WORKSHOP: Protecting Florida from Dengue and …mosquito.ifas.ufl.edu/Workshop/Documents/Dengue_Workshop...WORKSHOP: Protecting Florida from Dengue and Chikungunya through Control

WORKSHOP:Protecting Florida from Dengue and

Chikungunya through Control of Aedes aegyptiand Aedes albopictus

June 3-4, 2014

THE FLORIDA MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LABORATORYUniversity of Florida IFAS

Vero Beach, Florida

Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory

Chikungunya virus


Dengue virus

Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus

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2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

DENGUE TRANSMISSION IN FLORIDA 2009-2014

DENV-2

DENV-3


DENGUE IN THE CARIBBEAN BASIN - 2013


Prevalence of Dengue: Florida vs. Singapore


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

INC

IDEN

CE/1

00

,00

0

YEAR

Singapore

Key West

Rio

79th Annual Meeting of the Florida Mosquito Control Association

2007

Jacksonville Florida


SYMPOSIUM

CHIKUNGUNYA: Is this on the horizon for Florida?

• Chikungunya outbreak in the Indian Ocean (Walter Tabachnick)

• Chikungunya on an island off the coast of Kenya: impact on the health of the global community and potential development of an early warning system in the U. S. (Ken Linthicum)

• Chikungunya in Florida: what to expect if it arrives (Jon Day)

• Florida response capabilities to a Florida Chikungunya outbreak (C. Roxanne Connelly)

Symposium Presentations



St. Martin (French) – 3220 8907Martinique – 27670 7088Saint Barthélemy – 7267 7018Guadeloupe – 18000 3843Dominica – 1817 2613St. Martaan (Neth) - 343 700Dominican Republic – 32500 314Anguilla – 33 205British Virgin Islands - 7 90French Guyana – 178 69Haiti – 5500 56St. Kitts – 20 39Aruba – 1 1

Chikungunya Cases

as of May, 2014

Ca. 95,000 Cases

CHIKUNGUNYA IN THE CARIBBEAN – 2013-2014

Cases/100,000


0.00

1500.00

3000.00

4500.00

6000.00

7500.00

9000.00

Cases/1

00,0

00

CHICKUNGUNYA - Caribbean

Dec 2013 - May 2014

• Dengue - 23 Cases– Travel History – Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe,

Honduras, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Venezuela

– Florida Counties – Alachua, Broward, Clay, Hillsborough, Marion, Miami-Dade, Orange, Osceola, Seminole

– DENV Serotypes – 1(5), 2(6), 3(1), 4(3), 1&2(1)

• Chikungunya – 10 Cases– Travel History - Dominica, Dominican Republic, Haiti (6), Martinique (2).

– Florida Counties - Hillsborough (2), Miami-Dade (5), Palm Beach, Pasco.

Florida Dengue and Chikungunya -2014Imported Cases


How do we predict risks?

How do we mitigate risks?


