Mid-Himalayan WatershedDevelopment Project 1-7

Development Dialogue:Recovery of world’s economyrides on the G2 8-9

ICR Update: Orissa HealthSystem DevelopmentProject 10-12

Recent Project Approvals 13

New Additions to the PublicInformation Center 14-23

Contact Information 24

WorldBankIN INDIA

THE

In village after village ofHimachal, women are unleashinga silent revolution for change

About the Photograph:Women’s group in Sherpur villageunder the Mid-HimalayanWatershed Development Project

Photograph by Michael Foley

I N S I D E

MAY 2009VOL 7 / NO 6

Bima Devi woke before dawn and walked nearly 8 km each day to

fetch grass for her cattle. Her village Sherpur in Chamba district,

home to some 300 families, was devoid of forest cover. Women had to

walk to faraway forest areas in search of fodder. Life was extremely

harsh and tedious. That was till 2007.

Today, two years later, Sherpur’s women have a different story to tell.

Thanks to community efforts and assisted by the World Bank’s Mid-

Himalayan Watershed Development Project, undercurrents of change

can be witnessed in village after village in several districts of

the mountaneous state of Himachal Pradesh in north India.

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The World Bank in India • May 2009122

Impact on the ground

● Household incomes

have increased by

50 percent

● Crop yields have

increased by 75

percent

● Crop diversity has

improved from 1-2

to 3-4 crops

2 The World Bank in India • May 2009

The Project has taken up plantation, soil

conservation, water harvesting, horticulture,

agriculture and several income-generating

activities with community participation.

Planted in 2006-2007, a 12-hectare degraded

forest area in Sherpur has now been turned

into a thick forest area. Trees in the forest are

already 15 feet tall. The village is set amidst

idyllic surroundings of lush green fields

dotted with tall and healthy trees with the

beautiful snow-capped Dhauladhar mountain

range as a backdrop. A group

of young women with well-

oiled hair and bright painted

lips greet us cheerfully in their

Sunday best. These women

are part of the user groups

that zealously guard their

new and upcoming forest.

They are only allowed to cut

grass for cattle.

“Today our lifestyles have

changed completely. Earlier,

we would leave early in the morning to get

fodder for our cattle. We would come back

only in the afternoon and the rest of the day

would be consumed by household activities.

Life today is different. We are able to rest in

the afternoons and also take up other

activities that the Project has introduced and

is encouraging us to take up such as making

paper plates, knitting, and poultry farming,”

said Bima Devi. Their produce is then sold

through a cooperative store in Banikhet.

Reversal of degraded naturalresource base

According to the baseline survey conducted

under the Project, erodibility, poverty and

accessibility were the key

indices used in identifying

project beneficiaries. While

90 percent of the people

own land, the average size

of land holdings is less than

half-an-acre.

Himachal Pradesh is largely

an agrarian economy,

dependent on rainfed crops,

horticulture, and livestock.

Nine out of ten households

are rural, and most of them live in small

settlements, typically located in remote

valleys. The rural population is heavily

dependent on forests and community land

for meeting daily requirements of fuel wood,

fodder, and food.

BelowWhile 90percent of thepeople ownland, theaverage size ofland holdingsis less thanhalf-an-acre

The World Bank in India • May 2009 1233The World Bank in India • May 2009

Given the topography, there is heavy

dependence on the natural resource base,

which has degraded significantly and severely

impacted people’s lives. In fact the natural

flows in the streams and springs have reduced

considerably. According to government

estimates, more than 15 percent of the

sources have dried up. The Project’s greatest

achievement is in ensuring sustainable

management of land and water resources,

while enhancing livelihoods of rural inhabitants.

Water at your ‘doorstep’

One of the Project’s most effective and

enduring interventions is in the area of

agriculture. Watershed structures are helping

harness water that was earlier not being

channeled in the right direction. Now water

is reaching right up to the far away fields

through irrigation channels. This has changed

the way people farm in these areas. What’s

critical here is that such robust water

harvesting structures are adequately backed

by community based institutions (created

through the Project) that now own and

manage them.

With water reaching their farmlands, the

villagers are no longer solely dependent on

traditional crops such as maize and wheat.

They are also growing several vegetables in

abundance. Being cash crops, vegetable

cultivation is harvesting huge dividends by

AboveCommunityownership ofassets andactiveparticipationin their owndevelopmentseems to be themain drivingforce for change

The World Bank in India • May 200912

raising the income levels of hundreds of

thousands of poor families. And as incomes

improve, families are now beginning to

spend more on household assets, children’s

education, livestock and better farming tools

and implements.

In Sherpur, where villagers are growing several

new vegetables, the village head or pradhan,

Neelam Sharma, talks of the changes the

Project has brought in its wake: “There used

to be big fights in our village over water. Now

the watershed structure is preventing the

water from sliding away. As a result, not only

are we growing traditional crops, but, also

garlic, ginger, onions and turmeric throughout

the year. Our vegetables are going as far as

Pathankot (in neighbouring state of Punjab)”

– thus establishing a sustainable supply

chain at the community level.

Self-dependent, the newbuzzword

This year Bhavani Thakur alone sold turmeric

worth Rs 1,000, onions worth Rs 6,000, and

garlic worth Rs 2,500. Sushma Devi, from a

very poor family, was earlier skeptical about

the initiatives that the villagers were so

excited about. But today Sushma Devi

proudly asserts: “I am earning about

Rs 6,000 to Rs 7,000 more a year through

several initiatives such as plantation, poultry

farming and knitting. Earlier, I would spend

that much just to buy grass.”

Above & RightFor thefirst timecommunitiesare gettingadequatewater for bothirrigationand drinkingpurposes with100 percentcroppingintensity

RightNot only arethe villages inthe Projectarea growingRabi andKharif crops,but are alsogrowingseveral newvegetables

4

The World Bank in India • May 2009 12

In Charuri village in neighbouring Kangra

district, Pawan Kumar’s family of six barely

managed to meet ends from their two-

hectare land until a few years ago. The first

casualty of their hand-to-mouth existence

was the education of his daughters who

dropped out of school after studying till the

8th standard. Today, thanks to the Project,

Pawan Kumar has a flourishing crop. “Our

income from growing vegetables alone in the

past six months was Rs 80,000, which was

more than double of what we used to earn

from growing just the traditional crops,”

Pawan Kumar said looking at his resurrected

land with pride. Today, the family is making

good use of the extra income. Their two-

room mud dwelling is now being redesigned

into a six-room concrete house.

Shamlal Jharyal, the headman (pradhan) of

Charuri village adds: “Earlier, this panchayat

had lost up to 100 hectare of agricultural

land because of either lack of adequate

water, flooding or lack of proper soil

treatment. We now seem to have reversed

that trend.” For the community, ownership of

assets and active participation in their own

development seems to be one of the major

driving forces in creating livelihood

opportunities.

Self-help groups

While their land is clearly reaping rich

harvest for the villagers, their womenfolk are

unleashing a silent revolution. The self-help

groups and user groups are helping women

undertake several income-generating activities.

“My husband, a trucker, earns around

Rs 6,000 a month. Now thanks to the Project,

I am earning as much as my husband does,

through different income-generating activities.

I don’t have to ask him for money,” proclaimed

Bini Devi proudly.

“Self-dependent” seems to be the new

buzzword among women in village after

village in this picturesque mountainous state,

and they use those words quite often.

Change is evident – they are more self-

assured and definitely more assertive.

“The women’s groups have been one of the

main driving forces for the Project. At the

moment there are more than 5,000 groups

that are actively managing several of the

Project’s activities,” said R. K. Kapoor, the

Project Director.

