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Dnomea of
The World Bank
FOR OMCIL USE ONLY
* e, No. P-3673--LI
r ~o MD 1 _
PR1S T OF TM
IllTENWlON DVBONT ASSOITO
TO THE
EZE:DTVE DIRE1=ORS
OK praposE) CREDIrS or
SDR 4.4 N1=T N PEl IDA
ND
SDR 6.3 MILLMOC PK THE IDA SPEIAL PUND
TO
THE RE PC P or
FOR A
RtRAL WATER SUPPLY PRWOJET
November 17, 1983
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RURAL VA SUPPLY PROJECT
CURNcr EQI S
Carrency Unit = alian Frsac (IF) I/US$1.00 = 1746IF 1.00 = USSO.00134IF 1,000 U USI1.34US$1.00 SDR 0.946
VEIGHTS AID MEASURES
1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 milesI liter (1) = 0.26 US gallonsI cubic meter (=3,= 264 US gallons1 cubic meter/second (=3/s) = 31.5 m'llion cubic meters per year
or 22.8 ;illion US gallons per dayI liter per capita per day (lcd) = 0.26 US gallons per capita per day
ABBREVIATIONS AD ACROBM
AfDB African Development %snkCCE Caisse Centrale de CoopGration EconomiqueDNAPLA Direction Nationale de l'Alphabitisation Fonctionnelle et de la
Linguistique AppliqueeDRME Direction Nationale de lE'lydrauligqe et de l'EzergieFAC Fonds d'Aide et de CoopgrationICB International Competitive BiddingJICA Japan International Cooperation AgencyODIPAC Office de D6veloppement Itegre des Productions Arachidieres et
Ceriali-res0&K Operation and NaintenanceOP Operation PiitsPPF Project Preparation FacilityRvs Rural Vater EipplySADW Saudi Arabian Developnent FundUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
FISCAL YEaR
January 1 - December 31
I/ The NaliaT Franc is tied to the French Franc in the ratio of 1French Franc to MF 100. The French Franc is currently floating.
FOR OMCIAL USE ONLY
MALI
RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
CREDIT AND PROJECT SUNMARY
Borrower: Government of Nali
Amount: SDR 4.4 million (US$4.6 million equivalent) from TDASDR 6.0 million (USS6.3 million equivalent) from the IDASpecial Fund
Terms: Standard
Project The proposed project would assist the Government to improveDescription: living and sanitary conditions in the project area in
Western Mali. About 230 villages would be beneficiaries ofboreholes equipped with handpumps. The project would 3tressvillagers' direct participation from siting of boreholesth-iough construction of waterpoints to operation and mainte-nance. Assmption by villagers of responsibilities formaintenance would be a key ingredient to the success of theproject. The project would strengthen Government'scapability to identify, prepare and manage this type ofproject. The project includes: (a) provision of about 340productive boreholes in Western Nali, (b) supply andinstallation of haudpumps and necessary spare parts, (c)technical assistance, consultancy services and a trainingprogram, and Jd) studies to prepare for a follow-up project.
Benefit The main benefits of the project would be the increasedand Risks: availability of safe drinking water to the population to
satisfy their basic water needs all year round including thedry season. The main risks pertain to the sustainedmaintenance of boreholes and handpumps. To minimise theserisks the project would emphasize village promotion andtraining activities.
Thi docmnent has a resticted ditbution and may be used by reipients only in dt peformance 'thei ofrici dutis. Its conents may not otherwi be dsosed without World BankauthriJ
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Estimated Costs(Excluding Import Duties)
-------US$ million-------Local Foreign Total
(a) Drilling of boreholes and sitepreparation 0.6 3.8 4.4
(b) Supply and installation ofhandpumps 0.1 0.5 0.6
(c) Technical assistance, studies,project management 0.5 2.3 2.8 b/
(d) Additional water points and/orequipments and/or consultantsservices - 0.6 0.6
Base cost 1.2 a/ 7.2 8.4 b/
Physical Contingencies 0.2 0.8 1.0Price contingencies 0.6 1.9 2.5
Total Project Cost 1.9 a/ 10.0 11.9
Financing Plan------- US$ million-
Local Foreign Total %
IDA 0.4 4.2 4.6 39IDA Special Fund 0.5 5.8 6.3 53Government of Mali 0.9 - 0.9 7Beneficiaries 0.1 - 0.1 1
Total Financing 1.9 10.0 11.9 100
Economic Rate of Return: Not quantified. The main benefits of the projectwould be the increased availability of safe drinkingwater to the population to satisfy their basic waterneeds all year round including the dry season. Theproject would initiate important communitydevelopment activities.
Staff Appraisal Report: No. 4402-MLI, dated November 17, 1983
!Nap. IBRD No. 17119
a/ Of which US$0.4 million in fuel taxes.b/ Includes US$1.0 million PPF advance.
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Estimtd
P184 FB5 FE16 FYT F B FM9 190 FM F 192
Awnml
DSk 1.1 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2
ID LSpecinl 3xd 0.1 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4-
nmuatve
DI 1.1 1.5 2.1 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.4 4.'
M1Seci.al Mmd 0.1 0.8 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.8 5.4 5.9 6.3
Total 1.2 2.3 4.1 5.8 7.3 8.6 9.6 10.3 10.9
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMN T ASSOCIATION
REPORT AJD RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENTTO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
ON PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AND SPECIAL FUND CREDITS TOTHE REPUBLIC OF MALI FOR A RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
1. I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed Devel-opment Credit of SDR 4.4 million (US$4.6 million equivalent) and a proposedCredit from the IDA Special Fund of SDR 6..O million (US$6.3 million equiva-lent) on standard IDA terms to the Republic of Mali to help finance a proposedRural Water Supply Project.
PART I - THE ECONOMY I/
2. Two reports entitled "Economic Memorandum on Mali" (3200-MLI) and"Mali-Special Economic Study-Planning Institutions and the 1974-78 Plan"(3333-MLI) were distributed to the Executive Directors on June 30, 1981. Thefollowing paragraphs are based on these reports and the findings of recentWorld Bank and IMF economic missions. Annex I gives country data.
Economic Resources and Constraints
3. Mali has a population of over 7 million inhabitants, in an area of1.24 million square kilometers in the middle of sub-Saharan West Africa. In1982, GNP per capita was only US$180. By almost any measure,. Mali is one ofthe least developed countries in the world, with a subsistence-oriented econ-omy (85 percent of the population depends on the primary sector), dependenceon a few commodity exports, an extremely low rate of domestic savings (minus2.7 percent of GDP in 1982), a high population growth rate (2.8 percent), alow level of education (less than 10 percent adult literacy and a 27 percentprimary enrollment rate), and difficult living conditions that give a lifeexpectancy at birth of only 45 years.
4. Poor physical and underdeveloped human resources, as well as inade-quate economic and social infrastructure, constrain economic growth in Mali inthe short and medium term. Potential for agricultural production is limitedby uncertain rainfall, fragile soils prone to exhaustion and erosion, and lew-yielding, traditional crop and livestock technologies with little scope forintensification. Mineral and energy resources are limited and difficult toexploit. Human resources are underdeveloped, in part because access to basicamenities like clean water, better health care, and educational opportunitiesremains quite limited. There are shortages of skilled workers and experienced
1/ This part has been updated for the President's Report for theSecond Mali Sud Rural Development Project which was distributed to theExecutive Directors on September 15, 1983.
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managers. Transportation and communication are extremely expensive by worldstandards, because Mali is landlocked and internal distances are vast. Theabove factors result in low incomes, small domestic markets, and limitedpotential for industrial development. Finally, Mali is a small open economy,with trade concentrated in a few commodities. Imports and exports togetheramount to more than half of GDP. Cotton and livestock comprise four-fifths ofexports, and petroleum and foodstuffs, one-third of imports. Thus, the coun-try is extremely vulnerable to changes in world prices and declining terms oftrade.
5. Although economic development will be difficult in the short andmedium term, Mali has economic potential that can be developed over the longterm. Malian farmers are among the most proficient in West Africa. Rainfedmaize production could be significantly expanded in the south. Mali has moreirrigated rice land than any other Sahelian country, as well as the largestphysical scope for expanding irrigation. Hydroelectric generating potentialon the Niger and Senegal rivers is significant. Although mineral resourcesremain largely unexplored and unexploited (except for gold), they may offerlonger-term opportunities.
Economic Performance 1960-82
6. The Malian Government has attempted since independence to promoteeconomic growth while trying to improve social equity and raise consumptionfrom very low levels. During 1960-82, annual growth of GNP per capitaaveraged 1.1 percent in constant prices, although annual variations were large.The economic structure has shifted as the agricultural sector has become lessimportant while the services sector has become more so. Although this tend-ency is normal for developing economies, in Mali it also reflects the effectof policies that have shifted resources to the urban sector and to publicconsumption. At the same time, the industrial sector has stagnated despitegovernment efforts to create a modern industrial base. Because of drought anddeclining terms of trade, as well as continuing mistakes in economic manage-ment and poor allocation of public resources, there have been since indepen-dence consistently large and worsening imbalances in public finances and onforeign accounts, with declining domestic savings and growing foreign indebt-edness. While economic and social objectives have been partially achieved,the process has led to severe financial and economic disequilibria that havebeen sustained only by dependence on foreign borrowing and the accumulation ofarrears.
