountered and attested to by locals in the area.

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Table 4.31: Herpeto-fauna Present in the Area

PHYLUM CLASS SPECIES COMMON NAME

Chordate Amphibia Anura (frogs and toads): • Rana sp • Frogs

• Bufo regularis • Common African toad

Reptilian Anapsida:

• Chelonian sp. & kinixys erosa • Tortoises

• Caretta caretta & dermonchelys • Sea turtiles cariacea

• Gecko Diapsida: • ----------

• Gekkosp • Skink • Lacertilian sp • Viper • Mabuya blandingii • Mamba • Viper sp • Black cobra • Mamba sp • ---• Naja melanoleuca • ---• Leptophi sp • Boa • Crotalus sp • Chameleon • Boa sp • Nile monitor • Chameleo senegalensis • Alligator • Varanus niloticus crocodile • Ostolemus tetraspis & crocodylus

sp

Birds Birds were observed at the open mangrove area and on trees, marshes and water bodies in large numbers or flying in small flocks or in pairs. Although mist-nets were set up in the sampling squares/plots no nocturnal birds was trapped and there was owl sound close by. A few other sluggish species were caught, examined and released. Table 4.32 lists the birds encountered and

attested to by locals during the survey.

90

&


Table 4.32: Avifauna (Birds) in the Project Area PHYLUM CLASS SPECIES COMMON NAMES

Chordate Aves • Egretta sp • Cattle egret • Pelecanus refescens • Pelicans

• Threskiomis aethiopica • Sacred ibis • Actophilomis africanus • Lily-trotter

• Phalacrococorax africanus • Deep swimming shag • Robin • Robin • Songbird • Songbird • Vulture • Vulture • Ciccaba woodfordi • Owl • Pigeon • Pigeon

• Falconida sp • Falcon

• Hawk • Hawk • Psttacidae • Parrots

Mammals Nineteen (19) mammalian species from seven (7) families were identified and attended to by local hunters in the area during the survey (see table 4.33). Their tracks were observed early in the morning. Grasscutter, Cats and Rabbits tracks were seen on the across trails along the ROW. Marine mammals such as dolphis and whales were confirmed (by interview) to be existing in the project offshore

Table 4.33: Mammals Present in the Area PHYLUM CLASS SPECIES Common Name

Chordate Mammalian • • Hare/rabbit

• Lepussp • Shrew

• Blarina sp • Bats

• Myotis sp • Rats

• Rattus rattus • Fruit bat

• Pteropus sp • Warthog

• Warthog • Grass cutter

• Thryonomys swinderianus • Deer

• Deer • Ante lop

• Antelope • Squirrel

• Epixerurus ebii • Porcupines

• Antherurus Africanus & hystix cristata • Wild cat

• Felis Libya • African civet

• Civettictis sp • Monkey

• Cercopithecus liberiensis • Hippopotamus

• Hylochoerus meinertzhageni • Forest hog

• Platanistidae sp • Porpoises

• Delphinidae sp • Dolphins

• Physertidae sp • Whale

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4.2.14 Land Use

The largest land use category in the project area is open water followed by residential and farming.

The existing land uses within the project location include agriculture, open water, and road open water areas consist of creek and ocean

4.3 The Social Environments

The Communities identified to be within the project RoW are as follows; Ikot Nyong, Hagan Bassey, Mkpara, Otop Adiabo, Ikot Ukpa, Atan Nyong, Ikot Efa Okimbe, Ikot Essien, Etak Okono,

Eseku Ekpri Iyoki Ufot Ubet, Ikot Esu, Ikot Obong Eno, Creek Town, Ukim Ita, all in Odukpani Local Government Area of Cross River State.

In Akwa lbom State, the settlements that have jurisdiction within the proximity of the Right of-Way and they are as follows;

Oron LGA: Esin Ufot-Eyoabasi, Esuk Oron/Kangis Udong Okong, Afaha Eduok, Upkata!Esuk; Afbo LGA: Akai-Udo Ebughu, Oduo/Adeba!Eyosin/Osu, Eyeyor Ebughu/Okobo Utuidim/Isa/Atak Akpa!EsukMbiam Akai Ebughu Asak!Kang/ Abiakowo/ Atak!Kang/ Abiakowo/ Atak Idiang Etisong, Ikot Etuk Udung Utan Atai/Asiak Obufa, Akwa Obio/Brama Ibaka!Esuk Enwang Obongnim Utan Effiong lne Ekpo/Usuk Effiat/lbou!Utan, Inua Abasi/Esuk Enwang Obio Iyata.

Udung Uko LGA: Eyokponung Eyotin Edek Okong Usung, Eyotai/Atak, Uboro Isong lnyang!Ukokim.

4.3.1 Stakeholders' Consultation

As part of the Stakeholders Consultation process within the project area, public meetings (specifically town hall meetings) were held with the Communities on different dates. In each

Community, the meeting was chaired by the Community Head or his Representative. The EIA Consultant informed participants at in each meeting that the meeting was organized as part of the EIA public consultation process obtain their comments and concerns on the project, and address/incorporate as much as possible into the EIA

Ikot Nyong Community On 24th January 2007, a general meeting with the community representatives was conducted at the Obong Palace (Chief Roland Efong Nyong) to discuss the project's impact (positive and negative)

and to brief the community about the EIA process. The meeting started at 4.00pm and ended by

6:30pm. The total number of participant was 32 which include the Chiefs were present, women and

youths were represented. The reception was cordial, discussions and deliberations were in English.

The signed attendance list and minutes/proceedings of the meetings are presented in Appendix-4vi

and sessions were recorded in still pictures (see plate 4.15).

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Plate 4.12 Ikot Nyong Village Community Representatives Meeting Held At the Obong Palace

93


lkot Hagan Bassey A general meeting was held on 9th October, 2006 by 4.00pm at the Obong's (Chief Edet Effong) palace with the community representative' that includes women, youth and elders. A total of 50 people attended the meeting and it ended by 6.00pm The signed attendance list and minutes/proceedings of the meetings are presented in appendix-4vi.

Afkpara Otop Community A general meeting was held on 24th January 2007 by 4.00pm and ended by 5.30pm at the Muri's Palace (Nyong Okon Edet) with the community representatives' that includes women, youths and elders. A total of 32 people attended the meeting and deliberations were interpreted by one of the community members (ChiefDominic Edet)

Adiabo lkot Ukpa Community A general meeting was held on 24th January, 2007 at the Etiyin's Palace (Ekpo Nsa Asuquo) with the community representatives' that includes women, youths and elders. A total of 40 people attended the meeting that started by 1 O.OOam and it ended by 1.00pm

AtanNyong A general meeting was held on gth October, 2006 by 2.00pm at the Obong's (Maj. Capt. Bassey Asuquo (Rtd)) palace with the community representatives that includes women, youth and elders a total of 13 people attended the meeting and it ended by 4.00pm.

lkot Efa A general meeting was held on 27th October, 2006 by 4.00pm at the Obong's (Okpo Etim Okpo) palace with the community representatives that includes women, youths and elders. A total of 11 people attended the meeting and it ended by 6.30pm. the signed attendance list and minutes/proceedings of the meetings are presented in appendix-4vi and sessions were recorded in still pictures.

Jkot Essien A general meeting was held on 13th January, 2006 by 10.00am at Chief Eyo Edet Eyo the palace with the community representatives that includes women, youths and elders. A total of 6 people attended the meeting and it ended by 11.30am

Okimbe A general meeting was held on 2ih January, 2007 by lO.OOam at the chiefs palace (Elder Etim Effiong Ene) with the community representatives that includes women, youths and elders. A total

11 people attended the meeting and it ended by 11.30am. the signed attendance list and minutes/proceedings of the meetings are presented in appendix-4vi and sessions were recorded in

still pictures.

94


EtakOkon A general meeting was held on 29th January, 2007 by 3.30pm at Chief Edet Ekpeyond Ita Okon

palace with the community representatives. The meeting ended by 5.00pm and deliberations were in English.

Eseku A general meeting was held on 26th January, 2007 by 4.00pm at the Ndabo's Palace (Ndabo Eyo

Essien Mbukpa), deliberations were in English. A total of 3 people attended the meeting and it ended by 5.30pm

Plate 4.13 Eseku Village meeting at the Ndabo's Palace with the community representatives

Ekpri Iyoki

A general meeting was held on 30th January, 2007 by lO.OOam at the Ndabo's Palace with the

community representatives. The meeting ended by 11.30am and·was attended by 4 people

95


Ufot Ubet A general meeting was held on 30th January, 2007 by 4.00pm at the Obong Palace (Alhaji Ahmed Bassey) with community representative a total of 5 people attended the meeting and it ended by

6.00pm

Plate 4.14: Ufot Ubet Community Meeting Held at Obong's Palace (Alhaji Ahmed Bassey) With Community Representatives

Ikot Esu A general meeting was held on 29th January 2007 by lO.OOam at the Etubom's Palace (Etubom I.B Ibitam) with the Community Representatvives. Deliberations were in English. A total of 6 people attended the meeting and it ended by 12.00pm.

96


Plate 4.15: Ikot Esu Meeting at the Etubom's Palace (Etubom I.B. lbitam) With Community Representatives

Ikot Obong Eno A general meeting with the community representatives was conducted on 30th January 2007, at the Etiyins Palace (Honourabe Eyo Ekpeyong Nsa) to discuss the project's impact (positive and negative) and to brief the community about the EIA process. The meeting started by 1 O.OOam and ended by 12.00pm. the total number of participants was 3.

The reception was cordial discussions and deliberations were in English. The signed attendance list and minutes/proceedings ofthe meetings are presented in appendix-4vi and sessions were recorded in still pictures.

97


Plates 4.16: Ikot Obong Eno Community representatives at the Etiyin's Palace (Honourable Eyo Ekpeyong Nsa)

Creeks Tmm- Ukim Ita On 30th January 2007, a general meeting with the community representatives was conducted at the palace of HRH Ethenyin Eyo Honesty Eno II To Discuses the project's impact (positive and negative) and to brief the community about the EIA process. The community head was represented by Elder Bassey Edet Okon. The meeting started by 4.00pm and ended by 6.30pm. The total number of participants was 9.

The Chiefs were present, women and youths were represented. The reception was cordial, discussions and deliberations were in English. The signed attendance list and minutes/proceedings ofthe meetings are in appendix-4vi and sessions were recorded in still pictures.

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Plate 4.17: Creek Town- Ukim Community Representatives Was Conducted at the Palace of H.R.H. Ethenyin Eyo Honesty Eyo II

Communities and Settlements in Akwa Ibom State Due to the difficulty in accessing the settlements in Akwa Ibom part of the project area, a general meeting of all affected communities was held at Edak Palace Hotel, Oron Akwa Ibom State, on 31st January, 2007 by 3.00pm. The affected communities and settlements were all represented in the meeting and deliberations were interpreted by Honourable Ekpenyong in the meeting and deliberations were interpreted by Honourable Ekpenyong E. Ekpenyong. The meeting ended by 6.30pm and a total of37 people participated.

The signed attendance list and minute/proceedings of the meetings are presented in appendix-4vi

and sessions were recorded in still pictures

99


Plates 4.18: Communities Akwa Ibom State at the Meeting held at Edak Palace Hotel, Oron

100


Issues and Concerns of Communities ConsuUed

The Communities in Odukpani LGA in Cross River State generally expressed concerns, their main

concerns were that compensation for land taken for project right way should be paid on time and

their youths should be employed.

Other issues include:

• They requested for academic scholarship for their deserving children in secondary and

tertiary institutions.

• They request for early and timely compensation of people their farmland building and other

properties that will be affected by project right of way

• They want their people that are professionals to be employed during project operation.

• The communities request for the provision of infrastructures; electricity supply boreholes, schools (primary and secondary) and clinics

The Communities in Akwa lbom State requested for the following: -

• That NIGP must liaise with their Community Liaison Officer in the person of Hon.

Ekpenyong E. Ekpenyong

• The provision of step-down substation that will supply electricity to the communities.

• Scholarships covering all the tree level of education

• Provision of employment

• Provision ofhealth centers

• The appeasement of their gods/traditional rituals

• Training of skilled labour and contracts

• Provision of pipe-borne water to communities.

Institutional Consultations

Consultations were made regularly with the following: -

• Federal Ministry Of Environment Ahuja

• Cross River Ministry Of Environment

• Akwa lbom Ministry Of Environment

• Nigeria Gas Company

• Odukpani Local Government Council

• Oron Local Government Council

• Mbo Uko Local Government Council

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4.3.2 Socio-economic Description

SIN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

Cultural and Social Settings

\

The day to day business of the communities study is managed by the community headsa and council of chiefs. The names of the communtes head their utitles is provided in table 4.34.

Table 4.34: The Highest Traditional and Administrative Ruler of Communities In The

Project Area.

Community Title Name of Head Ikot Nyong Obong Chief Roland Efong Nyong Ikot Hagan Bassey Obong Chief Edet Effiong Mkpara Otop Muri N_yong Okon Edet Adiabo Ikot UlgJa Etiyin Ekpo N sa Asuquo Atan Nyong Obong Maj. Capt. Bassey Asuquo (rtd) Ikot Efa Obong Okpo Etim Ok_IJ_o Okimbe Chief Elder Etim Effiong Ene Ikot Essien Chief Eyo Edet Eyo Etak Okono Chief Edet Ekpeyong Ita Okon Eseku Ndabo Ey_o Essien Mbukpa Ekpri Iyoki Ndabo Basil Okon Etim Ufot Ubet Obong Alhaji Ahmed Basse Ikot Esu Etubom Etuom LB. Ibitam Ikot Obong Eno Etiyin Honourable Eyo Ekpeyong Nsa Creek Town-Ukim Ita His Royal Highness Ethenyin Eyo Honesty Eyo II i\k\\il HiPlll Cnrnmunitl(:\ Esuk Oro/Kangi Attah Oro Edidem lnyang Nyong Afaha Eduok His Royal Highness Edidem Inyang Ehiong Nyong Esin Ufot-Eyoabasi Attah Oro Edidem Inyang Nyong Inua Abasi/Esuk Enwang Ohio Iyata Akara Ikpoto III Chief O.E. Etitit Utan Effiong Ine Ekpo/U suk

Akara Ikpoto III Chief O.E. Etitit Effiatllbou/Utan Akwa Obio/Brama Ibaka!Usuk

Akara lkpoto III Chief O.E. Etitit Effiatllbou/Utan Ikot Etuk Udung Utan AtaiiAsiak

Akara Ikpoto III Chief O.E. Etitit Obufa Akai Ebughu Asak I Kang I

Paramount Ruler Edidem Edet Antai Essang III Abiakowo I Atak Idiang Etisong Eyelor EbughuiOkobo

Paramount Ruler Edidem Edet Antai Essang III Utuidimllsa/ Atak Akpa!Esuk Mbiam Akai-Udo Ebughu Ebughu Paramount Ruler Edidem Edet Antai Essang III

102

26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.