Risk Assessment Risk Management

Surveillance Mosquito-Pathogen

Biology

Mosquito

Control Strategies

Public Health

Interventions


Mosquito Control

FL DOH

Mosquito Control and FL DOH

Beach

Attendees represent

• ca. 75% of Florida’s

population

• ca. 90% of the total

of Florida Mosquito

Control budgets

• 32 Florida Counties

• 25 FL MCD’s

• 17 FL DOH



June 3-4, 2014


Vero Beach, Florida


Natural History and Ecology of Aedes

aegypti and Aedes albopictus

with Special Reference to Florida

P Lounibos, Univ. of Florida,

Florida Medical Entomology Lab

Part I: Invasion Biology &

Competitive Displacement

Part II: Natural History &

Ecology of Life Stages in Florida

Part III: A Resurgence of

A. aegypti in Florida?

Enserink. 2008. Science

Major range expansion of Aedes albopictus

occurred in the past 40 years from Asia

1985

1985

1991

1991

These two species both frequent container habitats provided by

humans and, as adults, mate in association with host-seeking

Decline of A. aegypti after the arrival of A. albopictus in Florida

1986 & 1987

1988

1989

1990

Distribution of A. albopictus from 1986 to 1994

Modified from O’Meara et al. 1995

Lake city

Gainesville

Ocala

Leesburg

ApopkaOrlando

Kissimmee

St. Cloud

Yeehaw JunctionOkeechobee

1991

1992

1993

1994

Spread on Route 441 of A. albopictus and decline of A. aegypti

Surveillance in south Florida cemeteries since 1990 documented

rapid displacement and led to testing hypotheses

of proposed mechanisms

Patterns of exclusion and co-existence in south Florida

cemeteries (modified ex Lounibos et al. 2010 An. Entomol. Soc. Am.)

Larval densities, leaf litter, and species were manipulated in experiments

in tires and plastic cups in Vero Beach, Florida and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Auto salvage yards harbor sympatric A. albopictus and A. aegypti

in south Florida

Evidence of interspecific mating

among field-collected females

Sperm from Spermathecae

Collection

Site

Species Mean No.

(SE) Per Coll

A.aegypti A.

albopictus

Totals

M& K Auto aegypti 73.4 (18.7) 85 0 85

(n=7) albopictus 161.0(60.0) 1 71 72

Belle Glade aegypti 67.5(2.5) 82 3 85

(n=2) albopictus 411.5(170.5) 1 61 62

Totals 169 135 304

Sperm extracted from field-collected females

and DNA amplified

Ex: Tripet et al. (2011) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.

Hypothesis: Male accessory gland (MAG) products

of A. albopictus asymmetrically sterilize A. aegypti

Experiment:

1. Inject MAG homogenates from conspecific or

heterospecific males into unmated females of both

species.

2. Allow post-injection females access to conspecific

males in cages.

3. Assess insemination rates by spermathecal

dissections

Science 156: 1499-1501 (1967)

Results (Tripet et al. [2011] AJTMH 85) confirmed that the sterilizing effects

of MAG extracts are asymmetric in their interspecific effects

Factors contributing to competitive displacement andsegregation of Aedes aegypti by Aedes albopictus

U

N

F

A

V

O

R

A

B

L

E

C

L

I

M

A

T

E

HABITAT

SEGREGATION

ARRIVAL &ESTABLISHMENT

1985

albopictus& aegypti

aegypti(resident)

albopictus(invader)

+

-

L ARVAL

COMPETITION

SAT YRIZ ATION

30° N

25° N

L

A

T

I

T

U

D

E

rural

suburban

urban

Natural History &


• Eggs:

A. albopictus

A. aegypti

Desiccation-resistance of aedine

eggs influences what habitats may be

colonized. All species shown

(3 included as ‘forest’) belong to the

subgenus Stegomyia. Numbers refer

to different geographic strains. (ex:

Sota & Mogi 1992. Oecologia 90:353-358)

Aedes eggs, laid on tongue depressors

Depressors with eggs

of each species in a

screened vase

2 weeks. 4 weeks. 2 weeks 4 weeks

% H

atc

h (

SE

)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

A. aegypti

A. albopictus

2001

2006

Weeks of Exposure

***

******

**

Lounibos et al. 2010 An. Entomol. Soc. Am.

Hightmax, tmean

Lowrhmin

Hig

hrh

ma

x, rh

me

an

Factor 1

-4 -2 0 2 4

Facto

r 2

-4

-2

0

2

4

MANOVA for 2001 Microclimate PCs:

Effect DF Pillai’s Trace F P

Cemetery 15,54 2.046 7.72 <0.001

Type 3,16 0.923 64.16 <0.001

A. aegypti

persists

Lounibos et al. 2010 An. Entomol. Soc. Am.

