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Workshop proceedings

Study of Urban Violence in Public Spaces: Towards More Effective Urban Upgrading

Phnom Penh, 21 January 2005

Organized by the Municipality of Phnom Penh and

The Asian Development Bank

Project TA 6130-REG

January 2005

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Table of Contents Description Page Executive Summary 1. Introduction

The study objective Conduct of the study Objective of the workshop Participants and venue Procedures and Agenda

2. Opening/ Address/ Welcome remark Opening Address by H.E Khun Sar, Vice Governor of Municipality of

Phnom Penh

ADB representative speech 3. Presentation of study findings on urban violent in public spaces Introduction to study: Project Team Leader, Dr Belinda Community survey findings: Su Choon Lin Walking in the Park: Bunra Seng PAR findings: Jo Edralin Conclusion and recommendations: Dr Belinda Yuen 4. Discussion group, presentation and proposal 5. Summary of Discussion by Cabinet Chief of MPP 6. Closing Remarks 7. Action Plan 8. Appendix

o List of participants o answer

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Executive Summary This study on urban violence in public spaces is funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). It is the first of its kind study in the world, in the Asia region and in Phnom Penh. Phnom Penh is the 1st of 2 Asian cities (the other is Dhaka) studied. The aim of the Study is to strengthen the approaches to and operations of ADB in urban upgrading, poverty reduction, and pro-poor governance by (i) increasing awareness and knowledge on the nexus between urban violence, poverty, and ineffective urban governance, and (ii) developing a body of knowledge that includes measures to combat urban violence. This investigation is very timely and of importance to the quality of life, economic and social development of our city.

The study team comprising Cambodian and international researchers (including urban planner, urban governance specialist and regional researcher/statistician) has worked with the support of the Municipality of Phnom Penh (MPP) to understand the urban crime and violence in the city‘s public spaces and the strategies towards a safer city. Led by Dr Belinda Yuen (urban planner), the study team has in recent months (Oct-Nov 2004) conducted the following:

sample community surveys and discussions with 4 study groups: elderly, office workers, women and youth, in our city;

interviews and group discussions including participatory action research (PAR) with local and city administration, NGOs and other key players in urban crime prevention; and

On-site observations of 2 public spaces (Hun Sen Park and Royal Palace Park) in the city.

Their findings are presented in ADB National Workshop on Urban Violence in Public Spaces: Towards More Effective Urban Upgrading held at MPP. The main findings for follow-up action are as follows:

Well-used public spaces—the 2 observed parks: Hun Sen Park and Royal Palace Park, are well-used by the community. Over a thousand people were observed to visit each park on each of the 2 observation days, with the most popular time being early evening, 5-7pm (on Sunday) and early morning, 6-7am (on Monday) and the most common activity, walking. Many would visit the parks in groups of 2-3 persons and with friends. The majority of the park visitors, especially to Hun Sen Park, were young people, mostly less than 21 years old.

The observation patterns indicate the importance of public parks in the social and community life sphere of the population, especially among the young. The findings from on-site observations and community surveys lend support to the provision and proper maintenance of greenery and open spaces in the city. In addition to city beautification, the improvement of park facilities and cleanliness of the park environment would contribute to a greater sense of safety, social and economic performance of the city as the parks become desired places of not only local but also tourist visits in Phnom Penh. Great cities around the world are distinguished by their public parks and gardens. They are the ‗lungs‘ of urban development, providing

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contrast, visual relief, relaxation and recreation opportunities to the urban population. The benefits of urban greening and parks have been widely documented.

Prevailing urban crime—Findings from the community surveys and participatory action research discussions seem to indicate fear of antisocial behavior as a principal source of insecurity in the city‘s public spaces. Concern is with the person—security of the person—fear of street robbery, snatch thieves, physical assault, gang rape (women are a vulnerable group). In the extreme, people may fear to walk the streets of the city. This has implications on the public life of the city including its economic vitality as tourists shun cities that are not safe. As many international organizations including the United Nations and World Bank have recognized, it is a basic human right to enjoy life free of the fear of violence and crime. The causes of urban crime are many. However, poverty appears to be the most recurrent factor mentioned by the study respondents to contribute to the growing incidence of crime in Phnom Penh. This lends support to immediate action on poverty reduction programs and ancillary ways to improve people‘s livelihood, including

o employment creation (to increase wealth generation), develop projects that would provide employment to the local population, e.g. traditional craft making among the women (which can then be distributed and marketed to generate income for the families), house and road building among the men in the community to help rebuild the squatter colonies (employment creation cannot take place in vacuum and will have to reviewed on a city level by the city administration in its setting of economic plan, strategies and targets);

o education and training (capacity building to train the people for employment and improve the social fabric), e.g. making primary education compulsory and available to all in the population, drug awareness campaigns in schools and local community, specific skill sets training to support the economic development activities of the city (again, social and manpower development cannot take place in isolation and will have to be reviewed by the city administration in its identification of priority development areas);

o urban governance (to improve the crime clearance rate and harness community confidence and action in the fight against crime), e.g. to launch an urban crime awareness campaign to encourage people to report urban crime, to start a ‗help‘ hotline on urban crime in MPP, to televise ‗crime watch‘ documenting how some urban crime cases have been solved by the police in recent years, to implement greater checks and controls on drug offenders e.g. police street checks to discourage gang loitering (people seem to draw comfort from effective and regular police patrolling of unsafe places) and

o community education on how and what the local community and individual may do to build a safer neighborhood and city (to increase

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public participation and stakeholding), e.g. to encourage the formation of ‗neighborhood watch group‘ where neighbors look out for each other, such as waiting at street corners or bus stops when the young or girls return home after dark.

Defining and resolving the urban crime problem is a shared task. The community and the authority have to come together to define the problem and its solutions.

Infrastructure improvement--Many of the city‘s residential streets especially in the poor and squatter areas, and public spaces in the city lack proper lighting. Women interviewed during the local safety audit of Hun Sen Park considered the Park to be unsafe. Young women respondents were fearful of sexual assault in that area, while their older counterparts were afraid of being mugged for their valuables and other belongings. The safety (real and perceived) of park-users should be given top priority. Measures should be taken to improve and cast away the image of ‗unsafe‘ park.

To improve safety in Hun Sen Park and its surrounding area, the respondents suggested,

o more lights in the Park after dark especially at the two ends of the

Park which could be dark and quiet, o increase the frequency of patrolling by the police and the guards at

the Park to improve sense of place security; o regular trimming of the bushes along the river and the south end of

the Park to remove hiding places for potential criminal offender(s); o Installation of sculptures and other totem items to enhance place

identity and create points of interest (e.g. for photography) within the park.

Darkness creates favorable and potential conditions for crime. It is not safe for all, especially women, to venture out on poorly/unlit streets/spaces after dark. This offers an area of review and improvement in the public street/space infrastructure. Lighting is a quick measure in enhancing place safety. The land surrounding the park is also equally important in crime prevention consideration. If not properly maintained or regulated, they can provide rich grounds for quick getaways or hide-outs. The dense squatter settlements on the fringe of Hun Sen Park call for review and registration (e.g. registering all residents (dwelling by dwelling) in the squatter settlements, which will make harboring of criminals somewhat difficult). Squatter settlements were often mentioned by survey respondents as vulnerable to crime, including

Khan Russie Koe,

Khan Mean Chey,

Khan 7 Makara,

Khan Chamcar Morn, and

Khan Roul Kork.

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Apparently, those places were vulnerable to crime because of the large number of squatters and unemployed people living there. In addition to this, lots of gambling dens and rented/guest houses could be found in those areas. These areas present opportunities for action in the city‘s program towards a safer city.

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1. Introduction 1.1 The study objective

The Urban Violent in Public Spaces Project was funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), implemented by the international study team and Cambodian study team in cooperation with Municipality of Phnom Penh and line ministries. It was the first of its kind study in the world, in the Asia region and in Phnom Penh. Phnom Penh was the 1st of 2 Asian cities (the other is Dhaka) studied, which had aimed to provide more effective urban upgrading through (1) promoting safer public spaces in cities, (2) studying the nature and causes of violence and crime in urban public spaces, and (3) develop appropriate measures to combat urban violence and enhance urban living conditions.

1.2 Conduct of the study 1.3 The Study Objective The objective of this workshop was to disseminate the finding from the study of urban violent in the public space, which was conducted a research from October to November 2004 toward more effective urban upgrading, poverty reduction, and pro-poor government through (i) increasing awareness and knowledge on the nexus between urban violence, poverty, and ineffective urban governance, and (ii) developing a body of knowledge that includes measures to combat urban violence.

1.4 Participants and venue Workshop participants were key personnel from various central and local government agencies, non-government organizations and the international donor community. Approximately 150 people participated in the workshop. The workshop was enriched by the presence of the study team from national and international agencies and stakeholders. For the list of workshop participants, see Appendix-1

1.5 Procedures and Agenda

The workshop was conducted conscutively by the addreses of key speakers: opening remark by H.E Khun Sar, Vice Governor of Municipality of Phnom Penh, and opening remark by Mr..................... ADB representative. This was followed by a team presentation of the study's finding of the TA 6130-REG as following:

1. Introduction to study: Project Team Leader, Dr Belinda Yuen 2. Community survey findings: Ms. Su Choon Lin 3. Walking in the Park: Mr. Bunra Seng 4. PAR findings: Ms. Jo Edralin 5. Conclusion and recommendations: Dr Belinda Yuen

After presentation by the team, the workshop organized 3 groups discussion assisted by the facilitators, H.E Mann Chheourn, Vice Governor of MPP gave conclusion and recommendation, and closing remark by H.E Khun Sar, Vice Governor of MPP.