Himachal Pradesh has, since

the mid-1990s, grown marginally

faster than the rest of the country

and has the second lowest poverty

headcount ratio in India of 11.6 percent.

It is one of India’s leading states in

terms of human development and has

some of the best indicators in terms of

gender equality and access to services.

It has a per capita income of just under

US$ 800 per capita which is slightly

higher than the national average.

AboveWaterharvestingstructure inSherpurvillage inChambadistrict ofHimachalPradesh

RightPawan Kumartoday has aflourishingcrop. Hisfamily inCharuri villagein Kangradistrict is busyconvertingtheir mudhouse into aconcrete one.

5

The World Bank in India • May 200912

The Bio-Carbon Sub-Project: Awin-win scenario in HP

In village after village in Himachal Pradesh,

resource-poor farmers are being pushed

to the brink of poverty because of lack of

cash incentives to take on afforestation work

and denial of timber rights under the existing

forest conservation rules. This scenario is set

to change with the Bio-Carbon Project which

will provide livelihood options to the rural

poor by making them a strategic seller of

carbon credit from plantation.

While catchment treatment and soil

conservation is an integral part of the Mid-

Himalayan Watershed Development Project,

afforestation work was not gaining

momentum because of stringent forest rules.

This scenario will soon change with the

Bio-Carbon Project underway in about

10,000 Ha of non-arable and degraded

common/forest land.

The focus is only on afforestation for which

the farmers will receive cash incentives by

being potential sellers of carbon credit on

three types of land – non-arable agriculture

waste land; degraded forest land; and

degraded common property land. Apart from

creating a carbon sink, the Project aims to

develop innovative and cost effective ways

to minimize climate change risks. This will

provide multiple benefits to the resource-

poor farmers through meeting their needs of

timber, pulpwood, firewood, minor forest

produces along with carbon credits as cash

incentives.

“Earlier, there used to be open grazing in our

forests. People from other villages would

also come and raid our trees. We are now

protecting it and are also responsible for

Strengthening communitylevel institutions

This truly reflects the mechanism that was

followed in designing the Project. In fact, the

focus of the Project in the first one-and-a-

half years was on building local level

institutions through community mobilization

where women played a major role. Other

initiatives that followed included enhancing

biomass productivity in both arable and non-

arable land; extensive soil conservation

activities, sustainable agricultural practices

through moisture retention and revival of

various traditional water conservation

practices. The result: For the first time,

communities are now getting surplus water

for both irrigation and for drinking purposes;

there is adequate water for both rabi (winter)

and khariff (summer) seasons with 100 per

cent cropping intensity as against 0-15

percent productivity levels three years back;

and high value crops have been introduced

to double yield.

Such success has also brought forth several

challenges. The Project covers only 20

percent of the state and the challenge for the

government will be in garnering resources

and manpower to replicate it for the rest.

Having now established a good natural

resource base and livelihood opportunities

in Project areas, the real measure of success

will be evaluated when it is able to catalyze

social change along with improving incomes

where people are able to demand better

healthcare, better education and better

sanitation.

6

BelowAs incomes improve, families are now beginningto spend more on children’s education

The World Bank in India • May 2009 12

managing it,” said 75-year-old Kushi Ram

in Baddi village in Kangra district, where the

first plantation was raised in 2007-08. Out

of 30-hectare area for afforestation and

plantation work, 10 hectare is reserved

under the Bio-Carbon Project. Each family

is expected to earn Rs 4,000 to Rs 7,000 per

hectare per year once the project gets

underway.

What is critical here is that this will not only

generate environmental benefits through

carbon sequestration but also improve

revenue-generating capacity of small

farmers, thereby contributing to poverty

alleviation and ensuring environmental

sustainability as outlined under the

Millennium Development Goal.

However, establishing institutional

mechanisms and giving the community the

rights to manage forestland was not an

easy task. The HP government took major

steps to extend the tenure rights to the

community through special contractual

procedures which were approved by its

cabinet. In fact the state is now in the

process of creating a roadmap to make

HP a carbon neutral state.

Such an intervention seems to be a win-win

strategy for both the government and the

communities. The government is able to get

afforestation work done and villagers too

feel they have a stake in protecting the

forest.

AboveThe focus onBio-CarbonProject is onafforestationfor whichfarmers willreceive cashincentives

37The World Bank in India • May 2009

The World Bank in India • May 200912

Recovery of world’s economy rides onthe United States and China

Development Dialogue

8

The United States and China should join forces to prevent a protracted global recession. The United

States is again relying on boosting consumption, and China is again channeling funds to investment.

While this is a natural response to the immediate concerns, over time the United States must boost

savings and investment while China increases consumption, not just capacity say Robert B. Zoellick,

World Bank Group President and Justin Yifu Lin, World Bank Chief Economist and Senior Vice

President for development economics of the World Bank Group.

China’s economic growth will plunge

in 2009. The United States is in severe

recession. For the world’s economy to

recover, these two economic powerhouses

must cooperate and become the engine for

the Group of 20. Without a strong G-2, the

G-20 will disappoint.

We must address realities. The root cause

of broader global payment imbalances is

structural: overconsumption in the United

States and oversaving in China. For the

United States, the consumption boom was

fueled by bubbles in stocks and housing.

This was accompanied by a collapse in the

U.S. savings rate. For China, the savings

surplus is a result of structural distortions in

the financial, corporate and resource sectors.

China’s savings rates, at up to half of its

gross domestic product, are much higher

than in other countries. But this is not all

because of workers saving money. Indeed,

household savings in China are about 20

percent of GDP, similar to the rate in India.

An unusually high amount of savings comes

from large companies in China’s corporate

sector. Small and medium-size enterprises,

which employ 80 percent of workers, have

minimal access to financial services because

that sector is dominated by four large banks

that primarily serve large companies. The

smaller businesses’ lack of access to

financial services retards their growth, curbs

employment and exerts downward pressure

on wages. In effect, the skewed financial

structure in China means that ordinary

The World Bank in India • May 2009 129

people and small and medium-size companies

have been subsidizing big corporations and

the new rich through low wages and interest

rates.

A revaluation of China’s currency—a change

in relative prices—is not the primary tool for

addressing these structural problems and

the imbalances they have produced. In fact,

economic diplomacy between the United

States and China should focus on two other

areas.

First, the two countries should join forces to

prevent a protracted global recession. Both

countries have announced stimulus

packages. The United States is again relying

on boosting consumption, and China is

again channeling funds to investment. While

this is a natural response to the immediate

concerns, over time the United States must

boost savings and investment while China

increases consumption, not just capacity.

China is preparing a second stimulus, which

should focus on creating purchasing power

for poorer consumers as well as building

“soft infrastructure” in service industries and

“hard infrastructure” to reduce growth

bottlenecks (which would in turn increase

productivity). China could also clean up

environmental damage caused by

underpricing resources. For its part, the

United States should persist with monetary,

credit and asset restructuring policies to

reboot the financial system so its stimulus

has a chance to work. Both must resist

protectionism and assist the vulnerable in

poor countries.

Second, the strategic economic dialogue

between China and the United States should

focus on how to reduce the structural

consumption-savings imbalances in both

economies. To achieve its leaders’ goal of

building a “harmonious society,” China

needs to improve its income distribution.

The next stage of Chinese reforms should

boost social security protections, wages,

service-sector efficiencies, and “green”

resource-pricing and businesses—all of

which can increase consumption and

imports. In particular, China should promote

the local banking sector to better serve small

and medium-size enterprises, including

through microfinance lenders. It should open

up oligopolies, such as in telecommunications,

to competition. Further liberalization in trade

and investment in services would make

China’s markets more competitive and

productive, and it would reduce trade tensions.

