Working with Smallholders: A Handbook for Firms Building Sustainable Supply Chains

8/13/2019 Working with Smallholders: A Handbook for Firms Building Sustainable Supply Chains

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Zmrldkj wdte_niggemgc`rsI Eikcamml fmr Fdrns Audgcdkj_ustidkiag` _uppgy Oeidks


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Xemtm Or`cdts2Dktrmcuotdmk2 Ourt Oirk`nirl / Zmrgc AiklXij` 92 Oeirgmtt` L`sg / Zmrgc AiklOeipt`r 92 _t`peik Aioe`ke`dn`r/ Zmrgc AiklOeipt`r 12 DFOOeipt`r ?2 Aricfmrc G.Qma`rtsXij` 142 Jmsdi Kmwilmwsli-Ndgg`r/ DFOOeipt`r 32 Ourt Oirk`nirl / Zmrgc AiklXij` 3?2 Qiy Zdtgdk / Zmrgc AiklOeipt`r 02 J`kkicdy Qituse`klm / Zmrgc AiklXij` 662 DFOOeipt`r 62 _omtt Ziggio`/ Zmrgc AiklOeipt`r :2 Ourt Oirk`nirl / Zmrgc Aikl

Oeipt`r 52 Srik Sed`t Cukj/ DFOXij` 9862 Arukm Cnmoq/ DFOOeipt`r 42 Kujrmem Kurcdldiwik _ukbmym / Zmrgc Aikl


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Zmrldkj wdte_niggemgc`rsI Eikcamml fmr Fdrns Audgcdkj_ustidkiag` _uppgy Oeidks


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DFO, i n`na`r mf te` Zmrgc Aikl Jrmup, orìt`s mppmrtukdty fmr p`mpg` tm soip` pmv`rty ikcdnprmv` te`dr gdv`s. Z` fmst`r sustidkiag` omkmndo jrmwte dk c`v`gmpdkj omuktrd`s ay suppmrtdkjprdvit` sòtmr c`v`gmpn`kt, nmadgdzdkj prdvit` oipdtig, ikc prmvdcdkj icvdsmry ikc rdsl ndtdjitdmks`rvdo`s tm ausdk`ss`s ikc jmv`rkn`kts. Seds r`pmrt wis omnndssdmk`c ay DFO termuje dts _ustidkiagÀusdk`ss Icvdsmry, wedoe wmrls wdte ogd`kts tm prmnmt` smukc `kvdrmkn`ktig, smodig, jmv`rkiko`,ikc dkcustry stikcircs< tm oitigyz` dkv`stn`kt dk ogìk k`rjy ikc r`smuro` fod`koy< ikc tm suppmrtsustidkiag` suppgy oeidks ikc omnnukdty dkv`stn`kt.

Se` omkogusdmks ikc bucjn`kts omktidk`c dk teds r`pmrt semugc kmt a` ittrdaut`c tm, ikc cm kmtkò`ssirdgy r`pr`s`kt te` vd`ws mf, DFO mr dts Amirc mf Cdròtmrs mr te` Zmrgc Aikl mr dts @xòutdv`Cdròtmrs, mr te` omuktrd`s te`y r`pr`s`kt. DFO ikc te` Zmrgc Aikl cm kmt juirikt`` te` ioourioy mfte` citi dk teds puagdoitdmk ikc ioo`pt km r`spmksdadgdty fmr iky omks`qu`ko`s mf te`dr us`.


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Siag` mf Omkt`kts

Dktrmcuotdmk 9

Se` Ausdk`ss Ois` fmr Zmrldkj wdte _niggemgc`r Firn`rs 99

Ik @vdc`ko`-Ais`c Ipprmioe tm Xrmjrin C`sdjk 94

Ijjr`jitdmk Sermuje Xrmcuo`r Mrjikdzitdmks 14

@ffòtdv` Sridkdkj ikc Omnnukdoitdmk _trit`jd`s fmr Oeikjdkj _niggemgc`r Aèivdmr 3?

_tikcircs ikc O`rtdoitdmk mf _niggemgc`r _uppgy Oeidks 6?

Dkorìsdkj Ioo`ss tm Dkputs :0

Dnprmvdkj Firn Nikij`n`kt _ldggs 49

Dkomrpmritdkj J`kc`r dktm _uppgy Oeidk Dkt`rv`ktdmks 989

Nìsurdkj Q`sugts 99:


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Iolkmwg`cj`n`kts

Se` pr`piritdmk mf teds eikcamml wis g`c ay Cd`t`r Fdsoe`r wdte sdjkdoikt dkput frmn

Lite`rdk` _oidf` Cdiz, Ikki Ileiglitsd, Nèkiz Eidc`r, Lit` Amttrd`gg, _usik Xmnir

Yu`drmgm, ikc _ikwir`` _`ted. Se` vd`ws `xpr`ss`c dk te` eikcamml ir` tems` mf te`

iutemrs mkgy.

Z` wmugc `spòdiggy gdl` tm teikl Psei Qim-Nmkird, Bmek L`gg`ka`rj ikc Igik Bmeksmk

fmr te`dr judciko` ikc suppmrt termujemut te` c`v`gmpn`kt mf te` eikcamml.

Z` wmugc gdl` tm teikl te` fmggmwdkj p`mpg` wem prmvdc`c viguiag` omnn`kts, dksdjets,

ikc ois` stucd`s.

Frmn DFO2

Smydk Ic`kdbd, Ikcd Zieyukd Aism, @rk`st A`te`, Seu Emkj Cikj, Ig`xds Cdinmkc, _iril

Cumkj, Nirdm Bmm Jmn`s, Qdoeirc E`kry, Càmrie Emrik, Dvik Dvikmv, Qmss Biix, Qdol Vik

c`r Linp, Gdiki Lmrlmtyik, Oeirg`s Gmr, Kitigd` Nioiwirds, Nirdi Dturrigc` NioCdol`k,

@nnikmu`gi Nirlmjgmu, Oirn`k Kd`teinn`r, Gdgdiki Ndrm Yu`sici, Oerds Qdoeircs,Aricfmrc Qma`rts, Oerdstdik Qiea`l Qms`kemgn, ikc Omgdk Siygmr.

Frmn rns ikc mte`r mrjikdzitdmks2

Bik` Iarinmvdoe (Sòekm_`rv`), Lw`sd Ioquie (@smlm), Frdtz Arujj`r (_ykj`kti

Fmukcitdmk), Aid Ilrdcj` (Kitdmkig 3-E Omukodg), Jriein` Aìunmkt Cdxd` (Zmrgc Aikl),

Lir`k F``gy (Omnprè`ksdv` Gìrkdkj _mgutdmks), Civdc F`dj` (Nildkj O`kts), Ikcrìkk`

Jrdnirc (_mgdcirdcic K`twmrl), _t`peikd` Eiksmk (Mk` Ior` Fukc), Bik Genikk

(_uoiki), Igdo` Nmst`rt (_mgdcidcic K`twmrl), Nirl K`dgsmk (Omksugtikt), Giur`ks

vik M`db`k (PSR O`rtd`c), _ygvidk Qmy (OKFI), Inikci _itt`rgy (Sòekm_`rv`), @uj`kdi

_`rmvi (Fmmc ikc Ijrdougtur` Mrjikdzitdmk), Ig`x _`rrikm (Kitdmkig Ommp`ritdv` Ausdk`ss

Issmoditdmk), ikc Guois _dnmks (_OMX@dksdjet).

Se` eikcamml wis `cdt`c ay Giuri N`slm ikc c`sdjk`c ay Qyik Og`kkik ikc Iny Mrr

mf _tucdm Jril.

Xgìs` vdsdt te` wàsdt`, www.firns1rns.mrj, tm prmvdc` omnn`kts ikc tm ioo`ss

upcit`c dkfmrnitdmk iamut k`w DFO puagdoitdmks ikc s`rvdo`s.


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Fmr`wmrc

Mk` mf mur jrìt`st oeigg`kj`s ds n``tdkj smod`tys fmmc k``cs wedg` sdnugtik`musgy

r`cuodkj ijrdougtur`s kvdrmkn`ktig eirn. Seds wdgg r`qudr` te` sustidkiag` dkt`ksdoitdmk

mf ijrdougtur`2 prmcuodkj nmr` fmmc mk g`ss gikc dk i nmr` sustidkiag` wiy. Jrmwte

dk `n`rjdkj nirl`ts ikc rdsdkj c`nikc fmr edje`r quigdty fmmc prmcuots nìk euj`

mppmrtukdtd`s fmr prdvit` rns igmkj te` wemg` vigu` oeidk. Nmr` prmcuotdmk mf fmmcwdte dkorìsdkjgy soiro` gikc ikc wit`r r`smuro`s wdgg r`qudr` dkj`kudty, dkkmvitdmk, ikc

omksdc`riag` dkv`stn`kts fmr còic`s tm omn`. Se` futur` mf ijrdougtur` c`p`kcs dk girj`

pirt mk dkkmvitdv` smgutdmks `n`rjdkj frmn prdvit` rns. Aut dt igsm nìks k`w ikc

dkkmvitdv` pirtk`rsedps a`tw``k cdff`r`kt stilèmgc`rs dk te` fmmc syst`n. Fdrns k``c tm

`stiagdse ikc `xpikc k`w wiys mf wmrldkj wdte omksun`r jrmups, jmv`rkn`kts, r`sìroe

dkstdtut`s, odvdg smod`ty mrjikdzitdmks, ikc te` ndggdmks mf sniggemgc`r firn`rs`spòdiggy

dk `n`rjdkj nirl`tswem ir` ordtdoig tm te` futur` suppgy mf niky ijrdougturig prmcuots

dkogucdkj gdv`stmol, omff``, omomi, v`j`tiag`s, ikc mdg pign.

Dk te` 1891 soig yìr, DFO cmuag`c dts prmjrins dk ijrdougtur` frmn $1 adggdmk p`r ikkun

tm mv`r $3 adggdmk. Z` idn tm cmuag` mur dkv`stn`kts ijidk dk ikmte`r ter`` yìrs. Z`

ir` soigdkj up prmjrins teit dnprmv` te` gdv`gdemmcs mf sniggemgc`r firn`rs ay gdkldkjte`n tm nmc`rk suppgy oeidks prmvdcdkj mppmrtukdtd`s tm dkorìs` te`dr prmcuotdvdty

ikc dnprmv` te`dr firndkj priotdo`s. DFO suppmrts dkkmvitdv` pirtk`rsedps a`tw``k

ijrdausdk`ss, kikodig dkstdtutdmks, tòekdoig issdstiko` prmvdc`rs, jmv`rkn`kts, cmkmrs,

ikc mte`r stilèmgc`rs dk audgcdkj k`w syst`ns mf sustidkiag` fmmc prmcuotdmk.