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Opening remark H.E KHUN SAR, vice governor of Municipality of Phnom Penh Good morning. It is a great pleasure to welcome and greet the participants in this Workshop. The workshop brings together representatives from government, nongovernmental organizations, academia, and communities involved in crime reduction and prevention for discussions on a topic that is of much importance in Phnom Penh as well as in other cities of the world. The purpose of this workshop is to discuss the research findings of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Project on Urban Violence in Public Spaces in Phnom Penh: Towards More Effective Urban Upgrading. Because the research is exploratory in nature, and the findings draw on local communities‘ and focus groups‘ perceptions of urban violence, we urge you to clarify, confirm, or even deny the perceptions. The ADB project provides evidence of different kinds of crime and the causes of crime in the city. As the study revealed, crime has too many causes and clearly requires a strategic and integrated approach. Urban violence is a growing concern around the world. It has become one of Phnom Penh Municipality‘s main concerns. As we all know, violence can have a destructive impact on the city‘s development and people‘s well-being. Therefore, we have to take a closer and serious look at violence reduction and prevention. Human insecurity is one of the consequences of violence. Its impact on production, livelihoods, and infrastructure damages the city‘s economy, its environment, and its legitimacy, often destroying development efforts. Violence prevention is a critical foundation for sustainable urban development. It is an important precondition and goal for improving the quality of life. As a local authority, we are working to prevent violence and build safer communities. The Municipality, together with a whole range of other agencies and the international community, has a crucial role in delivering that goal. However, in attaining the objectives, much depends on the approval and cooperation of the public. The Municipality has already embarked on community consultations and partnerships, but more positive involvement of the local communities is required. Community awareness of violence prevention and risk management must be enhanced. We at the Municipality need to focus greater attention on the question of what works in reducing and preventing violence. I am very glad that the Asian Development Bank has embarked on the study project on urban violence in public spaces. We recognize the need for further research to seek answers to core questions about what types of policies and programs are useful in developing effective violence reduction and prevention practices. If well supported, the policies and programs can help build trust, confidence, and stability in the city and in the criminal justice system. But in trying to define programs that work in violence reduction and prevention, we must also identify measures that will effectively control the causes of urban

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violence. Given the diverse causes, solutions must go beyond the traditional policing and criminal justice to incorporate prevention. Violence prevention must be based on accurate information about the violence situation and existing programs which could assist in preventing violence. As the ADB project demonstrates, community surveys, including local safety audits and participatory action research, are an important adjunct to recorded crime statistics in that they identify offences that have a low reporting level, why people do not report offences, and the comparative incidence of crime in different areas. They also measure individuals‘ and groups‘ perception. The fear of crime or people‘s perceptions that they are at risk of becoming victims of crime is an important consideration in violence prevention. Fear of crime is an obstacle in building safer communities as it restricts people‘s mobility and capacity to participate in development activities. As such, it should be addressed as part of broader violence prevention programs. Finally, the physical environment and urban design or upgrading should be considered in any integrated approach to violence prevention. Before implementing a program of urban design or upgrading, the nature and extent of crime in an area should be investigated. Some examples of the relationship between the physical environment and urban design are provided in the ADB project‘s community survey results. I encourage you to discuss these and other issues on safer public spaces in your deliberations this morning. I wish you success in your discussions.

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Keynote speech by representative of ADB Distinguish Guests, Ladies and Gentleman: It is an honor for me, on behalf of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to participate in this important workshop, entitled ―Study of Urban Violence in Public Spaces: Towards More Effective Urban Upgrading‖. As in the past, ADB will continue to provide assistance in the development to support the well-being of the Cambodian People. This workshop, jointly hosted by the Municipality of Phnom Penh and ADB, is a culmination of a six-month study to understand urban violence as a development issue, which requires prompt and appropriate responses in the context of an Asian City. As the world becomes increasingly urbanized, we are facing a growing challenge. By 2020, more than half of the world population will live in an urban world with most of the growth occurring in Asia. The region‘s urban population is forecast to reach from 1.2 billion in 2000 to 2.2 billion in 2020. Rapid urbanization accentuates the challenge for governments to provide public goods and services as well as improve the quality of life for its citizens. No city can be truly livable if the physical, psychological, and social security of the people cannot be assured by its government. Yet, the poor, the youth, and women in many urban areas regularly confront violence. A number of participatory urban poverty assessments in Asia provide evidence that the urban poor are among the most vulnerable groups. Violence in the urban realm has risen from 3 to 5% per year, and has intensified over the past two decades. Although the overall rate of violence in Asia is the lowest compared to other regions, significant increase in the incidence of violence in larger Asian cities has been observed. And this poses serious threats to the stability and social climate of cities, to sustainable economic development, and to the quality of life and human rights. Urban violence and the feeling of insecurity erode public trust in public organizations and social capital. Exposure to violence is psychological and socially damaging; it inhibits productivities and income-generations capacity; adversely affects the investment climate; destroys urban infrastructure; and disrupts delivery of urban services. It is estimated that the overall cost of urban violence amounts to more than 10% of the gross national product in the developing world. Studies further indicate that urban violence, poverty, and ineffective governance are inextricably linked. For example, social and economic exclusion coupled with inadequate access to urban safety services lead to distrust, frustration, and hopelessness, and contribute to circumstances that encourage violence. Violence, in turn, hinders social and physical mobility, and thus perpetuates poverty. The complex nature of urban violence also implied that it cannot be dealt with solely by repression and through conventional policing measures, which have traditionally been the main response of most government to violence. The multi-

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faceted nature of the issues require a comprehensive understanding of the causes of violence, and development of urban, and physical strategies to enable community-wide planning, promote innovative governance, and encourage partnerships among urban governments, community, police, and other stakeholders. Dear Ladies and Gentlemen, The increasing rate of urban violence in Asia, particularly closely associated with poverty warrants attention of public managers to tackle the issue with appropriate response. With one of the seemingly higher violence rates in the regions, Phnom Penh has struggled to cope with the rise in violence, crime, and exploitation, particularly among the poor who constitute 25% of the city‘s population. However, efforts to address urban violence are constrained by a lack of data and knowledge on the magnitude, trends, nature of violence, and innovative and workable solution to the problem. ADB believes that there exists a need for an inquiry into urban violence in Asia where no in-dept study, apart from the law enforcement perspective, has been undertaken. We are therefore happy to collaborate with the Municipality of Phnom Penh to jointly address the issues of urban violence in Phnom Penh, its causes and implications, and necessary policy measures to alleviate the problem. This is in line with one of the overarching strategic objectives of ADB‘s urban sector strategy, which is to promote safe and livable cities free of poverty. It further highlights the nexus between poverty and urban violence, and how cities may become flash points for unrest as a result of growing poverty. In this strategy, security, and public safety are regarded as crucial indicators of quality of life, as well as good governance. In conclusion, I feel that this workshop is both timely and useful not only to reflect on the study findings, but also to obtain inputs from this multi-disciplined audience. It is also our hope that this and future studies will fill the current knowledge gap, and enable public manager to develop effective approaches to deal with urban violence as part of effort for alleviating poverty and promoting good governance. On behalf of the Asian Development Bank, I would like to thank H.E Governor of the Municipality of Phnom Penh and MPP staff for their cooperation and support, the workshop organizer who have made this event possible, the consulting team, and the audience for their valued participation.

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Main Findings The study findings are summarized below. A detail discussion of each these findings will be given in the following:

Strategies and Action Programs to Reduce Crime in Phnom Penh

1. Focus on crime prevention, rather than cure Examine root causes, address problems early, and work on interconnected

issues such as poverty, unemployment, poor education, poor health, drug and alcohol abuse, and spread of small weapons

Increase leadership and capacity building in addressing crime prevention issues

Put priority on crime prevention, increase funding for prevention work 2. Use information and communication technologies (ICTs)

Create a database on crimes and criminals Provide easy access to the database Set up ICTs in all communes and train commune councils on the use of

ICTs Train the police in developing and using ICTs to fight crime and achieve a

safer city 3. Recognize the value of cooperation in crime prevention

City-level partnerships is extremely important in crime prevention Support community-based cooperation to enhance crime prevention Fund cooperation activities to ensure success

4. Develop proper programs to address urban deprivation

Tackle the problem of unemployment, low levels of skill, poor educational achievement, poor health, and poor physical environment in the disadvantaged areas of the city

Stimulate employment opportunities Redevelop the physical environment and promote the image of the city Encourage private sector investment Create community economic regeneration schemes Address housing shortages Ensure a coordinate process of physical clearing-up, repair, demolition, and

rebuilding

Strategies and Action Programs to Make Phnom Penh a Safer City 1. Develop and engage strong communities for safety promotion

Integrate or coordinate the work of local departments involved in public safety, and determine how to account for funds when working towards shared outcomes

Incorporate crime prevention strategies within a safe communities plan Target strong communities for safety promotion, and market a positive

image using the media

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Use key ―learning‖ from strong communities to inform high-risk communities