Oduo/ Adeba/Eyosin/U su Eyoatia/ Atak Village Head Offong Okon Umo Oboho Usung His Royal Highness Etim Oti Ok_QO Uboro Isong Inyang!Ukokim His Royal Highness Etim Oti Okpo Eyo Okponung Eyotin Edek Okong His Royal Highness Etim Oti Okpo UkR_ata!Esuk Atta Oro Edidem N_yong Udung Okung Paramount Ruler Edidem Inyang Efion Nyong

1) Council of Chiefs The Community Heads have Council of Chiefs that assists them in the day to day running of

the Communities. The Council of Chiefs of each Community consists of Heads of Clans

(Elders) in some Communities and Elders/Chiefs in others Communities the name of the

chiefs of each community study are provided in appendix-4vii

2) Major Associations

SIN

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

The various groups/association in individual villages consists of youth and other

developmental associations. The various associations help to maintain peace and harmony in

the communities and also ensure economic and political development. The major

association of Communities studied is provided in table 4.35

Table 4.35 major associations in the project area communities

Community Name Of Major Association Executive: Chairman, Vice Chairman And Secretary

Mr. Bassey Edet Nyong, Mr. IkotNyong Ikot Nyong Youth Association Effiong Okon And Mr.

Kingsley Nyong

Ikot Hagan Bassey Afianta Youth Association Bassey Ekpenyong And UmohEdem

Mkpara Otop Youth Development Association Hon Etim Asido Ukpong And Edet Asuquo

Adiapo Ikot Ukpa Adiabo Youth Association Mr. Effiong Bassey Asuquo And Nsa Etim Nsa

A tan Youth Development Okon Williams Marcel Udak

Atan Nyong Udo Effiong And Moris Association

Essien Eyang

Ikot Efa Five Town Women Association Mr. Nkoyo E. John And Elder Mrs. In_yang E_yo Etim

Okimbe Okimbo Development Association Ukpabio Asuquo And Bassey Effiong Etim

Eseku Youth Association Rev Effiong E. Effiong And Ekpeyong Mbukpa Daniel Ita Okon, Akabom

Ekpri lyoki Youth Association Effiong Ita And Fabian Effiong Edet

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10 Ikot Essien Ikot Essien Develop_ment Mr Eyo Ita Eyo (Chairman) Chief Ekepeyong Asuquo

11 Ikot Obong Eno Ikot Obong Eno Youth Asociation Ekpeyong And Ekpeyong Eyo Ekpeyong

12 Creek Town-Ukim Ita Creek TownY outh Association Ita Eyo And Effiong Edet Effiong

.u~''D ~hom (rqnnq:u ;ies I Ene Okon Ekpo Bassey John

13 Esuk Oron/Ikang Esu Oron/Kang Youth Essang And Edet Okung In yang Chief E. N Ekenh In yang

14 Afaha Eduok Afaha Eduok Youth Association Edet Nyong And Chief Edet Edet E Edet

15 Esin Ufot-Eyoabasi Esin Ufot Youth Association Okon Asuquo Enmeme Esin Ifang And Okon John Jacob

Inua Abasi/Esuk Enwang Inam Okon Effiong, Ekpo

16 Obio Iyata

Nka Nkparawa Inua Abasi Etim Asuquo And Michael Sunday Eta

Utan Effiong Ine Ekpo/U suk Etim Okon Effiong, Samuel

17 Effiat/Ibuo!Utan

Youth Forum Etta And Daniel Effiong Bassey

Akwa Obio/Brama Mr. Asukwo Okon Effiong 18 lbaka!Esuk Enwan·g Nka Nkparawa Akwa Obio Effiat Umoh Edet And Eteyen

Obongnim Okpo

lkot Etuk Udung Utan Ekpo Sam Ekpo, Gergory

19 Atai/ Asiak Obufa

Youth Forum Edet And Effiong Effiong Dan Chief Dr. Nkereuwem

20 Akai Ebughu Egughu Elders Forum

Apostle Etim Effiong Ante Asak/Kang/ Abiakowo/ Atak And Mrs. Glory Effiong

Jackson Eyelor Ebugbhu/Okobo Chief Dr. E.E. Nkereuwem

21 Utimdi/Isa/ Atak Akpa/Esuk Ghughu Consultant Forum Bar. Etim Ante And Mrs Mbiam Glory Jackson Effiong

Chief Dr. Nkereuwem

22 Akai-Udo Ebughu Ebughu Gbughu Elder Forum Apostel Etim Effiong Ante

Oduo/ Adeba Eyosin/Osu And Mrs Glory Jackson Effiong

Eyoatai Progressive Association Offong Okon Oboho, Hon

23 Eyoatai/ Atak N sea basi Mkpofor And Price John Bassey Oboho Hon. Sunday Usoh, Mr. Etim

24 Usung Nika Abana Association Edet Asukwo And Mr. Umo Ekeyo John Edet

25 Uboro Isong Inyang!Ukokim Nka Mbek Association Elder Effiong Ekpo Unoh Elder Okon Ekpang Edoho

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26

27

28

And Chief Efiong Epeke Nuwak Prince Jerome Paul

Eyo Okpoung Eyotin Edek Edek Okong Development Isanhedihghi Mr. Joseph Okong Vanguard Etim Bassey And Mr. Bassey

0. Edek

Ukpata/Esuk Ukpata Youth Forum Bassey Eno Edet Umoh Edet And Ene Okon Edem Agreement Okpo Umeh

Udung Okung Udung Okung Youth Association Umoh Okek And Emmanuel A bang

Archaeology, Culture and Religion

There are no archaeological sites identified in the project areas

A) Dressing Pattern The general dressing pattern in the project area is trouser and shirt for men (both young and old) and tying of wrapper, scarfs and blouse for women.

B) Marriage and Family Institution Marriage in the project area Is a thing of joy that must be done properly and its steps doggedly followed. Most of the community within the project area practices both monogamy and polygamy but monogamy is widely practical

C) Shrines There are different types of shrine in the communities studied although they are generally Christians. The communities' shrines are mostly loca~ed in the bush and rivers (creek). The different shrines are shown in appendix-4viii

D) Festivals And Taboos The communities celebrated only the universally celebrated festivals like Christmas, Easter and New Year day. Also, generally the community celebrates one cultural festival

or the other. The festivals have their taboos when being celebrated. The cultural festivals celebrated and taboos of communities in the project area are provided in appendix-4ix

Christianity and African traditional religion (A TR) all have keen fellowship in the project area. Christianity is generally practiced in all the communities Islam was identified to be

105


practiced by the head of Ufot Obet Community although Christianity is widely practiced. A TR still has fellowship and is respected in all the communities studied. The traditional

religion has taken roots since the inception ofthe communities where they are practiced.

Ethnic Groups and Population

The Communities in the project area .have indigenous ethnic groups that are different from the ethnic groups in Nigeria. The indigenous ethnic groups in the project areas are the Ejik, lbibio and Anang, Bieto Abasi and Otong. Other ethnic groups include Yoruba, Hausa and Jgbo etc.

Population Estimate The majority of households in the project area are large especially where Christians practice is low. Generally Communities in the project area have large household; polygamy is the type of marriage custom being mostly practiced in the project area since farming is the most priced occupation of people of the project area, the belief that the more the population

(wives and children), the less the work burden and the more the production, is the major

reason for large households. It was observed that most of the polygamous households where the father is above 55years of age have 8members. The estimate population of the

Communities studied is shown in table 4.36

Table 4.36: Population Estimate of Some Communities in the Project Area.

Community Population Numbers of Settlement

Housing Units Pattern 1. IkotNyong 1500 250 Nucleated 2. Ikot Hagan Bassey 4400 400 Nucleated 3. Adiabo lkot Ukpa 5000 700 Nucleated 4. Atan Nyong 1000 120 Nucleated 5. Ikot Efa 120 3000 Nucleated 6. Okimbe 3800 500 Nucleated 7. Ikot Essien 47 400 Nucleated 8. Etak Okano 400 50 Nucleated 9. Eseku 500 4000 Nucleated 10. Ekpri lyoki 200 25 Nucleated 11. Ufot Ubet 70 500 Nucleated 12. Ikot Esu 16000 3200 Nucleated 13. Ikot Obong Eno 800 100 Nucleated 14. Creek Town-Ukim Ita 3600 550 Nucleated

The Population Census of the Communities in the 1991 National Population Census is given in

table 4.37 below.

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Table 4.37: 1991 National Population Commission Data of Project Area

Locality Males Females Both sexes 1999

Projection IkotNyong 259 206 465 537 Mkpara 280 287 567 654 Ikot Hagan Bassey 538 513 1051 1213 Adibo Ikot Ukpa 237 258 495 571 Atan Nyong 569 509 1078 1244 Ikot Efa 248 264 512 591 Okimbe 246 280 526 607 Ikot Essien 160 191 351 405 Etak Okono 188 199 387 436 Eseku 511 484 995 1148 Ekpri Iyoki 177 202 383 442 Ufot Ubet 105 122 227 262 Ikot Esu 484 429 913 1054 Ikot Obong Eno 51 74 125 144 ,\~~wa Ibrm1 ('{H1ttmmitiv:'

Esuk Oro/Kangi 2344 2527 4871 5553 Afaha Eduok 254 249 503 573 Akai Ebughu Asak/Kang/ Abiakowo/ Atak

1377 1546 2923 3332 Idiang Etisong Eyelor Ebughu/Okobo Utuidim/lsa/Atak

273 153 430 490 Akpa/Esuk Mbiam Ukpata/Esuk "' 449 486 935 1066 Udung Okung 388 467 855 975

Age Distribution

i) The Children: - This category is the most populated and contains people of between a day and 15 (fifteen) years of age. They make up about 12% of the total population of the project areas and can be found in their immediate vicinity when not in schools, since they are considered to still need firm parental guidance.

ii) The Youths: - They are the most conspicuous, the most out-spoken and out-going in the communities, by virtue of their agility and adventurous nature unlike the children, they are mostly found far away from home, exploring their urges in every ramification. They

make up about 45% of the total populations of the project areas and of the ages of between 15 and 39. They are usually the ones in the thick of activities taking place in order or affecting the communities.

iii) The Middle Aged: - The estimate is about 35% of the communities studied they are often most influential and powered going by their achievements and exploits over the years. They own majority of the establishment, both formal and informal, and most of the

107


decision made, affecting the welfare of the people of the town, are usually masterminded and implemented by them or through the youths, depending on what is involved. Their age range is between 40 to 46 years.

iv) The Elders: - Surprisingly, they still make up to 8% of the total population depicting that they have the tendency to live long. They make up a very respectabie class, and the chiefs are mostly in this category and they ratify decisions brought before them by individuals or groups of people

Settlement Pattern

The pattern of settlement in the project area is mostly nucleated rural settlement

Most of the houses are houses built of mud wall and zinc roofing sheets are in majority, houses built in mud wall, cement with zinc roofing sheets are in minima while houses built with brick/cement block walls with zinc/ceramic roofing sheets are few. The riverine areas houses there are thatch houses

Plate 4.19: Typical Village Houses in the Project Area

Educational Status

In most of the Communities, the level of literacy is minimal. The number of primary school

leavers is very high number: substantial number of secondary school leavers and graduates. Virtually all households have university graduates, majority ofwhom are not living in the town any longer, having gone away in search of greener pastures. The few seen around are competing

for the very opportunities. While unlucky others are noticed hanging about, doing menial jobs

or nothing at all depending on other people for survival.

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Occupation

The common occupation in all the commumties are farming and fishing. The people are involved in both full time farming and fishing. The mangrove swamps are quite fit for arable agriculture due to high salinization and the acidic nature of mangrove however; the creeks are used for intensive agricultural production of local food crops and vegetables. Major food includes maize, plantain, yam cassava and vegetables. The major cash crops are palm oil.

Fishing gears ranging from hooks, traps and gill nets are used in fishing. Fishing craft making, casual labour, patent medicine business, domestic services, commercial driving (vehicle and motorcycles), hunting, restaurant business, teaching, nursing, traditional medical practices, civil/public service., palm wine tapping, night security, motor-mechanics petty trading etc there are many unemployed people especially among the youths in all the communities.

Income

The income level in the project areas is generally low to moderate varying between W3, 500 to W50,000 per month. Civil servants, fishermen, canoe builders and business men (contractors) are within the highest income level.

The traders and farmers are within the middle range income level earners; their income level appears relatively high. The lowest earners are craftsmen, food sellers, and casual labourers.

From the survey carried out, over 70% of the population (whether working or not) are into fishing and farming as a means of sustenance.

Subsequently, a very high percentage of income into the economy of the area is generated from sell of products and produce of farming, such as cassava, yams, cocoa, plantain etc and fishing. This is followed by trading, hunting and artistry in that order.

Employment

The percentage of unemployed people in study area is relatively high, about 60% of the people are unemployed. All the communities studied have percentage of unemployed people. Farming, trading, fishing and hunting are the core business activity in the area. Moreover, there are high expectations ofthe people on the project employment opportunities.

Tramportation

Road and water transportation are basic means of movement within project area. The creeks are welled routed and connected and serves as water transportation route within the communities

and urban centers in the project area. In the swamp of the project area water transportation is the sole means of transportation. Water transportation in the project area ranges from the use of dugout canoes to fiber glass engine boats. Oil companies use mechanized water transport ranging from sea trucks, tug boats, barges and highly specialized crafts.

109


Calabar Sea Port is also located within the project area. The Calabar export processing zone (EPZ) is currently under construction. Also air transportation to the area can be made possible through the Calabar airport. Traffic count on the transport routes in the area (local road network) is low.

Quality Of Life

The standard of living in the communities in the project area is low; the semi communities have the same quality of life prevalent in the Niger Delta Region. There are modem houses with cement wall and corrugated roofing sheets almost in every community. The health condition in the communities is poor, as people rely on rivers and borehole water for drinking and domestic purposes. Seventy percent of the people in the project area go to the bush and shore for toilet. The lack of electricity in some communities are far reaching and cut across sectors compounding the pre existing developments have been immensely hindered and social infrastructures (schools health facilities among others) non-existent

Plate 4.20: Typical Houses in the Riverine Areas

.Uineral Resources

Petroleum is the dominant resources in the project area. Other mineral include sand and gravel

Oil and Gas The Niger Delta including the project areas is a prolific oil producing province where major oil

discoveries have been made. Nigeria's current oil reserves are estimated at 21 billion barrels and its gas reserves are approximately 11 trillion cubic feets. The significant increase in crude oil

reserves in the last few years is related to discoveries in the deep offshore zone.

110


Sand and Gravel Sand and gravel are mined in the project areas from estuaries and beaches; sand is minded by

local miners and construction companies. The sand mined is mostly used for land reclamation,

surfacing and construction.

4.4 Infrastructural Services

The level of infrastructural development and services in the project are generally low.

Communities depend on dirt-road which is impassable in the rainy season. Water transportation

by canoes and speed boat are the major means of transportation. The current infrastructure in

the project area is described as follows:

Industrial Development Industrial development in the project areas is low. Presently a power station is being constructed

in Ikot Nyong and oil refinery close to Calabar Port. In Agbani Field (Offshore), Addax, Mono

Pulo and noble oil carry our exploration activities.

Housing Estates There are no estate in the communities except in Afaha-Edouk; Eyo Abasi Housing Estate.

Hotels The project area is generally rural, urban areas include Oron. Hotel in the area is limited and

they are shown in table 4.38

Table 4.38: Hotels in the Project Area.

Community Hotel 1. Udung Okung Maritime Academy Guest House 2. Akai-Udo Ebug_hu Oduo/AdebaJE_y_osin/Osu Jos Plaza Akai Ebughu 3. Esuk Oron/Kangi Oron Guest House 4. Eyo-Atai/Atak Ibang Pubsy Venture Eyoatai

Schools Most of the communities have primary and nursery schools and few secondary schools. The

communities that don't have schools attend schools that are in the neighboring community.