7. Mali's economic history can be divided into four periods (1960-67,1967-74, 1974-80, and 1980-82) based roughly on changes in economic and poli-tical conditions. The changes in economic and financial structure duringthese four periods are indicated in the following tabulation:
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1960 1967 1974 1980 1982 (est)
GDP (US$ millions, current) 273 241 414 1,325 1,028Agriculture (percent GDP) 55 50 35 42 43Industry (percent GDP) 10 13 16 10 10Services (percent GDP) 35 37 49 48 47
Terms of trade index 100 73 58 64 57Gross domestic savings (percent GDP) 9.5 1.3 -19.2 -3.6 -2.7Budget deficit (percent GDP) .. 5.3 3.5 4.0 1.5Resource gap (percent GDP) -4 -16 -33 -20 -20Net foreign assets (US$ millions) 2 1/ -56 -139 -279 -235Long-term foreign debt (US$ millions) .. 269 441 853 1,260Constant GNP growth rate(percent p.a.) 2/ .. 3.4 2.5 8.2 0.4
These figures (as well as the economic indicators in Annex I) illustrate someof the major trends in the Malian economy.
8. Post-independence, 1960-67. The first post-colonial governmentundertook a major program of modernization that included an independent mone-tary system, an ambitious five-year development plan, a program of industria-lization based on state enterprises, and a welfare orientation intended tokeep prices down and to assure consumers an adequate supply of basic commodi-ties. During this period, GDP growth was high in part because of favorableclimatic conditions, but public pricing and investment policies created finan-cial imbalances that could not be sustained. Government budgetary deficitsoften exceeded 5 percent of GDP. By 1967 the resource gap had quadrupled (asa percent of GDP), net foreign assets had turned negative, and the debt ser-vice ratio had risen to 19 percent. The economic crisis led to the signatureof monetary accords with France in early 1967, followed by a 50 percent deval-uation in mid-1967 and reintegration with the franc zone in early 1968. Atthat time, the French Treasury opened an Operations Account for Mali to pro-vide overdraft facilities to support the convertibility of the Mali franc.
9. Economic Reform, the Sahelian Drought, and the Energy Crisis,1967-74. In late 1968, a new government launched an ambitious but pragmaticreform program that proposed to increase official commodity prices and liber-alize private trade--especially in cereals. But the shock of the severeSahelian drought (1968-73), followed by a quintupling of petroleum pricesduring 1972-74, caused economic performance during 1967-74 to be poor, leadingto a decline in the primary sector output and real per capita income. Theseshocks also prevented the new government from carrying out reforms, and eco-nomic policies remained inadequate. For example, low official prices andrestrictive marketing regulations discouraged agricultural production and ledto increased food imports. Recourse to bank credit to finance the mounting
1/ 1962.
2/ Rate is for the period that preceeds the year under which the figureis given.
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losses of state enterprises led to increased external debt. By 1974, theeconomic imbalances--already large 7 years earlier--had either deterioratedor not improved. Domestic dissaving was greater, net foreign assets hadfallen by over 100 percent, and public external debt more than doubled. Theresource gap was also larger although this reflects partly the large inflow offoreign aid to sustain consumption after the 1968-73 drought.
10. Uneven recovery, 1974-80. Compared to the drought years, the sub-sequent period was favored by generally better weather and more foreign aid.There was more rapid growth of GDP, led by agriculture recovering from thedrought. But the severe disequilibria in public finances and externalaccounts inherited from earlier periods were not corrected. Inflation in-creased. Domestic dissavings and the resource gap remained high. The need tofinance increasingly large Government Treasury deficits and growing losses instate enterprises caused short-term foreign liabilities to double. Borrowingsto finance the 1974-78 Development Plan caused external long-term public debtto double as well. Despite a few abortive efforts late in the period, theGoverment did not develop and carry out reforms. Continuing external shocks,like a second jump in petroleum prices, hampered reform efforts, but theavailability of substantial foreign resources also made the imbalances moremanageable and relieved some of the pressures to change policies.
11. New orientations, 1980-82. Faced with both worsening financialdisequilibria and a more restrictive central bank credit policy, the MalianGovernment at the end of 1980 requested technical and financial assistancefrom both the Bank and the IMF to help it formulate and carry out a program ofeconomic reform and adjustment. IDA responded to this request with a US$10.4million Economic Management and Training (EMT) project (Credit No. 1307-MLI).The first assistance was in the field by mid-1981 under Project PreparationFacility financing, and the project was approved in December 1982. The IMFprepared a one-year Standby Program, which was approved for SDR 30.4 millionin May 1982, and a second, 18-month Standby Program is under negotiation. Inconjunction with this assistance, the Government has carried out numerousreforms in the areas of public finances, government employment, education,agriculture, and state enterprises.
12. In public finances, Government has more than halved the budget defi-cit, while also significantly reducing arrears, by increasing receipts fasterthan expenditures. Regarding public employment, Government has reduced re-cruitments and stopped automatic hiring of graduates. The education budgethas been reallocated in favor of basic education. In agriculture, Governmenthas both liberalized markets for coarse grains and groundnuts and substan-tially increased official producer prices. Distortions in retail grainsmarkets have been reduced, as have the financial losses of the state marketingboard. The record for state enterprises is less positive, in part because ofdifficulties in reducing excess employment, but the Government *s exploringmajor restructuring options.
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Development Policies
13. 1981-85 Development Plan. This Plan continues to give priority: towater development for the -ural population, livestock, and irrigation; toagricultural and livestock production for achieving food self-sufficiency, forsupplying an expanded agro-industrial sector, and for increasing commodityexports; to energy development; and to conservation of natural resources--especially forests and pastures. More importantly, the new Plan emphasizesfor the first time the need for policy reforms to re-establish fundamentalfinancial and economic equilibria, notably by balancing the government budget,reducing the balance of payments deficit, reducing the losses of the stateenterprises, reorienting education, controlling recruitment for the CivilService, and increasing local private participation in investments. Develop-ment expenditures propooed by the new Plan are estimated at US$2.2 billion ofwhich US$1.7 billion would be required during the five-year planning period.Foreign sources will be expected to provide over 85 percent of the financing.At the end of 1982, the Government hosted, with UNDP assistance, a DonorsRoundtable Conference to solicit firm donor commitments for Plan financing.Although unsuccessful as a pledging session, the Conference gave the Govern-ment a forum to demonstrate its new receptivity to greater aid coordinationand to reiterate its request for non-incremental recurrent cost financing,estimated at about US$300 million per year to help support policy reforms.
14. Although the stated objectives of the Plan focus fairly well on themajor constraints to economic development in Mali, the link between investmentand objectives is weak. The document is essentially a cataloging of projectsrather than allocation plan for scarce domestic and foreign resources. As aresult, planned investments often appear to be too capital-intensive, undulyfocused on the secondary sector, and oriented towards now projects rather thanrehabilitation of existing assets. The Plan is also overly ambitious; theimplied annual investment level is about 50 percent greater than the plannedlevel for the 1974-80 period, which was itself only half realized. Implemen-tation already appears to be far behind schedule. As in the past, the poorperformance and delays are caused by irsufficient project preparation, poorproject management, inadequate Government counterpart financing, and poorsupporting policies, as well as unrealistic expectations. These problems arelikely to persist, although the Government is increasingly open to a dialoguewith IDA and the IMF on improved resource allocation and investment budgeting.
15. Foreign Aid. Foreign aid finances practically all public investmentin Mali and is therefore critical for promoting future growth. More than halfof this aid is in the form of grants, and almost all the rest is loaned onhighly concessional terms by official aid agencies. Multilateral agenciesprovide about two-fifths of long-term loans. IDA is by far the largest multi-lateral lender, accounting for over half the multilateral loans and for19 percent of total debt committed and outstanding at the end of 1982. Long-term external public debt (about three-fourths of which is disbursed) hasincreased substantially over the last 10 years, although debt levels percapita and as a share of GDP have declined, reflecting the increase in offi-cial grant aid and continued recourse to short-term liabilities drawn on theOperations Account. Actual debt service payments on long-term debt have beenquite modest in the past, and in 1980-81 the debt-service ratio was lower than
in the late 1960s and the early 19703. The debt-service ratio could risesignificantly in the mid to late 1980s, but the Government is in the processof rescheduling several loans. It is expected that this and other measures(converting loans to grants and obtaining special balance of payment financ-ing) will keep the debt-service ratio within manageable proportions.
PART II - WORLD BANK GROUP OPERATIONS IN MALI
16. The proposed credit would be the Association's thirtieth credit ex-tended to Mali (:.ncluding two supplementary credits), which would bring totalcommitments of IDA funds to US$292.2 million equivalent. Of the twenty-nineoperations already approved, eleven have been for agriculture and relatedindustries, eight for transport, two for education, two for telecommunica-tions, two for energy, one each for smallscale industries, urban development,power and water supply, and technical assistance. Agriculture and transporta-tion represent the largest share of past commitments, with 37 and 28 percent,respectively of total commitments. The experience with ongoing operations hasbeen mixed. In general, project implementation has been hampered by Mali'sdifficult public finance situation, although the disbursement profile through1981 for Mali is slightly more rapid than for both the West Africa Region andall IDA countries. In addition, the International Finance Corporation hasmade two investments for a total of US$3.2 million, one in a company manu-facturing bleach and plastic products, and the other in a company processingsheanut butter for export.