2. Focus on the “human factor” when developing plans and designing public spaces

Design out crime by planning and designing for people Consider convenient and illuminated access to amenities Organize cultural activities to celebrate and enjoy the public places Develop a sense of place and identity, and ownership and care for public

spaces Provide safety and security to public spaces

3. Community-based conflict mediation and training through:

Open dialogue among relevant stakeholders and communities to find workable ways to discourage urban violence

Using communes (sangkats) as a formal organization for the police and community organizations to work together for that purpose

Application of principles of conflict mediation and management Building community capacity through training, and gradually empower local

communities to engage in the common effort of reducing crime Considering people‘s needs and values in situations where customs and

traditions have been eroded or destroyed 4. Strengthen Phnom Penh Municipality’s role in public safety

Identify local needs and opportunities for community partnerships and planning for safe community programs within the Municipality‘s strategic planning

Fund the Municipality‘s plan for public safety Conduct safety audits of facilities used by the public; inspect high-risk

buildings, slum and squatter settlements, and new resettlement sites Conduct risk and vulnerability analysis and impact assessment to

determine if an area is in danger of violence Disseminate information on crime and criminals

5. Build partnerships for community safety

Create partnerships between the Municipality, other government departments, and the private sector to improve community safety

Create student action teams to provide opportunities for secondary and university students to work with the Municipality, schools, and community organizations to explore, identify, and implement strategies for promoting safer communities

Create community safety awards for exemplary and innovative best practice in community safety

Provide opportunities to minimize the potential for offending and other anti-social behavior by encouraging involvement in active sport and recreational activities

Organize volunteers to create community awareness of crime prevention and risk management

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Presentation: Study of Urban Violence in Public Spaces towards More Effective Urban Upgrading

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Introduction Study Dr. Belinda Yeun, Project Team Leader 1. Aims of study

ADB funded project—TA6130-REG: Towards more effective urban upgrading: - To promote safer public spaces in cities - To study the nature and causes of violence and crime in urban public

spaces - To develop appropriate measures to combat urban violence and enhance

urban living conditions

2. Specific objectives

- To analyze the type, magnitude and how urban violence is produced and affect the different social groups in the city, namely, the elderly, women, youth, and office workers;

- To assess the impact of urban violence on urban productivity and economic growth, and urban assets and services;

- To assess how urban communities can mitigate and prevent violent conflict, namely, to identify the different strategies implemented, the partnerships, the factors that promote/impede urban violence prevention, and what is needed to support violence prevention implementation;

- To assess the current urban violence reduction intervention strategies and programs; and

- To develop general lessons for preventing violent conflict in other cities and a structured process to make cities secure and safer from the perspective of the urban community

3. The methods

- Mixed methods - Qualitative and quantitative study

1. Sample street survey of elderly, office workers, women, and youth 2. Focus group discussions

After survey group discussions with crime victims

Participatory action research (PAR) discussions with MPP, criminal justice system, NGO, women

3. On-site park observation 4. Local safety audit with women 5. Secondary data

4. The team

National and international collaboration International team 1. Project team leader: Belinda Yuen,

PhD 2. Jo Edralin (PAR) 3. SU Choon Lin 4. (Community surveys)

Domestic team o Samphal Seng o Bunra Seng

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Community survey finding by Su Choon Lin 1. Objective

To determine the level and type of urban violence in the public realm and how they affect the different social groups, namely, the elderly, women, office workers and youth in the city of Phnom Penh 2. Methodology

1. Systematic Random Sampling was applied in the selection of respondents 2. Target Sample Size = 400 (100 from each group) 3. 10 interviewers from the local study team were stationed at places where

the target respondents were likely to predominate in all the 7 districts of Phnom Penh. Places included were residential buildings, communities, markets, government departments, business centers, universities and high schools

3. Survey period From 18 October to 28 October 2004

4. Sample size

No. of Respondents = 411 Breakdown: Elderly = 102 Women = 104 Office Workers = 102 Youth = 103 --------- Total 411

5. Findings Question-1: Do you ever worry about the possibility that you or your family

might be victim of crime in the city’s public spaces?

All except 12 (97.1%) worry about the possibility that they or their family might be victim of crime in the city‘s public spaces

Elderly Women Office

Workers Youth Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Yes 100 98 103 99 94 92.2 102 99.0 399 97.1

No 2 2 1 1.0 8 7.8 1 1 12 2.9

Total 102 100 104 100.0 102 100 103 100 411 100

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Question-2: What sort of crime do you worry most? Of all the different types of crime, respondents are most worried of robbery with shooting (68.4%)

Elderly Women

Office Workers

Youth Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Robbery with shooting

77 77 67 65 69 73.4 60 58.8 27.3 68.4

Rape 4 4 2 19.4 15 16 15 14.7 54 13.5

Taking hand phone, earrings, necklace while driving (motorcycle)

3 3 7 6.8 4 4.3 9 8.8 23 5.8

Molest

7 7 3 2.9 2 2.1 5 4.9 17 4.3

Others 9 9 6 5.8 4 4.3 13 12.7 32 8

Total 100 100 103 100 94 100 102 100 399 100

Question-3: How safe do you feel walking alone in this area during day/light? Majority of the respondents (42.1%) feel rather safe walking alone in this area during the day/light

Elderly Women

Office Workers

Youth Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Not at all safe

- - 1 1 - - - - 1 0.2

Not very safe

16 15.7 19 18.3 10 9.8 30 29.1 75 18.2

About average

34 33.3 37 35.6 42 41.2 31 30.1 144 35

Rather safe

46 45 42 40.4 44 43.1 41 39.8 173 42.1

Very safe 6 5.9 5 4.8 6 5.9 1 1 18 4.4

Total 102 100 104 100 102 100 103 100 411 100

Question-4: Do you go out alone during day/light? Nearly half (47.9%) of the respondents usually go out alone during day/light

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Elderly Women

Office Workers

Youth Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Never 9 8.8 15 14.4 2 2 7 6.8 33 8

Occasionally 44 43.1 29 17.9 10 9.8 21 20.4 104 25.3

Often 11 20.8 21 20.2 15 14.7 29 28.2 76 18.5

Usually 38 37.3 38 36.5 75 73.5 46 44.7 197 47.9

Not Stated - - 1 1 - - - - 1 0.21

Total 102 100 104 100 102 100 103 100 411 100

Question-5: Do you go out alone during the night/dark? More than half (54.0%) of the respondents never go out alone during the night/dark

Elderly Women Office

Workers Youth Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Never 58 56.7 71 58.3 29 28.4 54 52.4 222 54.0

Occasionally 30 29.4 27 26.0 56 54.9 36 35.0 149 36.3

Often 4 3.9 4 3.8 12 11.8 7 5.8 27 5.6

Usually - - 2 1.9 5 4.9 5 5.8 13 3.2

Total 102 100 104 100 102 100 103 100 411 100

Question-6: Have you (or any of your friends, family or relatives)

ever encountered/met any violence while walking alone in this area over the past 1 year?

About 3 in 10 (28.2%) respondents (or their friends, family or relatives) had encountered/met with violence while walking alone in this area over the past 1 year

Elderly Women

Office Workers

Youth Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Yes 23 22.5 32 30.8 21 20.6 40 38.8 116 28.2

No 79 77.5 72 69.2 79 77.5 63 61.2 293 71.3

Not Stated - - - - 1 2 - - 2 0.5

Total 102 100 104 100 102 100 103 100 411 100

Question-7: What was the violence encountered/met? Most common violence/crime encountered/met was robbery (3 out of every 10 cases)

Elderly Women

Office Workers

Youth Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Robbery 8 34.8 10 31.3 5 23.8 14 35.0 37 31.9

Snatching jewelry/

3 13.0 13 40.6 9 42.9 2 5.0 27 23.3

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Elderly Women

Office Workers

Youth Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

valuables

Fighting 6 26.1 3 9.4 - - 16 40.0 25 21.6

Gang threat

2 8.7 4 12.5 3 14.3 7 17.5 16 13.8

Others 4 17.4 2 6.3 4 19.0 1 2.5 11 9.5

Total

23 100 32 100 21 100 40 100 116 100

Question-8: Did you (the victim) call or inform the police? Two out of every five (42.2%) crime victims reported to the police

Elderly Women

Office Workers

Youth Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Yes 14 60.9 11 34.4 8 38.1 16 40.0 49 42.2

No 9 39.1 21 65.6 13 61.9 24 60.0 67 57.8

Total 23 100 32 100 21 100 40 100 116 100

Question-9: Did anyone else call or inform the police? Only one out of every five (20.7%) persons who witnessed a crime called or informed the police

Elderly Women

Office Workers

Youth Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Yes 7 30.4 6 18.8 1 4.8 10 25 24 20.7

No 16 69.6 26 81.3 20 95.2 30 75 92 79.3

Total 23 100 32 100 21 100 40 100 116 100

Question-10: How safe do you feel in Phnom Penh? Slightly over half (52.3%) of the 411 respondents feel that they are not very safe in Phnom Penh

Elderly Women

Office Workers

Youth Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Not at all

safe

1 1 2 1.9 3 2.9 3 2.9 9 2.2

Not very

safe

49 48 67 64.4 52 51.0 47 45.6 215 52.3

About

Average

46 45.1 29 27.9 43 42.2 47 45.6 165 40.1

Rather safe 6 5.9 6 5.8 4 3.9 6 5.8 22 5.4

Total 102 100 104 100 102 100 103 100 411 100

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After survey follow up discussion By Su Choon Lin

Objective 1. To gain more in-depth knowledge of the various types of crimes experienced

by the Street Survey respondents or those who have relatives/friends who have experienced crime