Buildings of schools are in poor state or are not enough. The number of school in the

communities sampled is shown in the table 4.39

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•


Table 4.39: Identified Schools in Some Communities of the Project Area Name of Community Nursery/Primary Secondary Tertiary School

IkotNyong - - -• Emmanuel

Ikot Hagan Bassey Church Primary - -School

Mkpara Otop • Government Primary School

- -Adiabo Ikot Uk_pa - - -

Atan Nyong • NDDC Primary School

- -

lkot Efa - - -Okimbe - - -

• Ikot Essien Ikot Essien Government - -

Primary School

• Government • Government Eseku Primary School Secondary -

School E~ri Iyoki - - -Ufot Ubet - - -

Ikot Esu • Ikot Esu Primary School

- -

Ikot Obong Eno • Five Town Primary School

- -

• Government • Government Primary School Secondary

• PCN Primary School; School Sis. Creek Town

Creek Town-Ukim Ita Loven a Nursery & Primary School

-

• Presby Nursery & Primary School

• Stella Marian Nursery School

Akwa lbom Communities Esuk Oro/Kangi • Omoko Nursery • Common

& Primary School Secondary -School

AfahaEduok • Government Methodist boys' Main can Primary School High School, Technical

Or on College, Oron Esin Ufot-Eyoabasi • Government - -

Primary School Inua Abasi/Esuk Enwang • Government - -

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Obio Iyata Prim<ll)' School Utan Effiong Ine Ekpo/Usuk • Primary School, - -Effiat/ Utan Effiong Akwa Obio/Brama • Government lbaka!Esuk Enwang Primary School - -Obongnim Ikot Etuk Udung Utan • Government - -Atai/ Asiak Obufa Primary School

Akai Ebughu • Govt Primary • Community School Methodist Secondary

Ask/Kang/ Abiakowo/ Atak -Idiang Etisong

Primary School Grammar School

• Govt primary • Community Eyelor Ebughu/Okobo

School Secondary Utuidimllsa/ Atak Akpa!Esuk -Mbiam • Methodist Grammar

primary School School

• Govt Primary • Community Atai-Udo Ebughu Ebughu School Methodist Secondary -Oduo/ Adeba!Eyosin/Osu Primary School Grammar

School

• Paramount • Apostle

Eyoatai/ Atak Nursery School Secondary -

• Apostle Nursery Commercial School School

• Primary School Usung - -

Usung Uboro Isong Inyang/ Ukokim - - -Eyo Okponung Eyotin Edek - - -Okong

Ukpata/Esuk • Government Primary School

- -

• Nur . School Udung Okung,

Udung Okung • Mr Umoh Okpo - -Umoh Nursery School

Primary Health Care Clinic

It terms of health matters majority ofthe communities do not have health clinic those that have are not well equipped. The drugs in the health centers are not enough and sophisticated to

handle other cases outside malaria and pains. The number of clinic in each community is shown

in table 4.40

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The diseases commonly experienced by the people of the community are malaria, skin problem and typhoid.

Table 4.40: Health Care Clinics in the Project Area Names of Communities Health Centre/Clinic

Ikot Nyong_ -Ikot Hagan Bassey -Mkpara Otop Mkpara Health Post Adiabo Ikot Ukpa -Atan Nyong -Ikot Efa -Okimbe -Ikot Essien -Etak Okono 6 Health Centres Eseku -Etg,ri Iyoki -Ufot Ubet -Ikot Esu -Ikot Obong Eno Five Town Community_ Clinic

Creek Town-Ukim Ita Ukim Ita Health Post and Creek Town Maternity

i\kwg Hwm Comm_1w'tkz Esuk Oro/Kangi Oron General Hospital Afaha Eduok Iqnta General Hospital Esin Ufot-Eyoabasi Government Clinic Inua Abasi/Esuk Enwang Obio Iyata Government Health Centre Utan Effiong Ine Ekpo/Usuk Effiat/ Government Health Centre Akwa Obio/Brama Ibaka!Esuk En wang

Government Health Centre Obongnim Ikot Etuk Udung Utan Atai/ Asiak Obufa Government Health Centre

Akai Ebughu Ask/Kang/ Abiakowo/ Atak Homeland Specialist Private Clinic

Idiang Etisong Prince Atang Private Clinic Govt Primary Health Center

Eye lor Ebughu/Okobo Utuidim/Isa/ Atak -Akpa/Esuk Mbiam

Atai-Udo Ebughu Ebughu Home land Specialist Private Clinic

Oduo/ Adeba/Eyosin/Osu Prince Atang Private Clinic Govt. Primary Health Centre

Eyoatai/ Atak -Usung -Uboro Isong Inyang/ Ukokim -Eyo Okponung Eyotin Edek Okong -Ukpata/Esuk Government Health Clinic Udung okung -

114


Electricity Supply Generally the communities in the project do not have electricity supply and this has caused underdevelopment; making people to migrate out of the communities.

Road Del'elopment Most communities in the project area are rural and depend on untarred roads that are bad during wet season. The local road linking creek town is tarred with drainage in some areas.

Plate 4.21: Untarred Roads in the Project Area.

Water Supply Water supply in the project area includes: rivers, rain water and boreholes the boreholes which are very limited in the rural communities are provided by the federal state and local government supports.

Telecommunication The GSM (MTN, Glo and V -mobile) network coverage in the area is limited; there 1s no coverage in most of Akwa lbom Communities.

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5.0 CHAPTER FIVE

ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMP ACTS

This Chapter describes the effects project construction, operation and decommissioning activities are likely to have on the physical and biological environments in the offshore (Atlantic Ocean), swampy forest and water logged areas of Akwa Ibom and Cross River states, and also on the associated cultural, social and economic environment.

5.1 Impact Prediction Methodology

Methods of analysis to determine what will be the environmental effects of the pipeline construction were mainly focused on field investigations. Written reports on similar project were also used to gather information on the potential effects of disturbance due to project development activities.

To assess the effects of pipeline construction, the filed investigation results (as described in chapter four) on the following physical and biological environments were used; water quality, sediments of the creeks floor, benthic invertebrates, fish, birds and aquatic vegetation in the creeks. These physical and biological environments are those most likely to be affected by the project activities.

5.1.1 Criteria for Screening Project Activities

The criteria used in the screening of various project environmental impact is given in table 5.1

Table 5.1: Criteria For Screening Project Activities Type Positive/beneficial(+) or negative/adverse H Severity

Extent of damage to the environment, whether; Minor/very Low/insignificant, Moderate, High/Major/very significant I - very low

Rating II - low impact III - moderate impact, IV -high impact. IV - very high impact

Prevalence Likely extent ofthe impact

Duration/frequency How long the impact lasts; Long term(> 12 monthly, short term(> 12months or intermittent)

Importance Economic; Social and Cultural values attached to the undisturbed project environment

116


Severity is further classified as shown in table 5.2 below:

Table 5.2: Criteria For Screening Project Activities- Environment Interaction

Severity of Impact Description/Quantification

Impact on Sensitive Aquatic Habitats

Very High (Major) Very long-term adverse effects: more than 20% ofthe habitat area destroyed or damaged.

High Major long term adverse effects: 1-2% ofthe habitat are destroyed or damage

Moderate Moderate term adverse effects: 0.25-1% ofthe habitat area destroyed or

damage.

Low Minor adverse effects: 0.02-0.25% of the habitat area destroyed or damage

Very Low Negligible term adverse effects: 1-2% ofthe habitat are destroyed or damage

Impacts on Water Quality

Water quality parameters change significant by several orders of magnitude;

Very High toxic trace metals or hydrocarbons exceed FMENV level: changes persist for months or longer

Water quality parameters change significantly by one or two orders of

High magnitude; toxic trace metals or hydrocarbons exceed FMENV safe level:

changes persist for months or longer

Statistically significant changes in water quality parameter, which persist for Moderate several weeks.

Some measures of water quality deviate significantly from ambient measures

Low but are quickly (within 1-2 days) restored to normal Areas extent likely up to a total of 7.05 square kilometer

Normal measures of water quality such as dissolved oxygen content, salinity,

Very Low temperature, trace metal concentration and hydrocarbon levels show no statically significant changes from ambient condition.

Impacts on the Air Quality and Noise Regime

Significantly increase levels of criteria pollutants such that non-attainment

Very High and prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) are significantly degraded

significant effects on public health and welfare are expected.

High Source increase levels of criteria pollutants such that non-attainment areas are likely to degrade. Likely to pose hazards to public health and welfare.

Low Source increase levels of criteria pollutants such that non-attainment areas are likely to experience minor degradation and PSD area are likely to underg_o

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only very small increase in levels of criteria pollutants. Very unlikely to pose hazards to public health and welfare.

Source increase livels of criteria pollutants such that non-attainment areas are

Very Low unlikely to be degraded further and attainment and PSD area are likely to undergo negligible increase in levels of criteria pollutants. Does not pose hazards to public health and welfare.

Impacts on Endangered and Threatened Species

A pollution declines in the affected area resulting in a change in the

distribution and I or abundance (greater than 5%) of the species in the local

Very High area and I or the planning area. The expected duration ofthe effects within the

local area and of/the planning area is two or three generations or 1 Oyears of more.

Pollution declines in the affected area resulting in a localized relatively isolated change in the distribution and /or abundance (greater than 5%) of the

High in the local area and /or the planning area. The expected duration of the effected within the local area and or/the planning area is two or three generations or 6-7 years.

A pollution declines in affected area resulting in a changes in the distribution

Moderate and /or abundance (greater than or equal to 1) of the species in the local area and /or the planning area in one generations or 1-3 years

A pollution declines in the affected area resulting in a change in the

Low distribution and /or abundance (greater than 5%) of the species in the local area and or/the planning area. The expected duration of the effects within the local area and or/the planning area is two or three generations or 1-3 years

No discernible later effects, but individuals experience subletethal effects which cause reduced biogenic activity or reduced metabolic functions.

Very Low Organisms would recover to pre-impact conditions within one generation of 1-3 years.

Impacts on Cultural I Archeological Resources.

An interaction between cultural resources and an archaeological site and an

Very High impact producing factor occurs and results in the loss of cultural /archeological information.

An interaction between a cultural and an archaeological site and an impact

Moderate producing factor occurs and results in the loss of cultural /archeological data

that are not significant.

An interaction between a cultural resources and an archaeological site and an Low impact producing factor occurs, but impact are temporary and reversible

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Little damaging interaction between an impact producing factor and cultural

Very Low resource/archaeological site occurs.

Impacts on Local Employment, Income and Population

Very high 10% or greater annual growth in employment, payroll, population

High 7-9% annual growth in employment, payroll, population

Moderate 4-6% annual growth in employment, payroll, population

Low 2-3% annual growth in employment, payroll, population

Very Low I% annual growth in employment, payroll, population

Impacts on Community Infrastructure

Potentially major long-term effects on community services and facilities

Very High indicated by a 10% or more average annual growth rate in the population of

the potentially affected area.

Potentially major long-term effects on community services and facilities

High indicated by a 3-9.9% average annual growth rate in the population ofthe potentially affected area.

Potentially major, major long-term effects on community services and

Moderate facilities indicated by a 1.5-2.9% average annual growth rate in the population ofthe potentially affected area.

Minor effect on community services and facilities indicated by a 0.5-1.4% Low average annual growth rate in the population ofthe potentially affected area.

Negligible to minor effect on community services and facilities indicated by a Very Low 0.5% average annual growth rate in the population ofthe potentially affected

area.

Impacts on State and Local Land-Use I Management Project activities/facilities cannot be designed, located, constructed and operated in any manner that would not result in a significant conflict with

Very High land use polices and implementing provisions, land use plans and

development regulations. Federal mediation procedures necessary

Project activities/facilities can be designed, located, constructed and operated

High in a manner that would entirely avoid or mitigate major impacts on land use polices and implementing provisions, land use plans and development regulations. Federal mediation _procedures necessa!Y Project activities/facilities can be designed, located, constructed and operated in a generally compatible but less than ideal manner, i.e., moderate

Moderate incompatibilities and potential impacts with respect to one or more land use policies and implementing provision, land use plans and development regulation would be likely. Many additional mitigation measures and /or

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project changes would be necessary to resolve conflict and gain approval

Project activities/facilities can be designed, located, constructed and operated in a manner that is compatible, but not without some potential minor impacts

Low to one or more land use polices and implementing provision, land-use plans and development regulations. A few additional mitigation measures and/or project changes would be necessary to resolve conflict andgain approval Project activities/facilities can be designed, located, constructed and operated in a generally compatible but less than ideal manner, i.e., moderate

Very Low incompatibilities and potential impacts with respect to one or more land use polices and implementing provision, land use plans and development regulations would be likely. Very few additional mitigation measures and/or project changes would be necessary for approval

Impacts on Wildlife I Forestry

A spices, population, community or assemblage of wild life will be harmed as

.Very High a result of habitat area destroyed or disturbed, to the extent that recovery of that particular entity may not occur

A significant interference with ecological relationship. This usually involves High the mortality or alteration of a noticeable segment of the population,

community or assemblage.

A short-term interference with ecological with ecological relationship.

Moderate Although some species may sustain substantial losses, other species will sustain low losses, and the ecological mix will not be altered.

Low A few species may sustain low losses, but any interference with ecological

relationship will not be evident.

Very Low Loss of a few individual but no interference with ecological relationship

Impacts on Agricultural Development

Project activities can not be designed, located, constructed and operated in

Very High any manner that would not result in unavoidable effect, for the duration and after completion of the project, on agricultural development; production on lands within the vicinity of the pipeline right-of-way (ROW) corridors

Project activities/facilities cannot be designed, located, constructed and

High operated in any manner that would entirely avoid or mitigate major affects for the duration and after completion of the project, on agricultural development;

production on lands within the vicinity of proposed project

Project activities/facilities can be designed, located, constructed and operated

Moderate -in a generally compatible but less than ideal manner,i.e moderate incompatibilities and potential impacts with respect to one or more effects to one or more agricultural development /production plans and use.

Low Project activities/facilities can be designed, located, constructed and operated

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manner that is compatible, but not without some potential minor

incompatibilities or potential impacts to agricultural development /production plans.

Economic Impact

Very High Widespread modification of considered severity in economic conditions and commercial activities, lasting beyond two years duration.

Widespread modification /more than 50 percent of those individuals affecting High /affected by socio-economic condition or engaging in commercial activities in

the project area oflesser severity and duration.

Local modification of considerable severity in less than 1 0 percent of those

Moderate individuals affecting/affected by socio-economic conditions or engaging in the commercial activities in the project area, lasting from a few months to two years.

Localized relatively isolated changes in economic conditions or commercial Low activities lasting only a few days to a few months, with no observable

residual/effects.

Little (negligible) or no change in economic conditions or commercial activities (e.g fishing, hunting/any effects are barely measurable above

Very Low background conditions, much less significant than periodic stress by on-going socio-economic /commercial activities, measurable effects very temporary (a few days or less)

Table 5.3 shows impact consequences criteria that was used to consider and classify impacts as positive and negative based on type of impact.

Table 5.3 Impact Consequence Criteria

Effect Level Natural Environment Socio-economic Environment

There is a measurable or discernible There is a measurable or improvement in the quality of the discernible improvement in the environment or socio-economic condition quality of socio-economic at the local and/or regional and/or national conditions at the local and/or

Positive level. Such an improvement would result regional and/or national level.

in an increase in the quality or availability Such an improvement would result

of particular habitat or socio-economic in an increase in the quality or

resources. The effects will be of any availability of particular socio-

duration economic resources.