14L : 10D 21oC 10L : 14D

Assay eggs for diapause

Short-day (diapause) eggs survive south Florida

winter better than long-day (non-diapause) eggs

Ex Lounibos et al. 2011 JAMCA 27: 433-436

Quiescence and Diapause in Aedine Eggs

• Quiescence = inactivity owing to unfavorable

environment

- flooding, especially with deoxygenated water,

stimulates hatch

- conditioning influences hatchability

Diapause eggs will not hatch with flooding alone,

and require reactivation (=diapause termination)

- obligate state in univoltine species

- facultative in temperate, multivoltine species

0

500

1000

1500

2000

urban suburban rural

num

be

r o

f m

osq

.

WPB

BR

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1500

2000

urban suburban rural

num

be

r o

f m

osq.

WPB

BR

A. aegypti

A. albopictus

Habitat Segregation in South Florida Ovitraps

!

!

Ex Braks et al. 2003 J. Med Entomol

40: 785-794.

Ex Rey et al. (2006) J. Med Entomol. 43:1134-1141

Ovitrap abundances of the two species in three south Florida counties

were associated in opposite directions to compound habitat variables

quantified from aerial images

Florida Keys

2002-09

Aedes aegypti

FMEL Treeholes

1991-2003

Both species

occur throughout

the year in south

Florida

Ex Hribar

& Whiteside

(2010)

Ex Lounibos

& Escher (2008)

Natural History &


Aquatic Stages:

Container Habitats Producing A. aegypti Pupae in the Florida Keys

Ex Hribar & Whiteside (2010)

Stud Dipteralog 17:237-251

Ex Lounibos et al. (2003) Ecol. Entomol. 28

1

2

S1

S2

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

% S

urv

iva

l A

. a

lbo

pic

tus

Wyeomyia

Litter+

- +

-

Litter

Wyeomyia

Litter x Wyeomyia

6.68*

25.95***

4.57(ns)

F-stats

Aedes albopictus

(invasive)

Aedes triseriatus

(native)

Ecological homologs

co-occurring in eastern USA

Dipterous predators in Florida treeholes preferentially

consume A. albopictus over A. triseriatus

T. rutilus IV consuming

Aedes sp. IV instar

C. appendiculata IV

consuming Aedes sp. II

Prediction – multigeneration

field experiment –

(open to immigration):

C. appendiculata will reduce

the invasability of naturally

exposed tires by A. albopictus

and facilitate coexistence

with A. triseriatus

Containers & Setting: Golf cart tires with sieved

tire water and 2.0 g oak leaves, arranged in

groups of four at eight random sites in hammock

Treatments (4):

- control (no added macroinvertebrates)

- 100 I A. triseriatus

- 100 I A. triseriatus + 2 IV C. appendiculata

- 100 I A. triseriatus + 8 IV C. appendiculata

Census every nine days, adding supplementary A. triseriatus Is and C. appendiculata IVs

Repeat in summers of 2005 & 2006

2006

Days of observation

Mean

A. a

lbo

pic

tus

pe

r ti

re (

S

E)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Control

Competitor

Low Predator (2)

High Predator (8)

9 18 27

Both low and moderate-density predator treatments suppressed

colonization of tires by A. albopictus (Juliano et al. 2010 Oecologia)

0

10

20

30

40

50

CONTROL COMPETITOR LOW PRED. HIGH PRED.

Treatment

Ae

de

s a

lbo

pic

tus

eg

gs

2005

2006

Juliano et al. 2010 Oecologia 162

Natural History &


Adults:

What are the bloodmeal hosts of these species in nature?

