Upload
may-paul
View
218
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Workshop For TAs/RAs & Graduate Students
Presents:Presents:
http://www.aucegypt.edu/academic/clt
RESEARCH SKILLS
Professor Pandeli M. Glavanis (PhD)
Associate Director, CLT
Professor Pandeli M. Glavanis (PhD)
Associate Director, CLT
Workshop Structure
o Research Skills & Techniques
(Problem Of Assumptions)
o Awareness of Research Environment
o 5 MINUTE BREAK
o Research Management
All Examples Are Extracted From
FINDING OUT FAST:
INVESTIGATIVE SKILLS
FOR
POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
A THOMAS, J CHATAWAY & M WUYTS SAGE PUBLICATIONS, LONDON, 1998
FINDING OUT FAST:
INVESTIGATIVE SKILLS
FOR
POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT
A THOMAS, J CHATAWAY & M WUYTS SAGE PUBLICATIONS, LONDON, 1998
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Zimbabwe Cooperatives
B.Land In Mozambique
C.Problem Of Assumptions
I. Research Skills
The Ability To Recognize And Validate Problems
Knowledge Of Recent Advances Within One’s Field And In Related Areas
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Zimbabwe Cooperatives
B.Land In Mozambique
C.Problem Of Assumptions
A. Zimbabwe Cooperatives
BACKGROUND:Coop movement was in trouble & foreign NGO wants to help–commission research.
EXAMINE:Tension between government & coopmovement; ways in which foreign NGOs might provide further funding withoutIncreasing tension with government.
ASSUMPTIONS:Government bureaucracy had turned hostile despite political rhetoric.
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Zimbabwe Cooperatives
B.Land In Mozambique
C.Problem Of Assumptions
Discussion
What Is The Research Problem ?
What Is The Research Question ?
How Do You Validate It ?
What Theoretical Context ?
What Background Knowledge ?
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Zimbabwe Cooperatives
B.Land In Mozambique
C.Problem Of Assumptions
Research In Zimbabwe
Most coops were in fact in serious trouble;
Many government officials were hostile;
Foreign NGOs had created dependency;
BUT ALSO FOUND OUT THAT
A few successful coops which operated as commercial entities
Problem of attitude: All saw coops as political, charitable
social organisations;
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Zimbabwe Cooperatives
B.Land In Mozambique
C.Problem Of Assumptions
More Assumptions
Coops were passive recipients of charity from foreign NGOs;
AND
Business sector was hostile to coop movement
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Zimbabwe Cooperatives
B.Land In Mozambique
C.Problem Of Assumptions
New Research Question
How Can Foreign NGOs Help Coops To Become:
- Politically and commercially independent - Make best use of government and business resources;
i.e. break dependency on foreign NGOs
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Zimbabwe Cooperatives
B.Land In Mozambique
C.Problem Of Assumptions
B. Land In Mozambique
BACKGROUND:Peasants are being pushed off the land and afraid to talk about it. Foreign NGOs concerned.
EXAMINE:How to use public international pressure to stop it. Foreign NGO commissions research.
ASSUMPTIONS:Peasants cant defend themselvesGovernment uninterested in peasant plightNo public debate on issue
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Zimbabwe Cooperatives
B.Land In Mozambique
C.Problem Of Assumptions
Discussion
• WHAT IS THE RESEARCH PROBLEM?
• HOW DO YOU VALIDATE IT?
• WHAT IS THE RESEARCH QUESTION?
• WHAT THEORETICAL CONCEPT?
• WHAT BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE?
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Zimbabwe Cooperatives
B.Land In Mozambique
C.Problem Of Assumptions
Research In Mozambique
Government has already established National Land Commission to draft revisions to law to safeguard peasant rights;
Several local NGOs raising public awareness of the issue; and
Local NGOs successful in helping some peasants defend their rights. (i.e. struggle to stop expropriation)
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Zimbabwe Cooperatives
B.Land In Mozambique
C.Problem Of Assumptions
New Research Question
How to assist and influence the work of
the National Land Commission?
How to assist local NGOs to fight more
cases of expropriation?