17. The Bank Group's strategy in Mali is governed by the constraints andpotentials set out in Part I. The principal objectives of Bank Group assis-tance are to help improve the country's economic policies, to finance produc-tive investments, and to help develop institutions to implement policies andprojects effectively. The scope and pace of IDA's program depends on an on-going assessment of the country's economic management; particularly upon thewillingness and ability of the government to address policy issues and under-take reforms where they are needed.
18. In response to the changed policy climate over the past two years(para. 11), we are devising a flexible program of financial and technicalassistance. While our interventions will continue to be in the form of indi-vidual projects, they will increasingly help promote reform in support of theGovernment's efforts. Already, an economic management and training project,begun last year, provides institutional support and detailed policy analysison which long-term structural reform can be based. The future lending programincludes investment projects in the rural sector, in general and social infra-structure (transport, power, water supply, health, education) that directlyaddress policy and institutional issues--agricultural pricing and marketing,public enterprise reform and public employment policies. Where possible,projects will be closely related, as is the case with the proposed project anda health development project--both cover the same general region and bothsupport each others' activities.
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PART III - THE RURAL WATER SUPPLY SUB-SECTOR
The I.ural Water Supply (RWS) Sub-sector Situation
19. The principal source of water supply in the rural areas in Mali isgroundwater which is generally found in small and discontinuous aquifers, andis generally of good quality and in sufficient quantity to satisfy the needsof individual villages. Annual rainfall ranges from 250 mm to 1,300 mm, andis quite unevenly distributed. In the Sahelian zone, it is common to have a
e dry season of close to 9 months, during which period the traditional dug wellstend to dry up, forcing the villagers to rely on the few remaining contami-nated surface sources (ponds, and small rivers), which ofton involve distancesof several kilometers.
20. Overall, the rural population is highly dispersed, with more than80 percent of the approximately 10,000 villages counting less than 600 resi-dents. About 25 percent of the villages or only about 18 percent of theentire oural population have access to safe water from modern water points,while more than 7,000 villages still have to rely on contaminated water fromthe above mentioned traditional sources. Water consumption estimates aredifficult to establish; it is likely that per capita consumption in the ruralareas of Mali is at the same level as in the general Sahelian context, that isbetween 15-30 liters per capita per day (lcd).
RSW - Sub-sector Organization
21. The main sub-sectoral institution is the Direction Nationale del'Hydraulique et de l'Energie (DNHE) under the State Minister in charge ofIndustry and Equipment, which is responsible for establishing sector policies,investment programs, preparation and execution, as well as supervision ofrural water supply (RWS) projects.
22. A second department within the Ministry in the sector is the Direc-tion Nationale de l'Operation Puits, (OP), the Government agency for open wellconstruction. This department, which is not involved in sector policy, isactive in 17 scattered geographical areas, with a staffing of around 350.OP's programs are financed by the African Development Bank (AfDB), and byseveral donors under RWS components of rural development ojects.
23. The RWS sub-sector, and in particular the borehole programs, havebeen developed almost exclusively with external assistance both as HWS pro-jects and as part of rural development projects. The major programs have beenfinanced by UNDP/UNICEF, HELVETAS (Switzerland), CCCE (France), SADF (Saudi-Arabia), JICA (Japan) and various non-governmental agencies. Each donoragency has, in principle, been assigned its own geographical area, and sepa-rate executing mechanisms under the supervision of DNHE have been set-up.From the mid 1970s, when these programs started following the drought, invest-ments in the order of US$5.5 million per annum have been nxecuted, resultingin approximately 1,600 productive boreholes by mid-I982. New programs underpreparation would increase the drilling activities from currently 700 to about1,000 boreholes per annum. While this would represent a major expansion over
ac-tual levels, it would still be far from sufficient to correspond to theiaceds* Investments of an estix.rited US$150 million (in 1982 prices) or 3 to 4times the present levels over the next 7-8 years in the form of accelerateddrilling programs would be required to achieve the International DrinkingWater Supply and Sanitation Decade goals of supplying water to the entirerural population. It would appear more realistic to expect meeting thesegoals with a delay of at least 5 to 10 years.
RWS Sub-sector Issues
24. Throughout its recent development, the principal issues the sub-sector faced can be summarized as follcws:
(i) lack of rational medium and long-term planning for a coherent overallsector development strategy;
(ii) lack of organizational discipline and coordination between DIHE and OP;
(iii) inadequate budget provisions for planning, construction and super-vision, and for maintenance;
(iv) shortage of qualified national technical personnel; and
(v) insufficient experience in designing RWS projects demonstrated bygt) an absence of promotional campaigns to encourage active villageparticipation including contribution to construction, decisions as totechnical and financial aspects of investments and maLintenance; and(2) absence of cross-sectoral linkages with he.Ilth and general de-"el-opment services.
Sub-sector Policies
25. The lessons from past and ongoing projects have not gone unnoticed bythe Nalian Government and by the donors active in this sub-sector. DNHE, inview of its expanding activities in the RWS sub-sector, has with increasingsupport by the donors, started to cope with the above issues and adopted thefollowing new policy orientation:
(i) Regionalization of programs by limiting the zone of action for eachdrilling unit in order to reduce the cost per well. This policy hasbeen successful and resulted in almost doubling the output of theUNDP/UNICEF projects;
(ii) Financial participation by villagers for both purchase and mainte-nance of handpumps to promote the ownership concept, thus encouragingthe population to actively assume maintenance responsibilities oftheir own investments. Positive results are being gained under theongoing 3 major RWS projects;
(iii) Increased importance of training at the village level to achieveself-sufficiency in maintenance by the villages in the RIS sub-sector;
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(iv) Decentralization of DMHE's RYS project management and improved coor-dination of programs to ensurp flexibility of execution locally andenhance coherent and standardizea approaches to sector and projectissues; and
(v) Closer linkage of water and health aspects in the design and imple-mentation of RWS projects to maximize the synergistic effects.
26. These policies deserve full support by IDA, more so as they refle*-tthe state of art of the RWS situation in the Sahelian countries.
Bank's Lending
27. The RWS sub-sector receives relatively plentiful external assistance,essentially for the development of rural groundwater sources. The proposedproject represents IDA's first free-standing RWS project for Kali, andreflects the Association's lending strategy in the sub-sector which is, overand beyond past involvement in this sub-sector through components of ruraldevelopment projects, focussed on- national strategy development and institu-tion building through (i) promotion of appropriate organizational improvementsin project design, execution, and subsequent operations; and (ii) support ofsub-sector policies, in particular with respect to technical design, benefi-ciaries' participation and cross-sectoral linkages with health. The proposedproject has been pre,ared in close coordination writh a health developmentproject, and it includes direct support to that project (para. 29(i)). TheAssociation is assisting in the development of the urban water supply sub-sector through the water supply component of the llali Power/Water Project (Cr.No. 1282-ltLI) which focuses on the utility's sound institutional development.
PAT IV - THE PROJECT
Background
28. The proposed project was identified in 1980 in parallel with the pro-posed health development project. In October 1980 an advance of USSO.44 millionwas granted under the Project Preparation Facility (PPF) for preparatorystudies. A further advance of USS$O.5r million was granted in August 1983, tofinance construction of a project base, necessary to accelerate project imple-mentation and for advance training of national staff. The project wasappraised in October/November, 1982. Negotiations were held in Washington, inOctober 1983. The Government delegation was headed by the Director of DNEE.A Credit and Project summary is given at the beginning of this report and aStaff Appraisal Report, No. 4402-LIl, dated November 17, 1983, is beingcirculated separately to the Executive Directors. A supplementary projectdata sheet is presented in Annex III.
Project Objectives and Description
29. Together with the proposed health development project, the projectaims at improving living and sanitary conditions in the proj".ct area. Theproposed project's main goals are to:
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(i) supply water for basic human needs in about 215 villages in thedistrict of Kita and 15 villages in the districts of Bafoulabe andKenieba where health centers would be built under the proposedhealth development project;
(ii) set-up an operation and maintenance (0&N) system of the water pointsto ensure availability of spare parts and emphasize maximum self-reliance by villagers; and
(iii) strengthen the capability of DMKE to identify, prepare and manage RiSprojects, as well as provide technical assistance to villagers formaintenance of the handpumps.
30. The project consists of:
(i) provision of about 325 productive boreholes in the district of Kitaduring a four-year drilling campaign, and provision of about 15productive boreholes during the first campaign in the villages in thedistricts of Bafoulabe and Kenieba where health centers would bebuilt;
(ii) installation of about 340 handpunps and supply of necessary replace-ments and spare narts;
(iii) management of the project including: (a) consultant services forproject preparation (financed under the PPF), (b) construction ofProject Nanagement offices, garage and warehouse "Base de Kita -
(financed under the PPF), and (c) technical assistance to DNHE forProject Management including geophysical survey for well siting,promotional activities at the village level as well as supply andoperation of the necessary equipments and vehicles for the DuKE'sfield team;
Civ) consultant services for a mid-project revi-zv (para. 33) andpreparation of a second project in the districts of Bafoulabe antK-enilba; and
(v) construction of additional water points and/or supply and installa-tion of additional equipments and/or additional consultant services,activities to be defined at the time of a mid-project review to becarried out during the third drilling campaign by an independentconsultant, to take advantage of opportunities emerging during thefirst years of implementation.