Without greater imports, China faces the risk

of adjustment solely through a sharp and

painful fall in exports.

The United States, in turn, must rebalance

saving and consumption. It cannot afford a

return to the days of maxing out credit cards

to finance unfettered consumption. It must

regain control over expanding budget deficits,

which are driven largely by entitlement

spending. It also needs investments in

education, research and development, and

technology—with continued openness to

investment, goods, ideas and talented people—

to remain the world’s leading economy.

Such adjustments would go a long way

toward reducing the risk of global economic

turmoil. There are strong mutual incentives:

The United States is the largest destination

for Chinese exports, and China is the largest

foreign investor in U.S. government debt.

The economic interdependency is stark.

The imbalances in the Chinese and U.S.

economies can only be tackled gradually.

Yet they must be addressed. A recovery

based on boosting U.S. consumption and

providing easy money financed by overseas

savings would result in a repeat of mistakes,

with dangerous consequences for global

markets and politics. Even as the United

States and China lead the way toward

today’s solution, they need to be shaping

tomorrow’s world economy.

This article was originally published in the

Washington Post.

The root causeof broaderglobal paymentimbalances isstructural:Overconsumptionin theUnited Statesand oversavingin China

The World Bank in India • May 20091210

ICR Update

This is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently-closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website.

To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents& Reports section.

Orissa Health Systems Development Project

Context:

At the time that the Orissa Health Systems

Development Project (OHSDP) was

approved, India was continuing with its

economic reforms initiated in the early 90s

and the increased economic growth was

leading to a reduction in poverty. Central

and state Governments’ at the time were

initiating increase of private sector

participation in areas like infrastructure but

the openness for Public Private Partnerships

(PPPs) in areas like health was limited.

Orissa was also one of the most backward

states in India with more than 44 percent of

its population below the poverty line and

with poor health infrastructure and outcomes

(Infant Mortality rate of 77 per 1000).

Project Development Objectives:

The objectives were to: (i) improve efficiency

in the allocation and use of health resources

through policy and institutional development;

and (ii) improve the performance of the

health system through improvements in the

quality, effectiveness and coverage of health

services at the secondary level and selective

Approval Date: 29 June 1998

Closing Date: 31 March 2006

Total Project Cost: US$M 96.3

Bank Financing: US$M 84.50

Implementing Agency: Project ManagementCell, Orissa HealthSystems DevelopmentProject

Outcome: ModeratelySatisfactory

Risk to DevelopmentOutcome: Moderate

Bank Performance: ModeratelySatisfactory

Borrower Performance: ModeratelySatisfactory

Orissa Health Systems DevelopmentProject

The World Bank in India • May 2009 1211

coverage at the community level, so as to

improve the health status of the people,

specially the poor, by reducing mortality,

morbidity and disability.

Project Components:

● Management development and

institutional strengthening;

● Improving service quality, access and

effectiveness at the secondary level;

and

● Improving access to basic health

services at the community level

In addition, the project supported the

government in implementing a key set of

policy initiatives, which included:

(i) increasing financing and improving

resource allocation for the health

sector;

(ii) strengthening capacity for

management, planning and

coordination;

(iii) enhancing the role of the private and

voluntary sectors;

(iv) implementing a user charge policy;

(v) providing incentives for the

workforce; and

(vi) redressing regional and other

imbalances.

Achievements:

Two rounds of district level RCH surveys

show changes in selected health outcome

indicators in Orissa. Some of the changes

are as follows:

a reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

by 13/1000 from 77/1000 in 1998-99 to

64/1000 in 2002-04;

a reduction of neo-natal morality rate by

13/1000 from 57.3/1000 in 1998-99 to

44.3/1000 in 2002-04; and

an increase in institutional deliveries by

12 percent from 23 percent in 1998-99 to

35 percent in 2002-04.

The project outputs may have positively

impacted maternal mortality and neo-natal

mortality outcomes by contributing to an

overall increase in institutional deliveries in

the state.

Though there has been an increase in OPD

utilization rates in children under five in

project facilities, there is no data to support

any significant linkages between infant and

child mortality indicators and project

outputs.

The project did track the proportion of the

health budget (Plan and non-Plan) allocated

to the primary and secondary levels till 2003-

03 and it rose from 83 percent in 1998-99 to

about 85 percent in 2002-03, indicating a 2

percent increase in share and a 70 percent

increase in actual allocations (in real terms).

Combined allocations in real terms to the

primary, secondary and tertiary health sector

(Plan and Non-Plan) without project funds

have increased substantially by 64.3 percent

between 1998-99 and 2005-06. This

The Projecttried toimproveservice andaccess tobasic healthservices atthe communitylevel

The World Bank in India • May 200912

indicates that the increase in Health and

Family Welfare (H&FW) budget is likely to be

sustained even without OHSDP funds after

project closure.

The drug budget per in-patient per bed per

year has increased from Rs.3,500 at baseline

to Rs. 7,479 in 2004-05 - an 84.3 percent

increase in real terms. However, actual

allocations towards drugs and consumables

by the state government under all programs

in real terms increased by 14.15 percent

between 1998-99 and 2005-06. During the

same period OHSDP saw a 219.1 percent

increase in real terms and therefore the

effective increase in drug and consumables

budget of the state through its own

resources was only 5.29 percent increase.

User fee collections went up from Rs. 3.8

million in FY 1999 to Rs. 30.4 million (Rs.

26.3 million in real terms) in FY 2006, an

increase of 601.6 percent in real terms.

Given the high levels of poverty in the state,

it was decided to levy user charges only at

the District Hospital (DH) level. Despite this,

there has been a significant increase in

collection of user fees in the state. This

increased collection was applied towards

contracting out cleaning services, procuring

ambulance services and purchasing

additional drugs and consumables, all

intended to improve quality of care.

In 1999 about 860,000 births occurred in

Orissa. NFHS II (1999) reported that about

22.9 percent of these were institutional

deliveries. About 98885 deliveries took place

in project hospitals in 1998-99 indicating

that about 50 percent of all institutional

deliveries in Orissa took place at project

hospitals. Hence, the increase in institutional

deliveries at project facilities may have

contributed to the overall increase in

institutional delivery in the state by 12

percent between 1998 and 2005, as

indicated in the RCH data.

Lessons Learnt:

● The project period of five years should be

earmarked for different specific activities

like first two years be earmarked to

complete all civil works, third year for

procurement and installation of

equipments and fourth year should be

earmarked for residual civil works, waste

management, quality assurance,

installation of equipments, equipment

based training of doctors and para

medicals, IEC activities etc. The last year

should be earmarked for supervision

and ensure proper implementation and

sustenance of the project activities to

achieve the overall objectives of the

project.

● In OHSDP, the delegation of financial

power to project authorities was

completed in December 2003 which

resulted in delay in completion of civil

works, procurement of equipments etc.

So all delegation of powers to project

authorities should be made by the state

government in the first year of the

project. This should be a pre-condition

of loan.

● Procurement of equipments made in

the first two years of the project was not

put to use due to non availability of

space as civil work construction was not

completed. So the procurement of

equipments should be made only after

completion of civil works i.e. from third

year of the project.

● Equipment based training should be

given to doctors and paramedics to

ensure proper utilization of equipment

supplied by the project. This will not only

help the poor patients but will also increase

the collection of user charges in project

hospitals to make them self sufficient.

