Current Status of Cambodian Millennium Development Goals

(CMDG) 2011

By Pagnathun THENG, Ministry of PlanningAllson Angkor Paradise Hotel, 25 October 2011

Workshop for LDCs in Achieving MDGs as Part of the Implementation of the Istanbul Program of Action

CMDG

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Goal 9: De-mining, ERW and victim assistance

Methodology for Assessment of ProgressBased on deviation from a linear projection of progress from baseline to target for latest data year

If deviation < -5% or positiveIf deviation Between -25% and -5%

If deviation more than – 25%

On track

Off Track

Slow

CMDG1: Reduce Poverty and Hunger

POVERTY

l AVERAGE

l EQUITY

l CHILD LABOUR

HUNGER

l FOOD POVERTY

l MALNUTRITION

n Underweight

n Stunted

n Wasted

l IODIZED SALT

National Poverty Lines

Poverty and Equity

Latest Data point: 2007Deviation from path: -2%

But…Poverty decrease was on track until 2007 Inequality had increased

On trackLatest Data point: 2007Deviation from path: -35% Off Track

HungerFood poverty decrease was slower because of higher inflation on food prices than non-food prices

Latest Data point: 2007Deviation from path: -19% Slow

Progress in malnutrition was on-track until 2005 – Reversal in short term indicators in 2008 due to high food prices!

Impact of high food prices

Impact of high food prices

Latest Data point: 2008Deviation from path: STUNTED: -8%

UNDERWEIGHT: -3%

WASTED: 19% On track

Slow

On track

CMDG2: Achieve universal primary education

l Enrolment

l Completion

l Flow Rates

l Literacy

l Children Out of School

l Gender balance

Primary Education

•Net Primary Enrolment Rates are within reach of targets (although closing the gap to 100% is still a challenge)

Tremendous progress has been achieved in Primary Education:

•Primary Flow Rates are not improvingBut…

Latest Data point: 2009/10Deviation from path: +0.4% On track

Latest Data point: 2008/09Repetition Rate: -21%Drop-Out Rate: -6%

Slow

Slow

Lower Secondary EducationOriginal Lower Secondary NER targets and completion rates cannot be achieved by 2015 until

primary flow rates are improved.

LSS NER is slowing down - LSS NER Target was adjusted accordingly

LSS completion rate target was also adjusted

Latest Data point: 2009/10Deviation from path: -51% Off Track

Latest Data point: 2008/09Deviation from path: -28% Off Track

Gender and Regional DisparitiesGender disparities in Primary and LSS net enrolment rates have been eliminated (even reversed!)

Latest Data points: 2009/10Deviation from path: PRIMARY: +4%

LOWER SECONDARY: +20%

On track

On track

Regional disparities in Primary have been eliminates. Large differences remain in LSS

Children Out of School and IlliteracyAfter making good progress up to 2004, the proportion of 6-14 year olds out of school is stagnating

Latest Data point: 2008Deviation from path: -37%

The literacy rates of 15-24 years old is almost on track

Off TrackLatest Data point: 2008Deviation from path: -5.05% Slow

CMDG3: Promote gender equality & empower women

• Disparities in Secondary and Higher Education

• Disparities in Literacy

• Disparities in Wage Employment

• Disparities in Public Institutions

• Violence Against Women

Gender parity in Higher Education and Literacy

Good progress has been made in gender balance in upper secondary and tertiary education

Latest Data points: 2008/09Deviation from path: U. SEC: -1%

TERTIARY: -7%

On trackLatest Data points: 2008Deviation from path: 15-24 YR. OLD: +1%

25-49 YR. OLD: -6%

On track

Progress in youth literacy gender ratio is on track but female adult literacy needs more attention.

Slow Slow

Gender parity in Wage Employment

• Female shares of wage employment in all sectors have increased substantially from 1998 to 2008.

• The female share of wage employment in the services sector is still low.

Latest Data points: 2008Deviation from path: AGRICULTURE: 0%

INDUSTRYY: +18%

SERVICES: -21%

On track

• 75 percent of female wage employment in is agriculture

• More attention needs to be paid to women in the informal economy, a critical but vulnerable source of livelihood for women.