Seds eikcamml ds i judc` fmr rns wem wdse tm `xpikc te`dr suppgy oeidks ay wmrldkj

wdte sniggemgc`r firn`rs. Se` purpms` ds tm `kiag` nmr` prmcuotdv` dkt`riotdmks a`tw``k

prdvit` rns ikc sniggemgc`rs. Seds omktrdautdmk ds i pirt mf mur girj`r dkv`stn`kt ikc

icvdsmry s`rvdo`s dk ijrdausdk`ss teit idn tm sedft mur jgmaig fmmc syst`n tm mk` we`r`

sustidkiag` prmcuotdmk ds te` kmrn ikc fmmc ikc kutrdtdmkig sòurdty ds sòur`c fmr teds

ikc fmr futur` j`k`ritdmks.

Psei Qim-NmkirdCdròtmr fmr _ustidkiag` Ausdk`ss Icvdsmry


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Dktrmcuotdmk


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Dktrmcuotdmk

Ijrdausdk`ss`s mp`rit` dk i ripdcgy oeikjdkj wmrgc. C`nikc fmr ijrdougturig ormps ds xpòttm cmuag` is te` wmrgcs pmpugitdmk r ioe`s 4.9 adggdmk ay 1808. Fmmc prmcuotdmk wdgg k``c prmvdc` sufod`kt oirameycrit`s, prmt`dks, ikc fits fmr te` `stdnit`c 5:8 ndggdmk p`mpg` wourr`ktgy giol fmmc sòurdty. Omkourr`ktgy, rdsdkj dkomn`s ikc uraikdzitdmk wdgg crdv` dkorìsomksunptdmk mf nìt, cidry, ikc adm-fu`gs.

Dkorìsdkj te` quiktdty ikc quigdty mf fmmc dk r`spmks` tm teds jrmwdkj c`nikc wdgg aòeigg`kj` fmr i vird`ty mf rìsmks. Fdrst, te` r`nidkdkj ukus`c iriag` gikc ds omko`ktrit`c dkf`w omuktrd`s ikc ds cdfougt tm ioo`ss. _òmkc, yd`gcs fmr stipg` ormps, suoe is rdo`, nidz`, weìkc smyaìks, eiv` stijkit`c mr cògdk`c dk mk`-quirt`r tm mk`-tedrc mf te`dr prmcuotdmk ir`curdkj te` pist 38 yìrs.9Sedrc, ogdnit` oeikj`, wit`r soirodty, ikc ik ijdkj rurig pmpugitdmigsm pms` rdsls tm ijrdausdk`ss`s s``ldkj dkkmvitdv` smgutdmks tm smurodkj te`dr prmcuots.

Dk te` fio` mf te`s` oeigg`kj`s, rns ròmjkdz` teit te` wmrgcs 010 ndggdmk sniggemgcfirn`rs r`pr`s`kt ik mppmrtukdty tm `xpikc nirl`t seir` ikc sòur` i sustidkiag` suppgy l`y ijrdougturig omnnmcdtd`s. _murodkj cdròtgy frmn sniggemgc`rs oik `xpikc i rns suppais`, r`cuo` nirjdks pidc tm omggòtmrs ikc ndccg`n`k, ikc fiodgdtit` quigdty ikc prmcuotdv

dnprmv`n`kts. _niggemgc`rs igsm r`pr`s`kt i pmt`ktdig oustmn`r ais` fmr rns nirl`tddkputs, dkfmrnitdmk, ikc kikodig s`rvdo`s.

Emw`v`r, smurodkj frmn sniggemgc`rs pr`s`kts kun`rmus oeigg`kj`s2

Xrmcuotdvdty ikc ormp quigdty ir` mft`k gmw. _niggemgc`r suppgd`rs niy giol lkmwg`cj` mk emw tm ndtdjit` smodig ikc `kvdrmkn`k

dnpiots. Xmmr firn nikij`n`kt sldggs ikc giol mf ijjr`jitdmk r cuo` sniggemgc`rs iadgdty

ioed`v` soig`. Srikspir`koy ikc trioìadgdty nìsur`s ir` k``c`c igmkj te` suppgy oeidk tm iccr ss fm

sif`ty ikc sustidkiadgdty. O`rtdoitdmk prmjrins eiv` cdfougty `viguitdkj te` sustidkiadgdty mf firndkj priotdo

termuje giy`rs mf omggòtmrs ikc ndccg`n`k.

Q`spmkcdkj tm te`s` oeigg`kj`s oik r`qudr` omstgy dkv`stn`kts wdte r`turks sprìc mv`r tsemrt ikc gmkj t`rn.


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1

PKC@Q_SIKCDKJ _NIGGEMGC@Q FIQN@Q_

I sniggemgc`r firn dk te` c`v`gmpdkj wmrgc ds typdoiggy i findgy-mwk`c `kt`rprds` teit prmcuo`s ormps mr gdv`stmol mk twm mr g`sseòtir`s. Dk smn` omuktrd`s ikc sòtmrs, emw`v`r, sniggemgcdkjs oik`xo``c 98 eòtir`s. Niky sniggemgc`rs ir` kmt firn`rs ay oemdo`,aut rite`r ay c`fiugt aòius` te`y giol nmr` guoritdv` mppmrtukdtd`s.Findgy n`na`rs prmvdc` nmst mf te` giamr ikc c`rdv` te`dr prdnirynìks mf suppmrt frmn te` firn.

Ik `stdnit`c 010 ndggdmk sniggemgc`r firns ourr`ktgy `xdstwmrgcwdc`. Se` nibmrdty (?55 ndggdmk) ir` dk Isdi, wdte 33 ndggdmk

dk @urmp` ikc te` Qussdik F`c`ritdmk, ?? ndggdmk dk Ifrdoi, ikc v`ndggdmk dk te` In`rdois. Se` sdz` mf sniggemgcdkjs dk Isdi ikc Ifrdoieis cògdk`c ay 10 tm 38 p`ro`kt mv`r te` pist 08 yìrs, is te`s`firns ir` piss`c frmn j`k`ritdmk tm j`k`ritdmk.

_niggemgc`rs wmrl ikc gdv` wdtedk tricdtdmkig suppmrt ikc pmw`rstruotur`s, aut dkorìs`c ioo`ss tm dkfmrnitdmk ds oeikjdkj te`wiy sniggemgc`rs mrjikdz` ikc dkt`riot wdte nirl`ts. Sypdoiggy,sniggemgc`rs s`gg te`dr ormps termuje tricdtdmkig suppgy oeidks, wedoea`jdk wdte vdggij` omggòtmrs mr prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks ikc omktdku`termuje i s`rd`s mf ijjr`jitmrs. _niggemgc`rs niy igsm widt ay te`rmicsdc` wdte te`dr ormps, empdkj tm s`gg tm triv`ggdkj tric`rs. Vdggijòmggòtmrs usuiggy `xt`kc or`cdt ikc niy igsm prmvdc` ijrdougturig

dkputs, suoe is f`rtdgdz`r, mk gmik aisds, wdte r`piyn`kt omndkj it

te` `xpòt`c eirv`st. Se`r` niy kmt a` i ogìr cdstdkotdmk a`tw``ktricdtdmkig vdggij` omggòtmr k`twmrls ikc nmr` c`nmoritdo prmcuo`rmrjikdzitdmks mr ommp`ritdv`s. It te` sin` tdn`, te` ripdc sprìcmf o`gg pemk`s inmkj firn`rs ikc te`dr findgd`s iggmws firn`rs tmdkorìs` te`dr lkmwg`cj` mf ikc dkt`riotdmk wdte nirl`ts.

Aòius` sniggemgc`r firndkj ds pr`cmndkiktgy i emusèmgc ausdk`ss,emusèmgc cykindos iffòt firn còdsdmk nildkj. N`k mft`k nil`te` nibmr còdsdmks iamut firndkj ikc ormp nirl`tdkj, `spòdiggywe`k oise ormps ir` dkvmgv`c. Zmn`k mft`k nikij` te`dr mwk

pgmts, pirtdougirgy fmr fmmc ormps. Emw`v`r, te` kuna`r mf f`nig`-eìc`c firns ds dkorìsdkj, pirtdougirgy dk Isdi, we`r` wmn`k eìcnmr` teik 18 p`ro`kt mf sniggemgc`r emusèmgcs dk smn` irìs.

Yuigdty ikc prmcuotdvdty viry wdc`gy inmkj sniggemgc`r firn`rsc`p`kcdkj mk te`dr iadgdty tm dkv`st dk prmcuotdmk. Se` prmcuotdvìss`ts mf i sniggemgcdkj omugc a` is aisdo is i eikc em` mr is`xp`ksdv` is i triotmr. Firn`rs niy eiv` km lkmwg`cj` mf pmst-eirv`st prmo`ssdkj, mr te`y niy a` oipiag` mf edjegy c`tidg`cjricdkj ikc prmo`ssdkj. Dk ikmte`r `xinpg`, is semwk dk te` nipmk pij`s 3-0, f`rtdgdz`r omksunptdmk ds kìr z`rm dk smn` Ifrdoikomuktrd`s, wedg` dt `xo``cs 088 lj p`r eòtir` dk Oedki ikc @jypt.Gdt`rioy rit`s, wedoe t`kc tm a` gmw`r dk rurig irìs, igsm viry

omksdc`riagy.

@ffmrts tm dnprmv` te` quigdty ikc prmcuotdvdty mf sniggemgc`r firn`rs oik mkgy a`

sustidkiag` df tems` `ffmrts dkomrpmrit` firn`rs dko`ktdv`s.

?55 33 ?? 0

Siag` 8.9. Jgmaig cdstrdautdmk mf sniggemgc`rs (Ndggdmks).


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PKC@Q_SIKCDKJ _NIGGEMGC@Q FIQN@Q_(omkt.)

_niggemgc`rs fio` i vird`ty mf oeigg`kj`s, dkogucdkj2

Sricdtdmkig ougtdvitdmk n`temcs. Firn`rs g irk ijrdougturigtòekdqu`s frmn te`dr pir`kts rite`r teik `xt`rkig smuro`s.

Sricdtdmkig ougtdvitdmk priotdo`s oik, dk te`mry, a` sustidkiag .Emw`v`r, omnnmk priotdo`s, suoe is sgise-ikc-aurk ijrdougtur`wdte r`cuo`c figgmw p`rdmcs ikc pgmwdkj stridjet cmwkedggsdc`s, c`jric` smdg f`rtdgdty ikc oius` `rmsdmk. Dk c`v`gmpdkjomuktrd s, jmv`rkn`kt-suppmrt`c tòekdoig issdstiko` ikc dkputsuppmrt eiv` cògdk`c sdjkdoiktgy dk te` gist ?8 yìrs, g ivdkjsniggemgc`rs wdte f`w r`smuro`s tm dnprmv` ijrdougturig priotdo`s.Dk iccdtdmk, niky sniggemgc`rs, pirtdougirgy dk Ifrdoi, gdv` tmm firfrmn mr oikkmt iffmrc tm us` dnprmv`c dkputs mk te`dr `gcs. Se`wdc`sprìc `xdst`ko` mf omukt`rf`dts ikc pmmr-quigdty prmcuotsigsm r`cuo`s firn`rs trust dk te` `ffòtdv`k`ss mf dkputs.