12

Increase ininstitutionaldeliveries atProjectfacilitiesmay havecontributed tothe overallincrease ininstitutionaldelivery in thestate

The World Bank in India • May 2009 1213

products, including possibly loans to

smaller SMEs, and receivables financing;

3) expansion of SME lending through other

participating financial institutions, subject

to demand;

4) exploration of the possibility of providing

loans to promote investments in energy

efficiency improvement technologies,

subject to adequate demand from SME

at the SIDBI for such funding; and

5) expansion of the coverage of the

innovative Risk-Sharing Facility (RSF) that

was initiated under the parent project.

Recent Project Approvals

Events

Report Launch

World Development Report 2009

12 March 2009 • New Delhi

Report Launch

Sparing Lives: Better Reproductive

Health for Poor Women in South Asia

5 March 2009 • New Delhi

Small and Medium Enterprise Financing

and Development Project

30 April 2009

The Small and Medium Enterprise

Financing and Development Project will

provide an additional loan of US$ 400 million

to the Small Industries Development Bank

of India (SIDBI) to scale up the parent project

and facilitate an:

1) increase in the geographical coverage of

the Project;

2) expansion of innovative SME loan

Dummy

This new World

Bank report

says countries in

South Asia need to

do more if they want

to make adequate

progress toward

the Millennium

Development Goals

(MDG) related to women’s reproductive

health.

It analyzes the current state of reproductive

health in five countries of South Asia –

Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri

Lanka and focuses on the major risks faced

by poor women. It underlines the need for

these countries to pay more attention to

poor women’s reproductive health if the

region and the world are to achieve the MDGs

related to maternal and child health.

Following its

global launch,

the World

Development Report

2009: Reshaping

Economic Geography

was launched on

12 March 2009 in

New Delhi. The main

message of this year’s World Development

Report is that economic growth will be

unbalanced, but development still can be

inclusive.

History shows that severe crises can cause

nations to become inward-looking, sometimes

with negative consequences. The report

argues that the most effective policies for

promoting long-term growth are those that

facilitate geographic concentration and

economic integration, both within and across

countries.

The World Bank in India • May 2009 12 14

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Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents,Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org

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India - Country strategy for the period FY2009-2012By SACIAEnglish Paperback 190 pagesPublished November 2008

The World Bank Group’s FY09-12 country assistancestrategy for India provides a framework to deal withthe challenges of achieving rapid, inclusive growth,ensuring sustainable development, and improvingservice delivery, with a cross-cutting focus onimproving the effectiveness of public spending andachieving monitorable results, all of which will helpscale up the impact of World Bank Group (WBG)assistance. The overarching objective of this CAS isto help India achieve the long-term vision encapsulatedin the Eleventh Plan of a country free of poverty andexclusion. To this effect, the WBG will assist India indealing with the intertwined challenges of achievingrapid, inclusive growth, ensuring that development issustainable, and increasing the effectiveness of servicedelivery. The WBG will seek to deploy its various tools -dialogue, analytical work, lending, engagement withthe private sector, capacity building in the mosteffective and efficient manner to help enrich the livesand fulfill the dreams of the people of India, especiallythe poorest, and move closer to achieving the goalsthat India has set itself.

Secondary Education in India: UniversalizingOpportunities

By Human DevelopmentUnit South AsiaEnglish Paperback127 pagesPublished January 2009

This Report integrates andprovides a central role toPanchayati Raj Institutions(PRI) in World bank financedoperations. It will help toimprove the understanding

of the parameters of compliance with the decentralizationframework and an agreement on the principles andelements of a common PFMA platform for all relevantWorld Bank financed operations.

India Publications

The World Bank in India • May 2009 13

HIV and AIDS in South Asia: An EconomicDevelopment Risk

Edited by Markus Haackerand Mariam ClaesonPrice: $ 30.00English Paperback272 pagesPublished February 2009by World BankISBN: 0-8213-7800-7ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7800-7SKU: 17800

HIV and AIDS in South Asiaoffers an original perspective

on HIV and AIDS as major development issues for theregion. Although the impact of HIV and AIDS oneconomic growth appears to be very small, three risksto development are associated with HIV and AIDS inSouth Asia: the risk of escalating concentratedepidemics, the economic welfare costs, and the fiscalcosts of scaling up treatment. As the authors show,South Asian countries have relatively low estimatednational HIV prevalence rates, but prevalence is growingrapidly among vulnerable groups at high risk, such assex workers and their clients, men having sex with men,and injecting drug users and their partners.

The cost benefits of targeted prevention programs arehigh, and the financing of prevention measures suchas comprehensive harm reduction and condom useis a sound economic investment in low-prevalencecountries with concentrated epidemics. Interventionsthat reduce the risks and stigma associated with HIVand AIDS have benefits beyond the cost of lives saved;they improve the welfare of those who are at risk andthose who fear contracting HIV.

South Asia Publications

India: Policy Research Working Papers

WPS4886Longer-term economic impacts of self-help groupsin IndiaBy Klaus Deininger and Yanyan Liu

Despite the popularity and unique nature of women’sself-help groups in India, evidence of their economicimpacts is scant. Based on two rounds of a 2,400household panel, the authors use double differences,propensity score matching, and pipeline comparisonto assess economic impacts of longer (2.5-3 years)exposure of a program that promoted and strengthenedself-help programs in Andhra Pradesh in India. Theanalysis finds that longer program exposure has positiveimpacts on consumption, nutritional intake, and assetaccumulation. Investigating heterogeneity of the impactssuggests that even the poorest households were ableto benefit from the program. Furthermore, overallbenefits would exceed program cost by a significantmargin even under conservative assumptions.

WPS4885Determinants of repayment performance in Indianmicro-credit groupsBy Klaus Deininger and Yanyan Liu

Despite their potential importance and ease ofmodification, impacts of monitoring and loan recoveryarrangements on micro-credit groups’ repaymentperformance have rarely been studied. Data on 3,350expired group loans in 300 Indian villages highlightthat regular monitoring and audits, high repaymentfrequency, consumption smoothing support throughrice credit, and having group savings deposited withthe lender all significantly increase repayment rates.Estimated magnitudes of their effects vastly exceedthose of members’ socio-economic characteristics.Significantly lower repayment on loans originating inexternally provided grant resources suggests thatstringent monitoring will be essential for these to havea sustainable impact.

WPS4884Economic and social impacts of self-help groups inIndiaBy Klaus Deininger and Yanyan Liu

Although there has been considerable recent interestin micro-credit programs, rigorous evidence on theimpacts of forming self-help groups to mobilize savingsand foster social empowerment at the local level isvirtually non-existent, despite a large number ofprograms following this pattern. The authors use alarge household survey to assess the economic andsocial impacts of the formation of self-help groups inIndia. They find positive impacts on empowermentand nutritional intake in program areas overall andheterogeneity of impacts between members ofpre-existing and newly formed groups, as well asnon-participants. Female social and economicempowerment in program areas increased irrespectiveof participation status, suggesting positive externalities.Nutritional benefit was more pronounced for newparticipants than for members of pre-existing groups.Evidence of higher consumption - but not income orasset formation - by participants suggests that at thetime of the survey, the program’s main economicimpact had been through consumption smoothing anddiversification of income sources rather than exploitationof new income sources. Evaluation of such programsin ways that allow heterogeneity of program impact canyield highly policy-relevant insights.