Project Cost and Financing
31. Total project cost is US$11.9 million including US$0.4 million infuel taxes. US$10.0 million is in foreign exchange. This excludes importduties, which are not applicable. Project costs have been calculated after adetailed analysis of each component based on cost data from similarly orga-nized RWS projects in Sahelian countries, compared with quotations obtainedfor similar works recently tendered in the West African region and take intoaccount the estimated low success rate of drillings in the project area (50
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percent). Base cost is calculated as of end 1982. The average cost of techni-cal assistance (including salary, social charges, international travel, localallowances and company overhead) has been estimated at US$ 7,300 per month.Allowances for physical contingencies on construction works and consultantservices at average rates of 15 percent are provided, and price contingencieshave been included at a rate of 8 percent in 1983, 7.5 percent in 1984, 7percent in 1985, and 6 percent thereafter for foreign exchange components andat a rate of 15 percent in 1983, 12 percent in 1984, and 10 percent thereafterfor local cost components.
32. The proposed IDA Credit of SDR 4.4 million (USS4.6 million) andCredit from the IDA Special Fund of SDR 6.0 million (US$6.3 million) wouldfinance 92 percent of project cost, or 95 percent of project costs net oftaxes. The remaining project costs of US$1.0 million would be covered byXalian counterpart funds, of which US$0.1 million are estimated to be contrib-uted directly from the project beneficiaries.
Project Implementaation
33. DNHE, under the State Ninister in charge of Industry and Equipment,would be responsible for the implementation of the project. Detailed designsand tender documents financed uiLder the PPF, are being .prepared. They will beready by December 1983. For bid evaluation, contract preparation and construc-tion supervision, DME will be assisted by an engineering consultant selectedin accordance with Bank guidelines. The signature of the contract with theconsultants would be a condition of effectiveness (Development Credit Agree-ment (DCA) Section 6.01(c) and Special Fund Credit Agreement (SFCA) Section6.01(d)). It would be important that actual drilling activities start byOctober 1984; the project activities would extend to end 1989. During thethird drilling campaign, DME will employ a qualified and independent con-sultant to carry out a mid-project review and an evaluation of the activitiesto be included in the fourth drilling campaign (DCA and SFCA, Sections 3.09).For training and promotional activities at the village level, DNHE would besupported by the Office de Developpement Integre des Productions Arachidiereset Cerealiares (ODIPAC), an IDA-supported rural extension agency, and theDirection Nationale de l'Alphab&tisation Fonctionnelle et de la LingaistiqueAppliqu6e (DNAFLA), the national functional literacy agency. To this end,DNHE will enter into arrangements with ODIPAC and DNAFLA for this support nolater than 1 April 1984 (DCA and SFCA Sections 3.07). Timing of implementa-tion with the proposed health development project will be closely monitored,in particular the drilling of boreholes for the health centers.
Procurement and Disbursement
34. The contract for the drilling of boreholes would be awarded throughICB procedures in accordance with the IDA Special Fund guidelines. The con-tract for supply and installation of handpumps, as well as other contracts forpossible additional work or equipment would be awarded through ICL proceduresin accordance with IDA guidelines. For the technical assistance and studies,consulting firms would be selected in accordance with procedures acceptable toIDA. The technical assistance contract would cover 95 man-months, and alsothe supply and operation of related vehicles and equipment. No domestic
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preference will apply in contract award, because of the absence of qualifiedlocal contractors and/or suppliers.
35. The proposed Credits would be disbursed as follows:
ID& Credit MD Special Fbnd QCdit%-f % of
Ammmt Edime Aount EendituxeCabego US$ millixm FirSnced DM millim ed
(i) civil uads (Dzllirg of boeboles) - - 5.4 92(ii) Blipurs(m*u*s ansd other
eiuvpimt) 0.7 100 - -(iii) n^zbsserwices and studies 2.2 100 - -
(iv) ReEinng:iiW of the PFFF 1.0 100 - -
(v) Uni1located 0.7 - 0.9 -
Tol1 _4.6 6.3
36. The Government contribution will be paid to a Project Account in sixinstallments. Allocation by the Government for its 1984 fiscal year of MF 110million (USS147,500 equivalent) for the project, establishment of the ProjectAccount, and payment of the first installment of MF 20 million (US$26,500equivalent) would be conditions of effectiveness of the Credits. (DCA Sections3.01(b) and 6.01(a) and (b) and SFCA Sections 3.01(b) and 6.01(a) and (c)).Further installments of NF 90 million, MF 110 million, MP 150 million, MF 190million and MY 90 million (US$121,000 US$S147,500, USS200,000, US$255,000, andUS$S121,000 equivalent) would be paid before the beginning of each drillingcampaign not later than August 31, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1988 respec-tively (DCA and SFCA - Sections 3.01(c)); proceeds of the villagers' contri-bution will also be paid to the Project Account (DCA and SFCA Sections3.01(c)). This account will be managed by the Project Nanager, supervised bythe Director of DNHE, and subject to regular review by Bank staff and anannual external audit (DCA and SFCA Sections 4.01 (b)). Funds will be usedfor payment of the portion of the drilling contract not covered by the IDASpecial Lund Credit, for purchase of cement required for site preparation,spare parts for vehicles as well as some office supplies on the basis of abudget established for each drilling campaign. The budget would be preparedthree months before the beginning of each drilling campaign and reviewed byIDA (DCA and SFCA Sections 3.06).
Affordability and Cost Recovery
37. An important parameter in project design has been the emphasis onminimizing the financial burden on the DNHE's budget. Hence, beneficiarieswill assume the cost of regular pump maintenance, including purchase of spareparts and of repair interventions by the DNHE, estimated at MF 26,500 perwaterpoint in 1982 prices, or almost 45 percent of expected annual operationand maintenance costs.- By project completion, total annual recurrent costsare estimated to be MF 21.5 million per annum in 1982 constant prices, ofwhich DNEE would provide NF 12 million per annum or 9 percent of its 1982 RWS
- 13 -
sub-sector budget. Annual Government counterpart contributions to projectimplementation should serve as an adequate "primer" for budgeting allocationsto DNEE in post-project years. During negotiations the Government gave assur-ances that, after the project implementation period, adequate resources re-flecting these estimated annual maintenance requirements would be provided forin DNHE's annual budget (DCA and SFCA Sections 4.02).
38. Full recovery of capital costs by beneficiaries is not feasible forRWS projects in the Sahelian zone. However, in line with recent Governmentpolicy to encourage rural communities to participate to the extent possible inthe financing of handpumps and to assume greater responsibility in the opera-tion of the subsector, the project aims at partial recovery for handpumps.Thus, prior to installation of the handpump, the villages will be asked to payto the Project Account a contribution of KF 270,000 (US$360), representingabout one-third of the purchase price of the pump and the full cost of thecement necessary for site preparation in 1982 prices. The amount, togetherwith the contribution to operation and maintenance costs, is within theaffordability range of the beneficiaries, and surveys have shown that thewillingness to assure this contribution as well as the necessary expendituresfor subsequent maintenance is very high among the target population. DNHEwill enter into arrangements with each participating village setting out theresponsibilities of each village, including the financial and physical con-tribution in construction, operation and maintenance of water points (DCA andSFCA Sections 3.08).
Project Benefits and Risks
39. The main benefits of the project would be the increased availabilityof safe drinking water in the project area year round. This is expected toresult, in conjunction with the proposed health development project inimproved health among the affected rural population. As a further benefit theproject would promote initiatives of community organization by institu-tionalizing water and health related activities at the village level, thusserving as a vehicle towards further community development. By attempting tomnaxmize the responsibilities of the beneficiaries themselves in organizationand management, and in the financial aspects of those activities, the projectwould also reduce the incremental burden of the nazional budget of DNHE.
40. A major benefit at the regional level will be the installation of anucleus field team of DNHE in the First Administrative Region within theframework of the decentralization policies of the Government for the R1S sub-sector. This field office would remain in place after project completion tocontinue supervision of 0& of the water points, and the execution of futuregeneration RWS projects in that region.
41. The main risks pertain to the sustained maintenance of boreholes andhandpumps. The Sahelian experience has shown that the most promising resultsare reached when a sense of ownership of communal wells is fostered in vill-agers and the responsibility for their maintenance is given to the ruralcommunity. However, given the relative early stages of the RYS sector devel-op=ent and recent adoption of this orientation, many questions related tosustained community motivation to use and maintain the investments, and to the
- 14 -
real impact on health and living conditions remain and can be answered onlyduring actual project implementation. The project consequently emphasizesvillage promotion and training activities. Also, to further reduce this risk,the concept of a "contract' between the Government and the rural communities,will be applied in the project following positive experience from othersimilar rural water supply projects in Mali (para. 38). Still, the ruralcommunities would not be able to solve all their maintenance and repair prob-lems, but will need a viable outside support structure. This will be providedby DNHE with the assistance of ODIPAC and DNAFLA as these agencies havealready established a presence in the project area and are accepted by therural communities.
42. On the technical side, it is possible that the projected success rateof 50 percent might not be attained, leading to higher cost per productiveborehole. However, this success rate is conservative in comparison withcountrywide estimates, which are in the 60 percent range. Meticulous applica-tion of geophysical works prior to drilling as well as improved knowledge ofhydrogeological characteristics during project execution should ensure morepositive results. As to water quality, while an unknown factor at present,this is unlikely to prove of major concern, based on experiences in adjacentRWS program zones with similar geological formations.