Little or no change in natural Little or no change in socio-

Negligible environment, any effects are barely economic conditions or measurable above background conditions, commercial activities, effect are much less significant than periodic stress barely measurable above

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by nature, the duration of the effect is background conditions, much less likely to be totally reversible, naturally significant than periodic stress by within a few days. on-going socio-economic I

commercial activities. The duration of the effect is likely to be totally reversible naturally, within a few days

Localized and relatively isolated change Localized and relatively isolated

in natural environment change in socio-economic conditions or commercial

Minor Negative activities.

The duration of the effect is likely to be The duration ofthe effect is likely totally reversible, naturally or by to be totally reversible, naturally or intervention, within one year by intervention, within one year.

Local mocification of considerable Local modification of considerable

severity in atmospheric surface or severity in less than 10 percent of

Moderate Negative subsurface condition. The duration ofthe those individual affecting/affected

effect is likely to last between one and by socio-economic conditions o engaging in commercial activities

two years. in the study area.

Widespread modification of considerable Widespread modification of

severity in atmospheric surface or considerable severity in socio-economic conditions. the effect

Major Negative subsurface conditions. The effect could be could be of any duration, but it is

of any duration, but it is likely to last more than a couple of years.

likely to last more than a couple of years.

5.2 Description of Impact

The construction of the pipeline will involve the excavation of a trench using a dig and lay method of construction, directional drilling to bury the pipeline underground.

The following sections describe the possible effects of the pipeline construction on each of

these environments crossed and the likely significance of each effect.

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5.2.1 Site Preparation and Construction

5.2.2 Air Quality Impact

The majority of potential emissions will occur during the construction phase of the pipeline.

Construction traffic and soil stripping procedures may lead to increased amount of dust. Water shall be sprayed onto the working width to moisten the surface, as required, and vehicle speeds shall be restricted along the working width to minimize dust generation.

5.2.3 Noise and Vibration Impact

Field investigation determines the existing noise level at the power station site (where the metering station will be sited). The major sources of noise in the project sites are the construction activities, heavy transportation on the main road (trucks, tankers and buses).

During construction of the gas pipeline, different types of excavation and construction machines will be used that will generate noise. The levels were assessed taking into account the distance of the nearest residential areas. It was found that residential places located at less than 150m from the construction activities may be exposed to high noise levels.

Silenced compressors and acoustic covers will be use on plant and machinery. Where residents are in close proximity to the pipeline works, or may be affected by construction noise, they will be contacted in advance and kept informed of operations.

In addition to construction noise in traffic by vehicles transporting materials on and off site along chosen service routes will increase the amount of overall traffic noise on the project area through the construction phase of the project. There will be an increase in vehicular traffic as the pipeline is laid, but the noise will be within limit.

Noise impact will therefore be minimal. Vibration is an inevitable part of construction activities, as this may pose a risk to nearby structures.

5.2.4 Soil Quality

The project will not affect the land use pattern ofthe area. A minimum of 150mm oftop soil shall be stripped from all areas of the works where any structure is to be placed or any excavation made. Soil excavation will generate spoils which if not managed will also affect the soil quality of the area and also move as sediment run-off to nearby surface water. The top soil is to be separately stored for re-use. The use of soil spoil to level the surface of the project site (and backfilling) will make it to have minimal impact on the soil of the area.

Any excavated material which is unsuitable for backfill and all surplus material, shall be removed from the site and disposed of in dumps. The soils of the area did not show any contamination. Oil spillage might result from construction activities but its impact on soil quality will be minimal.

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5.2.4 Surface Water Resources

5.2.4.1 Calabar River Estuaries (Creeks)

Sediments Impact The excavation or suction dredging of the pipeline trench across the creeks will disturb sediments on the creeks floor, causing them to suspend in the water column. Fine sediments (clay and silt) make up a substantial portion of the creek bed and both types of sediment will become suspend in the water column when disturbed and exposed to currents and wave action.

The sediment to be excavated from the pipeline trench cross the creeks will be mud and silt, and all of this is potential available to become suspended unless stored above high tide level so that any runoff is minimized.

Fine sediment suspended in the water column is likely to be carried up-stream of the pipeline route by the incoming tide, and downstream into the central creeks by the ebbing tide. Waves caused by the direction and speed ofthe wind also are likely to play a role in the dispersal of sediment particles.

These sediments are likely to settle out and accumulated in places where there is reduced wave action. This relocation of sediment may affect the composition and functioning of communities of bottom living benthic plants and invertebrates. The accumulation of sediments/sedimentation is likely to be greatest closer to the construction area. Benthic communities at the upstream are expected to be buried by the increase in sediment accumulation through the entire construction period, as well as for some time after completion of the pipeline. The impact of sediments movement will be significant.

Impact on Benthic Biota The benthic fauna along the 50 metre wide strip of the pipeline route (comprising 25 metres of pipeline trench and cofferdam, and a further 25 metres of adjacent turbulence) across the creeks will perish as a result of the construction process, through disturbance and the relocation of sediments. Faunal assemblages along the proposed route are similar to other groups of estuarine species in the vicinity of the pipeline. If these group are also relatively similar over much of the Calabar Creeks, then the destruction of benthos along the pipeline route itself is not ecologically significant.

The re-coloniation of disturbed sediments may occur. Mobile adults will move in from surrounding habitats within weeks or months, and larval recruitment of new individuals to the restored construction zone will also contribute to the re-colonisation of the creeks mud above the pipeline in the following year.

The type of sediment used to backfill the trench is important; backfilling with sediment removed during the pipeline construction would promote rapid re-colonisation because of its existing organic and microbial content.

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Impact on hsh Different species of fish use the creeks for different activities, which mean that they will be affected in different ways by the construction activities if a dig and lay method is used.

Disturbance of the creeks bed during excavation of the trench and the associated noise of sheet pilling is likely to cause adult fish and mobile juveniles to swim away from the disturbance and use other parts of the creeks. Juvenile fish unable to swim away from the area of construction may perish if they are in the path of the outfall trench, cofferdam construction or associated adjacent turbulence, a combined total of approximately 50 meters width.

If sediment does become suspended in the water, there is the potential for sand and mud to smoother juvenile fish or the fish eggs of species that breed and lay in the creeks. Any effects on fish are dependants on the amount of sediment loading that occurs and where theses finally fall out of suspension.

Impact on Birds The dig and lay method of pipeline construction will cut a trench across minor feeding grounds, which are likely to recover in time (Morrisey 2003) as benthic invertebrates living in the creeks bed re-colonise the disturbed pipeline route.

Construction activities and the associated noise will displace some bird species and they are likely to feed in other parts of the creeks until construction has finished and sediments have re-colonised.

The pipeline route may pass through bird roosting, rafting and loafing areas on the shore of the creeks. Again, these activities will be displaced by the pipeline construction and associated noise, and birds are likely to choose alternative sites. There will be no long-term effects to bird species in the creeks as a result of construction activities.

Impact on Vegetation Using a dig and lay method of construction across the creeks, mangrove vegetation and benthic algae along the route of the pipeline will perish as they are excavated for the creation of the trench, flattened by the construction of the cofferdam or within an adjacent area of turbulence - represented by a 50m wide corridor across the creeks. The pipeline trench will be sheet piled to reduce to an absolute minimum the potential for creeks sands and mud to become suspended in the water column and travel through the creeks sand and mud to become suspended in the water column and travel through the creeks. Many of the plants close to the proposed pipeline route are expected to tolerate small to moderate increases in sedimentation, but large increases may be difficult for them t survive.

Benthic algae and diatoms are likely to be less tolerant than larger species of plants because they may become partly or completely covered. Overseas studies show that other species of algae and plants cannot survive sedimentation rates of more than 5 centimeters over periods of less than 2 months (Turner and Schwarz 2003).

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The amount of light reaching benthic algae could be reduced if large quantities of sediment suspend in the water column, which would add further stress to their biological functions. Construction impact on vegetation will be significant and minimal.

Impact to Trees in !Marshy and Swampy Areas of the Creeks The route the pipeline has been chosen to avoid as many trees as possible but it is likely that individual mature trees will have to be cut. The pipeline route through the mangroves intentionally avoids reserve forest. It is not anticipated that further significant (large) trees will need to be removed along the route but dependant on tree size and root structure, some tree growing outside the .1 0 metre corridor but within a distance of 5 metres of the nearest edge of the trench may also have to be cut, if root loss renders them unstable and a potential safety risk to workers on the pipeline or members of the public.

The compaction of the soil by vehicles, machinery and spoil heaps would cause long-term root damage by squeezing out air pockets in the soil. This would affect the availability of oxygen and permeability of the soil to rainwater, reducing the amount of oxygen and water available to the tree. The storage of spoil or backfill materials and machinery close to trees could also compact the soil and damage tree roots. Therefore, the storage of such material will be kept as far from trees as practical. The impact on trees will be significant and minimal.

5.2.4.2 Atlantic Ocean (Offshore)

Impact on Fish The excavation/dredging or jetting of the pipeline trench approximately 60km along the Atlantic Ocean seabed will disturb sand on the seafloor, cutting a line through any exiting spawning beds.

Information on the location of fish spawning areas is extremely limited and there is no evidence that any of the commercial flatfish species have significant spawning grounds in the immediate vicinity of the proposed RoW. It is very likely that the in-shore area of Ocean is used by juvenile flatfish as a feeding/rearing area. Construction activities are not expected to have any direct effect on adult fish as they will swim away from the area of disturbance. During excavation, dredging or jetting, some juvenile fish may perish if they are not fully mobile before operations begin and any egg cases in the region of the pipeline may become buried by excavated, dredged or jetted sand, which may cause them to perish. These effects are short-term and after completion of the pipeline, currents in offshore will infill the trench and the seafloors will be quickly restored to its former topography. Juvenile fish unable to swim away will be affected by seabed disturbance, vibration and noise during the installation ofthe pipeline.

Impact on Marine Mammals Construction of the pipeline will disturb the habitat of some marine mammals for a shortterm as pipeline is laid. The excavation, dredging or jetting techniques used to excavate the pipeline trench may cause a short-term increase in suspended sediments in the water column, and also underwater noise.

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Marine mammals are relatively mobile with extended home ranges, and it is likely that they will avoid the construction area during its short duration. While some much localized disturbance may occur to the habitat of some marine mammals during this time, effects are not considered to be significant and it is likely that activity will return immediately after the completion of the pipeline.

Impact on Seabirds The excavation, dredging or jetting techniques used to excavate the pipeline trench may cause a short-term increase in suspended sediments in the water column, and also an amount of underwater noise. This has the potential to alter the distribution of fish species through the bay, way from the construction area.

If prey species are displaced, seabirds are also likely to be displaced preferring to hunt in parts of the Ocean where there are fish. This will be a short-term effect to seabirds due to pipeline construction.

5.2.5 Groundwater

Groundwater is present in the area and can be encountered in depth less than 15m in the marshy areas. Dewatering of these sections ofthe line during construction will be required.

Potential impacts from dewatering operations include:

• Reduction of flows in adjacent watercourses and water levels in ponds • Lowering of groundwater levels and • Reduction in water quality at discharge points (due to sediment or salinity).

On the marsh areas HOD will be used in dewatering and it will be limited only to the drilling and reception pits. However, if open cut methods have to used then some degree of dewatering will be required for the full length of the works within the marsh areas.

At marshes due to the near surface geology, only a limited amount of dewatering will be required, even if open cut construction methods have to be adopted. Due to this geology there is also limited connectivity between groundwater and surface water systems. No significant drawdown impacts on surface systems in the marshes will therefore occur.

Where deep excavations are needed, such as land area e.g. within non-open cut access and reception pits, higher dewatering rates may be required with potential for draw down. This can be overcome where groundwater pumped out during dewatering is of good quality and can be used to recharge any of the surface watercourses. No significant impacts on surface or groundwater are therefore expected.

5.2.6 Land Use

The proposed pipeline has been routed to avoid large residential areas, planned residential development and existing or planned mineral resources and industrial sites.

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Landtake for construction of the proposed pipeline will be temporary and kept within the working width. Once the pipe has been laid and the land reinstated, there will be no permanent loss of land along the pipeline route.

5.2.7 Landscape and Visual Impact

The landscape of the pipeline route varies in terms of quality, value and character. The proposed pipeline is not routed through any area internationally designated for protection due to its landscape qualities or characteristics. However, there will be some disruption to specific landscape elements, such as grassland and bushes, which contribute to the local landscape character and visual amenity. This will be principally during the construction phase, as the working width will be fully reinstated after construction.

It is considered that the construction of the pipeline will not give rise to any significant longterm residual landscape or visual impacts.

5.2.8 Traffic and Transportation

The construction of a gas pipeline will result in a temporary increase in traffic flow with potential impacts on other road users and community facilities. The greatest transportation requirement during construction is the delivery of the steel pipe lengths to the working width. Pipes will be transported by heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) to the pipe storage areas.

In addition, there will be HGV movements to deliver plant materials to the working width and car and minibus traffic associated with personnel during the construction period.

Construction traffic will have localized temporary impacts on other road users, through potential congestion and delays.

5.2.9 Social Environment

The effects of construction activities on the social and economic environment will involve logistical disruption, noise generation, the generation of dust, sand mobilization and increased traffic. These effects are likely to be significant but time restricted.

Restriction of Recreation and Loss of Amenity Values During the construction phase ofthe project, transportation across/along the creeks will not be restricted, but access to construction area will be restricted. As construction work is completed, access will be restored to construction area once it is safe for members of the public. In addition, as the pipeline is laid across the creeks, access will be restricted to boaters in the affected area. This is an essential part of the project to preserve public health and safety.

Cultural and Spiritual Values During site clearing work for excavation to install the pipeline, shrines could be disturbed or removed/relocated. Depending on what was removed or relocated, the cultural and spiritual

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values of the communities could be affected. NIGP will by-pass areas where shrines are located.

Agriculture The majority of the pipeline route crosses enclosed agricultural land or relatively flat terrain. Much of this consists of arable areas, predominantly cereal crops.

There will inevitably be some temporary disruption to farming activities. This will be principally during the construction phase when there will be a temporary loss of use of agricultural land, possible disruption of services and the removal of sections of boundaries.

After construction the working width, including field boundaries, will be fully reinstated and normal agricultural operations can be resumed.

5.2.10 Operational Impact

Air Quality During the operation phase, gaseous emissions, mainly S02 and NOx, will be emitted from the flare (venting), standby power generators (diesel powered), turbines ofCalabar 561MW Power Plant. The results of field investigation showed that the levels of S02 and NOx are within the acceptable limited set by the FMENV.

Thus, burning clean natural gas, which contains negligible sulfur content at Calabar station, will have negligible effect on NOx and S02 levels. In fact, the use of natural gas already caused a considerable reduction in NOx and S02 levels resulting from flaring.

The operational phase will also involve the transportation of natural gas; emission of the gas or products of the combustion in the case of accidents (pipeline rupture). Quick emergency response will reduce the effect.

Noise Impact There will be emission of noise during maintenance of the pipeline; regular pigging (cleaning) of pipeline. The noise level resulting from the complete installation and operation measured at a distance of one meter shall not exceed 85 dB (A). The noise emission will be minimal and within limit.

With regard to the metering station, there will be current noise attenuation technology that would control any significant potential noise sources. The nearest community to the metering station is Ikot Nyong and is not less than 1 km from the power station.

Also, during commissioning of the pipeline there will be a short period of high noise levels at the test points. Measures will be used to minimize noise generation, and operations causing noise will be limited to a short period.

Vegetation

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The project operation will not disrupt the land use of the area of location. Weeds and pathogens along the ROW will be maintained in a manner consistent with adjoining land. The impact of project operation on vegetation is insignificant.

