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Workshop on Small-holder Timber Production
Forest Framework in Sri Lanka
by
Ariyadasa Kalutantri
Conservator of Forests
Forest Policy and Small-holder Timber Production
National Forest PolicyForest ResourcesNon Forest Tree ResourcesThe Role of Home Gardens
Population Increase and the Forest Cover
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1881 1900 1956 1983 1992Year
Fo
rest
Co
ver
%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Po
pu
lati
on
Reduction of Forest Cover in Sri Lanka
84
70
44
27 24 22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Forest Cover(%)
1881 1900 1956 1983 1992 1999
Year
Forest Types - 1994
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Extent ('000 ha.)
Monatne
Sub Montane
Lowland Rain
Moist Monsoon
Dry Monsoon
Reverine Dry
Mangroove
Sparse
Forest Policy and Restoration Strategy
Time Period
Policy Restoration Strategy
1900 Reclaim the chena cultivation areas
“Taungya” reforestation program mainly in the Dry and Intermediate zones
1938 Planting Patna lands Pinus and Eucalyptus were introduced in the up country patna lands
1953 Emphasis on timber and fuelwood production
Planting of dry and wet patna with P. caribaea, E.grandis, and E.microcoris with some mechanical site preparation
1980 Donor funded projects. USAID Watershed Management Project
Large scale planting of fuelwood in the dry zone and Pinus in the up country catchment areas
1980 Social Forestry Initiatives
CFP project 1982-1989 and PFP project 1993-1999
1995 Current Forest Policy Community based tree planting and private sector involvement in forest plantation development
National Forest Policy - 1995
To conserve forests for posterity with particular regard to biodiversity, soils, water, and historical, cultural, religious, and aesthetic values
To increase the tree cover and productivity of the forests to meet the needs of present and future generations for forest products and services
To enhance the contribution of forestry to the welfare of the rural population, and strengthen the national economy, with special attention paid to equity in economic development
Policy on Management of State Forest Resources
All state forest resources will be brought under sustainable management both in terms of the continued existence of important eco-systems and the flow of forest products and services
The traditional rights, cultural values, and religious beliefs of people living within or adjacent to forest areas will be recognized and respected
The natural forests will be allocated firstly for conservation, and secondly for regulated multiple use production forestry
For the management and protection of the natural forests forest plantations the state will where appropriate form partnership with local people, rural communities, and other stakeholders and introduce appropriate tenurial arrangements
Policy on Management of State Forest Resources
The establishment and management of industrial forest plantations on the state lands will be entrusted progressively to local people, rural communities , industries, and other private bodies in pace with institutionalizing effective environment safeguards
Degraded forest lands will be rehabilitated as forest for conservation and multiple use production, where it is economically and technically feasible, mainly for the benefit of local people
Planned conversion in forest to other land uses can take place only in accordance with procedures defined in legislation and with accepted conservation and scientific norms
Policy on Management of Private Forest and Tree Resources
Trees growing on homesteads, and other agroforestry, will be promoted as a main strategy to supply wood and other forest products for meeting household and market needs
• The establishment, management, and harvesting of industrial forest plantations by local people, communities, industries, and others in the private sector will be promoted
• The state will promote tree growing by local people, rural communities, NGOs and other non-state sector bodies for the protection of environmentally sensitive areas
Policy on Wood and Non-Wood forest products, Industries and Marketing
Greater responsibility will be given to local people, organized groups, cooperatives, industries, and other private bodies in commercial forest production, industrial manufacturing, and marketing.
Efficient forest products utilization, development of competitive forest industries based on sustainable wood sources, and manufacture of value added forest products will be promoted.
The state will facilitate the harvesting and transport of forest products grown on private lands
Effective measures to protect forests and illegal trade in wood, non-wood forest products and endangered species of flora and fauna will be instituted.