PART V - LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY
43. tie Development and Special Fund Credit Agreements between the Repub-lic of Mali and the Association, and the Recommendation of the Committeeprovided for in Article V, Section 1(d) of the Articles of Agreement of theAssociation are being distributed to the Executire Directors separately.
44. Special conditions of the project including conditions of effective-ness are listed in Section III of Annex III.
45. I am satisfied that the proposed Development and Special Fund Creditswill comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Association.
PART VI - RECOMMENDATION
46. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposedDevelopment and Special Fund Credits.
A. W. ClausenPresident
Attachments
Washingzon D. C.,November 17, 1983
BEST COPY AVAILABLE- 15 -
r A B L E 3A PA;E I
KAU - SUCLAL LEIIClATOBS DATA SHEETALL IIUFC ;RUUUS (aLGWND AVURAEs) in
Y?OS? (051 RI CENT ESTIMIAT) lb19,jolb 7RETEl EdICI ZItIUIJCTCOL-K
1 9 6 *,/h 1 9 70 /b ESTLAY-/ AFRICA S. Ui' SAHARAA AFICA S. UF SAHIAADA EuauSAmS. gQ 2)
IUTAL 1240.0 40. 240.0AGMICUilLtulRAL 317.6 317.5 320.5
CEf PM CUPM (CM) 50.0 80.0 190.u 254.6 1L47.9
(KILOGgAS OF COAL EQUIVALENT) 10.0 23.0 31.0 79.8 724.2
POOLAIIO AID VITAL STATISTICSPOPULATION .NID-YEmR (TIoSASDS) 4040.0 5162.0 6881.0URBAN POPULATICO C: OF TOTAL) 11.0 14.9 18.0 19.5 2U.5
POPULATION PROJECTLONSPOPULATION 1S YEW 2000 (mtLLL) 12.1STATIONARY POPULATION (HILL) 44.4YEAR srATIoARY POP. REACIED 2155
POPULATlON UESlITYPER sq. S. 3.3 4.Z 5.4 29.5 56.5MEt Sq. 51. ACKI. LUO 12.7 16.3 20.5 94.1 131.J
POPULAT1ON ACE STRUCTURE (C)0-14 YiS 41.7 44.7 46.7 45.U 45.9
15-6S YES 53.7 5Z.b 50.6 52.1 51.2bS AMD ABOVE Z.b 2.7 2.7 Z.9 2.6
POPULATILCK GaOUWIIStArE (Z)TOTAL Z.1 Z.5 2.6 2.d 2.8URBA 5.2 5.4 4.6 6.Z 5.3
CRUDE BIRDS RATE (PER TIDUS) 49.8 49.1 48.5 47.9 47.bCRtUDE DEALd RATE (PER 1U0US) 26.6 23.8 21.4 19.Z 15.2GROSS REPRODUCTLON RATE 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2
FASILY PLANNINGACCEPTORS ANNUAL (T1OUS) .. ..UsaS (: OF IAfRRIED bWlOn) .. ..
FOD A4D ImlRITIOINDEX OF FOOD PROD. PER CAPITA(1969-71-100) 103.0 100.0 90.0 87.8 95.7
PER CAPITA SUPPLY OFCALORIES (I OF REQUIRENERTS) 91.0 89.0 85.0 8W.0 97.1rAUTEINS (GRAMS PER DAY) 59.0 57.0 55.0 51.2 5b.0OF wIaC ANIMAL AND PULSE 16.0 16.0 14.0/c 18.1 17.2
GULLD (AGES 1-4) DEATd RATE 45.8 39.8 33.2 25.7 23.6
LIFE EXPECt. AT BIRTH (YEARS) 37.2 40.3 44.6 47.4 51.9ISFANST OT. RATE (PER THOOS) 194.7 174.5 152.1 126.5 117.6
ACCESS 10 SAFE WATER (MPOP)TOTAL .. .. 9.0/d 24.7 25.4URBAN .. 29.0 42.07;i 56.8 70.5RUUAL .. .. 3.0/d 18.3 12.3
ACCCSS TO SZCR DISPOSAL(E OF POPULATON)
TOTAL .. 8.0 .. 28.1URBAN .. 63.0 .. 65.7RURAL .. .. .. 21.9
POPULATION PER PRYSICIAN 64130.0 42660.0 22130.0/. 27420.6 12181.6POP. PER NURSING PERSO 471O.O/f.g 2740.0 2380.07W 3456.2 Z292.0POP. PER HOSPITAL BED
TOTAL 1390.0/h 1420.01h 1760.0/c h 1l83.2 1075.4URBS 350.M7A z6uo.d7Th 570.0ol? 360.6 O0.3RURAL 2520.aOf i5&o.dh .. 3177.5 3926.7
ADMI5SSIONS PER HOSPITAL EE ., 27.3 30.5/c
AVERAGE SIZ OF HOUSEHOLDWITAL .. .. 4.8/dURBAN .. ..RURAL .. ..
AVERSGE NO. OF PERSONS/RDCltTOTAL .. ..
URBAN .. ..RURAL .. ..
ACCESS roI ELECT. (2 OF DUELLINGS)TOTAL .. ..
RURAL .. ..
Ld WCOPY AVAILABLE- 16 -
T A 5 L t 3h PAC 2
hIAL.L - SUCIA6 TOR DATA SHUTNSFIMSMZ UNOURF(YL,GUMM AMWRA.1-)
~0ST ra(4ST %E= 8TraUu) lb1-96O~. 191,Jb LOi.w t=Cn HIPLE1 UK1960 IStl5 ESIUU .I7-CA S. OV SAIASA AfICA S. OF SALAA
I00CATZ* 6.ADJUSTD 4N3U=:.r RATIOS
PaIiT;Y: trl 20.0 26.0J 3.9 97.2LUt£ t4.U 30.0 35.07* 73.b 103.1FI=ALE 6.0 16.0 zo.0 51.6 88.5
SatCO : TOTAL L.0 5.u 9.W1e 12.5 1-.2mUE 10L 8.0 13.w lb.7 23.5FEIN" 0.3 2.0 5.74 6 .1 14.2
VOCATLEOJ. (2 OF S=EcOUA) t4.6a 9.3 9.011 7.3 5.2
?qU.'LTEACAES ICAUP1!IA4Y 45.0 40.U 41.0 4.4 42.9SEXOArT 17.0 15.0 .. Z5.L 23.7
AOLT LTMAC? KATE (C) 2.2 .. 0.V/c 36.5 37.1
?ASSUGEa CARSMTOUSAND pop 0.6 O.7 2.111 3.3 t8.8ZBIo RECELVE£RSTHOSAM PoV 2.0 11.6 13.4 45.3 97.5
CELVSTUSAI or .. .. .. 2.2 1B.6;;sArktkE (-DAMu GE%EaL
EMEt-) C1RLAX10t6tMRAt TIIOUSANAD POPULATIOM 02 0.61k .. 4.7 18.2
ClENUM AmLUAL AITTEMAMIWETA, 1.9 o.st *- 1.0 0.6
TOL LA^BOS *mck (MUS) 23M4.0 d853.0 3584.'FERCALE (PEtU A=) 48.1 47.9 4J.- 34.5 36.1AaalCULTUR£ (PEIUE T) 94.0 91.0 72.6 7b.9 5b.8lWAwsT CtaTr) 3.J 4.0 11.7 9.8 17.S
PArTICIPATIO* wA tPcERENT)TOTAL 57.5 55.3 52.1 40.9 37.0MALE 80.6 58.6 53.6 53.0 47.1PERcALE 54.5 52.0 48.. 25.9 27.0
ECOIaC UEP"LNt= SAMa 0.8 0.9 O.v 1.2 1.3
PER=ES OF PRIVA%79 IACGI
dZCIEST S5f Iat5WLD"tIcMEST 5Z 0U HOUSEhlS ....:tOIM 2= or H a ** *riLOWs 200F rOUSEIOLDS ..LOISEST 60 07 IJlSElOLUS .. .........
ESTIMTE ABSU POVEIY INCGNELEv (US0 EA CAPITA)
U .. ... .. 98.olc 165.9 534.2AIAL .. .. . .. O. 40.Q7r 47.4 255.9
ESTImAmaD IeLATZVE rave=T 13011LEVEL (USS POL CAPITA)
UFA" .. .. 4 69.0c 20.8 491.5RIJUL .. .. 37.07T 64.6 165.1
ESTIMTE oP. BELW ABSOLUEpOVEgXY XINcOa LEVEL (Z)
URUI .. .. 27. WI 39.5 RL .. .. 6. 4B.07r 69.0
MOT AVAILABLE. NO APPLICABE
N O t ES
1. group awraaa for each ndicator arm poLatioe-uethcad arltlmtic means. Co'.aag of coaatrl. mon teindicators depends eon ava.1-aMlIt of data and is not ungforo.
/b Unless otberwla notad. cata for 960* rnf-r to any y*a betwia 1959 and 1961: 'at& for 1970' brcma 1-969 and1971; avd data for -Mot Rsact rctimeW betwen 1979 an 19B1.