Soil Quality Excavated trench will be filled after laying of pipe. All ditches shall be backfill with the same type of materials as existed before the excavation, including bank reinstatement, compaction, sandbagging, sheet pilling if required. The ROW will be monitored regularly to avoid erosion along ROW. Spillage of oil etc during maintenance will be cleaned. The impact of project is minimal.

Wildlife The operation of the project will not impose restriction to fauna crossing the ROW.

Geology On the geological environment - the impact on sediments in the event of an accident and repair works will be negligible.

Surface Water and Aquatic Impact The impact of a pipeline accident on all environmental and taxonomic categories has been considered. Two types of accident are envisaged: seepages and ruptures.

Hardly any categories of biota will experience ill effects from gas in the water, in some cases, for example macrozoobenthos, biomass may actually increase.

The habitat and livelihoods of coastal populations would to some extent be affected by a pipeline accident such as a rupture near the coast. Quick emergency will reduce the impact.

Landuse . The operation of the proposed project, specifically the maintenance of the permanent rightof-way would preclude certain uses of maintained lands resulting in short and long term impacts to farms. The proposed project would cross and be located in the vicinity of residential areas.

At crossing within 100 meters of villages or other habitation the right-of-way shall be fenced over its full width at the top the river bank to prevent unauthorized access to the crossing. Land use will not be affected.

Public Health A natural gas leak could occur, which will pose risk of fire. The operation of the pipeline would be monitored 24 hours a day, in a control room. A rigorous maintenance and inspection programme, including leak detection and a flame ionization survey, would be implemented on the pipeline as an additional safety measures.

A fire detection system activated by smoke, heat or flame and gas shall be installed around the pipeline and metering station.

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In the event of a major pipeline failure, it would be shut down and the line isolated as quick as possible, to limited the volume of release to a minimum.

Socioeconomics The operation of the project will result to a significant increase in employment and enhance power supply. It will also, lead to encouragement of gas field development for gas supply.

Decommissioning Phase The lifetime of the transmission system is estimated to 50 years. De-commissioning will take place after end-use, and will be planned and implemented according to standards and regulation in force at the actual time. A minimum solution will involve removal of the platform and sealing of the pipeline system. A demolition of the pipelines will involve environmental impacts of the same magnitude as the installation itself.

5.3 Hazard and Risk Assessment

Construction and Installation Activities

Safety is the major environmental concern for the project. For this reason, an extensive assessment of risks was undertaken during the EIA.

Health and Safety Hazard during the construction phase of the project will include injuries and fall from height, bum from welding and drowning. Only competent personnel will be used during mobilization and installation of pipeline. The uses of PPEs will be strictly enforces.

Operation and Maintenance

Underground pipeline are one of the safety ways to transfer gas. When there is a pipeline failure, hazards that may likely occur are:

• Noise • Debris throw • Overpressure • Fire-thermal radiation

Installation and construction processes will be effectively managed and regulated. There will be computerized product delivery systems monitor distribution with good command and control procedures in place should an emergency occur. Command and control procedures will be regularly tested.

Pipeline explosions would cause primarily crush/cuts and bruises types injuries, as well as bums - fires would cause predominately bum type injuries. Impacts of Explosion at a natural gas pipeline:

Primary: • Death and injuries to human and animals within immediate vicinity of event

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• Structural damage to property from debris • Fire spread to properties, trees and grassland over a large geographical area • Reputation/long term impact on gas supply and power generation.

Secondary: • Public loss of confidence in the overall safety of gas pipelines • Public need for information and advices

The natural gas pipeline is mainly concentrated in offshore which limits the exposure risk should a natural gas pipeline explosion occur.

5.4 Potential Impact Evaluation

This section describes the logical and systematic method used to specify the impacts associated with each phases of the project (site preparation and construction phase, operational phase and decommissioning phase) and the activities undertaken. The issues identified during the screening and scoring activities were subjected to detailed investigation with the aim of taken into account all of their important environmental and social project impacts and interactions, making sure that indirect and cumulative effects, which may be potentially significant are not omitted.

The method used to identify, quality and evaluate the potential impacts of the proposed project was the interaction matrix method. Here, the interactions between the various project actions and environmental component were identified.

Interaction 1\Jatrix Method

A simplified version of Leopold interaction matrix, which is an open cell matrix for scoring projects interactions with environment, is suitable for determining significance of impact. This pioneering approach to impact assessment was developed by Dr. Luna Leopold and others at the United States Geological Survey (Leopold et al, 1971 ).

The use of matrix although abstract and subjective is important for decision-making as it highlights and scales the impacts of each project activities against a fixed environmental component highlights most likely to be affected. An aggregate score for each project activity or environmental component and its weighted percentage highlights the environmental impacts.

In a Leopold matrix and its variants, the columns of the matrix correspond· to project activities while the rows represent environmental components.

Scoring Method

Different activities will be undertaken during the construction-operation and demolition phases of the proposed project. Each of these activities will have implications to the immediate environment. The scale of impact will vary according to the activity being undertaken and this is illustrated in table 5.4.

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The scoring in each cell of the matrix has been scaled in the ranges of 0 to 5, where 0 represents an activity of no environmental significance (no impact/interaction). A score of I represents impact of very low significance (insignificant); score of 2 represents impact of low significance. Score of 3 represents impact of environmental significance, score of 4 represents impact of high significance and score of 5 represents impact of very high significance. Positive ( +) sign denotes beneficial potential impact while negative sign indicates adverse potential impact.

T bl 54 G "d a e .. UI eon s core R . ~ P . tl t . h th E atmg or ro_)ec n eractwn wit e nv1ronment Rating Effects

+ Added in front of a number Positive -Added in front of a number Negative

0/Blank No impact/interactions 1 point A minor effect in magnitude and duration (very low)

2 points A moderate short term effect (low) 3 points A moderate long term effect (moderate) 4 points A major short term effect (high) 5 points A major long term (very high)

Based on the 0-5 scale and due to the fact that impacts of each of these activities have been considered against ten fixed and vulnerable environmental parameters, a maximum score of 50 in each row represents the highest level of environmental impact per activity. Therefore, an aggregate score of 0-20 will represent an activity of no environmental significance.

Aggregate score of 21-30 represent activities whose environmental impacts are moderately significant. Aggregate 31-40 represent activities whose environmental impacts are significant. There are impacts that will manifest themselves during the project cycle and must not be overlooked in decision making. This is one category of environmental impacts, which will require mitigation measures. Where practicable, some of these activities will be carried out in a manner that will minimize their impacts on the environment. Careful planning is one way of mitigating these impacts. Aggregate score of 41-50 represents activities whose environmental impacts are highly significant in relation to fixed environmental attributes. In the proposed project interventions, highly sensitive activities cannot be ignored because their impacts and proposing appropriate mitigation measures.

5.4.1 Potential Impact Analysis

Column totals in Table 5.5 shows the level of significance of each activity on the environment. Project design, soil investigations and land survey are activities of very low (insignificant) negative impact. Bush clearing, base camp installation, work disposal during operation/maintenance, third party agitations/security isuues diving operations and decommission,) pressure testing, are the moderately significant impacts. High impacts were recorded for the trenching road and river crossing, pipe laying, waste disposal and demomilization at the end of the construction period are the significant

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impacts. However, after the implementation of the suggested mitigation plan, there shall be noted that those components which recorded high negative impacts are also the ones that recorded positive impacts in terms of employment/increased income. Transportation of equipment and personnel, trenching, laying of pipeline, and demobilization of site workers are activities of low moderately significant negative impact. No activity scored "high environmental significance".

The environmental component that would be impacted by the project activities is the biological environment such as vegetation, fisheries, Wildlife, Benthos/phyto planton,soil quality and land use, other environmental physical components (air quality, noise, visual quality, public health) will impacted minimally by the project impact.

However, the overall impact on socio-economic elements is expected to be beneficial and would result from employment of labour from communities, in addition to injection to injection of money into the local economy by the workers. There are no shrines and articles of cultural importance within.

The impacts on surface water (especially sediment generation) quality, fisheries, vegetation, and wildlife and on noise will be short-termed and would cease with the completion site preparation/construction phases. -

Site preparation and construction phase are the main project activities that would have significant moderate and minimal impact on the project environment.

Operation and maintenance phase would have minimal impacts which mainly result from leakage or rupture of pipeline and issues relating to security and third party. Decomissioning and abandonment may lead to third party agitations as a result of retrenchment of staff at the end of the life span of the project. It may also lead to air quality degradation due to the generation of dust and exhaust emission from the machines to be used in removal of buried pipes.

Fig. 5.5

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CHAPTER SIX

MITIGATION MEASURES

In order to minimize and mitigate the environmental impact during all phases of the project, i.e. Construction, Operations and Decommissioning/ Abandonment, there is need to develop and implement measures that will reduce the adverse negative impact and enhance positive impact.

Objectives of EMP

The EMP has the following specific objectives:

• The adoption of a systematic procedure to ensure that the Project activities are executed in compliance with all applicable legislations and SEPTA HSE (and other) policies and guidelines;

• Demonstrate that mitigation measures for all impacts and effects have been put in place and that the measures shall be adhered to throughout the project development life cycle;

• Demonstrate that effective recovery measures for managing 'lost control' situations are in place throughout the Project life cycle;

• Establish a structure that will ensure compliance by SEPTA, Accugas and its Contractors with the EM P.

6.1 Best Available Control Technology

6.1.1 Design

The pipeline and metering station is design to minimize impact on the environment the design measures include the following.

• The scrubbers shall be fitted with manholes not less than 18" normal size which shall provide access for cleaning and maintenance of internal elements.

• A cold vent shall be installed at the metering station for venting gas during emergency shutdown and process upset

• A fire detection system activated by smoke, heat or flame and gas shall be installed around the equipment on the pressure regulating metering facility sites/gas receiving facility

• The activation of any two detectors shall automatically sound a fire or gas alarm.

• All major pieces of equipment, control valves, instruments etc shall have stainless steel identification tags permanently fixed at suitable locations for easy readability.

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• Piping and equipment shall be adequately supported so as to prevent excessive vibration and with sufficient flexibility to prevent undue loads on the equipment served.

• All submerged piping shall be weight coated for negative buoyancy. • Coating for protection shall apply to all underground pipelines including

valve assembles, flanges etc. in the pipeline system compressor stations treatments plants and metering stations. Pipelines/pipe work shall be glass fibre reinforced coal tar enamel in accordance with the American water works association s standard (ANSI) AWWA C203 - 78 type B primer and type 1 enamel all applied by an approved yard coating process to 4mm minimum thickness measured over the weld cap before outer wrap.

• Cathodic protection shall be provided to the gas pipeline irrespective of the operation of adjacent and parallel scheme on other services but shall provide facilities for controlled bonding between the gas and other pipelines cathodic scheme

6.1.2. Construction

Best crossing methods

Of the three potential methods of constructing the pipeline across the creeks and offshore the dig and lay method was initially preferred as it represents the most cost effective method of pipeline installation across the surface water. But in view of the huge negative environmental impact associated with this method of pipeline crossing through creeks and rivers, the trenching methodology has been jettisoned for Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) technique. HDD technique will eliminate/reduce the potential mobilization of sediment through the Calabar river estuary/creek during the cofferdam construction, trench excavation and pipe laying operation.

In the event that any section of the creek or river crossing where the HDD become inadequate/ineffective, the trenching methodology shall be used. To mitigate the risk presented by the trench excavation and pipeline construction work sheet pilling shall be used to line the pipeline trench before excavation work begins preventing large quantities of sand and mud moving through the estuary/creek.

Both the micro-tunneling and directional drilling options have the minimum effect on the estuary environment because of these methods will leave the estuary/ creek undisturbed. Mobilization of equipment for the micro -tunneling and the HDD .methods are financially expensive in comparison with the dig and lay method.

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In spite of high cost of directional drilling relative to, the dig and lay method, the HDD is the preferred and approved construction technique for the pipeline crossing for Calabar estuary and creek by NDPHC.

Table 6.1: Comparison of Estuary/Creek Crossing Methods

Environmental Impact

Sediment

Trenching

Potential deposition into mobilization of creek, estuary sediment through and river, with the estuary/creek.

Some sediment

Micro tunneling

- HOD

No direct impact on will be disturbed direct effect effects· to the surface water as the cofferdam No

quality, is laid and the on estuary estuary environment drilling areas on the west and east banks will be required and excavated

environment smothering of sheet pilling driven

jacking pits on benthic into the the west and east organisms, creek/estuary bed. banks will be fishes and The potential

mangrove.

Noise

Cost equipment

effects of large -scale sediment mobilization will be avoided by the use of sheet pilling along the excavation trench before excavation begins Noise generated at each side of the creek/estuary in jacking pits during piling and operation machines and heavy equipment.

of Less expensive

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and required excavated material will need to be watered

material will need to be dewatered.

Noise generated Noise at each side of generated at the creek/estuary each side of the in jacking pits creek/estuary

in jacking pits

Very expensive Very


mobilization expensive

Table 6.2 Summarizes the possible Environmental Effects and Mitigation Measures of the Pipeline Planning, Construction, Operation and Commissioning.

Construction Phase

Environmental Component

Bio-physical Environment

Benthic invertebrates in

Creeks, Estuary /Ocean

floor

Fish in Creek/ Estuary

Summary of Potential Impact

Excavation of the trench could cause sediment to disperse through the creeks/estuary potentially smothering benthic invertebrates as sediments fall out of suspension

If sediments are dispersed through the estuary, dissolved heavy metals contained in sediments could bioaccumulate and pass through estuary food webs.

Immobile juvenile fish and any fish eggs in the route of the pipeline will perish if they are excavated out of the estuary.

Excavation of the trench could cause sediment to disperse through the estuary, potentially smothering immobile juvenile fish and any fish eggs as sediment falls out of suspension

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Proposed Mitigation Measure

Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) technique shall be used for the creek and estuary pipe crossing. This will eliminate/reduce to the barest minimum sediment disperse into the creek/estuary. Any section where the use of HDD is not possible, the trench shall be sheet piled by NDPHC before any sediment is excavated to reduce to a minimum the potential for sediment to suspend in the water column. HDD shall be used by NDPHC to eliminate/ reduce the potentials for sediments to become suspended in the water column. Unavoidable temporary effect. The HDD technique will eliminate/reduce this potential.

Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) technique shall be used for the creek and estuary pipe crossing. This will eliminate/reduce -to the barest minimum


Birds in the Creek /Estuary

Aquatic Vegetation in the Creek/ Estuary

Trees in Marshy Swampy Areas

Construction activities could destroy bird nests destroy bird nests if begun after nesting season has started.

Excavation of the trench could cause sediment to disperse through the estuary potentially smothering vegetation in the wider area as sediments fall out of suspension

Mature trees along the pipeline route will be removed to accommodate the pipeline. If necessary and to preserve public safety

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sediment disperse the into

creek/estuary. Good waste management /housekeeping practice and strict supervision of the pipeline construction shall be enforced all through the project, especially at the creek and estuary crossing.

NDPHC shall ensure that the destruction of bird nests in the estuary will be prevented by making sure that construction across the creeks/estuary starts between February and august before nests are made. However, where bird nests are encountered the nests will be displaced and not destroyed. Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) technique shall be used for the creek and estuary pipe crossing. This will eliminate/reduce to the barest minimum sediment disperse into the creek/estuary. Good waste management /housekeeping practice and strict supervision of operation shall be enforced all through the project, especially at the creek and estuary crossing.