Gdndt`c ioo`ss tm nirl`ts.Niky sniggemgc`rs giol peysdoig

ikc òmkmndo ioo`ss tm guoritdv` nirl`ts fmr te`dr ormps.Cdstiko`, pmmr rmics, ikc ioo`ss tm mkgy adoyog`s mr nmtmradl`sfmr ormp trikspmrt, oius` peysdoig dsmgitdmk. _nigg quiktdtd`smf ormp tm s`gg, i k``c fmr dnn`cdit` piyn`kt, km oipiodty tmsif`gy stmr` ormps, ikc gdndt`c lkmwg`cj` mf prdo`s ikc quigdtyr`qudr`n`kts a`ymkc te` firn jit` ir` òmkmndo omkstridkts.Is i r`sugt, nmst sniggemgc`rs s`gg te`dr ormps mk te` rmicsdc`kìr te`dr firns. Dk teds sdtuitdmk, te`dr pmw`r tm k`jmtdit` wdteauy`rs ds v`ry gdndt`c.

Girj`gy ukmrjikdz`c. Mkgy iamut 93 p`ro`kt mf Isdikfirn`rs, : p`ro`kt mf Ifrdoik firn`rs, ikc 94 p`ro`kt mf GitdkIn`rdoik firn`rs ir` n`na`rs mf ijrdougturig ommp`ritdv`s,

wedoe oik dnprmv` nirl`t ioo`ss termuje omggòtdv` mwk`rsedpmf truols ikc stmrij` fiodgdtd`s. Niky mf te` iotdv` ommp`ritdv`steit cm `xdst eiv` gmw oipiodty.1

Dkfmrnig gikcemgcdkj. Xrmp`rty ds mft`k iggmoit`c aytricdtdmk ikc ougtur`. Se` vist nibmrdty mf sniggemgc`rs cm kmteiv` fmrnig tdtg` tm te` gikc te`y firn. Se`y niy mwk te` gikctermuje tricdtdmkig struotur`s, mr te`y omugc a` seiròrmpp`rsmr r`kt`rs. Giol mf fmrnig gikc t`kur` nil`s dt cdfougt fmrsniggemgc`rs tm us` te`dr gikc is omggit`rig fmr kikodkj. Sricdkjmr omksmgdcitdkj gikcemgcdkjs ds igsm cdfougt. Df firn`rs ir`seiròrmppdkj mr r`ktdkj te`dr gikc, te`y niy kmt a` wdggdkj tmdkv`st dk dkputs.

Xmmr ioo`ss tm or`cdt. Fdkikodig dkstdtutdmks mft`k vd`wsniggemgc`rs is ukittriotdv` ogd`kts cu` tm dksufod`kt omggit`rig(suoe is fmrnig gikc tdtg`), giol mf wrdtt`k ròmrcs, ikc te` sniggsdz` mf gmiks r`qu`st`c ay firn`rs. Dk omktrist tm snigg gmiks dk

uraik s`ttdkjs, ijrdougturig gmiks ir` typdoiggy pidc mff ift`r teèirv`st, wedoe niy a` `djet tm tw`gv` nmktes ift`r te` gmikds til`k. Seds c`giy orìt`s i furte`r cdsdko`ktdv` fmr kikodigdkstdtutdmks.

Xmmr smdg f`rtdgdty ikc gdndt`c wit`r r`smuro`s. Nmstsniggemgc`rs gdv` dk trmpdoig zmk`s wdte kituriggy gmw smdg f`rtdgdtyikc edje iodcdty. Firn`rs eiv` furte`r strdpp`c kutrd`kts frmnte` smdg curdkj còic`s mf eirv`sts wdte dkic`quit` f`rtdgdz`rus`. Niky sniggemgc`rs cm kmt lkmw emw tm dnprmv` te`dr smdgf`rtdgdty aòius` te`y giol ik ukc`rstikcdkj mf smdg syst`ns ikceiv` dkic`quit` smdg t`stdkj s`rvdo`s.

Oeikjdkj wìte`r pitt`rks ikc wit`r soirodty._niggemgc`rs wem r`gy mk tricdtdmkig ougtdvitdmk tòekdqu`sfio` `kmrnmus oeigg`kj`s is te`y try tm icipt tm oeikjdkjwìte`r pitt`rks. Pkpr`cdotiag` ridky sìsmks r`cuo`

firn`rs omkc`ko` dk pgiktdkj ormps it te` tricdtdmkig tdn`.Sricdtdmkig vird`td`s niy prmcuo` gmw yd`gcs mr fidg igtmj`te`rcurdkj crmujet mr fimmcdkj. Oeikj`s dk t`np`ritur` ikceundcdty dkorìs` te` pr`vig`ko` mf p`sts ikc cdsìs`s._niggemgc`rs wem r`gy mk jrmukcwit`r fmr drrdjitdmk eiv`fmukc teit wit`r tiag`s ir` crmppdkj a`ymkc te`dr rìoe.

Dk`fod`kt dkt`r-ormppdkj tòekdqu`s. _uasdst`ko` ikcoise ormp ougtdvitdmk ir` mft`k omnadk`c mk te` sin` firn.Firn`rs mft`k dkt`rormp fmmc ormps wdte oise ormps gdl` omomiikc omff``, mr te`y niy omksun` i pmrtdmk mf te` fmmc ormpeirv`st, suoe is nidz` mr rdo`, ikc s`gg te` r`nidkc`r. Amteois`s oik r`cuo` nirl`tiag` yd`gcs.

Gmw gdt`rioy ikc kun`rioy.Niky sniggemgc`rs eiv` gdttg`

fmrnig `cuoitdmk, wedoe gdndts te`dr iadgdty tm l``p ic`quit`wrdtt`k ròmrcs mr `cuoit` te`ns`gv`s iamut dnprmv`cijrdougturig priotdo`s. Se`y niy eiv` mkgy i viju` dcì mf aisdon`trdos, suoe is firn sdz`, ormp yd`gc, ikc rìg omsts, mk te`drmwk firns.

Ik ijdkj pmpugitdmk.Se` pmpugitdmk mf sniggemgc`r firn`rsds ijdkj. Zdte igt`rkitdv` òmkmndo mppmrtukdtd`s ividgiag` tmymute dk uraik irìs, firndkj eis gmst dts ippìg inmkj te`k`xt j`k`ritdmk.

C`spdt` te`s` oeigg`kj`s, sniggemgc`rs r`spmkc pmsdtdv`gy tmmppmrtukdtd`s teit `kiag` te`n tm bmdk jgmaig suppgy oeidks ikcomktrdaut` tm fmmc sòurdty, pmv`rty r`cuotdmk, ikc omkmndo jrmwte.Se` nidk jmig mf teds eikcamml ds tm kc mppmrtukdtd`s we`r` amtefirn`rs ikc rns oik a`k`t frmn jrìt`r `kjij`n`kt.


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N@UDOMIv`rij` Firn _dz`2 10 Ei

Gdt`rioy Qit`2 4?%

F`rtdgdz`r Omksunptdmk2

03.0 Lj/Ei/Tr

KDOIQIJPIIv`rij` Firn _dz`2 3 Ei

Gdt`rioy Qit`2 :5%


?8 Lj/Ei/Tr

X@QPIv`rij` Firn _dz`2 18 Ei

Gdt`rioy Qit`2 48%


986 Lj/Ei/Tr

I JGMAIG _KIX_EMS MF _NIGGEMGC@Q FIQN@Q_


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C@NMOQISDOQ@XPAGDO MF

OMKJMIv`rij` Firn _dz`2 8.0 Ei

Gdt`rioy Qit`2 6:%


8.0 Lj/Ei/Tr

OEDKIIv`rij` Firn _dz`2 8.: Ei

Gdt`rioy Qit`2 43%


083 Lj/Ei/Tr

VD@SKINIv`rij` Firn _dz`2 8.0 Ei

Gdt`rioy Qit`2 4?%


383 Lj/Ei/Tr

@SEDMXDIIv`rij` Firn _dz`2 9 Ei

Gdt`rioy Qit`2 ?8%


95 Lj/Ei/Tr

DKCMK@_DIIv`rij` Firn _dz`2 8.4 Ei

Gdt`rioy Qit`2 4?%

F rtdgdz r Omksunptdmk2

959 Lj/Ei/Tr

DKCDIIv`rij` Firn _dz`2 9.6 Ei

Gdt`rioy Qit`2 6?%


96: Lj/Ei/Tr

QP__DIKF@C@QISDMK

Iv`rij` Firn _dz`2 08 Ei

Gdt`rioy Qit`2 988%


96Lj/Ei/TrJEIKI

Iv`rij` Firn _dz`2 1.? Ei

Gdt`rioy Qit`2 6:%


18.? Lj/Ei/Tr


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Seds eikcamml r`spmkcs tm te` oeigg`kj`s ijrdausdk`ss`s fio` ay giydkj mut te` ausdk`ss ois`fmr wmrldkj wdte sniggemgc`r firn`rs. Dt igsm prmvdc`s i frin`wmrl fmr còdsdmk nildkj ikcròmnn`kcs tmmgs ikc r`smuro`s fmr rns `kjijdkj wdte sniggemgc`r firn`rs.

Dkt`kc`c Iucd`ko` fmr te` Eikcamml

Seds eikcamml ds c`sdjk`c fmr mp`ritdmkig nikij`rs wem ir` r`spmksdag` fmr dkt`jritdkjsniggemgc`r firn`rs dktm vigu` oeidks is suppgd`rs , ogd`kts, mr oustmn`rs. @xinpg`s dkoguc`2

Xrmcuot ikc sig`s nikij`rs fmr dkput nikufiotur`rs, cdstrdautmrs, wemg`sig`rs, ikc r`tidg`rs Fd`gc nikij`rs fmr kikodig dkstdtutdmks Nikij`rs fmr tridkdkj s`rvdo` prmvdc`rs wmrldkj wdte sniggemgc`rs _uppgy oeidk ikc sustidkiadgdty nikij`rs fmr mff-til`rs _ustidkiadgdty nikij`rs fmr prmo`ssmrs ikc fmmc omnpikd`s

Igtemuje te` eikcamml ds c`sdjk`c fmr te` prdvit` sòtmr, dt niy igsm a` us`fug tm jmv`rkn`ktigmr kmkjmv`rkn`ktig ijrdougturig c`v`gmpn`kt prmjrins wmrldkj wdte sniggemgc`rs.