WPS4883Fertility response to natural disasters: The case ofthree high mortality earthquakesBy Jocelyn E. Finlay

The event of a natural disaster, and being directlyaffected by it, brings a large shock to life-cycleoutcomes. In addition to the replacement effects ofhigher fertility following a disaster that caused highmortality, a positive fertility response may be inducedas children can be used to supplement household are

15

The World Bank in India • May 2009 12 16

income. This paper analyzes three high mortalityearthquakes: Gujarat, India, in 2001; North-WestFrontier, Pakistan, in 2005; and Izmit, Turkey, in 1999.There is evidence of a positive fertility response toexposure to these large-scale natural disasters inaddition to the response to child mortality. The resultsin this study are consistent with those of other studiesthat also find a positive fertility response followingexposure to a disaster.

WPS4860Long-term financial incentives and investment indaughters: Evidence from conditional cashtransfers in north IndiaBy Nistha Sinha and Joanne Yoong

Since the early 1990s, several states in India haveintroduced financial incentive programs to discourageson preference among parents and encourageinvestment in daughters’ education and health.This study evaluates one such program in the state ofHaryana, Apni Beti Apna Dhan (Our Daughter, OurWealth). Since 1994, eligible parents in Haryana havebeen offered a financial incentive if they give birth to adaughter. The incentive consists of an immediate cashgrant and a long-term savings bond redeemable on thedaughter’s 18th birthday provided she is unmarried,with additional bonuses for education. Although nospecific program participation data are available, weestimate early intent-to-treat program effects onmothers (sex ratio among live children, fertilitypreferences) and children (mother’s use of antenatalcare, survival, nutritional status, immunization,schooling) using statewide household survey data onfertility and child health, and constructing proxies forhousehold and individual program eligibility. The resultsbased on this limited data imply that Apni Beti ApnaDhan had a positive effect on the sex ratio of livingchildren, but inconclusive effects on mothers’preferences for having female children as well as totaldesired fertility. The findings also show that parentsincreased their investment in daughters’ human capitalas a result of the program. Families made greater post-natal health investments in eligible girls, with somemixed evidence of improvinghealth status in the shortand medium term. Further evidence also suggests thatthe early cohort of eligible school-age girls was notsignificantly more likely to attend school; however,conditional on first attending any school, they may bemore likely to continue their education.

WPS4858Poverty decline, agricultural wages, and non-farmemployment in rural India: 1983-2004By Peter Lanjouw and Rinku Murgai

The authors analyze five rounds of National SampleSurvey data covering 1983, 1987/8, 1993/4, 1999/0,and 2004/5 to explore the relationship between ruraldiversification and poverty. Poverty in rural Indiadeclined at a modest rate during this period. Theauthors provide region-level estimates that illustrateconsiderable geographic heterogeneity in this

progress. Poverty estimates correlate well withregion-level data on changes in agricultural wage rates.Agricultural labor remains the preserve of theuneducated and also to a large extent of the scheduledcastes and scheduled tribes. Although agriculturallabor grew as a share of total economic activity overthe first four rounds, it had fallen back to the levelsobserved at the beginning of the survey period by2004. This all-India trajectory masks widely varyingtrends across states. During this period, the rural non-farm sector grew modestly, mainly between the lasttwo survey rounds. Regular non-farm employmentremains largely associated with education levels andsocial status that are rare among the poor. However,casual labor and self-employment in the non-farmsector reveal greater involvement by disadvantagedgroups in 2004 than in the preceding rounds. Theimplication for poverty is not immediately clear – thepoor may be pushed into low-return casual non-farmactivities due to lack of opportunities in the agriculturalsector rather than being pulled by high returns offeredby the non-farm sector. Econometric estimates revealthat expansion of the non-farm sector is associatedwith falling poverty via two routes: a direct impact onpoverty that is likely due to a pro-poor marginalincidence of non-farm employment expansion; and anindirect impact attributable to the positive effect ofnon-farm employment growth on agricultural wages.The analysis also confirms the important contributionto rural poverty reduction from agricultural productivity,availability of land, and consumption levels inproximate urban areas.

Other Publications

The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justificationfor Fisheries Reform

By Kieran Kelleher,Rolf Willmann and RagnarArnasonPrice: US$ 25.95English Paperback128 pagesPublished February 2009by World BankISBN: 0-8213-7790-6ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7790-1SKU: 17790

Economic losses in marinefisheries resulting from poor management, inefficiencies,and overfishing add up to US$ 50 billion per year.Taken over the last three decades, these losses totalover US$ 2 trillion, a figure roughly equivalent to theGDP of Italy.

The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification forFisheries Reform argues that well-managed marinefisheries could turn most of these losses intosustainable economic benefits for millions of fishersand coastal communities.

According to this book, the bulk of losses occur in twomain ways. First, depleted fish stocks mean that there

The World Bank in India • May 2009 13

Aging Population, Pension Funds, and FinancialMarkets: Regional Perspectives and GlobalChallenges for Central, Eastern and SouthernEurope

Edited by Robert HolzmannPrice: $ 25.00English Paperback184 pagesPublished March 2009 byWorld BankISBN: 0-8213-7732-9ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7732-1SKU: 17732

Population aging will affectthe performance of pensionfunds and financial markets

in the former transition economies and requiredetermined policy actions to complete financial marketdevelopment and to promote financial literacy througheducation.

An Assessment of the Investment Climate in Kenya

By Giuseppe IarossiPrice: US$ 15.00English Paperback136 pagesPublished March 2009by World BankISBN: 0-8213-7812-0ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7812-0SKU: 17812

Although Kenya hasrecorded someimprovements in the last

four years, including an increase in productivity,Kenyan firms still face an adverse business environment.The central objective of this report is to identify themain impediments to productivity growth faced byKenyan firms. The top constraints identified by theKenyan managers were tax rates, access to finance,corruption, security, infrastructure services (electricityand transportation), and business licensing.

Kenya has reduced the corporate tax rates in recentyears. Nevertheless, objective indicators suggest thatthe tax burden in Kenya remains higher than in mostcomparator countries. Although a more detailed analysisof the tax burden in Kenya is recommended, onepotential impact of a high tax regime is higher evasion,as well as the presence of a larger informal sector.

The Challenge of Establishing World ClassUniversities

By Jamil SalmiPrice: US$ 22.00English Paperback 132 pagesPublished February 2009 by World BankISBN: 0-8213-7865-1ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7865-6SKU: 17865

fewer fish to catch, and therefore the cost of findingand catching them is greater than it might be. Second,fleet overcapacity means that the economic benefits offishing are dissipated due to redundant investment andoperating costs. The book stresses that the figure ofUS$ 50 billion represents a conservative estimate, as itexcludes losses to recreational fisheries and marinetourism as well as losses due to illegal fishing.

The Sunken Billions argues that strengthened fishingrights can provide fishers and fishing communities withincentives to operate in an economically efficient andsocially responsible manner. Phasing out subsidiesthat enhance redundant fishing capacity and harvestingeffort will improve efficiency. Greater transparency inallocation of fish resources and greater publicaccountability for fisheries management and health offish stocks will help eco-labeling initiatives to certifysustainable fisheries.

Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present andFuture Poverty

By Ariel Fiszbein andNorbert SchadyPrice: US$ 30.00English Paperback380 pagesPublished February 2009By World BankISBN: 0-8213-7352-8ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7352-1SKU: 17352

Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs aimto reduce poverty by making welfare programsconditional upon the receivers’ actions. That is, thegovernment only transfers the money to persons whomeet certain criteria. These criteria may includeenrolling children into public schools, getting regularcheck-ups at the doctor’s office, receivingvaccinations, or the like. They have been hailed as away of reducing inequality and helping householdsbreak out of a vicious cycle whereby poverty istransmitted from one generation to another. Do theseand other claims make sense? Are they supported bythe available empirical evidence? This volume seeks toanswer these and other related questions. Specifically,it lays out a conceptual framework for thinking aboutthe economic rationale for CCTs; it reviews the veryrich evidence that has accumulated on CCTs; itdiscusses how the conceptual framework and theevidence on impacts should inform the design of CCTprograms in practice; and it discusses how CCTs fitin the context of broader social policies. The authorsshow that there is considerable evidence that CCTshave improved the lives of poor people and argue thatconditional cash transfers have been an effectiveway of redistributing income to the poor. They alsorecognize that even the best-designed and managedCCT cannot fulfill all of the needs of a comprehensivesocial protection system. They therefore need to becomplemented with other interventions, such asworkfare or employment programs, and social pensions.