Blood Meal Analyses of Wild-caught Aedes

aegypti

Location Dominant Host Reference

Kenya Reptiles McClelland & Weitz 1963

Thailand Humans Ponlawat & Harrington 2005

USA (Hawaii) Humans Tempelis et al. 1970

USA (PR) Humans Scott et al. 2000

Uganda Rodents McClelland & Weitz 1963

Blood Meal Analyses of Wild-caught Aedes

albopictus

Location Dominant Host Reference

Brazil Humans, cows Gomes et al. 2003

Spain Humans Muňnoz et al. 2011

Thailand Humans Ponlawat & Harrington 2005

USA (Hawaii) Humans Tempelis et al. 1970

USA (Illinois) Rabbits & Rats Niebylski et al. 1994

USA (Missouri) Rabbits Savage et al. 1993

Evidence for Multiple Blood Meals

per Gonotrophic Cycle Based on

Dissections of Biting Females

% of A. albopictus

with eggs:

Thailand 19% (n=2341)

Singapore 8% (n=631)

Kenya data from Trpis &

Hausermann 1986

Thai data from

Gould et al. (1970);

Singapore from

Chan (1971)

Jones, 1981, Physiol. Entomol. 6

Activity Rhythms of Female Aedes aegypti:

Dispersal of gravid A. aegypti, marked with Rb, in Rio de Janeiro

Ex Honorio et al. 2003 Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz 98

Dispersal of gravid A. albopictus, marked with Rb, in Rio de Janeiro

Ex Honorio et al. 2003 Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz 98

In experiments in outdoor cages, Rey & O’Connell (2014) found

both skip oviposition and laying eggs on the water surface to be

more common in A. aegypti than A. albopictus

AFTER ~20 YR OF ABSENCE, A. AEGYPTI RECENTLY DETECTED

IN THREE SUBURBAN-RURAL SOUTH FLORIDA CEMETERIES

Part III: Will Satyr-resistant Aedes aegypti Recover in Florida?

Krigeddistribution of Ae. aegypti

0% transparency

Color intensity internally consistent within sampling period

Reiskind & Lounibos 2012

Med. Vet. Entomol.

SSix parallel collecting transects established from

the coast to inland in Palm Beach County, Florida

Six Year Comparison

Interpolated landscapes compared between sampling periods ( brown = preponderance of A. albopictus, blue = preponderance of A. aegypti)

20132006-07

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

% A

ed

es a

egy

pti

(n

=6 s

ites

)

Kilometer from Coast

Mean % A. aegypti in 2013

Mean % A. aegypti in 2006 & 2007

NS

NS

NS

NS

p<0.009

Paired T-tests on proportion A. aegypti (df=5)Courtesy M. Reiskind NCSU

Selected References

Christophers SR. 1960. Aedes aegypti (L.) The Yellow Fever Mosquito. Its Life History,

Bionomics and Structure. Cambridge University Press, UK.

Hawley WA. 1988. The biology of Aedes albopictus. Journal of the

American Mosquito Control Association 4 (Supplement #1): 1-39.

Silver, JB. 2008. Mosquito Ecology. (3rd edition). Springer, NY



June 3-4, 2014


Vero Beach, Florida


Development of pilot programs

for dengue prevention

Gary G. Clark, Ph.D.

Mosquito and Fly Research Unit

CMAVE, ARS, USDA

Gainesville, Florida

Presentation topics

World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for Integrated Vector Management (IVM)

Methods of vector control

CDC evaluations

COMBI (COMmunication for Behavioral Impact)

Status of dengue vaccines

Improved vector control tools

WHO/HTM/NTD/DEN/2009.1

Integrated Vector Management (IVM)*

• Advocacy, social mobilization and legislation

• Collaboration within health and other sectors

(vector-borne disease control programs)

• Integration of non-chemical and chemical

vector control methods

• Evidence-based decision-making (adapt

interventions to local vector ecology)

• Capacity building (train staff to manage IVM

programs based on the local situation)

* Promoted by the World Health Organization

Methods of vector control*

1. Environmental management (actions to

control immature Aedes aegypti).

• Improved water supply and water

storage systems

• Mosquito-proof water-storage containers

• Solid waste disposal

• Street cleansing

• Building structures (remove roof gutters)

* Promoted by the World Health Organization

Methods of vector control cont.