Emw te` Eikcamml Ds Mrjikdz`c

Zmrldkj wdte _niggemgc`rsgìcs rns termuje te` ter`` peis`s mf pgikkdkj, dnpg`n`ktdkj,

ikc `viguitdkj i sniggemgc`r `kjij`n`kt dkdtditdv`. Se` fmggmwdkj ds ik mv`rvd`w mf teèikcammls omkt`kt2

Oeipt`r 9 pr`s`kts te` ausdk`ss ois` fmr wmrldkj wdte sniggemgc`rs. Oeipt`r 1 c`tidgs te` st`ps fmr pgikkdkj ikc c`sdjkdkj i omst-`ffòtdv` `kjij`n`kt strit`jy

(_t`p 9 dk Fdjur` 8.9 a`gmw). Oeipt`rs ? termuje 5 ioe `xindk` mk` mf sdx dkt`rv`ktdmks (_t`p 1 dk Fdjur` 8.9). @ioe mf te`s`

oeipt`rs a`jdks wdte te` ausdk`ss ois` fmr te` dkt`rv`ktdmk cdsouss`c a`fmr` turkdkj tm smgutdmks,strit`jd`s, ikc a`st priotdo`s. Se` oeipt`rs ogms` ay r`vd`wdkj dnpmrtikt omksdc`ritdmks fmrrns we`k dnpg`n`ktdkj te`s` tmmgs. I gdst mf us`fug r`smuro`s ikc r`f`r`ko`s, dkogucdkj s`rvdo`prmvdc`rs, priotdo` jrmups, ikc r g`vikt r`sìroe, ds gmoit`c it te` `kc mf ioe oeipt`r.

Oeipt`r 4 pr s`kts tmmgs ikc strit`jd`s tm e`gp rns dkomrpmrit` te` tedrc peis` (_t`p ?dk Fdjur` 8.9), r`sugts nìsur`n`kt, dktm te`dr sniggemgc`r `kjij`n`kt strit`jd`s.

Fdjur` 8.9. C`v`gmpdkj `ffòtdv` prmjrins r`qudr`s i st`p-ay-st`p ipprmioe.

Ijjr`jitdmk

Dkputs Sridkdkj

FirnNikij`n`kt

_tikcircs

XGIK IKC C@_DJK N@I_PQ@ Q@_PGS_DNXG@N@KS

9 1 ?

J@KC@QJ`kc`r ds i omksdc`ritdmk dk ìoe peis` mf i suppgy oeidk dkt`rv`ktdmk


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Sermujemut te` eikcamml, amx`s tdtg`c Dk Xriotdo` edjegdjet dkkmvitdv` ipprmioednpg`n`kt`c ay rns ikc s`rvdo` prmvdc`rs we`k wmrldkj wdte sniggemgc`r firn`rs. Se``xinpg`s ir` criwk frmn prmbòts teit DFO ikc mte`r rns mr kmkjmv`rkn`ktig mrjikdzitdmeiv` dnpg`n`kt`c dk Gitdk In`rdoi, Ifrdoi, ikc Isdi. A`st priotdo`s ir` edjegdjet`c ay ik domf i trmpey igmkjsdc` i sunniry mf te` `ss`ktdig pmdkts. Se` eikcammls omnpikdmk wàsprmvdc`s nmr` dkfmrnitdmk mk te`s` tmpdos is w`gg is tmmgs ikc upcit`c omkt`kt mf dkt`r`st rns wmrldkj wdte sniggemgc`rs. Se` wàsdt` iccr`ss ds www.firns1rns.mrj.

DFO @xp`rtds` dk Ijrdausdk`ss`s ikc _uppmrtdkj _niggemgc`r _uppgy Oeidks

DFO eis nic` ijrdausdk`ss i prdmrdty aòius` mf dts pmt`ktdig fmr armic c`v`gmpn`kt dnpiot idts spòdiggy strmkj rmg` rìoedkj rurig irìs we`r` ter``-quirt`rs mf te` wmrgcs pmmr gdv`. Deis cmuag`c kikodkj fmr ijrdausdk`ss tm iccr`ss ordtdoig omkstridkts igmkj te` ijrdausdk`vigu` oeidk, ikc DFO idns tm cmuag` dkv`stn`kts ijidk ay 1896, ardkjdkj tmtig dkv`stn`kdk ijrdausdk`ss tm $5 adggdmk. Sermuje dkv`stn`kts ikc icvdsmry s`rvdo`s, DFO e`gps te` prdvisòtmr iccr`ss edje`r c`nikc ikc `soigitdkj fmmc prdo`s dk ik `kvdrmkn`ktiggy sustidkiaikc smodiggy dkogusdv` wiy. DFO igsm suppmrts jgmaig dkdtditdv`s fmr sustidkiag` prmcuotdmk ijrdougturig omnnmcdtd`s.

DFO wmrls wdte ijrdausdk`ss`s, tricdkj omnpikd`s, ikc kikodig dkt`rn`cdird`s, pirtdougidk gmw-dkomn` omuktrd`s, tm dnprmv` sniggemgc`rs ioo`ss tm nirl`ts, kikodkj, tòekdo

issdstiko`, ikc dkputs gdl` f`rtdgdz`r ikc s``cs. Se`s` dkdtditdv`s dkoguc` `ffmrts tm str`kjte`rns suppgy oeidks ay e`gpdkj sniggemgc`r firn`rs dkorìs` prmcuotdvdty ikc ippgy ipprmprdi`kvdrmkn`ktig, smodig, ikc quigdty stikcircs. DFO idns tm ardkj gikc dktm sustidkiag` prmcuotdmtm dnprmv` te` us` mf dkputs ay triksf`rrdkj tòekmgmjd`s ikc priotdo`s, ikc tm nil` ta`st us` mf wit`r ikc mte`r r`smuro`s. DFO s``ls omnn`rodiggy vdiag` smgutdmks ikc e`gomnpikd`s s`t a`koenirls fmr r`spmksdag` prmcuotdmk dk gdk` wdte dkcustry a`st priotdo`s.

Dk iccdtdmk tm cdròt ikc dkcdròt kikodkj ikc dkv`stn`kts, DFO prmvdc`s icvdsmry s`rvdo` suppmrt tmijrdausdk`ss`s, dkogucdkj2

Dnprmvdkj priotdo`s mf firn`rs ikc snigg ausdk`ss`s _uppmrtdkj dkorìs`c lkmwg`cj` ikc ioo`ss tm ijrdougturig dkputs Fiodgdtitdkj nirl`t c`v`gmpn`kt mf gmoig suppgy ay e`gpdkj firn`rs n``t quigdty ikc quiktdty

r`qudr`n`kts sm te`y oik ioo`ss ikc c`v`gmp nirl`ts Zmrldkj wdte aikls ikc mte`r kikodig dkstdtutdmks tm prmvdc` ioo`ss tm or`cdt ikc dksuriko` Qidsdkj stikcircs mf omrpmrit` jmv`rkiko` ikc ausdk`ss trikspir`koy _uppmrtdkj te` c`v`gmpn`kt ikc uptil` mf òm-stikcircs fmr jgmaig omnnmcdty vigu` oeidks


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KMS@_

9. Qiy, C``pil, Qiniklutty, Kivdk `t ig. Qò`kt Xitt`rks mf Ormp Td`gc Jrmwte ikc _tijkitdmk,Kitur` Omnnukdoitdmks. Cò`na`r 95, 1891.

1. Niym, @c. Jgmaig Ausdk`ss Mwk`rsedp 18912 N`na`rs ikc _eirèmgc`rs Iormss te` Zmrgc.Om-Mp`ritdv`s PL, 1891.


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Se` Ausdk`ss Ois`

fmr Zmrldkj wdte_niggemgc`r Firn`rs


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Zey rìc teds oeipt`r=

Zmrldkj wdte sniggemgc`r firn`rs pr`s`kts rns

wdte te` mppmrtukdty tm `xpikc nirl`t seir`

ay dkorìsdkj ioo`ss tm sustidkiag` suppgy ikc

rìoedkj k`w nirl`ts fmr sig`s mf rns ijrdougturigdkputs ikc s`rvdo`s. Seds oeipt`r giys mut te`

ausdk`ss ois` fmr sniggemgc`r `kjij`n`kt ay rst

pr`s`ktdkj te` crdv`rs fmr wmrldkj wdte sniggemgc`r

firn`rs ikc te`k `xpgmrdkj te` rdsls mf dkv`stdkj dk

sniggemgc`r suppgy oeidks.


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Se` Ausdk`ss Ois` fmr Zmrldkj wdte_niggemgc`r Firn`rs

SE@ CQDV@Q_ FMQ ZMQLDKJ ZDSE _NIGGEMGC@Q FIQN@Q_

Se` crdv`rs aèdkc rns còdsdmks tm wmrl wdte sniggemgc`rs dkoguc` te` k``c tm2

N``t jgmaig fmmc c`nikc dk i r smuro`-soiro` wmrgc. Q`spmkc tm omksun`r c`nikc fmr dkorìs`c sustidkiadgdty. Xr`v`kt omktindkitdmk ikc fmmc-amrk` dggk`ss.

N``tdkj Jgmaig C`nikc fmr Fmmc ikc Qiw Nit`rdigs

Zedg` wmrgc fmmc prmcuotdmk nust dkorìs` ay 08 p`ro`kt ay 18?8 tm n``t jrmwdkj jgmafmmc c`nikc, ukus`c iriag` gikc fmr xpiksdmk ds omkstridk`c. Jgmaiggy, 9.0 adggdmk eòtir`sgikc ir` us`c fmr ormp prmcuotdmk, ikc ikmte`r 9.3 adggdmk eòtir`s ir` te`mr`tdoiggy ividgiafmr ijrdougturig `xpiksdmk. Emw`v`r, kìrgy eigf mf teds pmt`ktdiggy iriag` gikc ds omko`ktritdk bust s`v`k omuktrd`s2 Arizdg, Irj`ktdki, _ucik, Oedki, te` C`nmoritdo Q`puagdo mf te

Omkjm, Ikjmgi, ikc Nmzinadqu`. Dk te`s` omuktrd`s ikc `gs`we`r`, te` r`nidkdkj iriagikc ds mft`k dkioo`ssdag` ay rmic ikc dkoguc`s st``p ikc r`gitdv`gy dkf`rtdg` t`rridk. Ogìrdkfmr`st`c gikc fmr ormps ds km gmkj`r ioo`ptiag` cu` tm te` k`jitdv` dnpiots mk admcdv`rsikc ogdnit` oeikj`. Cu` tm te`dr pr`pmkc`riko` dk te`s` omuktrd`s, sniggemgc`rs wdgg aoruodig tm futur` fmmc sòurdty.

Dkorìs`c riw nit`rdig suppgd`s oik a` n`t termuje ommp`ritdmk wdte sniggemgc`rs, `dtetermuje prmvdsdmk mf kò`ssiry dkputs ikc tòekdoig dkfmrnitdmk mr termuje jrìt`r omktrmg prmcuotdmk. I jrmwdkj rìgdty ds teit gmoig r`sdstiko` tm gikc prdvitdzitdmk dk niky dkcdj`kmirìs nìks teit girj` `xpmrt`rs nust wmrl wdte sniggemgc`rs ikc te`dr snigg gikcemgcdkdk mrc`r tm dkorìs` `xpmrts. Dt ds mft`k g`ss omstgy, amte kikodiggy ikc smodiggy, tm om-msniggemgc`r prmcuotdmk fmr i c`k`c ikc prmtiag` nirl`t mppmrtukdty teik dt ds tm dkv`st firngikc cdròtgy.