Ic 1977; Id 1976; /a 1978: If 19362; & Cowrmnt pereonl; 1h Cow naet hoapital establsbudca; 11 1975t; !I notIncluge prvite vocata1 achoola; Ik 1972; 11 1966.
ey 1983
BEST curt AVAILAWLL-17 - fL
trOr 111 Og OF SOCIAL tlOIWUf
lot.i. Olthoojh i datasR dr.-t ZOO CoCttCO tCyfli Jivad too Csdt otbogttotlo .Rod re.o1oM. It Sold CiCC ho OCdd tot tho7 i0 lot ho iotorastloollycooaro. 1blotoocoo oftelc 1oceododdf1.111 ooi conepto Cand by gaitnfwoL maCrIto to S. ltnttiiu Cf. dom. iTh.data CR. neootoioCC 00010 CCb.-nbC rId- ef oootd,Cdicto- tcede, ami bibtCCti.o- cor1t oojor dtfforo-o WOIOCC coetrios
Th. nfor A.". ap ate CI) th. n- toty 'row of the wbjior -a osr asd (2) a cot.7ry sto iLh -Mo bLober Cal -oo Ch- Ito OCCCOy onop of of.-,.r 10C! CcPt for _3Ccb D..-' Oil IfapoLPRto grop Smot 'iUldt Iocaa Pergh Aric. nod 014db foot-Co chow. hRcoo of omiroqorf aCclC.Itwllo
iftcto . to ho rofoo-. cro do"tb. rooooo or ppott. n ighs tst orlthtkt -e for mic toictor nod .1boa COIN who. oJrlt of CM- cosocrioC ICRh.opto do-te fo chat Coirtr.ic Cho ooooo of o,oiro tooo C IRtoaar .oPo..o oc th. -vat1stLtY of dOCO CSd Co Rat cofr . tlntm - ho
aaseloaad to rotetle aerftg o Rofda iLCotC to Rootoot. IIOC onefoda oro only oCaf.l to apsrLqg the wba. of 00 LedLctto Ct C tio -C the maCtry CSd
AftA ftosdo.OIffjtyf~tlf t - toiLoC d1elda. ty asb.r tof prothclog,T oo jroaI on iC-ft- .IS r0 a CoICCtAtio 00 fttt -otto .- o C -adis rola soripto
STO as iom dr.foLete p.rtirto IoRoo - ftpoltioo 41.1d40 by otRaor of protICotprloli-oCil - ACoBCtoato ofoolooL-&o am and taupotariy or -oraoti Cob1ta oS oot omat P,oCootC .oo prci.tl eo.. Cod
for Crow. PooMoto. oathet .04 khtttbo ad,eno to 21o fo[lo.: 1060. wrtgCCarlttCoiTo as iam dat. oPR:o.loricforFuIoCLe had - toe. C O., . r.r. -'fpmc.iotio (local.
Mrao zo el dIoodby 00rrootn noo -f epICaI bodeCyrPo CFlS r!!lAfl - Ci? pot -pit.o rotCoto t teote -abot itLo. oooltahl to potlit sod PrIot. Co soptaiod opttol .odI
-ki.ulat.d by_. tooooCC sothod Co eid Rank itl.o ttifI M!.. ootlte1 motor.. vIiopitret- .tl Miot po,oaobtty taftfd19*0. 19ff. ad ROt d-ta b CLootC UtnrCo ttbliohaom prooiico "rioipotty r.ot.dol
mI-Ir aonyiictO Cf Ta u.lopmo c-.-I LpCo. of COOICCC .. oital --ooter i..m ooooi ot.) fblC bya b. io I bs ha odtpCand ooro cos n tnt.ptoo. eoa a.-1 05 bydt-.; oolo aooat.ore. e-ftf. ott.I--itho forLII- in-folo Cctd- arCnoC
190. 1010. COd ito.l data. Crbom b-orItea ntod t-.iCs rrCocriooa booriieo. ood -ural
4Cm. fieo heaploal. OCoidmid y the o rofhd..
diifone delellCo f nt orooto oforo ceporobILIty of dot ft_c
P.-Lti-M ;WZow- Co_tro pePolCt, roeolee n oa - 10S 0d theI oot enaoI. A beaSer or Iodgr my or my tot ho intlsod1 to
I~torjjflntb,O0
O ad toeod etol nortolity a f totit th hoooel orptloico orol
lo.aoa-iof &Lfo opotlanty at hint IM:rooolo -ilt -o.try'o pot af P.tiC pC a O i tC.settL otp* oooioreie ne. eo. . foote .ItI. Cup.ctmy atotItCino at 77-l dwlioo PrCroli1. Dmmeitoon eootodo eo-pinaaac twt.. asd
-fr.It oato- for fertilty It. .100 boe thro Lodo Cotodp-Ct.-Po.b doLml i. Eontlily -- toI.tog Co-oo Laeo -1 pat faoiiy itoot lcttir(orcto otie - tota. obo.oi tn
pbaIncprfiote Oat -owoty to the a.oCooo Co of toooo Cia CafnotoC dnrittoo otto olottfct 0LIno oortroCoponoeobbootia ef C-rtatty and tort kitty t-nd. for frojotlto pirpOo. of 1.t.1. on,and rura imitilogo rooootool.
otTOtir naee t~C.eOt It. 10ictote mi of. tod fotito a aos.oto s!CotnCn
too ae.oortie ofCo.rPicoo ltmtf macly. Clo o_tatteat enritow of oI Coo at to frLoCy tool a portentgo Cf ropettlcnonlCtc. ,- I C 1-toot1 - th boo. tt the prj .- _ tooro prloat athe-oaC roorttCl e ly 1ot1Co chtidro Soo C.!tiotic of the -popwtala CO tho pFa 200o. as the -- t of do11t of pon hot scoted F-t dtfft=nt tonotbo of friary Sweat.: er.
toot otP-fteor Wtlto onto t orS tto CInCO mm. . .& Wirtn erobrtm ora-o the offici nrool toopo-oeoto oio _Ll.t rortd. -toctodeyr I paool -ttl a ami final - otd .sor acedr
For00 ho I-otpopit9a teepo eooot bLitaio (100 bmtoro) of poocido go--ra -osieol. OR, to ttor Crai Ln toar-Iioo for1i!F; Ot. l97O. Mr lOGO dota- popIIo -wIy of 17 Co 17 P-t of ag; rtepooo u r
eoly; 1000 1970 004 00 dora. ttotimol nrllooet Comoost of .tmdan-l - oCiltotal ootit.oi.
rocaatio no tratoct retoolf hto!dta 10-lb yoet. -orIarooe (ii- boL-Io t.- lc L LCari. orobrprg flb tpmcot tIoodh Cpa.! adrtio It5 pr.- ad marl a .t.oo f old-yer mtl 'I, dooo moto Motos tyotitttioa..
PpopIlsio;: ,1900. 1970, ad 1961 data. NplI2-to -to I - rrt"r.40an Icy-TtL R-dnoonoidIftoolotio troh 0.00 1 r.rit -tote! - .no gt C rtof -- m! oti. prer O oay 1-mC loda byotr.o oahr Co th n.
30Cr peOotLttoO in ICO-'C. 100-f 0. aod 1970.43. rep5l( loo.rtoatto GroC Rate totros - orto - Mm.! groth Alo f f Mottbrrot boornool -- itMto(,to Suits tahia t r aod a
fof-Lom too i050'tml 109.70 R0 1070-A.01 PO_Nwlo .C Cole Sioo peloolotio age 1) jar. -aS rCrmd. sit- ole. (po rheooit -n i ho hirth. per themmoo of old
peo poooIaoe; i1e lu9 o loOtda.mzrzCrod Daol Saee (pot ttonot - 1ma datta for C-o- and of old prfes-rma Cart Iprtm d toIoiattm - Peatongo tot coPfto 000*
ppotiI; 00. 107, 161daa can lottg ea 00roolP-ro; ooidna eblsoo Meoa.-..d ' Moo.oo of daabor - nlborC niltar btotRcas.
-Lm.UIjhooitpttdI heoyrtoa rendgoooltiRdo oor (nor Chno. !pgIatlm - Alltp.1roeeo for tdL.fetlt -.ro ooLty fr_-yo.r -,caoo Mlog to 19*0. 1YlO. oC acdooot
5oealpbfl PIt thootod ofpW ito;tten o
foil. tiomeoad rotLeor in oeotio -d to yoor S.o- .lotratfa of Mdt.patIo lootIo - ftorroo. at,.! ltheodo)- Mmala- moto of octber ct an to offoci; data fer -ott Ps.- ooy heb o:=rI.o stot ant
Mtttt..toldgco dr not Mf oot-o fatly plool.o eosrtoooale ittotogI.progra MV tactn foot thoodrpottIC) - TO rCoier for hbod-it Co
toote flootn - loor (000. r ofnrtto p-n - orcaar _tarII gonrlpot o htui oeC.;oldoC -ol -o.5 TV rotooormao ofttiid.tr mu o !o S 1-& ?--fohP o ltt-tml. dm100 to t. omoioio .od 10 p-rn .10 regotl-t of 7TO t siiffal.
o _oorid moom 'COe.go.Wo, nor Ml CtcIstoI tttoodopoat.o M.teat
boo 0 oo rduot t ptCtoti:L bO-7f-ft0) - ode. of pot t-pi. p..bLImattoi doocd pra-ilLy to r-trdimis g-rta nw- It to .toidoedao.- P, prfttt of Ott fad; cadSoto_ frootlo eooo oo Ran Co to oit If It oPPoe. at io.t foot La, a soo.food ad is=am-d-r pa biaoo. -Ettieomtre priory gado C.at. Coa Penal wtoieotr (stt 11-ada -1o mCO or Cff
oqarato nota of ogo) mithb -t odibl aCd .- cCt.l orei (n..Rt-oeoddtn toya.Itiot odatosito le dnin-Co.1 Ia ocoEffi a' to oe al d). gtgoopdoooteo of ant ooor to Cbilo otaheetd m miatfono orC ptSoo prin alghtt; lOS1-ti. 1070. sod list
oPo.-. o5 1oi. to-tok. uIt oppiio. oclodo atei foot oa.ed0 oprbo 1000. tOf0 Cot 1001 d.to.-aaCiti oobIad pretolte. ad looa C dItlttietb. Loot Mo3ot - v""el toter feto p-ntwg of toal iLet, fotee
ooooranto wre ottotodby rio heood a thyetIootcIl -a.d forono-elotr .rot -- I bor tfoc Co faimo. fonotty Omooin .oacotrtty Cas -od 1b om tdote aoteaooiCotteo body otgobta.feto00prnmgof to al oe ferm 10*. L.f ad10 C..