2. To determine the measures they have taken to protect themselves after their

experiences with crime Methodology The methodology of the Street Survey was to select the victims of crime or those with relatives/friends who had experienced crime were invited to participate in a follow-up discussion. The samplings were selected from 6 to 8 respondents per group discussion as following table: Table: Target respondents in the street survey

Target Respondents Respondents/ non-respondents

―Youth‖ Group 8 respondents

―Office Workers‖ Group 7 respondents

―Women‖ Group 6 (3 respondents, 3 non-respondents)

―Elderly‖ Group 14 (non-respondents)

The facilitators selected Non-respondents from: Community and Home in Boeung Tompun Commune, Mean Chey District, and Community and Home in Sen Sok Community of Khmonh Commune, Russei Koe District. With the help of a list of guide questions, a facilitator conducted 2 hours discussion in every 4 group discussions on 18, 24 and 30 November 2004. Findings:

a. Action Taken Against Crime

Keep money and valuables in ―safe‖/ ―secret‖ places

Stop wearing jewelry when going out

Don‘t carry a lot of cash when going out

Avoid going out alone, try to go out with friends or relatives

Keep children at home, especially in the night

Avoid using new motorbikes

Avoid using road/place where they had been attacked b. Satisfaction with Police And Criminal Justice System All expressed dissatisfaction, giving negative responses. The participants in the group discussions perceived the following:

Not enough police around

Police were slow in carrying out their duties

Page 21 of 53

Police were being ―bribed‖

Police ―needed money‖ before helping them

Police had no intention to help the victims

Majority did not trust the criminal justice system

They felt that the system was not good because ―whoever gave more money would ultimately win the case‖

c. Should All Crimes Be Reported?

Only all the elderly participants felt that all crimes should be reported

Most of the participants from the other 3 groups thought otherwise Reasons for not reporting:

Could not rely on police

Police would not pay any attention

Lost belongings would ―never show up‖

Waste of time c. Crime Prevention At Community Level Suggestions offered by participants were:

Take turns to guard the community

Use gong and mobile phone to alert/inform neighbors of any crime incidence or any suspicious character

Residents in the community can help by turning on the lights outside their houses every night

Have more security posts or check points in the community

Provide security personnel with weapons and equipment for communication

Majority (88%) were willing to participate in community action against crime

d. Government’s Role In Improving Security And Preventing Crime Suggestions offered by participants were:

Put more lights on the streets and in the dark areas

Have more security check points in the community

Increase the salaries of the police so as to encourage them to work harder and to work efficiently

Provide the police with more and better communication equipment

Police should carry out their duties strictly, especially in enforcing law and order

Control the rise in number of young drug addicts

Disallow drug addicts to hang around on the streets and in public areas; they pose as a nuisance/danger to others

Stop the operation of gambling dens/outlets e. Likelihood Of Being A Crime Victim

The elderly participants felt that anything could happen anytime because there was just not enough police in their community

The women had no idea if crime would happen to them but they were simply afraid of going out

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The office workers were afraid of being attacked by strangers at night. The likelihood of being victims to various crimes was high, as they perceived crime rate was on the rise

High school students from the ―youth‖ group were always worried about their own security as well as that of their family members, especially when they were not at home. In their opinion, various crimes could happen to them anytime as long as 1. Security was not strong enough

2. Law enforcement was weak 3. Some public areas were still dark and quiet f. Vulnerable Public Areas In The City (Crime “ Hot Spots”) Participants in the discussion groups perceived the following areas as crime ―hot spots‖ :

Sangkat Boeung Tompun, Khan Mean Chey

Sangkat Boeung Trabek, Khan Chamcar Morn

Sangkat Stung Mean Chey, Khan Dangkor

Sen Sok community in Khan Russei Koe

Khan 7 Makara

Khan Roul Kork Reasons for being crime “hot spots”:

Very crowded

Many squatters, drug addicts, unemployed, lowly-educated, poor people and offenders were living in those areas

Many gambling dens, rented/guest houses and pubs were also found in those areas

No proper registration of residents, hence most of them could not be identified

g. Suggestions For Improvement In Those Areas And To Make Them Less Vulnerable To Crime

Anonymity creates opportunity for crime, hence all residents should be registered

Increase number of police and provide more patrolling in those areas

Increase number of police/security guard posts

Tighten security and ensure strict law enforcement

Eliminate or upgrade/develop squatters and slum areas

Put more lights along the streets and in dark areas

Residents can help by keeping the lights outside their houses turned on throughout the night

Set up training centers to provide residents with some form of education or skills training

Create job opportunities to reduce number of unemployed

Control the use of drugs

Curb the increasing (perceived or real) number of youngsters going astray and turning to crime

Work closely with parents to educate/guide children properly

Page 23 of 53

Observation of Public Spaces by Su Choon Lin Objective To determine the extent of usage/popularity of public spaces in the city of Phnom Penh in terms of total number of visitors, visitors‘ profile (age & gender) group size, group composition and types of activities engaged in. Methodology 1. With the help of the local study team and local authorities, Hun Sen Park and

Royal Palace Park were chosen for observation 2. Observations were done on a Sunday

(7 November 2004) and a Monday

(8 November 2004) from 6 am to 9 pm

(15 hours) in both parks 3. Two observers were stationed in each park at any one time to record their

observation Findings

SAMDECH HUNSEN PARK a. Number of Visitors

Hun Sen Park attracted thousands of visitors on weekend as well as on weekday Sunday (2,730 visitors) Monday (1,622 visitors)

No. of visitors on a weekday was three-fifths (59.4%) of that on a weekend b. Time of Visit

The most popular time of visit to the Park on Sunday (6 – 7 pm) Monday (6 – 7 am)

Large proportions of visitors went to the Park during the following hours on both days: 6 – 7 am 5 – 6 pm 6 – 7 pm

c. Visitor by day and time of visit

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

6-7

am

7-8

am

8-9

am

9-1

0 a

m

10-1

1 a

m

11-1

2 n

n

12-1

pm

1-2

pm

2-3

pm

3-4

pm

4-5

pm

5-6

pm

6-7

pm

7-8

pm

8-9

pm

Time

No

. o

f V

isit

ors Sunday & Monday

Sunday

Monday

Page 24 of 53

Over 10

persons

325 (20.0%)

6-10 persons

194 (12.0%)

4-5 persons

287 (17.7%)

Alone

39 (2.4%)

2-3 persons

777 (47.9%)

Monday (47.9%)

Sunday (51.0%)

Monday (55.9%)

Alone

80 (2.9%)

Mixed

345 (12.6%)

Family (with

children)

806 (29.5%)

Family (no

children)

108 (4.0%)

With friend(s)

1,391 (51.0%)

Mixed

306 (18.9%)

Family (with

children)

255 (15.7%)

Family (no

children)

115 (7.1%)

Alone

39 (2.4%)

With friend(s)

907 (55.9%)

d. Group Size Most visitors went to the Park in groups of 2 – 3 persons on both days

Sunday (48.3%)

Monday (47.9%) e. Group Composition

Slightly more than half of the visitors went to the Park with friends Sunday (51.0%) Monday (55.9%)

Group composition of most of the visitors to Hun Sen Park was quite similar regardless of day of visit

4-5 persons

634 (23.2%)

6-10 persons

311 (11.4%)

Over 10

persons

387 (14.2%)

Alone

80 (2.9%)

2-3 persons

1,318 (48.3%)

Sunday (48.3%)

Page 25 of 53

f. Age Group

Hun Sen Park appeared to be especially attractive to young people on both days

Four-fifths of its visitors were no more than 30 years old Sunday (85.3%) Monday (79.9%)

g. Gender On both days, Hun Sen Park attracted more male than female visitors PROPORTIONS OF VISITORS BY DAY AND GENDER

Day of visit Male (%) Female (%)

Sunday 53.6 46.4

Monday 56.4 43.6

Sunday and Monday 54.6 45.4

h. Activities

Majority of visitors were engaged in Walking (42.3%) on Sunday Cycling/walking with bicycle (44.8%) on Monday

ROYAL PALACE PARK a. Number of Visitors

Royal Palace Park also attracted over a thousand visitors on both days o Sunday (2,307 visitors) o Monday (1,126 visitors)

No. of visitors on a Sunday more than doubled that on Monday

41-50 years

90 (5.5%)

51-60 years

51 (3.1%)

31-40 years

186 (11.5%)21-30 years

595 (36.7%)

Below 21 years

700 (43.2%)

Sunday (85.3%)

Monday (79.9%)

31-40 years

279 (10.2%)41-50 years

93 (3.4%)

51-60 years

29 (1.1%)

21-30 years

1,162 (42.6%)Below 21 years

1,167 (42.7%)

Page 26 of 53

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

6-7

am

7-8

am

8-9

am

9-1

0 a

m

10

-11 a

m

11

-12 n

n

12

-1 p

m

1-2

pm

2-3

pm

3-4

pm

4-5

pm

5-6

pm

6-7

pm

7-8

pm

8-9

pm

Time

No

. o

f V

isit

ors Sunday & Monday

Sunday

Monday

Alone

72 (3.1%)

Over 10 persons

442 (19.2%)6-10 persons

572 (24.8%)

4-5 persons

488 (21.2%)

2-3 persons

733 (31.8%)

4-5 persons

154 (13.7%)6-10 persons

98 (8.7%)

Over 10 persons

165 (14.7%)