2. Chemical control: larvicides (complementary

to environmental management and

recommended by WHO)

• Organophosphates- Temephos* and

Pirimiphos-methyl

• Insect Growth Regulators- Diflubenzuron,

Methoprene*, Novaluron, and Pyriproxyfen*

• Biopesticides- Bacillus thuringiensis var.

israelensis* and Spinosad

* WHO-approved to treat potable water

Water storage tanks

Production sites for Aedes aegypti

Production sites for Aedes aegypti

Discarded tires

Methods of vector control cont.

2. Chemical control: adulticides (applied as

residual surface treatments or as space

treatments; perifocal treatment = effects

of both a larvicide and an adulticide)

• Insecticide susceptibility, droplet size,

application rate, and indoor penetration (open

doors and windows) are crucial to efficacy

• Ground applications should be focused on

areas where people congregate (high density

housing, schools, etc.)

Adulticides cont.

• In emergencies, treatments should be

carried out every 2-3 days for 10 days

• Space sprays recommended for

emergency use during an ongoing

epidemic*

• With resources, emergency space

spraying can be initiated at the same time

that source reduction and larviciding are

intensified

“* No well-documented example of the effectiveness of

this approach interrupting an epidemic.” WHO, 2009.

Insecticides used as cold aerosols or

thermal fogs

• Organophosphates- Fenitrothion,

Malathion, and Pirimiphos-methyl

• Pyrethroids- Bioresmethrin, Cyfluthrin,

Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin,

Deltamethrin, D-Phenothrin, Etofenprox,

Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Permethrin and

Resmethrin

CDC evaluations of emergency

control tools in Puerto Rico

• Ground ULV applications versus Aedes aegypti

• C-130 (Hercules transporter) with USAF Reserve Unit from Columbus, OH

• US Navy (DVECC = NECE) with PAU-9 from Jacksonville Naval Air Station, FL

• Wild mosquitoes susceptible to naled(Dibrom 14) and the insecticide reached the ground but did not penetrate houses

• Limited, transitory impact on wild population

Ground ULV application

in San Juan, Puerto Rico

Ground ULV application

WHO/CDS/CPE/PVC/2001.1

Aerial application of naled with USAF’s C-130

over San Juan, Puerto Rico

US Navy’s PAU-9 unit

(no longer in the DoD inventory)

Aerial application of naled

with PAU-9 over San Juan, Puerto Rico

Indoor application with thermal fog unit

in Cuba

Indoor application with portable ULV unit

in Panama City, Panama

Biological Control

Introduction of organisms that prey

upon, parasitize, compete to reduce

populations of the target species.

• Larvivorous (native species) fish used

to eliminate larvae from large

containers used to store potable

water in many countries.

• Predatory copepods have been

effective in eliminating dengue

vectors in Viet Nam for several years.

Individual and household protection

• Clothing for protection against dengue vectors

• Repellents (DEET, IR 3535 or picaridin) for

the skin or clothing

• Household insecticide aerosol products,

mosquito coils, or insecticide vaporizers

reduce biting activity

• Window and door screens and air

conditioning also reduce biting activity

Communication for Behavioral

Impact (COMBI)

• COMBI is a methodology to plan

communication and social mobilization

activities in support of a public health

program

• COMBI focuses on measuring

changes in specific behaviors, not

just changes in knowledge or attitudes

If a dengue program is not working

very well, communications and

COMBI will not be successful!