17

The World Bank in India • May 2009 12 18

Governments are becomingincreasingly aware ofthe important contributionthat high performanceuniversities make tocompetitiveness andeconomic growth. Thisbook explores what are thechallenges involved insetting up globallycompetitive universities,also called “elite”, or“flagship” universities.

Climate Resilient Cities: A Primer on ReducingVulnerabilities to Disasters

By Neeraj Prasad, FedericaRanghieri, Fatima Shah, ZoeTrohanis, Earl Kessler andRavi SinhaPrice: US$ 39.95English Paperback172 pagesPublished February 2009by World BankISBN: 0-8213-7766-3ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7766-6SKU: 17766

Climate Resilient Cities is the first tool of its kind forcity governments to better understand how to planfor climate change impacts and impending naturaldisasters through sound urban planning. It equips localgovernments with information to actively engage intraining, capacity building, and capital investmentprograms that are identified as priorities for buildingsustainable, resilient communities. A step-by-step self-assessment challenges policymakers to think about theresources needed to combat natural disasters throughan innovative “hot spot” risk and vulnerabilityidentification tool.

The Primer is unique from other resources in itstreatment of climate change under a dual-trackapproach that tackles both mitigation (loweringcontributions to greenhouse gases) and adaptation(preparing for impacts of climate change), integrating itwith disaster risk management as part of overall goodurban management practices. It caters to a variety ofcity “types” and is equally relevant to cities that are justbeginning to think about climate change as well asthose that already have well established policies,institutions, and strategies in place. By providing arange of city-level examples of sound practices aroundthe world, it demonstrates that there are many practicalactions that cities can take to build resilience.

Low Carbon, High Growth: Latin AmericanResponses to Climate Change

Edited by Pablo Fajnzylber and John NashPrice: US$ 35.00English Paperback 88 pages

Published February 2009by World BankISBN: 0-8213-7619-5ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7619-5SKU: 17619

There is an increasingconsensus in the scientificcommunity that climatechange is a real and presentthreat. Despite the largeuncertainty on the timing,

magnitude and even the direction of some of thephysical and economic effects of this phenomenon,it is widely accepted that the differences are regionaland that developing countries as well as lower incomepopulations tend to suffer the most. In this context,it is critical for Latin American countries to developstrategies for adapting to the various impacts ofclimate change, and for contributing to global effortsaimed at mitigation.

Climate Change in Latin America contributes to theseefforts by addressing a number of questions related tothe causes and consequences of climate change in thecase of Latin America. What are the likely impacts ofclimate change in the region? Which countries andregions will be most affected? What can governmentsdo to tackle the challenges associated with adapting toclimate change? What role can Latin America play inthe area of climate change mitigation? While the bookdoes not attempt to provide definitive answers to thesequestions, it contributes new information and analysisthat could help to inform the public policy debate onthis important issue.

No Growth without Equity?: Inequality, Interests,and Competition in Mexico

Edited by Michael Waltonand Santiago LevyPrice: US$ 45.00English Paperback452 pagesPublished February 2009by Palgrave Macmillan,World BankISBN: 0-8213-7767-1ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7767-3SKU: 17767

Equity and growth arecentral concerns for

development. They are often treated as separatequestions, both in economic and social analysis anddevelopment policy. This separation is neither goodtheory nor good practice. This book examines therelationship between equity and growth in Mexico.The central thesis is that Mexico’s poor growthperformance of the last twenty five years is intimatelylinked to inequity. Specific inequalities in power,wealth, and status have created and sustainedeconomic institutions and polices that both tend toperpetuate these inequalities and are sources ofinefficiencies and lack of dynamism in the economy.

The World Bank in India • May 2009 13

No Growth without Equity? analyzes this thesis attwo levels: first, exploring the links between inequality,interests, and economic growth; second, providingspecific examples as to how rent-seeking behavior inkey sectors of Mexico’s economy produce inefficienciesthat are a source of low growth and income concentration.Mexico’s growth problem is unlikely to be solved ifthese underlying inequalities are not tackled; this haslarge implications for policy design.

Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Africa

Edited by Kym Andersonand William A. MastersPrice: US$ 39.95English Paperback656 pagesPublished March 2009by World BankISBN: 0-8213-7652-7ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7652-2SKU: 17652

Comprehensive empiricalstudies of the disarray in

world agricultural markets appeared approximately20 years ago. Since then, the Organization for EconomicCo-operation and Development has provided estimateseach year of market distortions in high-incomecountries, but there have been no comparable estimatesfor the world’s developing countries.

This volume is the third in a series that not only fillsthat void for recent years but extends the estimates ina consistent and comparable way back in time’s andprovides analytical narratives for scores of countriesthat shed light on the evolving nature and extent ofpolicy interventions over the past half-century. Thistitle provides an overview of the evolution of distortionsto agricultural incentives caused by price and tradepolicies in the Arab Republic of Egypt plus 20 countriesthat account for about of 90 percent of Sub-SaharanAfrica’s population, farm households, agriculturaloutput, and overall GDP. Sectoral, trade, and exchangerate policies in the region have changed greatly sincethe 1950s, and there have been substantial reformssince the 1980s. Nonetheless, numerous pricedistortions in this region remain, others have beenadded in recent years, and there has also been somebacksliding, such as in Zimbabwe. The new empiricalindicators in these country studies provide a strongevidence based foundation for assessing thesuccesses and failures of the past and for evaluatingpolicy options for the years ahead.

Health Financing and Delivery in Vietnam: LookingForward

By World BankPrice: US$ 25.00English Paperback 184 pagesPublished January 2009 by World BankISBN: 0-8213-7782-5ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7782-6, SKU: 17782

Vietnam’s successes in thehealth sector are legendary.Its rates of infant andunder-five mortality arecomparable to those ofcountries with substantiallyhigher per capita incomes.Vietnam continues to be anover-achiever in the healthsector according to dataassembled in this book.Like other countries,though, Vietnam also faces

challenges in its health system. By internationalstandards, for example, Vietnam has a high incidenceof catastrophic household health spending—a largefraction of households make out-of-pocket paymentsfor health care that exceeds a reasonable fraction oftheir income. To address this and related issues,Vietnam has been extending the breadth of healthinsurance coverage. Questions remain, however, abouthow to further expand coverage, and how to putdownward pressure on health care costs, which arerising rapidly, and upward pressure on the quality ofcare, which some evidence suggests is low. This bookgenerates new evidence and new insights on thesetopics, and sets out some ideas for further reformingVietnam’s health system.