Alone

127 (11.3%)2-3 persons

582 (51.7%)

Sunday (31.8%)

Monday (51.7%)

b. Time of Visit

The most popular time of visit to the Park on both Sunday and Monday was o 5 – 6 pm

The Park also had relatively large number of visitors (on both days) from o 6 – 7 am o 4 – 5 pm

VISITORS BY DAY AND TIME OF VISIT c. Group Size

Group size of 2 – 3 persons was the most common

But the proportions differed significantly on both days o Sunday (31.8%) o Monday (51.7%)

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51-60 years

79 (3.4%)

41-50 years

128 (5.5%)

Above 60

years

42 (1.8%)

Below 21

years

354 (15.3%)

21-30 years

1,407

(61.0%)

31-40 years

297 (12.9%)

Sunday (61.0%) Monday (57.1%)

d. Group Composition

More than half of the visitors on both days visited the Park with their friends o Sunday (55.9%) o Monday (56.8%)

e. Age Group Majority of visitors at Royal Palace Park on both days were 21 – 30 years old f. Gender Regardless of day of visit, there were more female than male visitors

Sunday (55.9%)

Monday (56.8%)

Mixed

356 (15.7%)

Family (with

children)

424 (18.4%)

Family (no

children)

159 (6.9%)Alone

72 (3.1%)

With friend(s)

1,289 (55.9%)

Mixed

102 (9.1%) Family (with

children)

171 (15.2%)

Family (no

children)

86 (7.6%)

Alone

127 (11.3%)

With friend(s)

640 (56.8%)

Above 60

years

7 (0.6%) 51-60 years

42 (3.7%)

41-50 years

101 (9.0%)

31-40 years

184 (16.3%)

Below 21

years

149 (13.2%)

21-30 years

643

(57.1%)

Page 28 of 53

PROPORTIONS OF VISITORS BY DAY AND GENDER

Day of visit Male (%) Female (%)

Sunday 41.9 58.1

Monday 47.2 52.8

Sunday and Monday 43.6 54.6

g. Activities Walking and exercising were the two most common activities of the Park‘s visitors on both Sunday and Monday

COMPARISON OF FINDING IN BOTH PARK a. Number of Visitors

On both Sunday and Monday, Hun Sen Park attracted more visitors than Royal Palace Park

Park Number of visitors

Sunday Monday Sunday and

Monday

Hunsen Park 2,730 1,622 4,352

Royal Palace Park 2,307 1,126 3,433

b. Time of Visit

Most popular time of visit to Hun Sen Park was from 6 – 7 pm on Sunday and 6 – 7 am on Monday

Royal Palace Park had most visitors from 5 – 6 pm on both days

Park Number of visitors

Sunday Monday Sunday and

Monday

Hunsen Park 6-7pm 6-7am 6-7am

Royal Palace Park 5-6pm 5-6pm 5-6pm

5.9

65.5

13.9

2.6

8.9

3.3 4.4

62.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Walking Exercising Talking Cycling/walking with

bicycle

Sunday

Monday

Page 29 of 53

c. Group Size Majority of visitors went to the Parks in groups of 2 – 3 persons on both Sunday and Monday

d. Group Composition Most of the people visited the Parks with their friends, regardless of the day of visit

e. Age Group

On both weekend and weekday, Hun Sen Park attracted younger visitors, mostly below 21 years old

Majority of visitors to Royal Palace Park were between 21 and 30 years of age

f. Gender

On both days, Hun Sen Park had more male than female visitors

Females formed a larger proportion of the total number of visitors to Royal Palace Park

Park Sunday Monday

Sunday and Monday

Male (%)

Female (%)

Male (%)

Female (%)

Male (%)

Female (%)

Hunsen Park 53.6 46.4 56.4 43.6 54.6 45.4

Royal Palace park 41.9 58.1 47.2 52.8 43.6 56.4

g. Activity

Walking and cycling were the two main activities engaged by visitors at Hun Sen Park

Majority of Royal Palace Park‘s visitors were seen walking in the Park on both days of observation

Park Most popular activities

Sunday Monday Sunday and

Monday

Hunsen Park walking cycling cycling

Royal Palace park walking walking walking

Page 30 of 53

Walking in the park: by: Mr. Bunra Seng

OBJECTIVE

The objective is to determine the safety and problems of a public space in the city of Phnom

Penh from the perspective of some women living or working in/near that area METHODOLOGY

1. Hun Sen Park was chosen as it was perceived to be a ―hot-spot‖ for crime and thus bothered the people, especially women, most.

2. Three women from different age groups were randomly selected and invited to participate in this local safety audit.

3. The same procedure was repeated with another four groups, each comprising three women. Hence, a total of 15 women, aged 16 to 56 years old, participated

FINDINGS (Before the Walk)

Three-fifths (9) of the 15 women were of the opinion that the public space in and around Hun Sen Park was unsafe.

The places within that area where the women felt most unsafe were as follows: • Near the roller-skating ring; • Near the roundabout; • Near the place when the Palace‘s cows were kept; • In front of Tonle Bassac Theater (which had been closed after a fire); • Along the fencing of the unused land; • In and around the area where the squatters lived; • The south end of the Park.

To help them feel safer in Hun Sen Park and its surrounding area, the participants had several suggestions to offer:

Have more lights on; and

Increase the frequency of patrolling by the police and the Park‘s security guards.

Trim the tall bushes along the riverbank FINDINGS (During the Walk)

When the facilitators and women who was selected from the communities, were walking along Hunsen Park, and the team found out the issues for the discussion: lighting; sightseeing that was difficult to see the other people about 100 meters in distance; isolation in the quite place; movement predictors; escape route for crime; nearby land use where nearby squatters; and maintenance light; accident. The park was found safe during the national ceremony, or public holiday, but after that it considered as the hot spot for crime.

Page 31 of 53

RECOMMENDATIONS

Public Safety

Lighting

Bushes and Trees

Patrolling Hygiene and Cleanliness

Cleaning Services

Garbage Bins

Food Vendors Beauty

Grass Field

Flowers

Decorations Squatters Hun Sen Park will be a much safer place to visit if the city authorities are able to

regularize (and upgrade) the squatters in the area where they are presently occupying, as it is very close to the Park.

Page 32 of 53

Participatory Action Research/PAR findings By: Jo Edralin 1. Objective

• To complement the community surveys • To gather input from officials and practitioners about the perceptions and

experiences with violence period • To learn from participants about solutions to the problem

2. Methodology PAR has three important elements:

• Participation • Action • Research

The objectives were met through four focus group discussions: urban safety and violence; causes of violence; governance issues in criminal justice system; programs; participant‘s recommendations. The participants discussed about the effectiveness of measurement by participating in the project, and learned through PAR.

3. Type of urban crime and violence To perceive the majority types of crimes, the teams had conducted 4 groups interview at the Municipal government officials, the official of the criminal justice system, the civil society and non-govenmental organization/ NGOs, and the women leaders from Ministry of Women affair. The ranking type of crimes is shown in the following table:

Municipal

government officials

the officials of the criminal

justice system

the civil society and non-governmental organization/ NGOs

women leaders from Ministry of Women Affair

Theft

Snatching

Pick pocketing

Motorcycle hijacking

Robbery (is the main problem in the city)

Burglary: office break-in, and resident break in

Illegal drugs: drug usage, drug pushing

Murder: revenge-killing

Women Trafficking

Robbery

Burglary: break-ins, and theft

Murder

Rape

Street violence: gang war, and vendor‘s quarrels

Gambling fight

Drinking brawls

Motorcycle hijacking

Snatching

Cellular phone

Bag

Street robbery (the first majority)

Snatching

Handbags

Cell phones

Neighborhood thefts

Night time assaults

Drug-related violence

Street gang extortions

Murder for vengeance

Physical assaults (the main problem)

Gang rape

Drug-induced violence

Snatching: bags, and cell phones

Gambling

Murder

Extortion

Page 33 of 53

4. Summary of urban crimes and violence (as identified by four PAR

groups)

4.1. Line-up of identified Urban crime and violence here is the list of the crime in the city that start from the serious crime to the physical assaults:

Burglary (office& homes)

Drinking brawls

Drug-induced violence

Drug peddling

Drug usage

Extortion

Gabling fights

Gang rape

Gang war

Highway robbery

Motorcycle hijacking

Murder

Neighborhood theft

Night time robbery

Physical assault

Pick pocketing

Rape

Snatching (cell phones, bags)

Street gang extortion

Street violence

Theft

Perception on the causal factors of urban crime and violence

The casual factors of urban crime Percent

1. The city government officials*:

Widespread poverty 87%

Drug abuse 75%

Inconsistent and poor enforcement of law 75%

Absence or poor lighting of streets 62.5%

Lack of trust in the police and the court of law 50%

Inadequate communication networks 50%

Alcoholism 37.5%

2. The criminal justice system

Poverty 100%

Low income 100%

Unemployment 75%

Illegal drugs 62.5%

Loose firearms 62.5%

Gambling 37.5%

Low reportage of crime 25.0%

Poor infrastructure 12.5%

Lack of public education about crime and prevention 12.5%

3. The civil Society and NGOs

Drug addiction 100%

Drug trading 86.0%

Police corruption 71.0%

Judicial corruption 71.0%

Low crime reportage 43.0%

Prison mismanagement and corruption 28%

Page 34 of 53

4. The women leader of Ministry of Women Affair

Poverty 85%

Drug addiction 75.0%

Poor enforcement of the laws 60%

Parental negligence 45%

Influence of western culture 40%

Pornography 30%

*Note: Percentage total in the city government official does not add to 100 due to multiple responses