COMBI Guide

WHO/CDS/WMC/2004.2

The 3 COMBI principles

1. Identify key, specific behavioral

objectives linked to dengue prevention

and control objectives

2. Conduct a situational analysis to define

the behavioral and communication

objectives as part of the formative

research activities

3. Develop a strategic communications

(COMBI) plan that includes evaluation of

behavior change

Integratedvector

management

Epidemiological surveillance

Communications

(COMBI)

Laboratory

Patient care

Environment

Panamerican

Health

Organization

Dengue vaccines

• High levels of country interest –prevention and vaccines

• Low levels of awareness about dengue vaccine development in the “vaccine community”

• Effective vaccine must be tetravalent (4 viruses)

• A number of candidates – ‘strong pipeline’ in different stages of evaluation

Dengue vaccines

• Field testing of an attenuated tetravalent

vaccine currently underway

• 5 companies soon to enter human trials

• No licensed vaccine at present - some

projections for a licensed vaccine in 2015

• Vector control continues to be the key to

dengue prevention and will still be

needed (e.g., YF and JE vaccines)

Towards improved vector control tools*

• Insecticide-treated materials (ITMs)

• Deployed as bed nets, window curtains,

and long-lasting insecticidal fabric covers

for domestic water storage containers can

reduce vector densities to low levels

• Curtains were well-accepted in Mexico and

Venezuela by the community and

reinforced for controlling mosquitoes and

household pests

* Not sufficiently field-tested to be recommended

by the WHO as public health interventions

Improved vector control tools cont.

• Lethal ovitraps

1. Ovitraps used for surveillance have

an insecticide incorporated on the

oviposition substrate (= lethal ovitrap)

2. Autocidal trap allows oviposition but

prevents adult emergence

3. Sticky trap “traps” females that land

on it

• Population densities reduced with large

numbers of frequently-changed traps.

Success in Singapore and Brazil.

Increasing Concern at WHO

• Published “Global Strategy for

Dengue Prevention and Control

(2012-2020)”

• Challenges:

• Surveillance/diagnostics

• Case management

• How to sustain vector control (need

political will)

• Post-vaccine availability (still need

vector control)

Provided to workshop participants

From the “WHO Global Strategy

for Dengue Prevention and

Control 2012-2020*”

“An effective response is based:

(1)on well-developed contingency

plans

(2)that are broadly disseminated

(3)and thoroughly understood

(4) and pre-tested before an

epidemic.”

* Page 13

The Tool Box*

Diagnostics

Integrated Vector Control

Case Management

Vaccines

Surveillance Education

Dengue Control

Primary

Prevention

Secondary

Prevention

* Courtesy CDC

Children’s Museum

in San Juan, Puerto Rico

First museum in the Caribbean specifically

designed for children (established 1993)

Hands-on exhibit with live mosquitoes in typical

larval habitats

Provided annual training for facilitators

Developed video describing dengue and prevention

Modified exhibit in 1997 to create a laboratory

Funded by San Juan Rotary and Rotary Intl.

Continuing strong in 2013; 24,000 visitors!

Children’s Museum Exhibit



June 3-4, 2014


Vero Beach, Florida


Surveillance of Aedes aegyptiand Ae. albopictus

Daniel L. Kline

Mosquito and Fly Research Unit

USDA-ARS, CMAVE

Gainesville, FL

Why Surveillance?

• Entomological surveillance is used to determine changes in the geographical distribution and density of the vector, evaluate control programs, obtain relative measurements of the vector population over time and facilitate appropriate and timely decisions regarding interventions. It may also serve to identify areas of high-density infestation or periods of population increase. A number of methods are available; the objective of this talk is to direct participants towards known resources.

Peridomestic Mosquito Surveillance in Florida

• Surveillance of peridomestic mosquito species has NOT been a focus of most Florida Mosquito Control Districts/Programs.

• However, there are literature references, websites, and other developing resources to guide the development of a successful peridomestic surveillance program.

Resources

• Focks, D.A. 2003. A review of entomological sampling methods and indicators for dengue vectors, WHO TDR/IDE/Den/03.1

• 2014. Website set up by Rutgers University with lessons learned during a 5 year USDA sponsored Area Wide Asian Tiger Mosquito program.

• March 2014: The Governing Board of the Florida Mosquito Control Association created an ad hoc working group to address Aedes aegypti/albopictus as it relates to possible dengue and chikungunya virus transmission in Florida.