NDPHC has ensured that the pipeline route chosen will minimize the removal of economic trees and communal assets.


Marine Mammals

Social and Economic Environment

Cultural and Spiritual Values

Excavation of the trench will cause sandy sediments to be redistributed along the route of the pipeline potentially causing benthic species which the marine mammals depends on to be affected.

Underwater noise will be generated during construction of the pipeline which may cause marine mammals to avoid the area until construction works have been completed.

Traffic flow in the project areas will be affected as the pipeline is constructed across roads if a dig and lay method of construction is used.

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However, where such assets are unavoidable, adequate compensation shall be paid to the asset owners. In addition, weeding and rouging of the mangrove species in order to enhance the replacement of those removed during the laying of pipeline. NDPHC will educate the local communities on the environmental /economic importance of the mangrove plants in order to eliminate/reducing the cutting of mangrove trees and plants for fuel wood. Horizontal directional drilling technique shall be employed by NDPHC as against trenching. This technique will eliminate or reduce the production of sandy sediments need for

This is a short term impact. NDPHC shall ensure that equipment that are in good state of repair and well maintained with low/moderate noise level shall be deployed for the construction.

Location of cultural site shall be avoided by NDPHC and those that cannot be avoided shall be relocated with compensation and traditional rites. The road crossings the pipeline will cut across have been identified. They are

EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADA:"o/GA- CALABAR (IKOT NY ON G) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

Disruption to Traffic Flows

Agriculture

Visual Impact

Soil Impact

Noise and Vibration

mainly rural roads. Road marshals appointed by NDPHC will assist to ensure safe and orderly flow of vehicular traffic. Transportation of the line pipes to the ROW from the Calabar storage site to the ROW during stringing of the pipes shall be via specific Journey Management procedure for the line pipes transportation.

Increase traffic associated with the NDPHC shall ensure construction activities will slow traffic through major roads especially when moving heavy equipment

The pipeline will cross some farm lands the impact will be limited to small areas

The excavation of trench and backfilling will affect the landscape of the area

Increase turbidity in near-shore waters as a consequences of sediment movement

Noise and vibration caused by the excavation of the trench will cause disturbance to resident closest to construction activities

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that vehicles associated with construction activities are restricted to main routes; heavy vehicle movement shall be in the night The pipeline construction shall be limited to 25m construction corridor. Adequate compensation shall be paid to owners of farmlands.

NDPHC shall ensure that a prerestatement survey is undertaken in order to prepare a restatement plan for the ROW. The restatement shall be implemented in accordance with the plan to minimize the impact on landscaping. NDPHC shall ensure that all work areas shall be stabilized and vegetated as quickly as possible.

NDPHC shall ensure that construction hours are limited to day hours. No night


Operational Phase

Decommissioni ng Phase

Safety of Residence

Pipeline Maintenance and Waste

Soil and surface water contamination

Sand and dust from the pipeline trench could cause a nuisance to local residents

Increased traffic flow and the presence of heavy machinery have the potential to cause injury to members of public

Chemical spills during maintenance could affect surface and groundwater quality. A natural gas leak could occur, posing a risk of fire,

Soil and surface water contamination during decommissioning/abandonment

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construction work shall be allowed. Equipment of low noise levels and good state of repair will be used for construction. If however this is not possible such equipment/machines will be fitted with silencers /mufflers to reduce noise safe levels. NDPHC shall ensure that the pipeline trench are opened in sections to enable a dig and lay method of construction. This limit the amount of sand and dust that could become mobile and cause a nuisance the communities. Sprinkling of water during construction shall be carried by NDPHC to also reduce the amount of dust in air. A risk assessment and health and safety plan shall be produced along with a traffic management by NDPHC for the construction operation. NDPHC shall ensure that members of the public are not be allowed onto any construction site by access control using security personnel. All generated waste shall be disposed of following NDPHC waste management plan. Spills and fire risks shall also be managed using NDPHC contingency/ Emergency Response Plan (see attached in Annex lA). Abandonment/decem missioning plan shall put in place and


during submitted to Federal decommissionin Ministry of g/abandonment Environment and the

Department of Petroleum Resources for approval prior to decommissioning.

Air emission Same as in construction Same as in construction

The design and construction of the pipeline shall meet or exceed application codes and regulations and it would include safety measures such as sufficient depth of cover, cathodic protection, maximum possible building setbacks as well as regular inspection pigging facilities and automatic ruption detection and isolation systems.

After construction, the pipeline shall be cleared marked to reduced the possibility of third-party damage. Any person or company proposing to cross the pipeline shall be required to obtain a crossing agreement from NDPHC, which would further ensure safe excavation near the pipeline.

The operation of the pipeline shall be monitoring 24 hours a day. A rigorous maintenance and inspection programme, including leak detection and a flame ionization survey, shall be implemented on the pipeline as an additional safety measure.

Although the gas is dry and non-corrosive, internal inspection pigging shall also be conducted every five years to detect defects and to assess whether repair or line replacement is necessary.

Strategies for the Protection Of The Mangrove Habitat

As a result of the sensitive nature of the mangrove habitat, special consideration shall be given to its protection in order to mitigate any impact the project may have on it. The host communities shall be educated on the need to protecting the plant and eschew the practice of cutting them as fuel wood. The vegetation management shall include careful marking of areas to be cleared.

The removed mangrove species shall be allowed to regenerate under natural attenuation and a team made up of community, regulators to monitor and document the mangrove re-vegetation/growth. In the event of slow or unsuccessful performance of the saplings which already exist, then a mangrove restoration team shall be set up to replant the mangrove plants. Mangrove restoration and protection strategies are site specific hence have to be developed with the consultation and participation of

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local hands and NGOs and ecologists. The following shall serve as guidelines for the Mangrove Restoration Team. The strategy of the mangrove project is based on the vision of establishing healthy mangrove seed banks /propagules within the project area.

• Setting up the local mangrove Restoration Team • Collecting literature and additional expertise on methods of artificial mangrove

re-afforestation • Agreeing measures with the Akwa Ibom /Cross River State Ministry of Forestry

and with representatives of the local population and other organizations such as the State Ministry of Environment

• Carrying out education programmes in the communities of the pipeline route on the need to protect the mangrove species.

• Selecting and inspecting plantation and reafforestation areas • Collecting cuttings from natural mangrove forests, establishing small

tree/propagule nurseries and transplanting the young plants • Understand both the individual species and the community ecology of the

naturally occurring mangrove species at the sites, paying particular attention to patterns of reproduction, distribution and successful seedling establishment.

• Understand the normal hydrology that controls the distribution and successful establishment and growth of targeted mangrove species.

• Assess the modifications of the mangrove environment that occurred and that currently prevent natural secondary succession.

• Select appropriate restoration areas through application of steps highlighted, above, that are both likely to succeed in rehabilitating a forest ecosystem and are cost effective. Consider the available labour to carry out the project, including adequate monitoring of their progress towards meeting quantitative

·goals established prior to restoration. This step include resolving land ownership/use issues necessary for ensuring long-term access to and conservation of the site.

• Utilize actual planting of propagules or seedlings only after determining that natural recruitment will not provide the quantity of successfully established seedlings, rate of stabilization, or rate of growth as required for project success.

• Documenting the ongoing work and restoration progress.

7.0 CHAPTER SEVEN

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Niger Delta Power Holding Company (NDPHC) Ltd is committed to management of the environment in the project area by undertaking this EIA to comply with the EIA act.

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An applicable, relevant and appropriate Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed to mitigate and minimize the environmental impacts identified in Chapter Five. The EMP incorporates measures that include protections, mitigation and enhancement measures. A separate monitoring plan has been developed to assess the effectiveness of the management plan. The EMP shall ensure that all mitigation (as provided in Chapter Six) is implemented effectively. Monitoring shall be undertaken to evaluate the success or failure of the environmental management plan measures.

The environmental impacts that mitigate are as follows:

• Excavation impacts

• Water resources impacts

• Dust and noise impacts

• Forested area impacts

The management plan has been developed to ensure that the impacts identified are minimized to the maximum extent possible. The wildlife and vegetation impacts are not exactly mitigated by the provisions of the management plan. However, there is a relative abundance of similar vegetation and wildlife in project areas. It is expected that wildlife shall return to the area after reclamation and revegetation

7.1 Scope of Environmental Management Plan

Individual environmental management plans (EMPs) defines the objectives and scope for managing different environmental aspects during the construction and operation of the project. Each plan consists of statement listed under the following headings.

1. Potential impacts: potential impacts identified for the project 2. Performance objective: the target or strategy to be achieved through management. 3. Management actions and strategies: the actions to be undertaken to achieve the performance

objective. 4. Performance indicators: criteria against which the implementation of the actions and the

level of achievement of the performance objectives shall be measured.

The proposed management actions and strategies constitute the series of mitigation measures.

The broad requirements for environment management for each of the environmental issues likely to be incurred during the construction and operation of the pipeline are outlined below:

7.1.1 Construction Phase EMP

• Erosion, Sediment Control

Potential Impacts • Loss of protective vegetation

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• Change tide/wave hydrodynamics • Increased turbidity in near-shore waters as a consequence of sediment movement

Performance Objectives • To maintain the integrity of the intertidal mudflat/mangrove environment; • To minimize the disturbance and movement of sediment along the construction route

Management Actions and Strategies • All work areas shall be stabilized and revegetated as • Deep excavations (<I m) shall need to use sheet piling and/or soil compaction to prevent

slumping and loss of soil and excavation trench fences. • Surface runoff from the disturbed soils on the construction area shall be constantly

controlled and minimized • Uncontaminated surface runoff shall be redirected way from work sites or other similar and

suitable areas, to minimize sediment transport downstream (and/or into surrounding waterways).

• The boundary of on-side construction and the area of land to be disturbed shall be delimited prior to commencement of all work. Vehicle movements, stockpiled materials, waste disposal, and all works, shall not be outside of this boundary.

Associated Vegetation Management Strategies

• Trees not requires complete removal (eg access during construction) shall be lopped at the base, and the rootstock left to coppice

• Where required, embankment slopes and beach access areas shall be stabilized following construction of retain vegetation, moisture and topsoil.

• Educate community members not to cut vegetation/trees for fuel wood • Areas to be cleared shall be carefully marked with hazard tapes to demarcate the site.

Performance Indicator

•

• • •

All environments maintain their physical integrity in terms of substrate conditions, hydrodynamic processes and biological communities. No tangible release of sediment into any waterway as consequence of construction works Water quality Changes in water/tidal levels .

Potential Impacts

• Increased turbidity of near shore waters in creeks through installations of pipeline and

erosion of sediments from disturbed surface (including poor storm water quality)

• Spills from fuel, oils, greases and other machinery fluids from construction vehicles,

equipments and plants.

Performance Objectives 147


•

•

•

To ensure water quality of the surrounding marine environment is maintained by assessing the effectiveness of actions and-measures used for water quality control To protect the integrity of the ecological value of the surrounding environment by limiting turbidity generation.

Maint~in storm water quality .

Management Actions and Strategies

Terrestrial Works and Activites

General Earthworks

• Construction activities shall be carried out so as to minimize any impact on surface waters or marine water quality

• All de-watering shall be made to pass through a series of sediment control devices eg. Filter fences, filter bags or sediment basin.

Soil and Sediment Stockpiles • Storm water shall be diverted around and away from stockpiles using diversion channels

and bunds; • Concrete work shall be conducted in such a way as to minimize spills or damage to

surrounding fauna and flora; • Waste concrete shall be stored within a bunded area and disposed off appropriately by

regulated waste Contractor.

Materials and Hazardous Chemical Storage • Services and utilities shall be situated so as to minimize any potential impact on the

surrounding environment and not affect public access

• All storage areas shall be equipped with an appropriate spill kit.

On Site Services and Utilities • Services and utilities shall be situated so as to minimize any potential impact on the

surrounding environment and not effect public access.

Plant and Equipment • Plant and Equipment shall be stored within lockage compounds

Marine Work and Activities • Seabed and intertidal zone excavation shall be managed to maximize control of turbid

condition; if turbidity is high the following series of management strategies shall used to manage turbidity

• Reduce the length of pipe being emplaced at the time

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• Move the pipeline emplacement activity to another location along the pipeline given the prevailing weather conditions;

• Apply control measures such as filter fabrics (e.g. from floating booms) or containment shrouds; and

• Stop work

Over water works • Service vessels by barge fuel tender shall be undertaken as few times as possible to

minimize disturbance to water column • When working over water, special care shall be taken to ensure all equipment and materials

are secured or not placed in a position where they may be lost to the marine environment • Any waste material or construction product that falls into the marine environment shall be

retrieved immediately and subsequently disposed of in an appropriate manner.

Wash down or cleaning activities on vassels or over the water. • No wash down or cleaning of equipment is to occur on the water, cleaning shall occur

within certified wash down bays located off site.

Performance Indicators • No spills of fuel or hydrocarbons or chemicals into water

Air Quality

Potential Impacts . • Duct generated by earthmoving, material handling and construction vehicle movements and • Gaseous and particulate emissions from machinery, plant and equipment during

construction vessels.

Performance objectives • To minimize dust and vehicle emissions arising from construction activities

Management Actions and Strategies • Dust inhibitors shall be attached to any mechanical cutting devices • All dust generating areas (vehicle access paths and roads) shall be dampened to reduce

the potential for dust as required

• Vehicle access shall be restricted to sites • A speed limit of 15km/hr shall be apply be worn at all times during the operation of

mechanic dust generating activates

• Disturbed area shall be rehabilitated as soon as is practicable after completion of works.

Performance indicator •No reasonable dust releases •No receipt of dust complaints

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• Flora and fauna

Potential Impacts • Flora that shall be disturbed/removed along the pipeline corridor include:

• Mangroves in the inter-tidal zone adjacent to marshy areas: and

• Trees from marshy swampy forest

Performance Objectives

• To minimize or prevent impacts on biota .from the activities associated with the construction • Protect the integrity of the value of the surrounding environment and minimize

environmental harm.


•

•

Pipeline lar~:d connection: light excavation equipment shall be utilized to create the pipeline trench. Rehabilitation shall be by way of jill and replanting of existing groundcover which shall then be hydrromulched Construction site: the enclosed area and external perimeters shall be maintained during the construction programme with regular watering. On demobilization, the area shall be restored to its natural state with the aid of organic fertilizer and watering as required to stimulate rehabilitation. Any debris generated during construction shall be removed to a designated landfill.

• Marine zones including creeks, reef flat, mudflat and mangrove sections • Appropriate good quality and clean construction materials shall only be selected for

placement within marine environment • Equipment and procedures that shall minimize disturbance to the seafloor shall be selected • Construction shall remain within previous established construction corridor. The offset

distance shall be restricted to within I Ometers of the existing pipeline alignment • To limit physical impact to corals, there shall not be excavation of separated trench through

the reef slope or reef flat. The previously formed trench over the reef/mudflat section shall be utilized.

• All soil excavation from within the working corridor (mangroves) shall be replaced within the excavation trenches or disposed of on non-tidal/and.

Performance Indicators • Post construction ecology survey shows no change in abundance of marine plants outside of

development corridor • No injured animals as a result of construction activities or development are reported

Noise

Potential impacts

Noise may be generated by time limited construction noise association with constructional

activities.