On track

Slow

Gender Parity in Public InstitutionsDeviation from path:

On track+13%

-12%

-21%

-29% Off Track

-27% Off Track

On track+30%

-100% Off Track

On track+106%

• Progress in Elected Positions

• Progress in Deputy Positions

• No Progress in Top Appointed PositionsSlow

Slow

Domestic Violence

• Legal framework and implementation plans adopted

• Awareness that domestic violence is wrong and illegal has improved significantly from 2005 to 2009

Latest Data points: 2009Deviation from path: +3% On track

• Levels of acceptance of violence are still high

and

• Most victims of violence still do not have access to or do not seek professional or legal help

But…

CMDG4: Reduce child mortality

l Under-five mortality

l Infant mortality

l Immunization

l Vitamin A

l Breastfeeding

Infant and Under Five Mortality

• Under-Five Mortality is within reach of target

• Infant Mortality has already reached its 2010 target

• All process indicators are on track• Both are expected to exceed the targets• Targets should be revised

But …

Latest Data point: 2008Deviation from path: +12%

Latest Data point: 2005Deviation from path: +17%On track On track

Disparities

• Regional disparities remain high • And Cambodia still has among the highest rates of child mortality in the region

CMDG5: Improve Maternal Health

l Maternal mortality

l Fertility

l Birth Attendance

l Birth Spacing

l Pre-natal visits

l Maternal Nutrition

l Emergency Obstetric Services

Fertility and Maternal Mortality• Maternal Mortality has not so

improved• Despite substantial drops in Total Fertility, which

has almost reached its 2015 target …

• But, maternal mortality is not a reliable indicator and the CDB shows an improving trends in deaths within 1 month of delivery

837

534413

341

2006 2007 2008 2009

Latest Data point: 2008Deviation from path: +9%

Latest Data point: 2008Deviation from path: -43%On track Off Track

• Need confirmation of trend from CDHS 2010

CMDG6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Disease

l HIV Prevalence

l HIV Prevention

l HIV Treatment

l Malaria Prevalence and Case Fatality Rates

l Dengue Fever Prevalence and Case Fatality Rates

l TB Prevalence and Death Rates

HIV/AIDS

• HIV prevalence has decreased from a high of 2% in 1998 to a projected 0.7 in 2008, far exceeding targets.

• 92% of people with HIV are receiving treatment

• But prevention of mother to child transmission and high risk populations need more attention

Latest Data point: 2008Deviation from path: +37% On track

Malaria• Both Malaria prevalence and Case Fatality Rate are on track to reach targets

Latest Data point: 2008Deviation from path: +41% On track

Latest Data point: 2008Deviation from path: +6% On track

Dengue Fever

• Dengue prevalence has stabilized after surging in 2007 but needs more progress

Latest Data point: 2008Deviation from path: -22%

Latest Data point: 2008Deviation from path: +67% On track

• Dengue Case Fatality Rate has reached 2015 target

Slow

Tuberculosis• Prevalence of TB is on track to

reach its target by 2015

Latest Data point: 2007Deviation from path: +1%

Latest Data point: 2007Deviation from path: -37%On track

• Reduction in the TB death rate is off-track

But…

Off Track

CMDG7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

l Protection of Natural Resources

n Forests

n Protected Areas

n Fisheries

l Reduction of fuelwood use

l Access to safe water

l Access to improved sanitation

l Land security

Forest Cover• About 93,000 Ha of forest cover per

year was lost from 2002 to 2006But…

• MAFF plans to reforest 73,000 Ha per year to return to target level

Latest Data point: 2009Below minimum level: Off Track

Change in Forest Cover 2002 to 2006

Protected Areas and Forest Protected Areas

• Loss of 350,000 Ha of protected land to economic land concessions

• Addition of 180,000 Ha to Forest Protected Areas

• Loss of Rangers in both areas

• 390 Community Forestry Groups (only 124 approved by MAFF)

• 84 Protected area community groups

Protected Areas and Forest Protected Areas

Latest Data points: 2009•Protected Areas: below minimum

•Forest Protected areas: increase

•PA Rangers: -51%

•Forest Rangers: below minimum

Off Track

On track

Off Track

Off Track

Fisheries• Maximum Community Fishery (CFi)

Groups reached but registration is lagging• The establishment of fish sanctuaries

is on track to meet the 2015 target.