Ad hoc committee on Dengue/ChikungunyaVector Management and Response

• Overall objective is to provide guidance to Florida mosquito control districts/programs on urban Aedesaegypti/albopictus management.

• Working group is being co-chaired by Jim Cilek and FMCA President, Neil Wilkinson. Four broad categories will be addressed by the group: surveillance, control, education, and administrative/agency response.

• Current committee members are Jim McNelly, Dan Kline, Roxanne Connelly, Peter Connelly, Chris Lesser and Joel Jacobson.

Surveillance Standard Operating Procedures Have Been Sent Out for Review

• SOP 1---Peridomestic container survey

• SOP 2---Ovijar survey procedure

• SOP 3---Peridomestic adult surveillance

Standard Operating Procedure (SOP-1): Peridomestic Container Survey

• Overall Methodology

– Initially, grid area or neighborhood to aid in surveying and documenting location of containers and prioritize areas for control.

– Identify “super producers,” i.e. sites with a multitude of potential production sites such as cemeteries, salvage yards, boat yards, etc.

– Coordinate with other entities with related responsibilities (e.g. code enforcement). Some of these entities are already actively tracking sites, such as illegal tire dump sites.

Specific Methods for peridomesticcontainer and immature surveillance

• House to House Surveys: determine if, what type, and number of containers per residential unit contain larvae and pupae to get quantitative abundance data in neighborhoods.

• Pupal Surveys: (# pupae per type of container or # pupae per house). Pupal productivity in containers is the most important parameter to determine because this is a closer estimate of adult production from that habitat.

Container Surveys

Numbers of Containers per house

Number of albos per trap

<VALUE>

1.006565213 - 5

5.000000001 - 10

10.00000001 - 15

15.00000001 - 20

20.00000001 - 25

25.00000001 - 30

30.00000001 - 40

40.00000001 - 50

50.00000001 - 100

April August

Site receiving education only

Quantitative Indices

• Baseline determination of immature abundance.

• Provide a tool to track population changes over time

• Examples

– Container Index: # positive containers/total containers surveyed

– Breteau Index: # positive containers/100 houses surveyed

Larval Surveillance

Larval Surveys(1) Look at container preference/productivity

(2) Rural to urban differences

Standard Operating Procedure (SOP-2): Ovijar Survey Procedure

• Jars/ovitraps---Many types available. Filled ca. ¾ full with water or infusion; seed germination paper or wooden tongue depressor “roughened” to facilitate egg laying.

• Placement---Rutgers ATM website recommends 1-4/city block; no less than 30 m apart so that they do not interact with each other. Place in shady spots.

• Sampling frequency---check at least once per week.

• Evaluation---count eggs (identify to species if you can) or alternatively hatch eggs and rear to 4th instar larvae and identify using the taxonomic key of Darsie and Morris (2003)

• Operational note: In Italy, Carrieri et al. (2012) estimated that 44 Ae. albopictus eggs/ovijar was the epidemic threshold for chikungunya outbreaks.

Egg Surveillance

Ovitrapping

Tiger Tubes

Tiger Tubes

Comparison of 3 Ovitraps

Tiger Tube LBJ

Green Vase

top 162 106 228

no top 493 442 316

TOTAL 655 548 514

Photos by Pete Obenauer

DATE HEATED UNHEATED Δ⁰F

06/06/12 442 346 2.4

06/13/12 124 17 broken

06/20/12 321 131 7.7

06/29/12 408 238 broken

07/05/12 246 148 4.9

07/12/12 186 44 4.6

07/18/12 198 281 5.6

07/25/12 753 245 12.1

08/02/12 451 720 11.0

08/08/12 514 382 broken

08/15/12 914 465 broken

08/24/12 1252 726 4.1

08/29/12 632 156 3.3

09/05/12 401 454 broken

09/13/12 875 97 6.9

09/20/12 1142 455 2.0

10/03/12 867 252 1.0

10/10/12 309 36 3.4

10/24/12 376 193 7.3

10/31/12 168 44 19..4

11/07/12 30 4 15.2

TOTAL 10,601 5,434

SOP 3: Adult Mosquito Surveillance

• Sticky ovitrap survey

• BG Sentinel(BGS) trap survey

Adult Surveillance

Landing/Biting Counts• A technique which has

fallen into some disfavor due to the risk of exposing individuals to disease agents.