National Forest Policy
Forestry Sector Master Plan
Short TermStrategies
Medium TermStrategies
Long TermStrategies
Five Year ImplementationProgram (FYIP)
The Process
Sources of Timber Supply
Home Garden41%
Forest Plantations6%
Unrecorded21%
Imported9%
Rubber13%
Coconut10%
Agro-forestry Systems in Sri Lanka
Farm-based Agro-forestry Traditional Home Gardens Kandyan Forest Gardens Spice Gardens Trees in Agriculture Fields (Tea, Coffee, Cocoa) Intercropping with commercial trees (coconut,
rubber) Trees around agricultural fields
Agro-forestry Systems in Sri Lanka
Forest Based Agro-forestry Traditional shifting cultivation (chena) Cooperative Reforestation Program Farmers woodlots
Home Gardens - General
Best developed agro-forestry system in Sri Lanka
It is essentially a mixed cropping with a variety of tree species that provide food, fruit, timber, medicine, and spices
Home gardens are wide-spread and vary in species composition and tree density
There are about 858,000 ha. of home gardens (13% of the land area)
Distribution of Home Gardens
Land Area (ha) Area of Home Gardens DISTRICT Home Gardens(ha) as a % of district
Ampara 450031 16245 3.6 Anuradhapura 722178 56143 7.8 Badulla 285673 50764 17.8 Batticaloa 263983 14359 5.4 Colombo 68469 8577 12.5 Galle+Matara 292085 99000 33.9 Gampaha 141890 56884 40.1 Hambantota 262307 44922 17.1 Kalutara 164391 33156 20.2 Kandy 192808 61029 31.7 Kegalle 168328 46782 27.8 Kurunegula 489787 72892 14.9 Matale 206050 20258 9.8 Moneragala 576763 56739 9.8 Nuwara Eliya 174109 9172 5.3 Polonnaruwa 344988 36180 10.5 Puttalam 315848 64747 20.5 Ratnapura 327034 56462 17.3 Trincomalee 267991 14083 5.3 TOTAL 5714713 818394 14.3
Home Gardens- Species Composition
More than 400 different tree species found in home gardens
Some species are planted while other are naturally regenerated
Home garden species can be broadly categorized in to Food, Food & Timber, and Timber species. Medicinal and spice trees are also found
Five commercially grown exotic timber species (Teak, Mahogany, Alstonia, Albizzia, and Eucalyptus) are among the top ten species in order of frequency of occurrence
There are about 30 different medicinal tree species in the home gardens
Most Common Home Garden Tree Species
Species Name Origin Category Total Number Local Botanical of Trees
Coconut Cocos nucifera Planted Timber & Food 38616649 Rubber Hevea brasiliensis Planted Timber 17101488 Jak Artocarpus heterophyllus Planted Timber & Food 10437142 Arecanut Areca catechu Planted Food 9697944 Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla Planted Timber 6410248 Alstonia Alstonia macrophylla Planted Timber 5968286 Mango Mangifera indica Planted Timber & Food 5607688 Albizzia_1 Albizia molucana Planted Timber 5607581 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus spp Planted Timber 4061191 Teak Tectona grandis Planted Timber 3293609 Margosa Azadirachta indica Naturally Grown/Planted Timber 3044932 Cashew Anacardium occidentale Planted Timber & Food 3001240 Lime Citrus aurantifolia Planted Food 2484387 Lunumidella Melia dubia Naturally Grown/Planted Timber 2349245 Weera Drypetes sepiaria Naturally Grown Timber 2073390 Guava Psidium guajva Planted Food 1790026 Kitul Caryota urens Naturally Grown/Planted Timber & Food 1751016 Satin Chloroxylon swietenia Naturally Grown Timber 1489903 Orange Citrus cinensis Planted Food 1468383 Sabukku Grevillea robusta Planted Timber 1460721 Bamboo Bambusa vulgaris Planted Timber 1333073 Gliricidia Hevea brasiliensis Naturally Grown/Planted Timber 1252885 Halmilla Berrya cordifolia Naturally Grown/Planted Timber 1185466 Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum Planted Timber & Food 1177920 Toona Toona sinensis Planted Timber 1023771 Daminiya Grewia damine Naturally Grown Timber 1001625