4.2. Summary casual factors of urban crimes and violence 4.2.1 Summary of perception causes of urban crimes and violence

Type of crime and violence Percent Poverty 74%

Illegal drugs o Drug abuse o Drug pushing

77%

Lack of trust in the police 26%

Influence of western culture o Gang formation o Lewd fashion

19%

Insufficient or low income 19%

Gambling 17%

Pornography 14%

Unemployment 14%

Poor enforcement of laws o inconsistent, biased, influence by money and politics

14%

Poor infrastructure o Not enough parks o Poor/ no street light

14%

Loose firearms 12%

Corruption in the police organization 12%

Corruption in the judiciary 12%

Corruption in penal system and prison management 12%

Alcoholism 9%

Inadequate communication system and facilities o Police have no 2-ways radios o Poor access to telephones

9%

Lack of public education about crime and their prevention 7%

4.2.2 Women leader’s perception of their vulnerability and insecurity

a. Participants’ profile Household size

1-3 members 14%

4-6 members 29%

7-10 members 57%

Total household income/month (main income)

Below- $ 100 29%

$ 100 - $ 150 14%

Page 35 of 53

Family structure

Nuclear 43%

Extended 57%

Household Head

Husband 64%

Wife 36%

Household member earning

1 member 7%

2 members 58%

3 members 7%

4 members 21%

5 members 7%

$ 151 - $ 200 14%

$ 201 - $ 250 7%

Above- $ 250 36%

Source of household income

Self-employment 7%

Salaries employment 93% Supplementary income

Informal business 77%

Oversea remittance 23% Type of dwelling:

Concrete house 71%

Wooden house 29%

b. Participant’ sense of insecurity and vulnerability

c. Investment priorities of the participants

The perception of the women is the high income of living

High cost of living 83%

Inadequate income 50%

Lack of employment 8%

Drug addiction 50%

Street violence 50%

Drought 7% Note: Due to multiple answers, total

percentage does not add to 100

Children education 43%

Health maintenance 29%

No response 28%

5. Strategies to cope with crime and violence in the city Keeping children under close watch 29% Educating children about crime 50%

Imposing rules and discipline 38%

Be friend neighbors 29%

Close communication with school 14%

NOTE: Total percentage does not add to 100 due to multiple responses

6. Prevention violence: participants’ solution

Policy recommendations 1. Enable ICTS to be used 2. Coordinate public safety-related programs 3. Improve physical infrastructure

Action recommendations Strictly enforce the laws

Implement proposed reforms in the criminal justice system

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Increase police visibility

Manage and harness energy of the restless youth

7. Overall findings Urban violence is emerging as one of the major problem in Phnom Penh

Violence is not concentrated in certain area

Women leaders‘ perception of vulnerability to crime is low

Increase in crime rate are due to many causal factors

Policy responses tended to be limited in scope, funding, and trained personnel

Policy and action recommendations should be taken into account in developing prevention programs

Page 37 of 53

Conclusion and Recommendation By: Dr. Belinda Yuen, Project Team Leader

Referred to the finding on the urban violent provided by ADB team, in conclusion, the poverty, which was the factor indicated by the despondences, can be support to the question that on how to reduce the poverty in the city. The slum also one of our indicators as women was shown as the venerable person. Safety should be provided as the priority. In reality, people feel to walk in the park of the city. The measure has to be taken in order to omit the negative point in the public spaces. What can be done to make the public spaces and street in the city? We have 2 questions for discussion:

1. What can we do to reduce crime and violence in the public spaces of Phnom Penh? What are the strategies and action programs?

2. How can we make Phnom Penh a safer city to live, work, play and learn? Like the vice governor stress, this experiment is very curial that we may can accept, or deny about our results findings. The solutions for reduction of crime are the main major of our responsibilities, thus community and government have to participant Revisit the Study Aims

Towards more effective urban upgrading: 1. To promote safer public spaces in cities 2. To study the nature and causes of violence and crime in urban public spaces 3. To develop appropriate measures to combat urban violence and enhance urban

living conditions What did we learn? 1. Well used public parks

2 observed parks: Hun Sen Park and Royal Palace Park, are well-used by the community.

Over a thousand people were observed to visit each park on each of the 2 observation days, with the most popular time being early evening, 5-7pm (on Sunday) and early morning, 6-7am (on Monday) and the most common activity, walking.

Many would visit the parks in groups of 2-3 persons and with friends.

Majority of the park visitors, especially to Hun Sen Park, were young people, mostly less than 21 years old.

The implication

The observation patterns indicate the importance of public parks in the social and community life sphere of the population, especially among the young.

The findings from on-site observations and community surveys lend support to the provision and proper maintenance of greenery and open spaces in the city.

In addition to city beautification, the improvement of park facilities and cleanliness of the park environment would contribute to a greater sense of

Page 38 of 53

safety, social and economic performance of the city as the parks become desired places of not only local but also tourist visits in Phnom Penh.

2. Prevailing urban crime

Findings from the community surveys and participatory action research discussions seem to indicate fear of antisocial behavior as a principal source of insecurity in the city‘s public spaces.

Concern is with the person—security of the person—fear of street robbery, snatch thieves, physical assault, gang rape.

Women are a vulnerable group The implication

This has implications on the public life of the city including its economic vitality as tourists shun cities that are not safe.

As many international organizations including the United Nations and World Bank have recognized, it is a basic human right to enjoy life free of the fear of violence and crime.

The causes

The causes of urban crime are many.

However, poverty appears to be the most recurrent factor mentioned by the study respondents to contribute to the growing incidence of crime in Phnom Penh.

This lends support to immediate action on poverty reduction programs and ancillary ways to improve people‘s livelihood.

3. Infrastructure Improvement

Many of the city‘s residential streets especially in the poor and squatter areas and public spaces in the city lack proper lighting.

Squatter areas are vulnerable areas.

Women interviewed during the local safety audit of Hun Sen Park considered the Park to be unsafe.

Young women respondents were fearful of sexual assault in that area, while their older counterparts were afraid of being mugged for their valuables and other belongings.

The implication

The safety (real and perceived) of park-users should be given top priority.

In the extreme, people may fear to walk the streets of the city.

Measures should be taken to improve and cast away the image of ‗unsafe‘ park, streets and public spaces.

Page 39 of 53

Group Discussion

―What can be done to make the public spaces and streets of Phnom Penh safer?‖

Topic for discussion:

3. What can we do to reduce crime and violence in the public spaces of Phnom Penh? What are the strategies and action programs?

4. How can we make Phnom Penh a safer city to live, work, play and learn? In the final analysis, 1. Defining and resolving the urban crime problem is a shared task. 2. The community and the authority have to come together to define the problem and

its solutions.

Group Presentation Comments/ Responses by key government department What we want is working together, so the participants have to complete the questionnaire form, with the independent answer, and we would like to keep this handout as our record. as I also have participated in some workshop that some of the participant didn‘t submit the record. so action to be taken:

1. complete the form: so that it will be useful for the action that need to be taken at the target area

2. The group can add comment during the presentation Group Presentation

Crime Reduction, strategy, and action

Urban Safety

Group-1 Presentation

Increase the opportunity at work

Law reinforcement

Improve the quality of work for police

Public education

Drug prevention

street people avoid

Gang and game prevention: football match lottery, card playing

Infrastructure improvement

Put strong punishment to crime committer

Registration in the communities

Brothel house avoidance

Illegal drug prevention in the community

Illegal gun reduction

Improve the quality life in the urban area

Increase salary for worker

Create opportunity at work for the graduated student

Infrastructure improvement in the community

Solve the problem of traffic jam

Land security

Gambling reduction

Respect the traffic law

Cooperate with school

Provide training skill

Offer sufficient equipment to police for taking action with crime and violence

Punish illegal waste dumping

Page 40 of 53

Dissemination of the information on crime and violence at school

Personal protection

Karaoke prevention

Willingness to participate together: especially to report to the police in every accidence case, so that the police can take action immediately.

Prevent robbery

Group-2 Presentation

Disseminate broadly to the NGOs and Department

Cooperation between all stakeholders

Input the education section in the formal and non formal education at school

Increase salary and offer enough equipment to police

personal protection: local prevention at the community level, and enterprise with the assistance of local authority

Install lighting in the public spaces: market, or park.

Cut hubs to reduce the hiding place for the crime maker

Construct fence for protection, especially, at pagoda where is so quite; and have a regular guardian

Put punishment for crime committer

Reduce drug

Improve the communication channel between the police and community

Group-3 Presentation

Improve education: increase ethic and social welfare, drug prevention, participating in the family; and disseminating education through TV media, adults group at school, and exchange experience and model at school

Law enforcement: respect the law, and punishment

Improve security

Drug have to be measured and reduce

Punishment for Children Trafficking

Gambling reduction

Prevention of Sex video.

Poverty reduction: increase opportunity at work especially for rural movement

Improve the working skill to poor people

Culture improvement

Gender equality

Promote media and campaign to attract people, ex music show, joke, but the player have to avoid using rude word during the performance

light installation in the street and public space

registration in the community

gather the street children for education

law enforcement at family level

Page 41 of 53

Finding from Participatory Action Research

PAR Question

1. What can we do to reduce crime and violence in the public spaces of Phnom Penh? What are the strategies and action programs?