PXX@Q Z@_S IJQM-@KS@QXQD_@ IKC _MTA@IK XQMCPOSDMK9

I smyaìk prmo`ssdkj `kt`rprds` dk te` upp`r w`st r`jdmk mf Jeiki (Ppp`r Z`st Ijrm- @kt`rprds`)pirtk`r`c wdte sniggemgc`r firn`rs tm suppgy smy aìks. Se` prmo`ssdkj `kt`rprds` prmvdc`s firn`rswdte triotmr s`rvdo`s fmr pgmwdkj, f`rtdgdz`rs, s``c, ikc eiugij` s`rvdo`s. Firn`rs prmvdc` gikc ikc giamrfmr smyaìk prmcuotdmk ikc c`gdv`r te` prmcuo` tm te` prmo`ssdkj `kt`rprds` it eirv`st. Se` jridk dsogìk`c, w`dje`c, ikc stmr`c ay te` `kt`rprds`. Ze`k te` firn`r còdc`s tm s`gg, e` ds pidc te` ourr`ktnirl`t prdo` k`t mf omsts mf dkputs ikc s`rvdo`s prmvdc`c ay te` prmo`ssdkj `kt`rprds`. Se` prmo`ssdkjpgikt cm`s kmt s``n tm eiv` prmag`ns wdte nirl`tdkj dts mutput. Aòius` te`s` r`gitdmks `vmgv` mv`rgmkj p`rdmcs mf tdn` ikc ukc`r cdff`r`kt omkt`xts (`.j. niormòmkmndo pmgdoy, tr`kcs dk wmrgc nirl`t

prdo`s, ikc dkstdtutdmkig ikc smodm-ougturig fiotmrs), i pirtdougir nmc`g teit ds suoo`ssfug dk mk` smodm-ougturig omkt`xt niy kmt a` suoo`ssfug it i cdff`r`kt tdn` mr ukc`r i cdff`r`kt omkt`xt. Dt niy te`r`fmrà` dkipprmprdit` tm pr`sorda` mk` nmc`g is te` nmst wmrliag`. Dkstìc, dt ds a`kòdig tm dc`ktdfy te`dkjr`cd`kts teit eiv` fiodgdtit`c suoo`ssfug omktriotuig r`gitdmksedps.


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_dnpgy put, te` ausdk`ss ois` fmr ik mff-til`r tm wmrl wdte sniggemgc`rs ds ais`c mk dkorìsdkjte` quiktdty, quigdty, ikc/mr trioìadgdty mf suppgy, wedg` r`cuodkj prmour`n`kt omsts. Fmrprmvdc`rs mf dkputs, kikodig s`rvdo`s, mr dkfmrnitdmk, te` ausdk`ss ois` ds ik `xpikc`coustmn`r ais` it ioo`ptiag` s`rvdo` c`gdv`ry omsts.

Dk smn` sòtmrs, suoe is omff`` ikc omomi, sniggemgc`r firn`rs cmndkit` prmcuotdmk, smrns nust wmrl wdte sniggemgc`rs tm sòur` suppgy. Dk mte`r sòtmrs, suoe is emrtdougtur` ikcmte`r giamr-dkt`ksdv` ormps, sniggemgc`rs niy a` nmr` fod`kt teik girj` firns. _niggemgc`rsoik a` omnp`tdtdv` ijidkst girj`r suppgd`rs we`k te`y ardkj i cdff`r`ktdit`c prmcuot tm te`nirl`t, suoe is i edje`r-quigdty jric` mr i kdoe`-nirl`t prmcuot c`stdk`c fmr fidr tric`,mrjikdo, mr amutdqu` nirl`ts.

Q`spmkcdkj tm C`nikcs fmr Dkorìs`c _ustidkiadgdty

Jrmwdkj omksun`r omko`rk fmr sif` ikc sustidkiagy smuro`c fmmc crdv`s te` xpiksdmk mf te`nirl`t fmr o`rtd`c prmcuots frmn spòdigty r`tidg`rs tm edje-vmgun` r`tidg`rs. Ijrdausdk`ss`sfio` kvdrmkn`ktig ikc smodig rdsls teit oik cinij` te`dr ausdk`ss`s. Se`s` rdsls oik moour itfiodgdtd`s cdròtgy ukc`r te` rns omktrmg mr furte`r up te` suppgy oeidk it sniggemgc`r firns.Zdte te` icmptdmk mf dkt`rkitdmkiggy ròmjkdz`c stikcircs ikc o`rtdoitdmks, ijrdausdk`ss`sfio` sdjkdoikt rdsl df te`dr prmcuots fidg tm n``t omksun`r `xpòtitdmks. Fmr `xinpg`, i fmmcnikufiotur`r omugc fio` r`putitdmkig rdsl df dt puroeis`s pign mdg teit eis a``k jrmwk mk

c`fmr`st`c gikc. Xuroeisdkj omomi teit eis a``k jrmwk usdkj oedgc giamr ds ik `xinpg` mf ismodig rdsl. Fdkikodig dkstdtutdmks gmikdkj tm ijrdausdk`ss`s fio` te` sin` rdsls is te`dr ogd`kts.

Ay wmrldkj nmr` ogms`gy wdte sniggemgc`r firn`rs, rns orìt` mppmrtukdtd`s tm gìrk iamutpmt`ktdig `kvdrmkn`ktig ikc smodig rdsls moourrdkj igmkj te` suppgy oeidk. Seds ìrgy wirkdkjsyst`n iggmws rns tm prmiotdv`gy r`spmkc tm dssu`s a`fmr` te`y aòmn` ords`s ikc gdiadgdtd`s.

Q`spmkcdkj tm Fmmc _if`ty Omko`rks

Omktindkit`c fmmcs oius` iamut 9.0 adggdmk dggk`ss`s ikc ter`` ndggdmk cìtes p`r yìrwmrgcwdc`. Zedg` te` kuna`r mf r`pmrt`c ikc cmoun`kt`c dkodc`kts ds nuoe gmw`r, te`r`putitdmkig rdsl fmr rns ikc te` pmt`ktdig fmr omkmndo gmss`s ir` sdjkdoikt. Pkc`rstikcdkjikc ndtdjitdkj rdsls tm fmmc sif`ty ir` prdmrdtd`s, ikc mft`k g`jig r`qudr`n`kts, fmr rns.

Fmmc omktindkitdmk oik moour curdkj prmcuotdmk, pmst-eirv`st, mr prmo`ssdkj. Fmr `xinpg`, iomnnmk fmmc sif`ty omko`rk ds ukipprmv`c mr dnprmp`rgy us`c p`stdodc`s. Ikmte`r omko`rkds Ifiitmxdk, i oirodkmj`k prmcuo`c ay nmgc teit jrmws mk dnprmp`rgy crd`c mr eikcg`c ormps.Se` tmxdk oik igsm a` triksndtt`c tm gdv`stmol termuje omktindkit`c f``c. Dk 1883, nidzòmktindkit`c wdte Ifiitmxdk oius`c ?9: ois`s mf gdv`r fidgur` ikc 910 cìtes dk L`kyi ikcpr`s`kt`c i gdiadgdty tm amte suppgd`rs ikc auy`rs.

Fdrns teit `kjij` wdte sniggemgc`rs tm c`v`gmp trioìag` suppgy oeidks ir` a`tt`r iag` tmnmkdtmr igg te` st`ps dkvmgv`c dk prmcuotdmk, eirv`st, ikc prmo`ssdkj. Ze`k prmag`ns ir`c`tòt`c, suoe is dnprmp`r ormp crydkj teit omugc r`sugt dk nmgc jrmwte ikc Ifiitmxdkfmrnitdmk, rns wdgg igrìcy eiv` syst`ns dk pgio` tm ripdcgy ikc `ffòtdv`gy tridk firn`rs mkdnprmv`c priotdo`s.


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DNXIOS MF FMMC _IF@ST _SIKCIQC_ MK @UXMQS-MQD@KS@C _PXXGT OEIDK DK L@KTI

L`kyik `xpmrts mf Kdg` p`roe tm te` @urmpìk Pkdmk prmvdc` i kmtiag` `xinpg` mf `ffmrts tm omnpgy wdte strdotfmmc sif`ty r`qudr`n`kts dk dkcustrdig omuktrd`s. Igtemuje fmmc sif`ty r`qudr`n`kts eic `vmgv`c mv`r te` ptwm còic`s dk te`dr nibmr nirl`ts, nmst kmtiagy te` @P, nmst L`kyik `xpmrt`rs nic` gdttg` itt`npt tm upjrite`dr eyjd`k` stikcircs. Gdl`wds`, te` g`jdsgitdv` frin`wmrl mf fmmc sif`ty omktrmgs ikc fiodgdtd`s it gikcdkj sdtr`nidk`c girj`gy ukoeikj`c. Amte `xpmrt`rs ikc te` L`kyik jmv`rkn`kt w`r` fmro`c tm til` iotdmk we`k t@P ippgd`c i s`rd`s mf r`strdotdmks tm `xpmrts a`tw``k 944: ikc 1888. Xrmo`ssmrs r`spmkc`c ay upjricdkj teeyjd`k` omktrmgs, aut smn` fiodgdtd`s ogms`c r`fiòtdkj te` sdjkdoikt omsts mf omnpgdiko` wdtedk te` omkt`xt `xo`ss oipiodty dk te` sòtmr. Q`nidkdkj fiodgdtd`s upjric`c te`dr eyjd`k` omktrmgs ikc nic` `ffmrts tm cdv`rste`dr `xpmrt ais` iwiy frmn te` @P. G`jdsgitdmk ikc omktrmg nòeikdsns w`r` igsm `keiko`c. Zedg` eyjd`fiodgdtd`s it gikcdkj aìoe`s w`r` dnprmv`c, te`y stdgg r`nidk i nibmr irì mf wìlk`ss.

Se` L`kyik ois` dggustrit`s te` sdjkdoikt dnpiot teit strdot`r fmmc sif`ty r`qudr`n`kts oik eiv` mk `xpmmrd`kt`c suppgy oeidks. Dk L`kyi, nmst mf te` omko`rt`c `ffmrt tm omnpgy wdte fmmc sif`ty r`qudr`n`kts wstdnugit`c ay te` succ`k gmss mf nirl`t ioo`ss dk i ordsds nikij`n`kt nmc` mf mp`ritdmk. Se` oeigg`kj`ste` L`kyi ois` dggustrit` te` dnpmrtiko` mf r`spmkcdkj tm n`rjdkj fmmc sif`ty r`qudr`n`kts dk i prmiotdv` riteteik i rìotdv` nikk`r.

SE@ OEIGG@KJ@_ MF ZMQLDKJ ZDSE _NIGGEMGC@Q_ OMPGC A@ AP_DK@__MXXMQSPKDSD@_

_niggemgc`rs nil` up 50 p`ro`kt mf te` wmrgcs firn`rs ikc firns aut mwk ik iv`rij` mf busttwm eòtir`s mf gikc. Dk Ifrdoi, sniggemgc`rs ioomukt fmr 68 p`ro`kt mf ijrdougturig gikc. Fmr nikyijrdausdk`ss`s, wmrldkj wdte sniggemgc`rs ds i kò`ssdty. Cmdkj teds wmrl `ffòtdv`gy oik dkorìs`sig`s mf dkputs, `xpikc suppgy mf ormps, ikc r`cuo` omsts.