Home Gardens- Species Density
The average tree density in home gardens is about 200 trees per hectare
In the wet zone tree density exceeds 260 trees per hectare while in the dry zone tree density is around 125 trees per hectare
Almost all the tree species have more small diameter trees compared to large diameter trees that shows the sustainable nature of the system
Tree Density in Home Gardens
DISTRICT Land Area (ha) Area of Home Gardens Total Number Trees/ha
Home Gardens(ha) as a % of district of Trees
Ampara 450031 16245 3.6 4684499 288
Anuradhapura 722178 56143 7.8 7820520 139
Badulla 285673 50764 17.8 12286263 242
Batticaloa 263983 14359 5.4 446427 31
Colombo 68469 8577 12.5 2427509 283
Galle+Matara 292085 99000 33.9 15799018 160
Gampaha 141890 56884 40.1 11057048 194
Hambantota 262307 44922 17.1 6315661 141
Kalutara 164391 33156 20.2 10533752 318
Kandy 192808 61029 31.7 5694609 93
Kegalle 168328 46782 27.8 22226316 475
Kurunegula 489787 72892 14.9 23505457 322
Matale 206050 20258 9.8 8019140 396
Moneragala 576763 56739 9.8 10905497 192
Nuwara Eliya 174109 9172 5.3 3541264 386
Polonnaruwa 344988 36180 10.5 1730037 48
Puttalam 315848 64747 20.5 4411647 68
Ratnapura 327034 56462 17.3 9732963 172
Trincomalee 267991 14083 5.3 281137 20
TOTAL 5714713 818394 14.3 161418764 197
Girth Class Distribution of Species
Species Name Family Category Girth Class Total Local Botanical >30cm <30cm
Coconut Cocos nucifera Palme TF 29362285 9254334 38616649 Rubber Hevea brasiliensis Euphorbiaceae T 10691775 6409713 17101488 Jak Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae TF 5515990 4921152 10437142 Arecanut Areca catechu Palme F 2661675 7036269 9697944 Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla Meliaceae T 1105066 5305182 6410248 Alstonia Alstonia macrophylla Apocynaceae T 2719116 3249170 5968286 Mango Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae TF 2933572 2674116 5607688 Albizzia_1 Albizia molucana Fabaceae T 4148863 1458678 5607581 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus spp Myrtaceae T 2408844 1652347 4061191 Teak Tectona grandis Verbenaceae T 1522317 1771292 3293609 Margosa Azadirachta indica Meliaceae T 1357844 1687088 3044932 Cashew Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae TF 1151863 1849377 3001240 Lime Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae F 12013 2472374 2484387 Lunumidella Melia dubia Meliaceae T 1251112 1098133 2349245 Weera Drypetes sepiaria Euphorbiaceae T 3974874 11481516 2073390 Guava Psidium guajva Myrtaceae F 70716 1719310 1790026 Kitul Caryota urens Palme TF 809525 941491 1751016 Satin Chloroxylon swietenia Rutaceae T 713782 776121 1489903 Orange Citrus cinensis Rutaceae F 20790 1447593 1468383 Sabukku Grevillea robusta Proteaceae T 891560 569161 1460721 Bamboo Bambusa vulgaris Bambusaceae T 369924 963149 1333073 Gliricidia Hevea brasiliensis Euphorbiaceae T 434510 818375 1252885 Halmilla Berrya cordifolia Tiliaceae T 503663 681803 1185466 Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum Sapindaceae TF 531295 646625 1177920 Toona Toona sinensis Meliaceae T 639165 384606 1023771 Daminiya Grewia damine Tiliaceae T 372663 628962 1001625
Home Garden – Timber Production Potential
One hectare of home garden will produce 0.95 m3 of sawlogs and 0.5 m3 of poles per year
Five exotic tree species found in home gardens (Mahogany, Alstonia, Teak, Eucalyptus, and Albizzia) account for 30% of the total timber production
Jak and Rubber are the main timber producers each contributing 17% to the total production
Most Valuable Timber Species in Home GardensSpecies Name
Local Botanical Origin
Timber Class
Log Price/M3 (Rs.)