REGISTERED CFiLatest Data point: 2010Deviation from path: -25%%

FISH SANCTUARY AREALatest Data point: 2010Deviation from path: +1% On trackOff Track

Dependence on Fuelwood

• Continuing very high levels of fuelwood dependency

• Situation worse if charcoal is included

• 1 million efficient cook stoves produced since 2003

Latest Data point: 2008 (Census)Deviation from path: -29% Off Track

Water and Sanitation• Both Rural and Urban water and

sanitation are on track or have exceeded targets

Latest Data point: 2008Deviation from path:RURAL WATER: +4%RURAL SANITATION: +6% On track

On track

• Rural targets need to be revised• Responsibilities and measurements for Urban

Water and Sanitation need to be clarified

But…

Latest Data point: 2008Deviation from path:URBAN WATER: +3%URBAN SANITATION: +22% On track

On track

Land Titling

• Around 24 percent of about 7 million land plots have been registered.

• Progress is below the projected target for 2009, but the pace of registration has more than doubled in 2009 to over 400,000 land titles issued.

• If land titling continues at this rate, it can reach the figure of 58% by 2015, slightly short of the target.

Latest Data point: 2009Deviation from path: -29% Off Track

CMDG8: Forge a Global Partnership for Development

l Levels, Alignment and Harmonization of ODA

l Access to Markets

l Use of ICT

n Mobile Phones

n Internet

ODA• ODA has been adequate and

reliable• ODA is generally aligned to NSDP but some

areas are under-funded

• AID is fragmented and needs improved harmonization

Trade• Cambodia benefits from reduced

tariff barriers• It is not able to take advantage of

them fully

• Cambodia needs to diversify its exports and improve the quality of its products

But…

ICT• Cambodia has seen a recent

explosion in the use of mobile phones and internet.

• Cambodia lags behind its immediate neighbours

But…

28

80

92

33

0.2

24 24

8.5

Cambodia Vietnam Thailand Laos

Mobile Phone Internet

Mobile and Internet Ratios for Cambodia and its Neighbours - 2008

Fixed Phone, Mobile Phone and Internet Users per 100 Population

CMDG9: De-Mining, ERW and Victim Assistance

l Clearing Contaminated land

l Reducing casualties from Mines/ERW

l Assistance to Victims

Land Clearing

• 52,918 Ha or 45% of an assumed total target of 117,798 Ha cleared by 2009..

• Total area to be cleared higher than originally assumed

• Extension of period of time for landmine clearance under Convention extended form 2010 to 2019.

• Another 47,000 Ha to be cleared by 2019

Latest Data point: 2009Deviation from path: -15% Slow

Casualties and Victim Assistance

• The annual number of civilian casualties recorded has fallen from a record 4,320 in 1996 to 243 in 2009.

• Law on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities adopted in July 2009

• Disability Action Council Established

• National Plan of Action, for Persons with Disabilities, Including Landmine/ERW survivors (2009-2011) formulated

• Physical rehabilitative services, psycho-social support, vocational training and social reintegration services are provided but need strengthening

• Accurate data availability on services received by mine/ERW survivors is a challenge

Latest Data point: 2009Deviation from path: +48% On track

Overall SummaryKey challenges

CMDG1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger ê Off-track

Stunting, child labour

CMDG2: Achieve universal primary education î SlowPrimary flow rates, children out of school, literacy rates

CMDG3: Promote gender equality and empower women î Slow

Tertiary education, adult literacy, wage parity in service sector, top decision-making positions, access to DV services

CMDG4: Reduce child mortality é On-track

Child mortality targets

CMDG5: Improve maternal health ê On trackMaternal mortality, contraception, access to emergency obstetric care

CMDG6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases é On-

trackTB death rates

CMDG7: Ensure environmental sustainability ê Off-track

Protection of natural resources, fuelwood dependency, registration of CF and Cfi, land titling, rural water and sanitation targets

CMDG8: Develop a global partnership for development

TBD

Aid harmonization, Allocation to education, agriculture and rural development, access to markets, ICT

CMDG9: De-mining, ERW and Victim Assistance î SlowMagnitude and cost of the task, victim assistance

Thank you for your kind attention.