Niky sniggemgc`rs giol ioo`ss tm icvdo`, vird`td`s, dkputs, ikc kiko`. Xrmvdcdkj te`s` fiotmrs oik

sdjkdoiktgy dkorìs` sniggemgc`r yd`gcs. Niky sniggemgc`rs c`p`kc mk dksòur` mr vmgitdg` nirl ts, nildkj te`n vugk`riag` tm fmmcdksòurdty. Fdrns oik prmvdc` sòur` nirl`ts ikc dkomn`s, iggmwdkj sniggemgc`r emusèmgc tmdkorìs` dkv`stn`kt dk eunik ikc ijrdougturig r`smuro`s.

Niky sniggemgc`rs firn gikc wdte uko`rtidk mr omkt`st`c gikc tdtg`s. Se`y eiv` f`w dko`ktdv`s tmdkv`st dk te`dr gikc termuje us` mf dnprmv`c dkputs. Fdrns oik orìt` dko`ktdv`s tm icmpt dnprmv`cijrdougturig priotdo`say jidkdkj te` trust ikc igg`jdiko` mf firn`rs mv`r te` gmkj t`rn.

_modig n`cdi iggmws ripdc ikc `xt`ksdv` dkfmrnitdmk seirdkj, orìtdkj amte rdsls ikc mppmrtukdtd`sfmr ijrdausdk`ss`s. Xmmr priotdo`s ay suppgd`rs, suoe is ogìrdkj trmpdoig fmr`sts mr usdkj oedgc giamrtm prmcuo` ormps, oik cinij` i rns r`putitdmk. Omkv`rs`gy, puagdodzdkj jmmc priotdo`s, suoe istridkdkj sniggemgc`rs ikc issdstdkj te`n wdte o`rtdoitdmk, oik dnprmv` i rns r`putitdmk.

DK XQIOSDO@


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93

SE@ QD_L_ MF DKV@_SDKJ DK _NIGGEMGC@Q FIQN@Q_

@v`ry dkv`stn`kt oirrd`s i rdsl teit te` omsts wdgg mutw dje te` xpòt`c a`k`ts. Fmr ijrdausdk`ss`s,sedfts dk omnnmcdty prdo`s ikc oeikj`s dk wìte`r pitt`rks ardkj iccdtdmkig rdsl tm dkv`stn`ktsidn`c it dnprmvdkj suppgy. Zmrldkj wdte sniggemgc`r firn`rs oik igsm a` i rdsl fmr rns.

Dt ds dnpmrtikt tm kmt` teit sniggemgc`r firn`rs ir` kmt i ukdfmrn jrmup wdte i sdkjg` rdslprmg`. Frmn r`jdmk tm r`jdmk, ikc `v`k wdtedk i sdkjg` omuktry, sniggemgc`r firn`rs ikcfirns viry sdjkdoiktgy dk t`rns mf oipiadgdty ikc oipiodty, orìtdkj virydkj c`jr``s mf rdsl._`jn`ktdkj sniggemgc`rs tm `viguit` rdsls ikc c`sdjk `kjij`n`kt strit`jd`s ds i a`stpriotdo`. J`k`riggy, emw`v`r, rns fio` te` fmggmwdkj rdsls we`k wmrldkj wdte sniggemgc`rs2

_dc`-_`ggdkjMk` mf te` jrìt`st rdsls fmr mff-til`rs ds fidgdkj tm ròup`rit` te` omst mf te`dr dkv`stn`ktaòius` firn`rs cdv`rt smn` mr nmst mf te`dr dkorìs`c prmcuotdvdty tm mte`r auy`rs, lkmwkis sdc`-s`ggdkj. Se` struotur` mf te` suppgy oeidk jrìtgy iffòts te` rdsl mf sdc`-s`ggdkj. Qdslds r`cuo`c dk i tdjet suppgy oeidk we`r` te`r` ir` r`gitdv`gy f`w auy`rs ikc i edje c`jr``mf suppgd`r gmyigty. Dk i gmms` suppgy oeidk, we`r` niky auy`rs `xdst ikc suppgd`rs iròlg`, dkv`stn`kt ds rdsld`r aòius` firn`rs ir` nmr` gdl`gy tm sdc`-s`gg. Se` rdsl mf sdc`-s`ggdkjigsm dkorìs`s we`k firn`rs gdv` mk suasdst`ko` dkomn`s mr r`kt te`dr gikc. Ze`k te` terìtmf pmv`rty ds edje, firn`rs oikkmt iffmrc tm omksdc`r te` gmkj-t`rn a`k`ts mf audgcdkj i

r`gitdmksedp wdte i rn. Dkstìc, te`dr dkomn` strit`jy ds tm s`gg tm te` edje`st adcc`r.

Oeipt`rs 3 ikc 6 pr`s`kt strit`jd`s tm r`cuo` sdc`-s`ggdkj ay dnprmvdkj suppgd`r gmyigty.

Firn`rs Fidg tm Icmpt K`w Xriotdo`sIkmte`r rdsl fmr rns ds teit firn`rs cmkt icmpt dnprmv`c ijrdougturig priotdo`s c`spdt`dkv`stn`kts ay te` rn idn`c it e`gpdkj te`n cm sm. Kmk-icmptdmk niy moour we`k firn`rsir` kmt sufod`ktgy omkvdko`c teit k`w priotdo`s wdgg a`k`t te`n mr we`k te`y oikkmt iffmrcte` k`w priotdo`s. Giol mf ioo`ss tm kikodkj ikc edje dkt`r`st rit`s oik igsm omktrdaut` tmte` p`ro`dv`c edje prdo` tij mf dnprmv`c priotdo`s.

Se` amx, Iss`ssdkj _niggemgc`r Omkstridkts, mk te` k`xt pij` xpgmr`s dk c`tidg te` airrd`rstm icmptdmk teit firn`rs niy fio`. _trit`jd`s tm iccr`ss tems` omkstridkts ir` pr`s`kt`c dk

te` dnpg`n`ktitdmk oeipt`rs (ter`` termuje `djet) mf te` eikcamml.

Icmptdmk Ds Pksustidkiag` fmr Firn`rsQ`git`c tm te` rdsl mf kmk-icmptdmk ds te` rdsl teit te` dnprmv`c ijrdougturig priotdo`s ir`kmt sustidkiag` fmr sniggemgc`r firn`rs. Zedg` firn`rs dkdtdiggy niy a` `kteusdistdo iamutk`w priotdo`s, te`y ugtdnit`gy niy còdc` teit priotdo`s idn`c it dkorìsdkj prmcuotdvdty ir`kmt omst-`ffòtdv` mptdmks fmr te`dr ausdk`ss`s. Fmr `xinpg`, sniggemgc`rs wdgg r`cuo` mr stmpusdkj f`rtdgdz`r df te` r`qudr`c prmcuot ikc giamr omsts ir` edje`r teik te` dkomn` j`k`rit`cay te` dkorìs`c mutput. Ze`k icmptdkj k`w dkputs, sniggemgc`rs mft`k gmml fmr crinitdoyd`gc jidks, pirtgy aòius` te`y cm kmt nìsur` te`dr r`sugts ogms`gy `kmuje tm c`tòt sniggjidks. Emw`v`r, crinitdo jidks ir` rir`gy pmssdag` aòius` sniggemgc`r yd`gcs ir` omkstridk`cay nugtdpg` fiotmrs teit ir` cdfougt tm iccr`ss sdnugtik`musgy. @ffmrts tm dkomrpmrit` firn`rsdktm i o`rtdoitdmk prmjrin ruk i sdndgir rdsl. Df firn`rs c`t`rndk` teit te` pr`ndun fmro`rtdoitdmk ds kmt `kmuje tm omv`r te` iccdtdmkig giamr r`qudr`n`kts mr nmr` `xp`ksdv`dkputs, te`y wdgg cdsomktdku` te` priotdo`s, ikc i rn wdgg gms` dts dkv`stn`kt.

Se` dnpg`n`ktitdmk oeipt`rs mf te` eikcamml (oeipt`rs ?-5) edjegdjet mppmrtukdtd`s tm igdjkte` dko`ktdv`s mf rn ikc firn`r tm `ksur` te` sustidkiadgdty mf ik dkv`stn`kt dk sniggemgc`rsuppgy oeidks.


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I__@__DKJ _NIGGEMGC@Q OMK_SQIDKS_ OIK E@GX IGDJK DKO@KSDV@_ SM XQMJQIN JMIG_

@ksurdkj teit sniggemgc`r firn`rs icmpt dnprmv`c ijrdougturigpriotdo`s ds i oeigg`kj` `v`k we`k te` a`k`ts mf icmptdkj k`waèivdmrs s``n mavdmus tm ik mutsdc`r. Pkc`rstikcdkj sniggemgc`rsomkstridkts we`k pr`s`kt`c wdte k`w tòekdqu`s oik e`gp rns

c`sdjk dkt`rv`ktdmks teit dkorìs` te` gdl`gdemmc mf suoo`ss.

GIOL MF @CPOISDMKGdt`rioy ikc `cuoitdmk g`v`gs dk rurig pmpugitdmks viry wdc`gy iormssr`jdmks ikc wdtedk dkcdvdcuig omuktrd`s. Tmukj n`k t`kc tm eiv` te`nmst fmrnig cuoitdmk wedg` wmn`k ikc mgc`r pmpugitdmks eiv` g`ss`cuoitdmk. @cuoitdmk g`v`gs dkfiu`ko` firn`rs iadgdty tm oiptur` ikcukc`rstikc tridkdkj nit`rdig. Edje`r g`v`gs mf `cuoitdmk omrr`git`wdte i jrìt`r oipiodty tm `xp`rdn`kt wdte dnprmv`c ijrdougturigtòekdqu`s ikc tm ipprmprdit`gy iss`ss rdsl.

Ndtdjitdkj _trit`jy2Iciptdkj tridkdkj tm pirtdodpikts cuoitdmkigg`v`gs oik dkorìs` te`dr iadgdty tm oiptur` ikc r`tidk lkmwg`cj`.

Oeipt`r 3 giamrit`s mk strit`jd`s fmr iciptdkj tridkdkj.

GIOL MF DKFMQNISDMKSe` jip a`tw``k sniggemgc`rs lkmwg`cj` mf ijrdougturig priotdo`sikc te` lkmwg`cj` ividgiag` it ijrdougturig r`sìroe dkstdtutdmksds euj`. Se` nidk smuro`s mf ijrdougturig dkfmrnitdmk fmr nikysniggemgc`rs ir` mte`r firn`rs ikc mooisdmkig vdsdts frmn jmv`rkn`ktmr kmk-prmt `xt`ksdmk stiff. Zedg` ricdm, t`g`vdsdmk, _N_, vdc`m,ikc ijrdougturig k`wspip`rs r`pr`s`kt dkorìsdkjgy dnpmrtiktdkfmrnitdmk smuro`s, te`y ir` kmt ukdv`rsig, ikc te` dkfmrnitdmk te`yprmvdc` ds kmt igwiys sufod`kt.