Teak Tectona grandis Planted Super Luxury 23040
Nedun Pericopsis mooniana Naturally Grown/Planted Super Luxury 23040
Jak Artocarpus heterophyllus Planted Luxury 15120
Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla Planted Luxury 14760
Satin Chloroxylon swietenia Naturally Grown Luxury 15180
Halmilla Berrya cordifolia Naturally Grown/Planted Luxury 15180
Milla Vitex altissima Naturally Grown Luxury 15180
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus spp Planted Special & 2 5700
Margosa Azadirachta indica Naturally Grown/Planted Special 14220
Kumbuk Terminalia arjuna Naturally Grown/Planted Special 11340
Palu Manilkara hexandra Naturally Grown Special 14220
Welang Pterospermum suberifolium Naturally Grown Special 14220
Kolon Adina cordifolia Naturally Grown Special 14220
Suriyamara Albizia odoratissima Naturally Grown Special 14220
Hora Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Naturally Grown/Planted 1 7740
Ketakela Bridelia retusa Naturally Grown 1 7740
Kon Schleichera oleosa Naturally Grown 1 7740
Damba Syzygium assimile Naturally Grown 1 7740
Helamba Mitragyma parvifolia Naturally Grown 1 7740
Alstonia Alstonia macrophylla Planted 2 5700
Toona Toona sinensis Naturally Grown/Planted 2 5700
Coconut Cocos nucifera Planted 3 3216
Rubber Hevea brasiliensis Planted 3 3216
Mango Mangifera indica Planted 3 1620
Albizzia_1 Albizia molucana Planted 3 1620
Lunumidella Melia dubia Naturally Grown/Planted 3 3180
Sabukku Grevillea robusta Naturally Grown/Planted 3 3180
Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum Planted 3 1620
Daminiya Grewia damine Naturally Grown 3 1620
Tamarind Tamarindus indica Naturally Grown/Planted 3 1620
Timber Production Potential of Home Garden Species
Species Name
Local Botanical
Category Total No. of Trees
Estimated No. of
Trees that would reach
Maturity
Rotation Age
(Years)
Timber Volume per Tree
(m3)
Estimated Timber Volume
(m3)
Coconut Cocos nucifera Timber & Food 38616649 27031654 50 0.15 81095
Rubber Hevea brasiliensis Timber 17101488 10260893 30 0.3 102609
Jak Artocarpus heterophyllus Timber & Food 10437142 8349714 40 0.5 104371
Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla Timber 6410248 2564099 30 0.6 51282
Alstonia Alstonia macrophylla Timber 5968286 2387314 25 0.3 28648
Mango Mangifera indica Timber & Food 5607688 3925382 40 0.4 39254
Albizzia_1 Albizia molucana Timber 5607581 2243032 25 0.4 35889
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus spp Timber 4061191 1624476 25 0.6 38987
Teak Tectona grandis Timber 3293609 1317444 35 0.6 22585
Margosa Azadirachta indica Timber 3044932 2131452 45 0.4 18946
Lunumidella Melia dubia Timber 2349245 1409547 25 0.4 22553
Kitul Caryota urens Timber & Food 1751016 1225711 35 0.15 5253
Satin Chloroxylon swietenia Timber 1489903 1042932 70 0.4 5960
Sabukku Grevillea robusta Timber 1460721 584288 30 0.35 6817
Halmilla Berrya cordifolia Timber 1185466 829826 40 0.4 8298
Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum Timber & Food 1177920 824544 40 0.4 8245
Toona Toona sinensis Timber 1023771 511886 25 0.4 8190
Daminiya Grewia damine Timber 1001625 600975 40 0.4 6010
594992
What improvements can be made
Provide better quality planting materials especially in case of commercial species
Some sort of mechanism to certify the timber produced in home gardens