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7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
1/23
Ecosystem, Entrepreneurship
and Innovation: (Bad)
Equilibrium
Marco Kamiya
WorkshopWBCAF
WashingtonDC,World Bank,September 6,2013
Direccin de Polticas Pblicas y Competitividad
Vicepresidencia de Estrategias de Desarrollo y Polticas Pblicas
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
2/23
SilVal Israel Sing Bra Chi Mex Colo
Innovation Patents
Universities
Overseasnetworks
Entrepreneurial
Talent
(Managerial/Labor)
Teachingtechniques
Trainingfor
Business
plans,etc.
TechTransfer Centers
Finance AngelInvestors/Seed
Venture Capital
EquityInvestment
EnterpriseDevelopmentEcosystems
Developed Incipient Inexistent
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
3/23
Entrepreneurial
Ecosystems
Entrepreneurs andPolicies
for
Ecosystem
StartUps
Entrepreneurs
Dynamic
Sectors
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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1. Whytherearesofewnewdynamicfirms?
2. Isitculturaltraitsthatprevententrepreneursto
appear?
3. Whyfirms
dont
grow
or
stay
in
low
productivitysegments?
4. Isthere
abad
equilibrium
preventing
firms
to
grow?
Entrepreneurship
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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FirmDistribution by
Size
Asalariados Desocupados
EstadosUnidos Mxico Per
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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FirmDistribution by
Number
of
Employees
Asalariados Desocupados
EstadosUnidos Mxico Per
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
7/23
Distribution ofLabor
Force
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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Entrepreneurs:Similar
Attributes
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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Distribution ofAttributesinSelectedLAC
Citiesand
in
Los
Angeles
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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LAand
LAC:
Tolerance
to
Risk
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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MicroenterprisesandSelfEmployed:Escaping
fromUnemployment
Similarto
salaried
workers(Formaland
informal)
75%
Similarto
Employers
25%
Traits
Education
Family environment
Features proentrepreneurship
Preference for salary jobs
Previous job/background
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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Panel A: Total Employment
Cohort: Establishment's initial year of operation
Year before 1970 1970 to 1979 1980 to 1984 1985 to 1989 1990 to 1994 1995 to 1997 1998 to 2003 2004 to 2009 Total
1994 316,612 139,428 80,396 73,248 26,377 - - - 636,061
1997 279,372 124,205 75,739 74,119 44,811 17,114 - - 615,360
2009 203,989 98,969 67,484 73,960 72,750 39,525 57,008 29,813 643,498
2009-1994 -112,623 -40,459 -12,912 712 46,373 39,525 57,008 29,813 7,437
Panel B: Number of establishments
1994 1,756 1,931 1,500 1,484 593 - - - 7,264
1997 1,643 1,891 1,511 1,585 1,032 375 - - 8,037
2009 1,029 1,114 968 1,235 1,286 740 1,487 969 8,828
2009-1994 -727 -817 -532 -249 693 740 1,487 969 1,564
Panel C: Mean of Employment
1994 180.3 72.2 53.6 49.4 44.5 87.61997 170 65.7 50.1 46.8 43.4 45.6 76.6
2009 198.2 88.8 69.7 59.9 56.6 53.4 76 63 72.9
2009-1994 17.94 16.64 16.12 10.53 12.09 53.41 76 63 -14.67
Younger firms not small firmscreates the jobs
Source:Haltiwanger andEslava(2012)
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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40years later
US
Mexico
Lack ofDynamism inFormalFirms
8times
Double
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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What explains
lack ofdynamism in
large firms?
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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The Four Elements of
the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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InnovationisnotEverything
Science
Theory
R+D
(Researchand
Development)
ScalingUp/
Commercialization
Theoretical
progressin
science
Patentable/
registered
proprietary
research
Innovation
Processes
Intheabsenceofstronguniversityprivatealliances
TechnologyTransferCentersandmechanismtoshare
networks(PP
dialogues)
are
important.
Advancesin
basicscience
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
17/23
Entrepreneurship
Innovation
FinanceAngel
Investors
Seed
Capital
Venture
Capital
Universities
LaboratoriesResearch
CentersCorporations
TechTransfer
Centersat
Universitiesand
Laboratories
Educationand
Entrepreneurial
Talent
Private
Equity
InnovationandEntrepreneurship:
MissingLink
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
18/23
NationalSystemsofInnovation
Japan USSR
1970R&D/GDP2.5% 1970R&D/GDP4.0%
MilitaryorspaceR&Dlessthan
2%
Militaryorspace R&Dmorethan
70%
EnterpriselevelR&D67% Enterpriselevel lessthan10%
Stronglinkagebetweenproducer
andsubcontractor
Strong cooperationmanagement
andworkforce
Freeman(1995)
QualityControlandMng Techniques
Vocationaltrainingbyfirms
R&Dpublicandprivateatfirmlevel
Intrapreneurship
Japan60s
70s
Korea,
Taiwan,
70s80s
ASEAN
Countries,
China
90s
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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Distribucindelfinanciamientopblicoal
ecosistemacomo
porcentaje
del
PIB
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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Mapadepolticas:distribucindelapoyo
financieropor
tamao
de
firma
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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Policiesfor
Entrepreneurship
Policiesshould identifytransformationalanddynamicfirmsas
wellas
strengthening
employability
of
subsistence
micro
entrepreneurs.
Challenge: howtoreachthe25%ofcapablemicroentrepreneursthatareinthebottomofthepyramid?
HowtodesigninnovationpoliciesthatavoidcrowdingoutandsupportprivateR&Dwithtechnicalenhancement.
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
22/23
IdeasforCooperationWBCAFfor
Entrepreneurship
DesignofPublicPrivatedialoguesforEntrepreneurship
Employabilityofsubsistenceworkers,managerialcapacitiesofmanagers,qualitytraining.
Institutionalcapacity
for
policy
design
Spinoffpromotionmechanisms
Cluster/Value
Chain
based
entrepreneurship
7/29/2019 World Bank - CAF Marco Kamiya 6sep13 20130906
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MarcoKamiya
DireccindePolticasPblicasyCompetitividad
Vicepresidencia
de
Estrategias
de
Desarrollo
y
Polticas
Pblicas