Ndtdjitdkj _trit`jy2 Dk-c`pte nirl`t r`sìroe oirrd`c muta`fmr` prmjrin c`sdjk ikc dnpg`n`ktitdmk wdgg e`gp rnsdc`ktdfy firn`rs dkfmrnitdmk jips ikc r`spmkc tm te`dr k``cs.Oeipt`r 1 cdsouss`s firn`r s`jn`ktitdmk is i strit`jy fmrtirj`tdkj tridkdkj fmr firn`rs.

GIOL MF IOO@__ SM EDJE-YPIGDST DKXPS_F`w kikodig r`smuro`s, pmmr tòekdoig lkmwg`cj`, ikc peysdoigcdstiko` omkspdr` tm dkedadt sniggemgc`rs iadgdty tm matidk ikc`ffòtdv`gy us` edje-quigdty dkputs. Niky sniggemgc`rs, pirtdougirgy dkIfrdoi, cm kmt eiv` i w`gg-stmol`c ijrm-r`tidg`r wdtedk i rìsmkiag`cdstiko`. @v`k we`k dkputs ir` ioo`ssdag`, te` wdc`sprìc `xdst`ko`mf omukt`rf`dts ikc pmmr-quigdty prmcuots r`cuo`s trust dk te`prmcuots `ffòtdv`k`ss.

Ndtdjitdkj _trit`jy2 Mutjrmw`r soe`n`s ikc mte`r nmc`gs fmroeikk`gdkj dkputs tm firn`rs oik e`gp sniggemgc`rs jidk ioo`sstm quigdty dkputs. Ze`k rns suspòt teit firn`rs ndjet sdc`-s`ggpirt mf te`dr eirv`st, pirtk`rsedp nmc`gs wdte dkput suppgd`rs ikckikodig dkstdtutdmks oik triksf`r smn` mf te` rdsl iwiy frmn te`mff-til`r. Oeipt`r 6 cdsouss`s te`s` mptdmks.

GIOL MF FIQN Q@OMQC_ IKC OMGGIS@QIGAòius` nmst sniggemgc`rs cm kmt l``p wrdtt`k ròmrcs, te`dr iadgdty tmioourit`gy viguit` te` a`k`ts mf k`w ijrdougturig priotdo`s ds r`cuo`c.@v`k df yd gcs dkorìs`, nmst dnprmv`c priotdo`s r`qudr` iccdtdmkig dkputs

mr giamr wedoe dkorìs`s omsts. Zdtemut te` iadgdty tm omnpir` omsts ikcr`v`ku`s, firn`rs niy kmt a` iag tm omkc`ktgy iss`ss we`te`r te`drprmtiadgdty eis dkorìs`c is i r`sugt mf te` dnprmv`c priotdo`s. Zdtemutwrdtt`k ròmrcs cmoun`ktdkj te` `kt`rprds`s prmtiadgdty, firn`rsigsm fio` jrìt`r cdfougty matidkdkj aikl kikodkj. Seds prmag n dsomnpmukc`c ay i giol mf gikc tdtg s mr mte`r omggit`rig.

Ndtdjitdkj _trit`jy2 Fdrns niy omksdc`r dkogucdkj i firnnikij`n`kt omnpmk`kt, suoe is ròmrcl``pdkj, wdtedk i girj`rtridkdkj piolij`. Oeipt`r : cdsouss`s firn nikij`n`kt tridkdkjtòekdqu`s.

GIOL MF GIAMQ

Se` irì ikc dkt`ksdty mf prmcuotdmk mk snigg firns ds edjegyc`p`kc`kt mk te` inmukt mf giamr te` findgy oik prmvdc`. K`wpriotdo`s, wedoe niy dkorìs` yd`gcs mr sustidkiadgdty, mft`k r`qudr`nmr` giamr. Df te` k`w priotdo`s dkorìs` r`v`ku`, firn`rs oik edròisuig giamr tm omv`r te` `xtri wmrl. Emw`v`r, firn`rs mft`k giolte` oise r`qudr`c tm piy fmr `xtri giamr uktdg te`y s`gg te`dr ormps.Dk iccdtdmk, pmt`ktdig giamr`rs dk rurig irìs ir` mft`k sniggemgc`rste`ns`gv`s, sm te`y niy kmt a` ividgiag` we`k te` wmrl k``cs tma` cmk`. Se`s` cykindos niy gìc sniggemgc`rs tm `npgmy oedgcr`k.

Ndtdjitdkj _trit`jy2 I oir`fug `viguitdmk mf dkorìs`cr`qudr`n`kts mk firn`rs tdn` oik dc`ktdfy pmt`ktdig giamrsemrtij`s a`fmr` te`y irds`. Fdrns ndjet cdsouss te` tdn`c`nikcs wdte firn`rs tm dc`ktdfy pmt`ktdig smgutdmks dkogucdkjomnnukdty giamr-seirdkj jrmups mr sedfts dk emusèmgcr`spmksdadgdtd`s. Oeipt`r 5 sujj`sts strit`jd`s tm e`gp rnsdc`ktdfy te` tdn` c`nikcs mk amte nig` ikc f`nig` pirtdodpikts.

QD_L IV@Q_DMK_niggemgc`rs t`kc tm a` edjegy rdsl iv`rs` ikc ir` mft`k ukwdggdkjtm icmpt k`w priotdo`s df te` mutomn`s ir` uko`rtidk mr te` a`k`tstil` tdn` tm nikdf`st te`ns`gv`s. _tucd`s dkcdoit` teit mkgy 0 tm98 p`ro`kt mf sniggemgc`rs ir` wdggdkj tm til` rdsls, ikc 08 tm :0p`ro`kt mf sniggemgc`rs ir` nmc`rit`gy tm `xtr`n`gy rdsl-iv`rs`.

Edje rdsl iv`rsdmk inmkj sniggemgc`rs nil`s s`ks` we`k pgio`c dkòmkmndo omkt`xt. _niggemgc`r firn`rs fio` te` sin` rdsls is girj`firns, dkogucdkj ormp cdsìs`s, dkic`quit` ridkfigg, fimmcdkj, edje dkputprdo`s, ikc gmw ormp prdo`s. Emw`v`r, te`s` rdsls dnpiot sniggemgc`rsikc girj`r firn`rs cdff`r`ktgy. Nmst sniggemgc`rs giol ioo`ss tm rdslndtdjitdmk nòeikdsns, suoe is ormp dksuriko` ikc e`cjdkj. Zedg tedsds a`jdkkdkj tm oeikj` dk ìst`rk ikc smute`rk Ifrdoi, te` dksuriko`ds r`gitdv`gy `xp`ksdv`. Dk iccdtdmk, te` omks`qu`ko`s mf fidgur` ir`


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96

nmr` s`v`r` fmr sniggemgc`rs. Dk omuktrd s wdte gdndt`c smodig s`rvdo`s,i r`cuotdmk dk firn prmcuotdmk mr r`v`ku` oik gìc tm nigkmurdsen`ktikc ik dkiadgdty tm iffmrc n`cdoig s`rvdo`s mr oedgcr`ks `cuoitdmk.Qdsl tildkj eis nuoe jrìt`r omks`qu`ko`s fmr sniggemgc`rs gioldkj

i kikodig mr smodig sif`ty k`t. Aòius` mf te`s` omks`qu`ko`s, rnsteit wmrl wdte sniggemgc`rs eiv` i r`spmksdadgdty kmt tm `xpms`te`dr suppgd`rs mr ogd`kts tm `xo`ssdv` rdsls teit omugc cinij` te`drgdv`gdemmcs. Fmr `xinpg , k`w ijrdougtur` priotdo`s semugc a` oir`fuggyt`st`c fmr foioy a`fmr` te`y ir` wdc`gy cdss`ndkit`c.

Ndtdjitdkj _trit`jy2 Fdrns niy `komurij` firn`rs tm icmptk`w strit`jd`s mk i pmrtdmk mf te`dr gikc sm te`y oik `xp`rd`ko`te` priotdo`s `foioy a`fmr` `xpikcdkj tm te`dr `ktdr` pgmt.Fiodgdtitdkj ioo`ss tm gmiks ikc ormp dksuriko` oik igsm e`gp`ksur` teit firn`rs eiv` i kikodig sif`ty k`t dk ois` ormps fidg.Se` tmmgs ikc strit`jd`s dc`ktd`c termujemut teds eikcamml ir`dkt`kc`c tm r`cuo` rdsl fmr firn`rs ikc suppmrt te`dr icmptdmk mfjmmc priotdo`s.

K@JISDV@ ISSDSPC@_ SMZIQC _POO@__Dk te`mry, i suoo`ssfug c`nmkstritdmk ay i gìc firn`r semugc`komurij` k`djeamrdkj firn`rs tm icmpt k`w prmcuotdmk tòekdqu`s.Dk priotdo`, emw`v`r, ougturig ittdtuc`s tmwircs suoo`ss viry. Dk smn`

omkt`xts, crinitdo dkorìs`s dk prmcuotdmk niy prmvml` fitigdsn,`kvy, te`ft, mr `v`k ioousitdmks mf smro`ry. Aòius` smn` firn`rsniy igsm eiv` mte`r dkomn`-j`k`ritdkj iotdvdtd`s, te`y niy kmtwikt tm put iccdtdmkig giamr dktm te`dr firns. Se`s` cykindos niycdssuic` firn`rs frmn s``ldkj edje`r yd`gcs.

Ndtdjitdkj _trit`jy2 Oir`fug pirtk`rsedps wdte firn`rgìc`rs curdkj dnpg`n`ktitdmk oik edjegdjet k`jitdvòmnnukdty rìotdmks teit ndjet `n`rj` is i r`sugt mf prmjrindnpg`n`ktitdmk. Oeipt`r 3 mff`rs dksdjets dktm wmrldkj wdtefirn`r gìc`rs.

I__@__DKJ _NIGGEMGC@Q OMK_SQIDKS_ OIK E@GX IGDJK DKO@KSDV@_ SM XQMJQIN JMIG_ (omkt.)


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P_@FPG Q@_MPQO@_

Omggd`r, Xiug ikc _t`fik C`romk.Ifrdoik Ijrdougtur` dk 08 T irs2 _niggemgc`rs dk i Qipdcgy OeikjdkjZmrgc=Xr`s`kt`c it te` FIM ikc PK @xp`rt N``tdkj mk Emw tm F``c te` Zmrgc dk 1808. Qmn`, DtigyBuk` 1316, 1884, ftp2//ftp.fim.mrj/cmor`p/fim/891/il45?`/il45?`88.pcfOmkf`r`ko` mk K`w Cdròtdmks fmr _niggemgc`r Ijrdougtur`. Dkt`rkitdmkig Fukc fmr IjrdougturigC`v`gmpn`kt (DFIC). Bikuiry 1310, 1899, www.dfic.mrj/`v`kts/ijrdougtur`/

Ciga`rj. Oitigyzdkj _niggemgc`r Ijrdougturig Fdkiko`._`pt`na`r 1891, www.ciga`rj.omn/cmoun`ktsOitigyzdkj]_niggemgc`r]Ij]Fdkiko`.pcf

Fmg`y, B, K. Qiniklutty, L. Ariunik `t ig. _mgutdmks fmr i Ougtdvit`c Xgik`t, Kitur`3:5 (Motma`r 181899).