.W ond -eo -i1twbMl of pepobotta. aaid -. oatogI p0.0m forot mfIt(etol-To font to mining.c -nt ltb.. ooaorrath-otld LIo-. 1001-4. 1070 emI 1OU data ad ietrILity. atri ad Co Prroootaoo. of Iota!ibo forte IM*.
pat owc I. ooca po vIay.. Stopt ffo i- . italoo -RO abmo Notitoto lRe rrol-tot o,a oee-tttloi
1I.ooit.nt for ail forta atabloted by USDA proefrsat ctid.oaooOnptd0 Iota! 0v C maCo. RaS faolo lbabr form atoloooo of 00 oa of total rotelo po May -ad w grin of attoal RIN poroao of total, od gntfoLa popeLeltgo of alt. ao. ropotcttoiy:polo 9 otot.ofSch It lta nhoa!d ho aCbi- protI.. lfhao tOte. 1070. ad 1i01 dole. IM1. Ca Mad" a lla fftteipotlao tiacaoleodard an bot ch.. cheo of 751 oai of tot.! protale 0d 2) gre rofiorte Ce-no otrtr of Cho yopeLotn. ad wto ta in.-tod. aof aisel p -tt -o acro for th -att. -propoo by WAD10 Coat foe ottooaar fro. ooI,-1mrt.T'hir7dt:nit1 Fadttny O-I 1970 ad 1080 dam.U-.Ctoit Peoonor ai hoi of fpotatlo. ador [S and hI ad at W
data. 104! htSfla-tEff.lO197
no atnp f- 7 0
~C. teoiio t ton ne;frnO dooelop Otos iho 0portt P-et-- 20 P.-Mii. ad P-ooo 40 paron of!CetLr. data dottoo fto lft limb= ;1000o i901 eS lOt! dan. banaboido.
Enuif I fOOfOl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~aTT TilCT! COOPSUST- tooooc .tIot wn -- ar-00 nt of -sa. nfl li. o-Uttt Slfa Kf o ore -oy opp-tot no-to of potrt I-I.. Rad
ot bIrth; 10*0. t970 Cod tOOl dale. ohomli ho Iototpttod *0th moalder:atto coctob -- Ln-b. -asa.Infoot MtCsl11tto gt (et, tlbo-odl - MAn! datho of ofeot. order0 folttotd PhtotMto tmotrIfeIee CS)-rtoLto) - orbeas ton -
~co.oof Sfe Mtt Corcoo of etalst -90 tent .. wrha o r..to otiiolyCooaofa p--i oCCteloofo rI.qt .t
r tP-oP"o L---o. ot.- 0 -C rot) ott _.e.oteaneo oafC o tffrdbl.N
1ottaoted -tr 0h 00 that fon pratef.0 led ethoioo. aplf,ad tao eainpovrybo101i .- ttdo rnoptcpt-1it.n odIn) soportolgn rofait r-n.pntttropop-tato. Mn .o ponoaiino of tIb toe . that 1.0 to dWrtoed f to th. n-oI
otto. -00 C poticft t sel or otdpo.t Iootad at a-r rio 200 .ole ion, wIth odioot.ntt for tioar mat of 1toIng Co orh Co,(to o hmIo- op to fooodora aM `otChwtbl coono"tl Ctane. of CostKeiooPowtlhowColt ortlrabwl1tt.)-ota
Mooo. to wtoi sta r.o.ooobo omas n.14 taly that the boo".otf Cr- mototomopoototrss-rtt) - oiit.- roo. f nun heohoLd do aRt Mt-t opnid o dtoVpRopotiomst port OfpIto day to totobta C t fotirn. woCC OnOe
Fnoo!- batt of Pepto Ctot * ctCadroC dofo by mrldtp .io. p-rtooo of tbolc ratpettt -fobalC .Ctrt ditaP"o
mPy toIolSt.rh cloti,o ad -doa l etth or ottinC t-orooot0
of Otonta Sotiol 1W. Ot.tiohno etol and ta-rCear by adtor-tb-o yatoo -* tC - of 0it 9-atol Malyoto .S P-toeltaaa pfteptiotao -ad totla totlst..ty 1003
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
-18- ANNEX IPage 4
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT IN 1982 /1/ ANNUAL COHPOUND RATE OF GROWTH (S constant pricea) /2/
US$ Mln. S 1960-67 1967-74 1974-80 198Q-82
GAP at Market Prices 1045.9 100.0 3.4 2.5 8.2 0.4Gross Domestic Investment 171.6 16.4 6.1 -2.1 8.7 -3.8Gross National Saving -25.8 -2.5 -2.3 /3/Current Account Balance /f/ -198.7 -19.0 -15.5 -6.6 -1.2 22.6 /5/Exports of Goods, NFS 188.7 18.0 12.0 -2.8 11.6 -14.9 /5/rmports of Goods, NFS 389.7 37.3 13.7 4.9 6.2 -6.5 /5/
OUTPUT, LABOR FORCE AND PRODUCTIVITY IN 1982 /6/
Value Added Labor Foree V.A. Per Worker03$ Mis S His$ i
Agriculture 445.6 42.6 2.7 73.0 165.0 56.8Industry 107.7 10.3 0.4 12.0 269.3 92.7Services 492.6 47.1 0.5 15.0 985.2 339.1
Total/Average 1045.9 100.0 3.6 100.0 290.5 1OO.D
GOVERNMENT FINANCE /7/General Government Central Government
(MF Bln.) I of GDP /8/ (MF Bln.) S of GDP1982 1982 1979-81 1982 1982 1979-81
Current Receipts 101.1 15.0 14.8 78.4 11.6 11.4Current Expenditures t11.0 16.4 18.8 88.3 13.1 14.6Current Surplus -9.9 -1.5 -4.1 -9.9 -1.5 -3.2Capital Expenditures 6.8 1.0External Assistance (net) /9/ 142.5 21.1 16.4
MONEY, CREDIT AND PRICES /10/ 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1982 1983(Bln HF Outstanding end-period) January January
Money and Quasi-Money 103.0 120.2 125.6 129.4 144.6 134.3 151.7Bank Credit to Government 101.8 110.1 111.9 123.1 151.8 124.4 154.1Bank Credit to Economy 131.6 152.2 164.0 1T4.8 190.0 178.8 197.0(or which State Enterprises) (71.9) (89.2) C104.6) (110.7) (116.8) (1O7.1) (120.1)
Money and Quasi-Money CS GDP) 24.3 23.1 22.1 21.3 21.4General Price Index I11f 100.0 110.8 121.0 134.3 116.1
Annual percentage change in
General Price Index 9.7 10.8 9.2 11.0 8.8Bank Credit to Government 7.8 0.2 1.6 1D.O 23.3Bank Credit to Economy 22.8 15.7 7.B 6.6 8.7
(of which State Enterprises) (11.6) C24.1) (17.3) (5.3) (5.5)
NOrES: All conversions to US$ are at the average exchange rate prevailing during the perlod covered.Not available indicated by I..'
/1/ GNP estimate for 1982 based on current growth rates from IMF and 1980 GCP value from EPD NationalAccounts data. All other components are estimates from IMF Staff Report, August 1983.
/2/ DIP growth rate calculated by tht least-squares methOd, *all other growth rates using end points./3/ Gross National Saving turned negative in 1974, making calculation of a growth rate impossible./4/ Growth rate calculated from Resource Gap, not Current Balance. A negative sign irdicates a growing defiCit./5/ Growth rates calculated on the basis or constant SDR s./6/ Labor Force from World Development Report 1983; these figures actually represent the 1980 labor force.
Bank estimates of value added by sector are not yet available. These figures were calculated by assumingthat between 1981 and 1982 the sectors changed (relatively to one another) as noted in the IHF Staff Report.These relative changes were applied to 1981 Bank's sectoral breakdown and scaled to sum to GNP.
/7/ From INF RED, August, 1983, and Capital Expenditure from the Malian Budget, 1982./8/ 1982 GDP estimate from IMF Staff Report, August, 1983./9/ Provisional estimates of net foreign borrowing from DRS and of gr,ants from IMF RED, August, 1983.