Developing the Workforce, Shaping the Future:Transformation of Madagascar’s Post-basicEducation

By Sajitha BashirPrice: US$ 25.00English Paperback150 pagesPublished February 2009by World BankISBN: 0-8213-7816-3ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7816-8SKU: 17816

With challenges similar tothose faced by a numberof low income countries,

Madagascar faces critical policy choices with respectto post-basic education. Enrolment ratios in seniorsecondary education and tertiary education are 10percent and 3 percent, respectively, among the lowestin the world. Critical skill shortages and pervasiveinequities in access necessitate changes in thequantity and quality of education and skills. Theincreasing number of basic education completers anddemographic growth are mounting pressure on thegovernment to expand access to post-basic education.Responding to these economic and social challenges,the government has made the transformation ofeducation one of the key priorities of the MadagascarAction Plan. However, low domestic revenues andcompeting demands from other sectors, includingbasic education, limit the room for maneuver. Caughtbetween these two pincers, policy makers oftenchoose to sacrifice quality over expanding access or

19

The World Bank in India • May 2009 12 20

rates in SEE are substantially lower than among theEU-8 and the fast growing East Asian economies,which could explain partly the slower economic growthin SEE. Investment levels have started to increase inrecent years in most SEE countries. Private investmenthas been particularly low. Hence, achieving higherinvestment rates and better quality investment posesan important challenge for policy makers in SEE.

The Media and Development: What’s the Story?

By Gareth LocksleyPrice: US$ 15.00English Paperback38 pagesPublished February 2009 byWorld BankISBN: 0-8213-7828-7ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7828-1SKU: 17828

This title demonstratesthe significant actual andpotential contribution of the

media to development which takes several forms.It explains the forces in play that continue to influencethe ever evolving forms and structures of the mediaand introduces a policy agenda for developingcountries and donors that would support the activeparticipation of developing countries in this process tobetter achieve their development goals. The paperaims to increase awareness in the developmentcommunity of the contribution of the media todevelopment and thereby enhance its priority status.

Zambia Health Sector Public Expenditure Review:Accounting for Resources to Improve EffectiveService Coverage

By Oscar Picazo andFeng ZhaoPrice: US$ 25.00English 116 pagesPublished January 2009by World BankISBN: 0-8213-7804-XISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7804-5SKU: 17804

This book examines theperformance of Zambia’shealth sector by using three

analytical techniques. National Health Accountingexercises were performed over a period of five years tounderstand the sources and uses of funds in the healthsystem. A Public Expenditure Tracking and Quality ofService Delivery Survey was undertaken to depict thestate of the health system in terms of resourceallocation, infrastructure, staffing, drugs and othermedical consumables. A modeling exercise wasperformed using the Marginal Budgeting for Bottleneckssoftware to calculate the costs of addressing thebottlenecks in service delivery chains and their impactin reducing maternal and child health illnesses.

are unable to develop a long term vision. The reportprovides a convincing reform scenario for a low incomecountry, with actions to be undertaken in the mediumand long term to sustain the development of post-basiceducation in an environment of limited public resourcesand implementation capacity. Policy makers in otherdeveloping countries will find this report useful togauge their own strategies for post basic education.

Residential Electricity Subsidies in Mexico:Exploring Options for Reform and for Enhancing theImpact on the Poor

By Kristin Komives, Todd M.Johnson, Jonathan Halpern,Jose Luis Aburto and JohnR. ScottPrice: US$ 15.00English Paperback96 pagesPublished February 2009by World BankISBN: 0-8213-7884-8ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7884-7SKU: 17884

Large and growing subsidies to residential consumersin Mexico have become a major policy concern. Thisreport explains the growth of subsidies, the currentdistribution of subsidies across income classes, anduses utility and household survey data to simulate howalternative subsidy mechanisms could improvedistributional and fiscal performance. The goal is tohelp inform discussion in Mexico about how to reducesubsidies and redirect them toward the poor. Thefindings also offer lessons for other countries that areplanning tariff reforms in their electricity sectors.

Investment Matters: The Role and Patterns ofInvestment in Southeast Europe

By Borko HandjiskiPrice: US$ 15.00English Paperback48 pagesPublished February 2009by World BankISBN: 0-8213-7861-9ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7861-8SKU: 17861

The economies ofSoutheast Europe (SEE)

have witnessed significant economic improvementsince the 1990s. Growth was particularly strong in thepast six years, but lower compared to other fastgrowing countries. Investment is a key driver ofimproved economic performance.

This paper looks into private investment trends in SEE,and explores some determinants of private investment,such as the financing sources for investment, thecontribution of foreign direct investment, and the roleof public investment. This report shows that investment

The World Bank in India • May 2009 13

Andhra Pradesh Road Sector Project

Date 27 March 2009Project ID P0096021Report No. IPP346 (Indigenous Peoples Plan

Vol. 1-8)

RP785 (Resettlement Plan Vol. 1-8)

Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply andSanitation Project

Date 26 March 2009Project ID P101650Report No. AC3903 (Integrated Safeguards

Data Sheet)

Fifth Power System Development

Date 02 February 2009Project ID P115566Report No. E2089 (Environmental Assessment)

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban RenewalMission (JNNURM) Institutional Strengtheningand Capacity Building Program Project

Date 20 February 2009Project ID P099979Report No. AC3206 (Integrated Safeguards

Data Sheet)

Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Financingand Development Project

Date 17 March 2009Project ID P102767Report No. 47815 (Integrated Safeguards Data

Sheet)

AB4617 (Project InformationDocument)

Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and MunicipalServices Project

Date 19 February 2009Project ID P071250Report No. E1038 (Environmental Assessment,

Vol. 1-6)

WPS4898Including financial services in preferential tradeagreements: Lessons of international experience forChinaBy Constantinos Stephanou

WPS4897Emerging market fluctuations: What makes thedifference?By Constantino Hevia

WPS4896Does higher openness cause more real exchange ratevolatility?By Cesar Calderon and Megumi Kubota

WPS4895Zooming in: From aggregate volatility to incomedistributionBy Cesar Calderon and Eduardo Levy Yeyati

WPS4894Does tougher import competition foster productquality upgrading?By Ana M. Fernandes and Caroline Paunov

WPS4893Stockpiles of obsolete pesticides and cleanuppriorities: A methodology and application for TunisiaBy Susmita Dasgupta, Craig Meisner and David Wheeler

WPS4892Implications of WTO disciplines for special economiczones in developing countriesBy Stephen Creskoff and Peter Walkenhorst

WPS4891Career placement of skilled migrants in the U.S. labormarket: A dynamic approachBy Ileana Cristina Neagu

India Project Documents

Workshops

Policy Research Working Papers

21

The World Bank and its Knowledge ResourcesFebruary & March 2009 • New Delhi

In February and March, the World Bank’s PublicInformation Centre organized one day events on“The World Bank and its Knowledge Resources” inpartnership with its Depository libraries at the Instituteof Development Studies, Jaipur; Pt. Ravishankar ShuklaUniversity, Raipur; Giri Institute of Development

Studies, Lucknow; Karnataka University, Dharward;and the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi University.

These events, conducted by Ms. HemaBalasubramanian and Ms. Sunita Malhotra fromWorld Bank New Delhi, were to help optimize the usageof World Bank e-resources among faculty and researchstudents.

Latest on the Web

● Development in a Changing Climate

Development Economics launched a new externalblog that focuses on climate change. Authors of theupcoming World Development Report 2010 are usingthe medium to reach out, listen, and create an onlinecommunity of people interested in “Development in aChanging Climate”. The opening post by Justin Lin ison green stimulus packages.