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Performance Objectives • Comply with noise level criteria in legislative requirements

Management Actions and Strategies • Hours of construction shall be limited to 6.30am- 6.30pm (Monday to Sunday); • Resident affected by noise shall be notified should there be a change in the above timing of

construction activities; • The use of high efficiency mufflers on all construction equipment shall be implemented • All plant and machinery used during construction shall be maintained in a sound

mechanical condition, and in accordance with the manufacturer's specification; • Personal protection equipment shall be worn in area of high noise

Performance Indicators • No reasonable noise releases

• Noise complaint received are dutifully acted upon

Road Network

Potential Impact • Personal harm to members of the public • Interruption of usual traffic patterns

• Public nuisance • Disturbance to environment outside construction corridor

Performance Objectives • Ensure public safety • Minimize disruption of traffic

• Minimize disturbance to the surrounding environment

Management Actions and Strategies • Appropriate public safety and traffic warning signs of activities shall be provided • Work area shall be clearly defined and off limits to the public • Condition of road shall be maintained to satisfactory safety levels • Trafficable conditions near the vicinity of the work site shall be maintained

• Preferred route for construction traffic across the site shall be identified, and clearly mark

this route

• All road shall be covered and secured, preventing soil and other contaminants being

released to the road

Performance Indicators • No record of physical harm to the public

• No receipt of complaints from public or council

• Visual condition of road remains satisfactory 151


Waste Management- General and Regulated Waste

Potential Impacts

• • • •

Reduction of aesthetic amenity Reduction of workplace safety

Pollution Clogging of natural drainage system

• •

Entrainments of waste in runoff al'}d smothering of vegetation; and General environmental damage (through toxic effects)

Management Actions and Strategies • NIGP shall ensure general waste is stored securely and not in a location or manner where it

may be directly or indirectly lost to the environment. • General and regulated waste shall be disposed of at approved site. • Documentation of regulated waste removal shall be kept on file. Site bins shall be contain

waste • Waste shall be managed through;

• Minimizing wastage of materials and energy

• All solid waste shall be placed in appropriately designed storage areas;

• Disposing waste on an 'as' required' basis to adequate off-site disposal facilities

• Any potentially contaminated waste shall be adequately bagged, removed from site, and disposed to designated approved sites;

• Surplus material and any used oils shall collected and delivered to recycled agents

• Wastes shall be collected for recycling and/or disposed at local government designated sites;

• Trees of less than 200mm in diameters shall be chipped and used for mulch on site

• Waste separation shall occur where possible to help minimize overall waste

Performance Indicator • No waste or materials lost to the environment • No environment damage to the environment due to waste

Waste Management- Fuels and Oils Potential Impact • Leakage/spills of fuel, oil, hydraulic fluids spillages and other fluids to the

environment

• Damage/disturbance to environment

Performance objective

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• Minimize hydrocarbon spills to environment

Management Actions and Strategies • All hydrocarbons shall be strode in bunded areas using liners or metal trays • Afaintenance of any plant or vehicles undertaken on site shall use a large plastic drop

sheet while the machine is being worked on • All vehicles shall be regularly maintained

• Emergency storage fuel on vessels shall be limited to 2x240L drums and shall be placed in a bunded pallet and shall comply with relevant regulations

Performance Indicators • No record of spills

• No damage to environment due to usage of hydrocarbons • Hazardous materials

Potential Impacts

The accidental discharge of environmentally hazardous material represents a significant potential risk to the local environment and marine waters. Damage could conceivably to due to:

• Spillage of fuels engine fluids concrete paint chemical and construction wastes to exposed soil surfaces and marine waters and

• Incorrect storage and usage of chemical during construction

Performance Objectives

• Ensure that storage and handling of dangerous goods does not cause Pollution of Chemicals during Construction


Storage Facilities

• All dangerous goods shall be stored in a roofed and bunded area with an impervious floor and separated and sign posted

• Fuels and other hazardous materials shall be stored away jro'm coastal waters

• List of chemicals and other potentially hazardous materials shall be submitted to the

construction superintendent prior to the start of construction

• The area in which hazardous materials can be stored shall be restricted

• Spill containment measures shall be installed around hazardous liquid materials storage areas where practicable

• Chemical lists and emergency response procedures shall be placed in all relevant

locations on site

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• o Clean-up materials

NIGP and construction contractor shall keep appropriate absorbents, neutralizing chemical and protective equipment and clothing at any work where dangerous goods and stored

o Emergency response • The construction contractor shall notify the construction superintendent in the event of a

hazardous material spills • NIGP shall notify FMENV in the event of a hazardous materials spills

7.12 Pipeline Operation Impact Management Plan

The pipeline has been designed and shall be constructed with adequate protective material and facilities so it does not require external maintenance for the life of the

project as such no land disturbance is anticipated during routine operation of the pipeline.

Land disturbance shall only be required to clean up and repair the pipeline in the most unlikely event of a pipe breach

Potential Impact

• • •

contamination of soil may occur in the event of a pipeline breach contamination of groundwater may occur in the event of a pipeline breach public amenity and/or private landholders may be impacted during maintenance excavations and reinstatement

• the contaminated solids e.g. fine iron ore magnetic solid are passive and constitute little threat to flora, fauna or mankind

Environmental Objectives

• to ensure that risk from the project is as low as reasonably achievable and complies with acceptable standards

Performance Indicators/Targets

• no pipeline breach for the life of the pipeline • no prolonged impacts to the environment and the community in the event of a breach

Management Strategy

Prevention

NDPHC has reduced the unlikely probability of the pipeline breach through it's design and

engineering. This includes selecting hardware and software most appropriate to the project

and environmental requirements in order to prevent spills NDPHC shall:

• select fracture material for the pipes and;

154


• use leak detection software/hardware

Although the occurrence of a spill is rare, unplanned events may result in a pipeline breach. Event may include

• incorrect installation of in infrastructure

• breach due to direct impact; • inadequate maintenance of the pipeline; and • software/hardware failure

To reduce the likelihood of breach from an unplanned event NDPHC shall;

• pressure test the structure before commissioning to check the installation and infrastructure

• reinforce the pipeline and/or bury the infrastructure deeper in areas at risk of direct impact

• install a software and pressure management system to automatically shut down operation in the event of a sudden pressure change

• install a fibre optic cable along the length of the pipeline to communicate a point of rupture immediately

• •

operate to a maintenance schedule regularly audit the maintenance system and

• conduct desktop emergency situations for various sites on a regular basis to verify the effectiveness of the emergency response plan

7.2 Roles and Responsibilities

7 .2.1 Contractor

The Contractor shall be responsible for:

a) day to day management of the environs during the construction period b) implementation of workplace health and safety compliance c) conducting the environmental management plan (EMF) d) briefing all sub-contractors on the requirements of the EMF e) environmental compliance during the construction period

f) submission of weekly reports to the NDFHC and permit compliance

7.2.2 Niger Delta Power Holding Company

NDPHC shall be responsible for:

a) supervision of the progress of works under the contract

b) liason with government agencies

155


c) assessment, evaluation and analysis of environment compliance d) conduct of audits including the EMF e) instruction to Contractor when necessary on issues of environment disturbance and/or

impact

7.2.3 Environmental Site Supervisor or Consultant

The Environmental Site Supervisor or Consultant shall be responsible for the overview the

environmental compliance of all aspects of works.

7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan The environmental monitoring programme is provided in table 7.1 covering environmental

concerns, parameters, methodology schedule and responsible personnel.

Table 7.1: Environment Monitoring Plan

Environmental Parameters and Methodology Schedule Responsible Issues and Concerns Indicator Personnel

Construction Phase

Air Quality Impact Increased gaseous Total Suspended There shall be Once a week- TheEPC and particulate Particles (TSP) measurement and one hourly Contractor, emissions and dust by and particulate monitoring of air sample 24- Community construction vehicle; matter quality sample Representative and from machinery, parameters FMENVand plant and equipment sulfurs dioxide Environmental

(S02) using SOr Consultant meter nitrogen dioxide meter as nitrogen oxide (N02) using N02- meter and CO using CO-meter to ensure compliance with regulatory standards.

Increased noise by Noise Noise monitoring Once a week EPC Contractor time limited shall be carried (morning, Community construction noise out by the daytime, evening Representative associated with constrictor at the and nighttime) FMENVand constructional compliant's Environmental activities residence to Consultant.

156


evaluate the offensive noise source and character using noise meter with range from 45 decibel acoustic (dB[ A]) to 150 dB(A)

Sediment Contamination

The construction Increased turbidity Analysis of There shall be Visual Contractor, near- shore waters of Grain size. Visual Monitoring of Community a consequence of Trace metals, monitoring Site Representative, sediment movement Hydrocarbons, Of site Conditions FMENVand

AndPAHs conditions Shall be Environmental Particularly Carried out Consultant during Daily And after rainfall;

Water Quality Suspended solids and Turbidity, TSS, Monitoring of Monthly EPC nutrients that may be total dissolved Water quality in Contractor, Pollutant to aquatic solids, oil and the creeks and Community And intertidal grease, BODs, Ocean within Representative, systems DO, total Project ROW FMENVand

Coliform, nitrite Environmental (No3) as Consultant

Fuel spills and Nitrogen (N), Leakage Phosphate

(P04) as Phosphorus Visual inspection (p) coliforms And portable gas

Detector

Flora and Fauna Disturbance of Short and long Upon report, EPC Flora: Term Stoppage of Contractor, Mangroves; monitoring of spills Community And Mangroves shall ReQresentative,

157


Trees from be carried out FMENVand Marshy there Environmental Swamp~ forest shall be monitor Consultant

of erosion and sediment disturbance

Operational Phase Temperature Monitoring Biannually FEMENV, Contamination of Salinity, hole and nearest Consultant and groundwater may pH, TDS, TSS, wells in the site NDPHC occur in the event of BODs COD, pipeline breach DO, N03 asN,

P04as P Heavy metals, Total coliform

Leakage I spillage There shall be As may be FMENV Regular Review Required Consultant and of NDPHC Emergence Response plane And procedure

7.4.1 Environmental Audit

In line with the FMENV requirements, the project facilities shall be audit every three years, this is to check the prediction of the environmental assessment and assess the general performance of the project to ensure that environmental standards are maintained and environmental management and monitoring plan are followed. Environmental audit acts as an internal control process that ensures that environmental protection and management procedure are enforced.

The Audit objectives are to examine the line management system and procedures, facility operations and monitoring practices and date. Shall cover the following:

• Verification of prediction in the EIA • Verification of implementation of mitigating recommendation • Review incident reporting and remedy schemes • Identification of current and potential environmental problem • Recommend necessary improvements to management operation practice • Through documentation, feedback and implementation procedure

7.4 Staff Development and Training 158


Environment awareness training for operation staff is an integral part of a comprehensive environmental management policy. Environmental training and awareness shall be conducted for staff the project.

Environmental issues are a line responsibility for which all staff at all level is accountable. General information on environmental protection and specialized training courses for dealing with environmental aspects of operations shall be offered to staff and Contractors to enhance environmental awareness and expertise. Specific training courses are to be attended by environmental focal points, supervisors and operators who are indentified as directly involved with daily running of the Plant.

7.5 Emergency Planning

In the design of the gas turbines and its housing and other operations, relevant standards,

codes, specifications, operations, and maintenance philosophies, HSE and community issues

have been addressed. Despite all these measures, accidents may occur due to equipment

failure, negligence, sabotage and nature catastrophes measures shall be put In place to

handle the situation the essential elements of the measures (contingency plan) include early

warning, activation of plan evacuation procedure and emergency response contacts reporting

requirements pollution responses procedure a structure consisting of personnel, equipment

and supplies to implements the plan, and notification system to activate the plan, provision

of first aid facilities and training of first aid officers

7.6 Emergency Responses

Medical Emergency

I. First aid kits shall be in all vehicle and vessels 2. Contact ambulance (Tel :) 3. Retainer ship hospital emergency number 4. Urine charts for liquid shall be displayed at appropriate places

Missing Persons I. Undertake daily role checks 2. Use buddy system partnering on worksite 3. Alert system police advice 999 4. Equip all staff with mobile telephones 5. Maintain an employee list with communities

Hazardous Chemicals

I. Call out internal and external emergency response teams 2. Ensure immediate safety and well being of employees and those within the immediate or

potential risk area 3. Secure site and any high risk or high security areas

159


(

4. Work with specialist medical and technical advisors to minimize harm to both the environment and human health

Combustible Materials and Fires

I. Daily check of fire fighting equipment at site and on vessels 2. Call out internal and external emergency response teams 3. Ensure safety and wellbeing of employees or those in immediate or potential risk; 4. Ensure safe evacuation of persons from the area of danger; seek to eliminate further

danger from existing storage or production facilities 5. Ensure site security 6. Liaise with internal and external emergency services regarding priority actions 7. Conduct a roll call of employees, contractors and visitors

Vessels Collisions

I. All boat user to be aware of general site safety obligations attached to their license 2. Ensure all vessels are properly equipped and crewed at all times 3. Mandatory check of safety equipment should occur prior to the commencement of every

voyage 4. Maintain a lookout at all times 5. Regular training of employees on the navigation rules of the work site 6. Vessels to carry sound signals 7. Vessels shall have marine radios flares and signaling device 8. Vessels shall have firefighting and full medical emergency kit on board at all times

Adverse Storm Conditions

I. Daily weather checks with the meteorology agency on local conditions on 2. Obey all advice warnings when received 3. When adverse weather is expected the construction project manager and supervisor

shall decide either to cease work and keep a close watch on the weather or take actions to make safe all vessels, existing work and equipment or to evacuate the site

Oil Spill Emergency Plan

I. In the event of a spill the spill source shall be immediately isolated stopped and contained additional spill prevention may include closing valves, inverting damage containers so that holes are at the top placing the leaking container into larger one Emergency plans for chemicalspills, fire and explosion has been developedfor this

project

A contingency plan is an outline of procedures to follow in case of a major event, such as a server crash or building fire. A contingency plan is a written way of saying, that should a problem arise, you have thought of ways to prevent the loss of vital information or reduce the impact to your

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EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CALABAR {IKOT NYONG) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

business. Many quality driven organizations and companies have contingency plans not only for individual systems, but for whole departments.

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN AND PROCEDURES

Gas Pipeline Emergencies

An emergency is an unforeseen combination of circumstances or a situation that requires an immediate response to minimize the hazard resulting from that emergency. Different circumstances can create pipeline emergency situations requiring different actions to correct them. Examples of major incidents (emergency situations) that could require immediate action (emergency response) in gas pipeline operations are:

• Major Gas leak or Line Rupture • Fire outbreak • Explosion • Chemical Spill

Other emergency situations include but not limited to the following: road traffic accident, structural damage (gas installation), flooding and electrocution.

Each of the above types of emergencies can affect pipelines and associated facilities (e.g. measurement and I or pressure regulating stations) which will necessitate different types of prompt and effective responses. It is necessary for each situation to be analysed and

corrective measures taken that fit the particular emergency. Different responses are also required depending upon whether the emergency occurs in a populated or remote area, as well as other local conditions that affect the exact nature of the response.

Objective of Emergency Response

The objective of emergency response planning is to develop, implement and maintain a management system, including plans and procedures, which when activated in any emergency situation will minimise the harmful effects on:

• Human life and health • Environment • Company I third party assets • Company's reputation • Ensure compliance with legislation

161

. EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CALABAR (IKOT NYONG) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

Purpose of emergency response procedure

The purpose of these emergency procedures is to provide guidelines through which Company personnel can promptly and prudently react to gas pipeline emergency. NDPHC 's objective is to ensure that all reasonable precautions are taken to minimize actual or potential danger to public, to employees of the Company and its customers, and to facilities and property due to gas pipeline emergency. Actions should be directed toward protecting people first and then property. It also recognises the roles of other support action parties, especially in areas that require joint actions. The procedure is consistent with the quality principles laid down in EP 95-0316 (Emergency Response) and ISO 14001.