2. How can we make Phnom Penh a safer city to live, work, play and learn?

First question Percent %

- Build a strong coordination with all stakeholders for crime reduction and violence in public Space

- Request to the government: 1. Integrate the education on urban violence at school, and university 2. Increase the opportunity at work to the poor people, and improve

working skill to the people 3. Take action to illegal drug addiction and drug trading, gangster,

gambling, and kidnapping 4. Increase salary for police and government officer 5. Increase leadership and capacity building in addressing crime

prevention issues, and build capacity on crime prevention to police 6. Prepare short spot of education on the affect of crime and violence for

dissemination through media 7. Take action on corruption: police corruption, and Judicial corruption 8. Ban for gambling shop: football odd, or lottery 9. Take action for sex video 10. Strong punishment to crime committer by law 11. Establish judicial justice system 12. Reduce gun or petrol 13. Reduce western culture influence

23.10

15.40

21.3

48.5 42

19.10

30.88 19.10 22.05 44.85 15.44 66.17 45.33 18.3

19.20

Second question

Increase light installation in public space and park - Increase public guidance - Construct fence at the pagoda in addition to reduce the hiding place for

crime - Participate in reporting about crime - Report crime to local authority - Use information and communication technology - Establish public criticize system - Infrastructure improvement in the communities - People participation in respecting and implementing law - Increase culture and social morality - Support from the government - Corruption abolishment - Construct development center to educate street children - Personal security while going out - Parent participation and coordination - Educate student at school and community

41.17 37.5

26.47 26.47 11.02 15.44 17.64

39 34.55 14.70 11.76 15.44 30.88 10.29

28 11.02

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- Teacher should not take extra money from student or force student to study in extra session

- Data management at the community level, and management system through IT

- Stop child or women trading - Define those people who break the government property

22.79 8.82

25.73 8.08

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Conclusion and recommendation

By H.E. Mann Chheourn, Vice Governor of Municipality of Phnom Penh As the presentation by the ADB team, and group discussion, we could see the real situation in Phnom Penh about crime and violence in the public space. I am appreciate with the team that work hardly even in the night time, thus I would to thanks to the ADB‘s Team, and the local authority who assist the project research until we found the finding today. The presentation is very useful for us for follow-up action. The findings could be satisfied the participants with the clear information and presentation, so I would like to make the conclusion for the workshop. Education is the primary factor to encourage the people to understand about the type and nature of crime; therefore it should be integrated in the program at school and university, and disseminate the information and experience through IT and media channel. Secondly, gender should be reinforced at the household level to reach the equality between male and female. As we observed at the family in the community, and women participation in the process of development, it was shown that the violence was reduced. Women can express their concept, and discussed about gender issues. For example, At Toul Rokakos, a resettlement community, people set role in the community by themselves; for instance, when men hit women, people would consider him as a ―dog‖, and it was agreed in principle in that community. Thirdly, it is law reinforcement and dissemination. As the third group presentation, we have the existing law and judge; thus in order to build a strong community, people or community have to participate in implementing and respecting law, and those who break law have to get punishment. Lastly, willingness to implement in the project is called ―working together‖ have to apply in the meant of participation and implementation with all stakeholders. With my experience, community has to support the local authority and work together; without any participation, a strong partnership cannot also establish too. For the Municipality of Phnom Penh, I will prepare the conclusion and submit to the Governor of MPP, and the ministry level; and we will announce that MPP is starting with the violent protection project, and we will disseminate the ADB‘s result, and its action plan. I feel optimistic that it could be integrated with the work plan of MPP in 2005, which consisted of comment from concerned department, and support Seila‘s programme and donors. I would like to request to the team to prioritize the main point, so that we can make proposal for applying fund. So starting from this workshop, you should become Self-help first as it used to work with people by starting to work first. After working together, and self-help, the prime minister announced to improve 100 settlements per year.

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CLOSING REMARKS By: H.E KHUN SAR Vice Governor of Phnom Penh Municipality

ADB National Workshop on the Study of Urban Violence in Public Spaces: Towards More Effective Urban Upgrading I would like to thanks to have opportunity for closing in this workshop on behalf of the Governor of Municipality of Phnom Penh. As I have observed in the group discussion, all the ideas are provide for the improvement of our city. but I am quite sure, and I feel after listen the prime minister announce that we have to apply with retangle strategy. as Mr. Mann Chheourn that we start with a green light for the improvement of our city. and we need to respect the law of criminal. so if we have a good governance, people with live better. This just summary so in this short time, I would like extend … all the idea that start with the government have to collect all the value concept to follow with the government, to reduce violent, and follow up with ADB response… We have reached the end of the workshop. The combined voices of all the participants have laid out some recommendations that the Municipality of Phnom Penh must heed. The discussions have captured valuable information that can be used to transform the Municipality‘s policies and programs to better support violence prevention efforts and enhance public safety. These recommendations, together with the findings of the ADB research project, represent a call to action that the Municipality has an obligation to meet in order to support and promote a safer, healthy and sustainable city for our citizens. The results of the five working groups‘ discussions were compiled and analyzed by the facilitators and the research team. These are divided into two major categories, and within each category, several key themes have emerged

Strategies and Action Programs to Reduce Crime in Phnom Penh

1. Focus on crime prevention, rather than cure Examine root causes, address problems early, and work on interconnected

issues such as poverty, unemployment, poor education, poor health, drug and alcohol abuse, and spread of small weapons

Increase leadership and capacity building in addressing crime prevention issues

Put priority on crime prevention, increase funding for prevention work 2. Use information and communication technologies (ICTs)

Create a database on crimes and criminals Provide easy access to the database Set up ICTs in all communes and train commune councils on the use of ICTs Train the police in developing and using ICTs to fight crime and achieve a safer

city 3. Recognize the value of cooperation in crime prevention

City-level partnerships is extremely important in crime prevention Support community-based cooperation to enhance crime prevention Fund cooperation activities to ensure success

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4. Develop proper programs to address urban deprivation

Tackle the problem of unemployment, low levels of skill, poor educational achievement, poor health, and poor physical environment in the disadvantaged areas of the city

Stimulate employment opportunities Redevelop the physical environment and promote the image of the city Encourage private sector investment Create community economic regeneration schemes Address housing shortages Ensure a coordinate process of physical clearing-up, repair, demolition, and

rebuilding

Strategies and Action Programs to Make Phnom Penh a Safer City 1. Develop and engage strong communities for safety promotion

Integrate or coordinate the work of local departments involved in public safety, and determine how to account for funds when working towards shared outcomes

Incorporate crime prevention strategies within a safe communities plan Target strong communities for safety promotion, and market a positive image

using the media Use key ―learning‖ from strong communities to inform high-risk communities

2. Focus on the “human factor” when developing plans and designing public spaces

Design out crime by planning and designing for people Consider convenient and illuminated access to amenities Organize cultural activities to celebrate and enjoy the public places Develop a sense of place and identity, and ownership and care for public

spaces Provide safety and security to public spaces

3. Community-based conflict mediation and training through:

Open dialogue among relevant stakeholders and communities to find workable ways to discourage urban violence

Using communes (sangkats) as a formal organization for the police and community organizations to work together for that purpose

Application of principles of conflict mediation and management Building community capacity through training, and gradually empower local

communities to engage in the common effort of reducing crime Considering people‘s needs and values in situations where customs and

traditions have been eroded or destroyed 4. Strengthen Phnom Penh Municipality’s role in public safety

Identify local needs and opportunities for community partnerships and planning for safe community programs within the Municipality‘s strategic planning

Fund the Municipality‘s plan for public safety Conduct safety audits of facilities used by the public; inspect high-risk

buildings, slum and squatter settlements, and new resettlement sites

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Conduct risk and vulnerability analysis and impact assessment to determine if an area is in danger of violence

Disseminate information on crime and criminals 5. Build partnerships for community safety

Create partnerships between the Municipality, other government departments, and the private sector to improve community safety

Create student action teams to provide opportunities for secondary and university students to work with the Municipality, schools, and community organizations to explore, identify, and implement strategies for promoting safer communities

Create community safety awards for exemplary and innovative best practice in community safety

Provide opportunities to minimize the potential for offending and other anti-social behavior by encouraging involvement in active sport and recreational activities

Organize volunteers to create community awareness of crime prevention and risk management

However, none of the above strategies and action programs would be possible without the commitment from and contributions by a diversity of government departments and agencies, the private sector, and NGOs, the people as well as the international community. Political will is needed in order to make violence prevention and safety programs more effective, efficient, and sustainable. We at the Municipality care and we are committed to making Phnom Penh a safer city. We need your help in implementing our safer city programs effectively, efficiently, and sustainable. Let‘s work together to achieve safer public spaces and city for our children and community.