Grants include food aid, project aid and budgetary aid./10/ All data from TIN International Financial Statistics Yearbook./11/ GDP deflator. This is a composite series using deflators from EPD National Accounts data until 1980
and thereafter calculating the index by using percentage changes from IHF Staff Report to make thedeflators compatible with national accounts figures used.
August 29, 1983
BEST COPY AVAILABLEANNEX I-109 - Page 5
TRADE PAYMENTS AND CAPITAL FLOWS
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS MERCHANDISE EXPORTS, FOB (AVERAGE 1980-822 /5/
1980 ¶981 1982 US$ Min Smillions US$
Cotton and Producta 74.4 44.5Exports of goods. NFS /1/ 262.4 200.4 188.7 Livestock End Produots 55.9 33.5Imports or goods. NFS /1/ 579.0 447.0 389.7 Groundnuts and Products 5.3 3.2Resource gap (deficit=-) -316.6 -246.6 -201.0 Fish (dried and smoked) 2.3 1.4
All other comoditien 29.2 17.5Faector Payments (net) /1/ -16.3 -29.3 -26.5Private Transfers (net) /1/ 33.1 29.6 28.8 Total 167.1 100.0
Balance on Current Account -299.8 -246.3 -198.7 EXTERNAL DEBT, Dec. 31, 1982 IS/ U Hln8
Government Transfers (net) /1/ 146.0 129.7 93.1HNT Capital (net) /2/ 121.2 92.9 Public Debt, lncl. guaranteed 1260.3
Receipts 128.7 106.1 (of which disbursed) (825.2)(of which public debt) (117.1) (94.9)Payments 10.9 10.5 .. DEBT SERVICE RATIO for 1982 /61 (of which public debt) (6.4) (7.3)
Public Debt, incl. Guaranteed 5.2Other Items -31.2 -16.5Ineresae in Reserves /21 -1.4 -7.2
IBRDtIDA LENDING 1982 (Million US$) /6/Gross Reserves /3/ 25.6 24.9Net Reserves /3/ 25.6 24.9 IBRD IDADeficit on Operations
Account /4/ -279.2 -238.5 .. Outstanding and Disbursed 0.0 153.8Undisbursed 0.0 91.t7
Imports of Petroleum /S/ 82.8 73.2 69.4 Outstanding and Undisburned 0.0 245.5Imports of Foodstuffs /5/ 78.8 83.7 61.6
RATE OF EXCHANGE /3/
U5$ 1.00 = HF 422.6 543.46 657.24HF 100 = US$ 0.24 0.18 0.15
(As of MaY 1983t US$ 1.00 = MF 743.01MF 100 = US$ 0.13)
NOTES: For Balance of Pyi-ents consistent, reliable estimates for 1932 are not currently available.I1/ From IMF RED, August 193./2/ From IMF Balance of Payeents Tearbooks. HLT Capital Net' is not equal to the difference between
Receipts mnd Paylents because Net Use of Fund Credit is included in the net figure but in not Includedin the gross figures. Net Use of Fund Credit is excluded from Total Changes ln Reserves.
/3/ From IMF international Financial Statistics./4/ From CEN, June, 1981, and IMF Staff Report. August 16, 1983./5/ From a1E RED, November 9, 1981, and IMF RED, August, 1933. Imports of Foodstuffs does not include
Food Aid./6/ From DRS Table 2, provisional for 1982. Debt service ratio is the retio of debt service to exports
or goods and non-factor services.
August 29. 1983
BEST COPY AVAILABLE - 20
THU TATU OP ANK ROUP QPURTIO,% IN KALI.A. StteIIO lt o IDA t*di as t Sertembe
30,L 1983
A* ent ofrIDA r edibts C af Ml
Asount
Crefit IDA Fiscal
ID Undisbu
d
umber ea? ""'Cal_-¶US$
Mi. U---
78.9
RWelYO Credite fully disbursed
78 o 9
1975~~~~~~~~~1.
0.73
38 llI 1i975 Lvestock
13.3 1.69
538-ULI 1977 Nali-Sud ulicultural
10.5 0.59
6693_1DI 1977 Railay III
.10.0
o.28
7 i3-XI 1978 BEducai IoI
1.°5 0.74
753-EL 1978 )topti Rice Sac15
853-MEI 1979 Tec.ti.cl A¶ss: ace
4. 4
854-MLI 1979 Teftt
12.0 4.23
986I 1980 tUlr tTrLYa0l SeoOtt De,6lOPm's
17.0 1/ 8.84 2/
9143-]EI 1981 In&dusra eco
3 .7 IT7 W.5 I
,13 4EL 19,8 Read Maintenc U eo
6.5 T/ l* 1-5 21
i174-Xl 1982 e r l u ODIPA Testancea
13.5 TI 12.215
113-EI 1982 Secod Teoa s
24.0 11 20.75_/
ii74]KLI 1982 Second Tl maain
101.4 TI 9.28 ~
I282-IEI 1983 Water/POwe?tadTriil
T 5
12o72-ILI 198 c3onomic ftaIagement audfTraining 7.6 T .12
1307-3LI 19834 Biorss AC l adi4ery
fCi Y .28 2254-90 81.14
1403-IqLI
1~~~~~~~~~~1.36of Which has been reya
253
Total now held by IDA*Total diebursed
*> Prior to eIchauge adjustltii computed alt the rate Of theappoa SDates
1/ Computed at the 9/30/83 rate of $1 SDR 1.05
3/ Not yet effective
ULIJI9 UVU I nINIlLnULLI
- 21
Annex IIpage 2
B. State6eut of IFC InVeStReSts as at Septemb?r 30, 1983
Asount nsbre
Lon Year Borrower' PurposO
of Loan ? Ulnd_-b___403-KLI ¶978 Soeiete Nsaindou
Sada Dlallo et 1.ils Bleach andPlasticProducts
0.6 0.0
612-14L1 1982 Societe Industrielle heanut butterde Kisrite du Kali, S.A. for export 1.9 0.5 0.
- 22 -Annex IIIPage 1
KALI
RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
Supplementary Project Data Sheet
Section I: Timetable of Key Events
(A) Project Preparation Nissions: 1981, 1982(B) Appraisal Mission: October 1982(C) Date of Completion of Negotiations: October 1983MD) Planned Date of Effectiveness: April 1984
Section II: Special IDA Implementation Action
None
Section III: Special Conditions
A. Conditions of Credit Effectiveness:
(i) The Borrower shall cause DNEE to enter into a contract with anengineering consultant to assist in the management of theproject and provide technical assistance to the DDEE fieldteam on terms and conditions acceptable to IDA (para. 33);
(ii) The Borrower shall cause DNIE to establish one Project Accountfor:
(a) all funds resulting out of the villagers' initialcontribution to the project, as well as their paymentfor recurrent costs (spare parts, etc.);
(b) all other funds necessary for Project Management(para. 36);
(iii) The Government will allocate for its 1984 fiscal year MP 110million (US$167,500 equivalent) for the Project and depositinto the Project Account MP 20 million (US$26,500 equivalent)(para. 36);
B. Other Conditions:
(i) The Borrower shall cause DNHE to enter into arrangements withODIPAC and DNAFLA as to their operational support not laterthan I April, 1984 (para. 33);
- 23 -
Anr-ex IIIPage 2
(ii) The Borrower shall eaploy or cause DNHE to employ during thethird drilling campaion an independent consultant on terms andconditions satisfactory to IDA to carry out an evaluation ofthe activities to be included in the fourth drilling campaignand submit a program of such activities for review andapproval by IDA not later than three months before the end ofthe third drilling campaign (para. 33);
(Liii) The Government will pay into the Project Account i-stallmentsof MF 90 million, XF 110 million, MF 150 million, MP 190million and HF 90 million (US$121,000, US$147,500, US$200,000,US$255,000 and US$S1-1,000 equivalent) not later thanAugust 31, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1988 respectively(para. 36);
(iv) The Borrower will allocate after the project implementationperiod, adequate resources reflecting the estimated annualmaintenance requirements (para. 37);
(v) The Borrower shall cause DNHE to enter into arrauemenets witheach participating village to set up the responsibilities ofeach village including the financial and physical contributionin construction, operation and maintenance of the water points(para. 38).
lo'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
M A UR I r A NI A/ ~~~~~~~AM AL I
/: ¢ _ _ \ !._ _ _, RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
>, ' NIORO f' Abr-
r I * \.\_ tlIMANC / 4 % v ProtcI onwo bour(a*ry
*+v x,\ C.jfOIJ ,VI Moan N -e z I \ / i prpiplis orno(appioomalely 300A ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~I(ptoduclive bor.hoIies
>,,,,< 2 < 8\ 1J / / \* - \ / I * rIherlh centersI riupnd wiIhborshole,)
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0 8 \5X1;1*oli1 \<; 12,n / S /XO>_ l
~~ ....- ' R.o 4'N D;
| , FtiJABE () Ro,omnl CommO,Ilr,cI h.cw rllto
SENEGAL _ boundar)K K
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Y~~~~~~~~~~~~~ nI,n21n2 r a.j,AInr,oER i
3u n I I
RAMAXOMALG U I N E A <.J8s,
*\ s.t,<;^a,4, ....... 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MAURIT^4ANIA-
X '1 ,',-.,,- ......
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hal ba.b.S ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~VOL TA 0JIIIA
rrIlw-§ a, t 10O . __. . t GUINEA -3_-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~14.