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Zimbabwe Cooperatives
B.Land In Mozambique
C.Problem Of Assumptions
C. Problem Of Assumptions
Enter crowded airport lounge; See one empty chair & I go to sit when I
notice someone spilt a drink on the cushion;
I don’t have anything to wipe it so I sit on table;
Another passenger comes along, looks at chair and turns the cushion over and sits.
WHY DID I WHY DID I NOT NOT
THINK OF THINK OF THAT?THAT?
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Famine
B.Global Worming
C.Genetically Manipulated Organisms
II. Research Environment
Show a broad understanding of the context, at the national and international level, in
which research takes place
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Famine
B.Global Worming
C.Genetically Manipulated Organisms
A. Famine
Famine is due to a shortfall in available food
In most famine areas food was being exported during famine.
How can this happen?
PARADOX
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Famine
B.Global Worming
C.Genetically Manipulated Organisms
Analytical Framework
WHAT DOES IT INVLOVE TO “EXPORT” FOOD?
WHERE IT IS “EXPORTED” TO? WHO DOES IT? WHY DO THEY DO IT? WHO GETS IT? WHY DO THEY GET IT?
MARKET ECONOMYMARKET ECONOMY
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Famine
B.Global Worming
C.Genetically Manipulated Organisms
Answer To Paradox
Amartya Sen (Nobel Laureate in Economics) has published extensively on the subject and showed – from extensive research – that:
Market mechanisms (purchasing power)(purchasing power) usually attracts food to wealthy urban areas and away from rural famine areas who in fact produce the limited food.
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Famine
B.Global Worming
C.Genetically Manipulated Organisms
B. Global Worming
Dispute between: World Resources Institute in Washington Centre for Science & Environment in India
WRI argues that China and India (as countries) emit more CO2 than the EU or Canada.
CSE challenged the results
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Famine
B.Global Worming
C.Genetically Manipulated Organisms
IS IT SIGNIFICANT THAT WRI RELIES ON “COUNTRIES”“COUNTRIES” FOR ITS ANALYSIS?
IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE “UNIT”“UNIT” THAT CAN BE USED?
WHERE DOES CO2 COME FROM?
WHO PRODUCES IT?
Analytical Framework
POPULATION & WEALTH POPULATION & WEALTH
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Famine
B.Global Worming
C.Genetically Manipulated Organisms
CSE Challenge
Emissions should be calculated according to population size and by country,– Thus China and India are well below
the EU and Canada in global league table.
and Luxury emissions should not be
compared to survival emissions.– Driving to the shops vs. fuel for
cooking
IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL POLICY?IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL POLICY?
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Famine
B.Global Worming
C.Genetically Manipulated Organisms
C. Genetically Manipulated Organisms (GMOs)
Third World Network (TWN) a Malaysian NGO is trying to influence global policy on GMOs
TWN makes use of scientists from GMOs producing countries who are opposed to GMOs to support their case
IS THEIR METHODOLOGY OK?IS THEIR METHODOLOGY OK?
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Famine
B.Global Worming
C.Genetically Manipulated Organisms
Analytical Framework
WHAT ARE KEY ISSUES IN GMOs ? WHO IS AFFECTED? WHY IS TWN INVOLVED IN CAMPAIGN? WHY USE SCIENTISTS? WHO ELSE COULD THEY USE? IS IT A SCIENTIFIC ISSUE?
SCIENCE vs SOCIETYSCIENCE vs SOCIETY
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
A.Famine
B.Global Worming
C.Genetically Manipulated Organisms
Science Is Not Always The Answer
The use of such scientists may give scientific credibility to TWNs argument
BUT
Turns the entire GMO debate into a technical debate
THUS RISK IS TECHNICALRATHER THAN SOCIAL IN NATURE
THUS RISK IS TECHNICALRATHER THAN SOCIAL IN NATURE
Research Skills & Techniques (Problem Of Assumptions)
Awareness of ResearchEnvironment
Research Management
Workshop Structure
III. Research Management
Apply effective project management through the setting of research goals, intermediate milestones and prioritization of activities
USING PROJECT MANAGEMENT
METHODLOGY
USING PROJECT MANAGEMENT
METHODLOGY
5 MINUTE BREAK