Web link: http://tinyurl.com/d2s6bu

The World Bank in India • May 2009 12 22

WPS4890Enabling conditions for second pillars of pensionsystemsBy Heinz Rudolph and Roberto Rocha

WPS4889Orphanhood and the living arrangements of childrenin sub-saharan AfricaBy Kathleen Beegle, Deon Filmer, Andrew Stokes andLucia Tiererova

WPS4888Informality in Latin America and the CaribbeanBy Norman V. Loayza, Luis Serven and NaotakaSugawara

WPS4887Poverty effects of higher food prices: A globalperspectiveBy Rafael E. De Hoyos and Denis Medvedev

WPS4886Longer-term economic impacts of self-help groupsin IndiaBy Klaus Deininger and Yanyan Liu

WPS4885Determinants of repayment performance in Indianmicro-credit groupsBy Klaus Deininger and Yanyan Liu

WPS4884Economic and social impacts of self-help groups inIndiaBy Klaus Deininger and Yanyan Liu

WPS4883Fertility response to natural disasters: the case ofthree high mortality earthquakesBy Jocelyn E. Finlay

WPS4882Natural resources and reformsBy Mohammad Amin and Simeon Djankov

WPS4881Is low coverage of modern infrastructure servicesin African cities due to lack of demand or lack ofsupply?By Quentin Wodon, Sudeshna Banerjee, AmadouBassirou Diallo and Vivien Foster

WPS4880Trends in household coverage of moderninfrastructure services in AfricaBy Sudeshna Banerjee, Amadou Diallo, Vivien Fosterand Quentin Wodon

WPS4879The performance of decentralized school systems:Evidence from Fey Alegra in VenezuelaBy Hunt Allcott and Daniel E. Ortega

WPS4878Local sources of financing for infrastructure in Africa:A cross-country analysisBy Jacqueline Irving and Astrid Manroth

WPS4877Health investments and economic growth:Macroeconomic evidence and microeconomicfoundationsBy William Jack and Maureen Lewis

WPS4876The performance of Bulgarian food markets duringreformBy Donald F. Larson and Alexander Sarris

WPS4875Economic modeling of income, different types ofcapital and natural disastersBy Anil Markandya and Suzette Pedroso-Galinato

WPS4874Natural disasters and the dynamics of intangible assetsBy Ramon Lopez

WPS4873Small businesses in South Africa: Who outsourcestax compliance work and why?By Jacqueline Coolidge, Domagoj Ilic and GregoryKisunko

WPS4872Multilateral debt relief through the eyes of financialmarketsBy Claudio Raddatz

WPS4871Wage subsidy and labor market flexibility in southAfricaBy Delfin S. Go, Marna Kearney, Vijdan Korman,Sherman Robinson and Karen Thierfelder

WPS4870Professional services and development: A study ofMozambiqueBy Ana Margarida Fernandes and Aaditya Mattoo

WPS4869Firms’ productive performance and the investmentclimate in developing economies: An application toMENA manufacturingBy Tidiane Kinda, Patrick Plane and Marie-AngeVeganzones-Varoudakis

WPS4868Wind power development: Economics and policiesBy G. Cornelis van Kooten and Govinda R. Timilsina

WPS4867A review of regulatory instruments to controlenvironmental externalities from the transport sectorBy Govinda R. Timilsina and Hari B. Dulal

WPS4866Energy demand models for policy formulation: Acomparative study of energy demand modelsBy Subhes C. Bhattacharyya and Govinda R. Timilsina

WPS4865Global distortions to agricultural markets: Newindicators of trade and welfare impacts, 1955 to 2007By Peter J. Lloyd, Johanna L. Croser and KymAnderson

The World Bank in India • May 2009 13

WPS4864How do agricultural policy restrictions to global tradeand welfare differ across commodities?By Peter J. Lloyd, Johanna L. Croser and KymAnderson

WPS4863Fiscal health of selected Indian citiesBy Simanti Bandyopadhyay and M. Govinda Rao

WPS4862Natural disasters and human capital accumulationBy Jesus Crespo Cuaresma

WPS4861The current account as a dynamic portfolio choiceproblemBy Tatiana Didier and Alexandre Lowenkron

WPS4860Long-term financial incentives and investment indaughters: Evidence from conditional cash transfersin north IndiaBy Nistha Sinha and Joanne Yoong

WPS4859Welfare impacts of rural electrification: A case studyfrom BangladeshBy Shahidur R. Khandker, Douglas F. Barnes andHussain A. Samad

WPS4858Poverty decline, agricultural wages, and non-farmemployment in rural India: 1983-2004By Peter Lanjouw and Rinku Murgai

WPS4857Transactional sex as a response to risk in westernKenyaBy Jonathan Robinson and Ethan Yeh

WPS4856Market integration and structural transformation in apoor rural economyBy Mans Soderbom and Bob Rijkers

WPS4855Bidders’ entry and auctioneer’s rejection: Applying adouble selection model to road procurement auctionsBy Antonio Estache and Atsushi Iimi

WPS4854Unbundling infrastructure procurement: Evidencefrom water supply and sewage projectsBy Antonio Estache and Atsushi Iimi

WPS4853Auctions with endogenous participation and qualitythresholds: Evidence from ODA infrastructureprocurementBy Antonio Estache and Atsushi Iimi

WPS4852Transforming natural resource wealth into sustainedgrowth and poverty reduction: A conceptualframework for Sub-Saharan African oil exportingcountriesBy Achille Toto Same

WPS4851Inclusive growth analytics: Framework andapplicationBy Elena Ianchovichina and Susanna Lundstrom

WPS4850The demographic and socio-economic distribution ofexcess mortality during the 1994 genocide in RwandaBy Damien de Walque and Philip Verwimp

WPS4849Global income distribution and poverty in theabsence of agricultural distortionsBy Maurizio Bussolo, Rafael De Hoyos and DenisMedvedev

WPS4848Assessing the impact of political economy factors onrules of origin under NAFTABy Alberto Portugal-Perez

WPS4847No more cutting class? Reducing teacher absenceand providing incentives for performanceBy F. Halsey Rogers and Emiliana Vegas

WPS4846Is there an incipient turnaround in Asia’s “missinggirls” phenomenon?By Monica Das Gupta, Woojin Chung and Li Shuzhuo

WPS4845The impact of EU accession on human capitalformation: Can migration fuel a brain gain?By Emily Farchy

WPS4844Weakly relative povertyBy Martin Ravallion and Shaohua Chen

WPS4843Connecting lagging and leading regions: The role oflabor mobilityBy Somik V. Lall, Christopher Timmins and Shouyue Yu

WPS4842Regulatory reform: Integrating paradigmsBy Augusto de la Torre and Alain Ize

WPS4841What drives firm productivity growth?By Paloma Anos-Casero and Charles Udomsaph

WPS4840The business of product innovation: Internationalempirical evidenceBy Daniel Lederman

WPS4839Determinants of international emergency aid:Humanitarian need only?By Guenther Fink and Silvia Redaelli

WPS4838Local financial development and growthBy Jake Kendall

23

◆ Annamalai UniversityAnnamalainagar

◆ Centre for Studies in SocialSciences Kolkata

◆ Giri Institute of DevelopmentStudies Lucknow

◆ Gokhale Institute of Politicsand Economics Pune

◆ Guru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar

◆ Indian Institute ofManagementAhmedabad

◆ Indian Institute of PublicAdministrationNew Delhi

◆ Institute of DevelopmentStudies Jaipur

◆ Institute of EconomicGrowth New Delhi

◆ Institute of FinancialManagement and ResearchChennai

◆ Institute of Social andEconomic ChangeBangalore

◆ Karnataka UniversityDharwad

◆ Kerala University LibraryThiruvananthapuram

◆ Centre for Economic andSocial Studies Hyderabad

◆ Pt. Ravishankar ShuklaUniversity Raipur

◆ Punjabi UniversityPatiala

◆ University of BombayMumbai

◆ Uttaranchal Academy ofAdministration Nainital

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