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AAppppeennddiixx 1. List of participants

2. Workshop Programme

3. Participants Answer

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ADB National Workshop on

Study of Urban Violence in Public Spaces: Towards More Effective Urban Upgrading

Date: Friday, 21 Jan 2005 (morning) Venue: MPP Participants: about 150 comprising government, non-government organizations and

community involved in the work against urban violence in Phnom Penh‘s urban public spaces

Programme:

Time Programme

7.30-7.55am Registration

8am Opening address by Governor of Phnom Penh

8.10am Welcome address by ADB

8.20-9.30am Presentation of study findings by study team: Introduction to study: Project Team Leader, Dr Belinda Yuen (10 mins) Community survey findings: Su Choon Lin (15 mins) Walking in the Park: Bunra Seng (15 mins) PAR findings: Jo Edralin (15 mins) Conclusion and recommendations: Dr Belinda Yuen (10mins)

9.30-9.50am Tea break

9.50-10.50am

Group discussions (5 break-up groups according to participant profile/organization), facilitator(s) to lead discussion(s)

10.50-11.45am

Group presentation by facilitators Comments/responses by key government departments

11.45am Conclusion and recommendations for follow-up action plan by Cabinet Chief, MPP

12 noon Governor closing address

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ADB National Workshop on

Study of Urban Violence in Public Spaces: Towards More Effective Urban Upgrading

Date: Friday, 21 Jan 2005 (morning) Venue: MPP Group Discussion Questions (breakup groups of about 30 people each): Each group will discuss the following two questions: 1. What can we do to reduce crime and violence in the public spaces of Phnom Penh? What are the strategies and action programs?

....................................................................................................................................

2. How can we make Phnom Penh a safe city to live, work, play and learn? ...................................................................................................................................

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List of Attendance in Workshop on the Study of Urban Violence In Public Place in Phnom Penh

Nº Name Title-Organization Contact Number

01 Mom Sandap Chief of Planning Department 012 834 842

02 Ngin Sokrova Chief of Social Affair Dept 012 851 332

03 Koy Kim An Deputy Chief of Dept of Social Affairs

012 832 840

04 Ung Makara Deputy Chief of Dept of Commerce 012 290 909

05 Sim Sy Than Deputy Chief of Dept of Rural Development

016 856 172

06 Nai Meng Ann Deputy Chief of Dept of Education 012 853 036

07 Kong Sambath Deputy Chief of Information Dept

08 Peng Sokun Deputy Chief of DPWT 012 958 589

09 Tob Thavy Representative of Women‘s Affair Dept

011 624 355

10 Som Many Representative of Women‘s Affair Dept

012 652 039

11 Long Sokhom Representative of Land Management and urbanization

012 871 160

12 Nun Sam Aun Vice Governor of Chmkarmon District

011 842 555

13 Huy Sarun Vice Governor of Mean Chey District 012 299 775

14 Kaeut Chhai Vice Governor of Russey Keo District

011 788 881

15 Som Sannavy Representative of Dang Kor District 011 766 220

16 Pech Keo Mony Vice Governor of Tuol Kork 012 525 235

17 Meng Kim Eng Representative of Tuol Kork District 012 896 133

18 Tith Riyan Deth Representative of Russey Keo District

016 883 250

19 Un Sivannoeurn Deputy Chief of Women Affair Bureau of Chamkamon District

012 762 554

20 Suon Lyda Deputy Chief of Women Affair Bureau of Daun Penh District

21 Bun Linda Representative of Daun Penh District

22 Mok Sinet CDMC of Mean Chey District

23 Pheng Phyrany CDMC of Daun Penh District

24 Leav Vutha CDMC of Daun Penh District

25 Lim Seda CDMC of 7 makara District 011 835 108

26 Nhem Mom CMDC of Tuol Kork District 011 797 012

27 Heng Kuch Deputy Chief of Bureau of Social Affair- Mean Chey District

28 Sun Heng Chief of Social Affair of 7 Makara District

011 877 050

29 Mut Sarakham Chief of Social Affair of Daun Penh District

011 864 801

30 Keo Leng Representative of Sangkat Council of Phsar Chas

011 218 010

31 Touch Meng Sreang Chief of Sangkat Boeung Salang 012 834 081

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32 Seng Sophal Deputy Chief of Sangkat Phsar Chas 012 822 094

33 Sam Phon Chief of Sangkat Niroth 011 244 038

34 Morm Proeurn Chief of Sangkat Dey Krohorm 5 012 395 647

35 Suon Savath Deputy Chief of Sangkat Tunlebasac 012 888 643

36 Khut Sokhalay Chief of Sangkat Boeung Prolit

37 Phok Rachna Representative of Sangkat Council of Boeung Tompun

38 Theng Hov Deputy chief of Sangkat Orussey 012 986 677

39 Bou Heng Representative of Sangkat Council of Phsar Chas

40 Huot Sam Aun Representative of Sangkat Council of Srah Chork

41 Roeung Sarath Deputy Chief of Sangkat 011 726 048

42 Mao Bora Representative of Ministry of Land Administration and Urbanization

012 950 290

43 Ou Meng Chan Representative of Ministry of Land Administration and Urbanization

44 Kim Vathanak Thida Deputy Chief of Cabinet of MPP

45 Nak Tanavuth Chief of International Relation Bureau/MPP

46 Mok Vibol Staff of International Relation Bureau/MPP

47 Cheang Tola Staff of International Relation Bureau/MPP

48 Ou Sidanuon Staff of International Relation Bureau/MPP

49 Chan Sokunthea Staff of International Relation Bureau/MPP

50 Kong Bunna Staff of International Relation Bureau/MPP

51 Lim Nora MPP Staff

52 Chin Pau MPP Staff

53 Lim Nora MPP Staff

54 San Vannarith Assistant to Vice Governor of MPP

55 Lang Navy Assistant to Vice Governor of MPP

56 Chin Panha Rath MPP Staff

57 Eang Phalla MPP Staff

58 Ean Sokhim MPP Staff

59 Prom Socheata MPP Staff

60 Khun Vanna MPP Staff

61 Lim Vichet MPP Staff 011 877 977

62 Keo Vathna SEILA Program staff

63 Khut Srey Chantheary

SEILA Program staff

64 Men Channan Representative of SUPF

65 Pa Saream Representative of SUPF

66 Huot Veng Chan Technical Assistant of CCJAP Project

67 Lek Sin Vuthy Public Relation of Friends Organization

68 Wan Maung JFPR Project Management 012 996 333

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Consultant

69 Saphun Sovisal Technical Assistant of JFPR Project 011 810 519

70 Theam Rithideka JFPR Staff 016 555 868

71 Heng Thyda JFPR Staff 012 553 404

72 Chim Khindarath JFPR Staff 012 990 726

73 Ul Noty Local Team

74 Khov Kuong Local Team

75 Sek Sam Ol Representative of Pour Sourie d‘Enfant

76 Tep Chanbora Gender and Development Chief of WVC

012 929 352

77 Peung Yuok Heap Deputy Chief of LAC 012 823 745

78 Ly Puthdara Deputy Chief of Crime Bureau

79 Pen Khun Deputy Chief of Traffic Bureau

80 Houn Sareth Deputy Chief of Crime Bureau

81 Phom Sokha Deputy Chief of Foreign Affair Bureau

82 Touch Muy Sam Chief of Drug Trafficking Bureau

83 Srey Vantha Chief of Police Jail

84 Ob Viraek Representative of Municipal Court

85 Khun Savuth Deputy Director of Boeung Trabek High School

86 Ngov Chhun Hak Deputy Director of Boeung Keng Kang High School

87 Chhim Sovath Deputy Director of Samaki High School

88 Chhun Nhil Deputy Director of Hun Sen Borey 100 Khnong High School

89 Tai Sareth Deputy Director of Santhor Mok High School

90 Hay Bean Chhoin Deputy Director of Wat Koh High School

91 Yi Sophea Deputy Director of Chbar Ampov High School

012 655 318

92 Chhay Bun Lay Deputy Director of Indra Tevy High School

012 706 293

93 Chet Yorm Director of Tuol Tom Poung High School

012 846 280

94 Ou Puth Maly Deputy Director of Hun Sen-Bun Rany Wat Phnom High School

012 775 339

95 Khhim Bun Director of Hun Sen Chumpouvan High School

012 953 560

96 Sok Sovanna Director of Bak Touk High School 012 947 725

97 Serey Wathon Representative Anouvath High School

016 335 888

98 Keang Laek Chief of Orussey Market

99 Kruoch Sothon Deputy Chief of Toul Tom Poung Market

100 Chab Dyna Deputy Chief of Thom Thmey Market 011 777 016

101 Pheng Phiran Community Representative

102 Men Choi Boeung Chhouk Community

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103 Kov Neaty Angkor Mean Chey Community

104 Bo Rany Community Representative

105 Seng Heang Community Representative

106 Chea Chom Community Representative

107 Math Ismah Representative of Chrang Chamreh Community

108 Dy Satia Representative of Phum 6 Community

109 Tou Nisaroh Representative of Colalan 1 Community

110 So Rohimah Representative of Colalan 2 Community

111 Ou Srey Socheata Community Representative

112 Pheng Vathna Kalyan

Community Representative

113 Kan Sodavy Community Representative

114 Nguon Sophal Community Representative

115 Uch Samoeurn Preah Phirun Community

116 In Saraeun Neary Community, Srah Chok

117 Mao Sarath Neary Community, Srah Chok

118 Tan Sithorn Neary Community, Srah Chok

119 Ear Rin Neary Community, Srah Chok

120 Ou Narin Neary Community, Srah Chok

121 Hok Kheang Community Representative

122 Raeung Bopha Community Representative

123 Chan Lina Community Representative

124 Nav Chorn Ponleu Khemra Community

125 Om Sath Community Representative

126 Seak Chhay Phum 4 Community

127 Lon Da Nga Tuol Kork Community

128 Phan Sana The Cambodia Daily

129 Long Pheng The Siv Chiv Daily