WHAT KIND OF TRAPS SHOULD BE USED?

NEW JERSEY LIGHT TRAP

CDC TYPE TRAPS

Standard CDC

Style Light

Trap

Updraft CDC

Style Light

Trap

Updraft UV

Trap No CO2

Aedes albopictus is not readily attracted to traditional light traps (Chan 1985a, 1985b).

Sticky Ovitrap Surveys

• Used in Australia by Scott Ritchie– Operational Note: Threshold >2 females/ovitrap

indicated increased risk of dengue transmission with Ae. aegypti in Australia (Ritchie et al. 2004).

• CDC Autocidal Gravid Ovitrap (AGO)– Uses a black 5-gal bucket with a sticky sheet inside a

tube in the bucket.

– AGO sticky traps can be left in the field without replacing the adhesive for 6-8 weeks. Traps are currently not commercially available.

Assembling Instructions

CDC-AGO trapAutocidal gravid ovitrap

Trap components

A. ¾” black polypropylene netting (Industrial Netting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) covering the entrance of the trap to exclude the entry of larger debris or organisms

B. 3.8 l black, polyethylene cylinder that serves as the trap entrance (12.8 cm diameter) and capture chamber

C. Sticky surface covering the interior of the capture chamber that is made of a black styrene cylinder (16 cm diameter); the inner surface is coated with 155 g / m2

of a non-setting, polybutylene adhesive (32UVR, Atlantic Paste & Glue Co. Inc. Brooklyn, New York, USA)

D. Screen barrier at the bottom of the capture chamber to prevent adult mosquitoes from reaching the infusion or prevents any mosquito emerging from the infusion to escape from the trap

E. Black pail lid

F. Black polyethylene pail (5 gal.)

G. Micro-drainage holes to allow excess infusion to drain from the trap

H. 10 l of water

I. 30 g hay packet (do not use alfalfa orleguminosae)

Place the trap in a place where you can comfortably inspect its contents

Take the rubber band and top net off

Pick the trapped mosquitoes using a needle or forceps and place each specimen on a paper towel – by species (e.g., Aedes aegypti, Culex spp.)

Usually, there is no need to remove other insects (if there are too many,change the sticky board). Mosquitoes need to be removed so you do not count them twice

With practice, you will be able to separate mosquitoes by species and sex. You may want to use magnifiers if needed.

Put the net and rubber band back on and place the trap where it was.

Adult Surveillance

• BioGents Sentinel Trap Survey

– Current commercial version (available through BioQuip) has a white outside casing; will adequately assess adult populations when baited with BG lure.

– An experimental version of the same trap design with black outside casing and white top was better than the commercial all white casing for attracting Ae. aegypti.

Adult Survey With BGS Traps

• Traps should be placed:

– In shaded areas, not in direct sunlight

– Away from other dark objects (especially if using black housing)

– Near resting areas for mosquitoes

– Out of areas subject to heavy winds

– Traps in Florida will likely require a rain shelter

– Collection size can be increased by using the BG Lure, BG-Lure + Octenol, CO2 alone or in combination with the other lures, but do NOT use octenol alone

BioGents Sentinel Trap (BGS)

Optional Lures• BG-Lure---a dispenser which releases a

defined combination of lactic acid, ammonia, and fatty acids, all substances that are found on human skin. Originally developed for Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti.

• CO2 can be added to the air stream as an additional attractant.