Scope

This manual consists of a description of the NDPHC Emergency Response Management System and guidelines/procedures for handling various emergency situations (gas leak, explosion, chemical spill and fire). NDPHC has adopted the quality principles laid down in EP 95-0316 (Emergency Response), ISO 9000 and BS 5750 in the preparation of this document.

Updating the Procedure

This Procedure is a controlled, living document. It is designed to facilitate updating and insertion of new procedures. Changes I amendments are control-issued to each copyholder through the custodian. A revised contents list will accompany all changes and amendments issued. The manual will be reviewed and updated on a regular basis to conform and comply with organisational changes and legislation.

Definition of Emergency Situation

A sudden, abnormal or unplanned situation which requires immediate attention and may endanger human life, the environment or have an adverse effect on Company I Public assets or reputation.

Definition of Crisis

An event or issue which is not yet under control and which threatens the reputation or business of the Company ( NDPHC ).

162


Emergency Classification

Class A

An incident which can be dealt with by on-site I location personnel and resources.

• The incident has no effect outside the site • The incidence is not likely to pose serious danger to life, the environment or to

company assets or reputation. The incident will be managed through site emergency response Team.

Class B

An incident, which may be dealt with locally but requires involvement of external agencies:

• The incident may be "on site", have some effect outside the site or be "offsite" and external emergency services will be involved.

• There is likely to be danger to life, to the environment or to company 1 customers' assets or company reputation.

• There will be media interest. The incident will be managed through the site team, Company emergency response Team (ERT) and activation of NDPHC ERT.

Emergency Response Management

1. Emergency Situations

In order to provide guidance to staff on situations that may arise in their areas of operations, guidelines and procedures have been written for the following scenarios that may constitute a hazard within the NDPHC operating environment.

• Gas Leak: Pipeline leak, station leak and other gas leak. • Explosion I Fire: Covering bush, hydrocarbons, pressure regulating and metering

station, generator house, battery house fires. • Chemical Spills: Chemical spill (liquid I powder)

Emergency Response Organisation

2. Activation Process

The Duty Manager on identifying a class B emergency, calls out the Emergency Response Team using the group pager number. They will assemble in the designated Emergency Control Room where they will be briefed by the Duty Manager. Thereafter the Emergency Response Commander (ERC) takes over control and manages the emergency situation using the procedures as detailed in this Emergency Response Plans and Procedures manual.

163


Overall Organisation

In line with the NDPHC System Guidelines for Managing emergencies, emergency response organisations have been developed for all work sites in NDPHC . In the office base, a Manager known as the Emergency Response Commander leads the Company Emergency Response Team (ERT). He shall at all times have immediate support drawn from staff 'with broad base knowledge and the right level of skills in the following disciplines: Operations, Projects, Finance, External Relations, Health, Safety and Environment. He shall also draw support from NDPHC , third parties and government agencies as required.

SITE SUPERVISOR

r·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·j~---l-IN_E_s_uP_E_RV_Is_o_R __ ~

• Line Supervisor I Duty

Mgr. resumes normal

operations

r .. - .. _ .. _,_ .. --:

! ~-·-·-·1L ___ D_u_n __ M_A_NA_G_E_R __ ~

EMERGENCY

RESPONSE TEAM

: Site Command j EMERGENCY RESPONSE COMMANDER r .. - .. - .. - .. -. j ! Centre ""· .-+-------11~ 1-4 .... ------+--11..,: Mgt. Support . :.... .. - .. - .. - .. - .. l '------------------------~ 1 .. - .. - .. - .. - .. j

! ! 1··-··-··-··-··1 : NDPHC : l,,_,,_,_,,_,,l

l t~ l l


r·-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-:

: I I • PR • F • SAFET • M

I Y KT

1.·-··-··-··-··-··-··-·· DISCIPLINE GROUPING

! ~-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··

: • Third Parties (EPR Contractors) ~ ~ • Govt Agencies ! L.·-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··~

Call out Sequence flowchart and ERT Organisation

165

EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CALABAR (IKOT ;'IIYONG) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

OBSERVE

-OBSERV R

PRMS

L._._RA--Is_E _ _Jc-c-~ I~

Appoint

Inform

Operation

OPERATION ~

Ye N

~ Appoint

Inform

166

DUTY

Ye N

~ Appoint

Contac t

l

ON-SCENE

COMMANDE

RECOVE

R

EN


Appendix 11.2: Emergency Response Generic Main Process Matrix

167


I -... GAS

LEAK ,, Person Discovering

leak

Site/PRMS Supervisor

Operations Engineer

,, Operations Managert-------1

I Duty Manager

• Raise alarm to warm nearby personnel • Shut off source of leak if possible • Report leak to site I PRMS supervisor

• Inform PRM Control Room • Stay at safe distance to provide more

information

....._~----~

• Evacuate personnel from gas cloud • Shut gas source if possible

• Activate ESD if necessary • Inform Operations Engineer or Alternate

• Ensure NDPHC Fire department is informed

• Decide the ignition of gas cloud with Supervisor if gas cloud -'--. inh>~hit>~nt~

• Take full details from person reporting leak • Evaluate options to regain control

• Try to determine the source of leak • Ascertain rescue of trapped personnel

• Report incident to Operations Manager (or Duty Manager outside office hours)

• Obtain full details of incident • Inform NDPHC Duty Manager for

assistance • Inform CASHES Coordinator • Provide additional resources necessary for

-::.rlP.flll':)t~ 1"P..Ct"'\A"MC'P. -......._ ....._ , r

NDPHC Duty Manager

168

• Assess seriousness ofleak

• Initiate emergency procedure as appropriate if necessary

./--------1 -------


Appendix 11.3: Response flowchart to Gas leak (Loss Containment)

169


CALL FIRE

INFORM NDPHC SUPV.

REQUEST RESOURCES

IN FROM DUTY MANAGER

CONTACT

NDPHC

ACTIVATE E.S.D

RAISE ALARM

IDENTIFY TYPE OF FIRE

INFORM SUPERVISOR

PROVIDE RESOURCES

PROVIDE

RESOURCES

PROVIDE

RESOURCES

PROVIDE

RESOURCES

FEED BACK

Appendix 11.4: Fire Generic Main Process Matrix

170


Gas Station/Metering

Fire

Person hearing fire alarm+------1

NDPHC Supervisor

Operations Engineer t-------1

I Duty Manager

Other personnel

• Raise alarm, shout! • Move to a safe location • Inform site I PRMS supervisor • ·Fight fire ONLY if safe to do so

• Initiate ESD if necessary

• Go to muster point

• Stop all work I make job safe • Go to the muster point • Awl'lit fi1rtht>r in,tnwtion rrom 'lmt>rvi,or

• Activate alarm

• Activate ESD if necessary • Mobilise site emergency response team • Call NDPHC fire brigade on 144 if

necessary

• Call NDPHC medical on 122 if necessary • Ensure facility is made safe remove fuel

source from fire

• Inform Operations Engineer (or Duty Manager outside office hours)

• Perform head count

• Ensure NDPHC fire and medical are informed

• Inform Operations Manager • Inform Coordinator

• Go to muster point

• Obey site supervisor's instruction

• Be prepared to assist ________ , Appendix 11.5: Flowchart Response to Gas Station Fire

171

•


Gas FIRE

Person Observing Fire

, r Site/ NDPHC/

AC:C:lfGAS Sunervisor

, , Duty Manager

~ ~

NDPHC/ ACCUGAS HSE Department

1 r

Operations

Department

• Raise fire alarm

• Isolate source of gas if possible • Inform NDPHC /ACCUGAS

supervisor ........ ...._

• Isolate source of gas if possible

• Activate emergency shutdown

• Call fire on Tel: TBA

• Call medical on Tel: TBA if appropriate

• Inform Operations Engineer

• Muster for head count

• Mobilise site ERT

• Organise search for missing if any

• Rescue personnel if any is trapped

• Move personnel to safe location

• Inform Operations/Duty Manager

~

• Evaluate scale of emergency

• Contact NDPHC/ACCUGAS to initiate emergency response procedure as appropriate

-.., ......


• Attempt to extinguish fire with appropriate equipment

• Cool critical equipment with water spray

-......, ......_

• Assess damage

• Effect repairs if within capabilities

• Produce incident report .....

Appendix 11.6: Flowchart Response to Gas Fire

172


I

Bush FIRE

Person Observing Fire

~ ,

NDPHC Supervisor I

~ r DDPHC/ACCUGAS I HSE Department I

, r Duty Manager ,,

Operations

Department

• Raise fire alarm

• Inform Site I NDPHC/ ACCUGAS Supervisor

• Ascertain if installation may be affected.

• Attempt to fight fire only if safe to do so

• Go to muster p nt .............

• Assess severity of fire

• Isolate source of fire if possible.

• Activate evacuation alarm if necessary

• Initiate ESD if necessary

• Evacuate personnel to safe location if necessary

• Inform NDPH/ACCUGAS fire on tel: TBA

• Inform Operations Engineer . Inform Operations/Duty Manager

~


• Attempt to extinguish fire with appropriate equipment

• Cool critical equipment with water spray

-.....,

• Evaluate scale of emergency

• Contact NDPHC/ACCUGAS to initiate emergency response procedure as appropriate -......

• Assess damage

• Effect repairs if within capabilities

• Produce incident report ....... --

Appendix 11.7: Flowchart Response to Bush Fire

173

•


(Explosion) , ,

Site/PRMS • Contact the Operations Engineer Supervisor • Minimise leakage by shutdown or

isolation

...... , r • Evaluate damage

Operations Engineer • Inform Operations Manager • Initiate emergency pipeline repair activities

if applicable • Inform Operations/Duty Manager • Shut down Custody Transfer station if

necessary • Initiate emergency procedures • Inform CASHES Coordinator

..........,

~ ,

Operations I Duty I • Obtain full details of incident Manager I • Authorise rescues services needed

• Inform NDPHC to initiate ERT ifnecessa!)

...... ._ , r • Assess for environmental impact

CASHES Coordinator

• Coordinate interface NDPHC and DPR

._

, r NDPHC • Assess damages

Duty Manager • Activate ERT as appropriate if necessary

Flowchart Response to Explosion (Catastrophic equipment failure)

174


c Chemical) SPILL

~ ,

I Person Observing I . Attempt to stop I limit the spill (shut in

Spill I valve) . Inform PRMS Supervisor

~ ,

I PRMS Supervisor I

• Shut in valve • Inform Operations Engineer • Mobilise site response team to contain spill

by soaking in sand, disperse with water

........ -~ r

• Proceed to site to assess extent

I Operations Engineer I • Inform Operations I Duty Manager • Inform CASHES Coordinator

..._ /

~ ,

I CASHES

• Assess for environmental impact • Coordinate interface NDPHC and DPR

Coordinator

../

~ ,

I • Obtain spill details from PRMS supervisor Operations/ Duty

Manager I or Operations Engineer • Classify level of response • Approve response strategy

....... .......

Flowchart Response to Chemical Spill

175


7. 7 Decommissioning/ Abandonment Plan

A general approach will be to commence detailed planning of decommissioning activities about five years in advance. This would ensure a safe environment friendly and efficient decommissioning/programme. A Plan shall be developed that will establish:

• Facilities to be decommissioned or recovered

• Environmental aspect of the decommissioning activity

• Methods for facility re-use recycling disposal or removing

• Proper consultation with all stakeholders (communities other land users and regulators)

• Efforts to integrate negative environmental impact and appropriately rehabilitate site

• Efforts to integrate negative the environment in accordance with national and international best practices and regulatory requirement

• Scope of work to access possible residual impacts of the plant in the environment

The content of the plan will take into consideration the extent of the decommissioning (temporary or permanent, partial or complete shutdown), plans for future use site and the condition of the site and environment at the time of decommissioning. A detailed postoperation study of the impacts of the project on the environment will be conducted to determine appropriate restoration and remedial measures. At this stage only preliminary plans exist for decommissioning activities.

In general, however, decommissioning activities will be conducted in compliance with applicable regulations and guidelines or any other regulations that are in force at the time of decommissioning. The plan will also include regulations and a risk and cost analysis of various options. The plan will consider all facilities associated with the project

7.7.2 Stakeholders Consultation

The project-decommissioning plan will include consultation with vanous Stakeholders including employees from various Departments of NDPHC, Communities, Regulators and Experts. The decommissioning team will include competent personnel from various departments as well as the regulatory authorities.

7.7.3 Wind- Down Operations

As the project approaches the end of its economic viability, plans will be put in place to wind

down operations.

These will include a review and rationalization of operations and personnel and a possible gradual shut down of some facilities. The decommissioning will be played for a significant period before the cessation of the project. This will allow for a carefully planned

redeployment and where necessary, disengagement of personnel as appropriate.

176


An adequate compensation will be provided to the disengaged personnel to take care of themselves before getting their hands on new jobs

7. 7.4 Decommissioning of Facilities

At the ~nd of the facilities' utility all equipment will be decommissioned. Pipelines and associated facilities will be dismantled. Health, safety and environmental plan will be implemented to ensure safety of personnel and the public during decommissioning as well as minimize negative environmental impacts. Particular attention will be paid to the following:

• Protection from noise

• Waste handling

• Spent oil management

• Air pollution • Marine pollution.

Once the facility has been properly and safety decommissioned, water, natural gas supply lines and connection to transaction line would be decommissioned and removed. All structures would be dismantled and removed from the site. Disturbed areas will be identified and restored using native plant species.

7.7.5 Re-Use/Recycling of Equipment

All facility components that can be used or re-cycled will be identified and quantified. Reuseable facilities will either be sold or converted to other uses.

7. 7.6 Reporting

As required by regulations, a post decommissioning reports will be prepared and submitted to FMENV, Akwa lbom and Cross River States Ministry of Environment. The reports will provide the following details

• Overview of decommissioned facilities • Details of methods used for decommissioning • Nature of decommissioning (partial or whole) • Records of consultation meetings • Details of recyclable/re-useable material/facility components • Decontaminated Facilities • Decommissioning Schedules • State of surrounding environment • Waste Management Plan • Plans for restoration, where necessary.

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EIA FINAL REPORT OF ADANGA- CALABAR (IKOT i'!YONG) GAS PIPELINE AND METERING FACILITIES PROJECT

CHAPTER EIGHT

CONCLUSION

The use of natural gas for power generation in the country is expected to grow substantially over the next two decades. In order to meet this, the construction of supply system will need to grow as well.

The project construction and operation; pipeline to deliver natural gas from Addax platform to the newly constructed NIPP 564MW Power Plant, Calabar has larger potential economic benefits to the communities that include employment.

Environmental impacts for the pipeline are moderate to minimal for the construction phase and low to negligible for the operation.

The Assessment of Environmental Impact has been carried out to assess the environmental effects of the proposed activities and explain what changes there will be within the natural, social and economic environment as a result of the project activities. The scale and significance of these effects are reflected in the level of detail provided within each section of the report. Measures to avoid, remedy or mitigate any potentially negative effects of the pipeline construction are also described.

Based on the assessment study the level of impacts of the project are acceptable provided that the mitigation measures given shall be fully implemented and followed up in an adequate manner. For this purpose, an Environmental Management Plan has been prepared for the project. This plan shall also be adhered to and implemented by the project management.

The Communities shall be carried along during implementation. There is no stem environmental, health, social or cultural issues to hinder the project as proposed by NDPHC. The project shall therefore be embarked upon as proposed.

178