Se` Futur` mf _nigg Firns. I r`sìroe wmrlsemp bmdktgy mrjikdz`c ay te` Dkt`rkitdmkig Fmmc XmgdoyQ`sìroe Dkstdtut` (DFXQD), Mv`rsìs C`v`gmpn`kt Dkstdtut` (MCD) ikc te` Dnp`rdig Omgg`j`, Gmkcmk. Buk1614, 1880, www.dfprd.mrj/sdt`s/c`fiugt/puagdoitdmks/sfprmo.pcf

Judc` tm C`v`gmpdkj Ijrdougturig Nirl`ts ikc Ijrm-@kt`rprds`s,Se` Zmrgc Aikl, 1883,ettp2//wà.wmrgcaikl.mrj/ZA_DS@/@US@QKIG/SMXDO_/@USIQC/8,,omkt`ktNCL218330?34~pij`XL21905~pdXL2198861~te`_dt`XL2??6651,88.etng

Xr`tty, `t ig. 1898. Se` Smp 988 Yu`stdmks mf Dnpmrtiko` tm te` Futur` mf Jgmaig Ijrdougtur`.Dkt`rkitdmkig Bmurkig mf Ijrdougturig _ustidkiadgdty 5(3).

_niggemgc`r Vigu` Oeidks, 1891. Seds ds Ifrdoi, ettp2//www.tedsdsifrdoimkgdk`.omn/N`cdi-Gdariry/Fdg`s/IJQDOPGSPQ@-_niggemgc`r-vigu`-oeidks-_pòdig-r`pmrt-@kjgdse-v`rsdmk

KMS@_

9. Qinitu N. Ig-Eissik, Cikd`g A. _irpmkj, Ilwisd N`ksie-Amksu, Gdkldkj _niggemgc`rs tm Nirl`ts(Pkdv`rsdty mf Jeiki, 1886). Ioo`ss`c vdi Dkt`rkitdmkig Fmmc Xmgdoy Q`sìroe Dkstdtut` wàsdt`2 ettp2//www.dfprd.mrj/sdt`s/c`fiugt/g`s/puagdoitdmks/jsspwp89.pcf

1. _p`ko`r E`ksmk ikc Ndtuggie Zdkkd`, L`kyik @xpmrts mf Kdg` X`roe2 Se` Dnpiot mf Fmmc _if`ty_tikcircs mk ik @xpmrt-Mrd`kt`c _uppgy Oeidk(Se` Zmrgc Aikl, 1883). Ioo`ss`c vdi Se` Zmrgc Aikl

wàsdt`2 ettp2//òmk.wmrgcaikl.mrj/`xt`rkig/c`fiugt/nidk=pij`XL>63960104&te`_dt`XL>033534&pL>63960319&n`kuXL>6396684?&`ktdtyDC>888884356]18838:?884?91:


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Ik @vdc`ko`-Ais`c

Ipprmioe tm XrmjrinC`sdjk


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E


Is wdte iky dkv`stn`kt, dkv`stdkj dk sniggemgc`r

suppgy oeidks r`qudr`s i oir`fug iss`ssn`kt mf

te` omsts, dnpiots, ikc `xt`rkig fiotmrs teit niy

iffòt te` prmbòt. Jite`rdkj ikc ikigyzdkj citimk te` sòtmr, firn`r suppgd`rs, ikc pmt`ktdig

`kvdrmkn`ktig ikc smodig rdsls oik e`gp rns

c`v`gmp i prmjrin teit omnprè`ksdv`gy r`spmkcs

tm sniggemgc`r omkstridkts.


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Ik @vdc`ko`-Ais`c Ipprmioe tm Xrmjrin C`sdjk

Km sdkjg` nmc`g fmr str`kjte`kdkj sniggemgc`r suppgy oeidks ippgd`s ukdv`rsiggy. Cdff`ròmnnmcdtd`s, mrdjdks, r`jdmks, sniggemgc`r prmcuo`r jrmups, suppgy oeidk struotur`s, ikr`tidg nirl`t cykindos iffòt i prmbòts fìsdadgdty ikc `ffòtdv`k`ss. Fdrns oik dkorìs` tgdl`gdemmc mf suoo`ss termuje oir`fug pgikkdkj ikc prmjrin c`sdjk.

Seds oeipt`r giys te` jrmukcwmrl fmr i rns dkv`stn`kt dk sniggemgc`r suppgy oeidks wdte mv`rvd`w mf prmjrin c`sdjk. Se` oeipt`r igsm pr`s`kts tmmgs ikc r`smuro`s fmr omggòtdkj iikigyzdkj aioljrmukc dkfmrnitdmk fmr i pmt`ktdig suppgy oeidk dkt`rv`ktdmk. Dt te`k cdsousswiys tm mrjikdz` teit dkfmrnitdmk dktm ik `ffòtdv` prmjrin c`sdjk.

Siag` 1.9 pr`s`kts te` twm st`ps teit ir` us`fug curdkj te` pgikkdkj peis` mf sniggemgc`kjij`n`kt. Se` rst st`p ds tm omggòt dkfmrnitdmk iamut te` sòtmr, suppgy oeidk, ikpmt`ktdig rdsls mf `kjijdkj (mr kmt `kjijdkj) wdte sniggemgc`r suppgd`rs ikc oustmn`rs. Sedkfmrnitdmk prmvdc`s te` aisds fmr te` sòmkc st`p, curdkj wedoe rns ikigyz` te` citi dc`ktdfy prdmrdty jmigs, c`v`gmp i rìgdstdo tdn`gdk`, `viguit` te` omsts ikc a`k`ts, ikc c`sdi strit`jy teit ioed`v`s prmjrin jmigs.

_S@X 92 OMGG@OS DKFMQNISDMK

I. X`rfmrn i Semrmuje _òtmr Ikigysds

Iky suppgy oeidk dkv`stn`kt a`jdks wdte i temrmuje ukc`rstikcdkj mf te` suppgy oeidk ikte` ormp sòtmr. Fmr mff-til`rs, teds usuiggy dkvmgv`s mk` ormp, wedg` dkput prmcuo`rs, kikodkstdtutdmks, ikc tridkdkj prmvdc`rs niy k``c tm omksdc`r nugtdpg` ormps tm a`st r`spmkc sniggemgc`r ogd`kts k``cs. Fmr `xinpg`, firn`rs niy us` i pirtdougir f`rtdgdz`r ag`kc fs`v`rig ormps, mr te`y niy jrmw nugtdpg` ormps teit r`qudr` kikodkj. Dk suoe ois`s, dt ds us`ftm ikigyz` te` vigu` oeidks mf s`v`rig dnpmrtikt ormps.

@v`k ik mff-til`r wem eis puroeis`c i ormp fmr niky yìrs niy kc teit mp`ritdmkig stigiol i omnpg`t` ukc`rstikcdkj mf te` sòtmr. Dk pirtdougir, stiff niy kmt a` iwir` mf tr`smuro`s, suoe is dnprmv`c vird`td`s, k`w prmcuotdmk tòekdqu`s, ikc p`st omktrmg nìsurìvidgiag` it kitdmkig, r`jdmkig, ikc dkt`rkitdmkig r`sìroe dkstdtutdmks ikc ukdv`rsdtd`s. Dkpnikufiotur`rs, suoe is s``c omnpikd`s, mft`k cm kmt ukc`rstikc te` oeikjdkj quigr`qudr`n`kts mf ormp auy`rs mr te` `ffòts mf ogdnit` oeikj`. Dk amte ois`s, i a`ttukc`rstikcdkj mf te` sòtmr wdgg `kiag` nmr` `ffòtdv` prmjrin c`sdjk.

XEI_@ D2 XGIK IKC C@_DJK

X`rfmrn isòtmr ikigysds

Xrdmrdtdz` jmigsikc stdnit`

tdn`frin`

_`jn`ktfirn`rs

Ikigyz` omstsikc a`k`ts

Pkc`rstikc`kvdrmkn`ktigikc smodig rdsl

Dc`ktdfy iotdvdtd`sais`c mk jmigs

I IA AO O

Siag` 1.9. Lkmwg`cj` ikc prmp`r pgikkdkj gìcs tm `ffòtdv` prmjrin c`sdjk.

_S@X 92 OMGG@OS DKFMQNISDMK _S@X 12 IKIGTR@ IKC C@_DJK


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DFO, te` Pkdt`c _tit`s Ij`koy fmr Dkt`rkitdmkig C`v`gmpn`kt (P_IDC), ikc mte`r mrjikdzitdmkseiv` c`v`gmp`c tmmgs teit niy a` us`fug fmr rns dkt`r`st`c dk dc`ktdfydkj pmt`ktdigdkt`rv`ktdmks fmr dnprmvdkj sniggemgc`r suppgy oeidks. Se` P_IDC n`temcmgmjy, lkmwk issua-sòtmr ikigysds, ds i us`fug tmmg fmr ukc`rstikcdkj ik `ktdr` ormp sòtmr, dkogucdkj te`rn ikc dts omnp`tdtmrs, is w`gg is te` suasòtmr. Se` r`sugts mf i suasòtmr ikigysds oik a`sunnirdz`c dk i nip, is semwk dk jur` 1.9. Fdrst, i suasòtmr ds armicgy c`k`c, a`jdkkdkjwdte r`g`vikt r`sìroe dkstdtutdmks fmr dkputs ikc `kcdkj wdte `xpmrt mr kig omksun`rsmf cmn`stdo ormps. Se` pr`s`ko` mr ias`ko` mf fmrnig ikc kmk-fmrnig kikodig s`rvdo`s dsikmte`r dnpmrtikt dkput tm ikigyz`. It ioe stij`, te` kuna`r mf firn`rs, ndorm-`kt`rprds`s,mr rns ds `stdnit`c, igmkj wdte te` vmgun` ikc vigu` mf dkputs ikc ormps te`y eikcg`.

Citi fmr suasòtmr ikigysds omn`s frmn dkt`rvd`ws wdte pirtdodpikts it ioe stij` mf te` viguòeidk. Dkt`rvd`w``s ir` isl`c iamut te`dr rmg` dk te` vigu` oeidk, is w`gg is te`dr lkmwg`cj` mfte` gdkls iamv` ikc a`gmw te`n. Ay isldkj te` sin` qu`stdmks mf p`mpg` it virdmus pmdkts dkte` oeidk, ik ioourit` nip sunnirdzdkj te` sòtmr oik a` c`v`gmp`c. Jmv`rkn`kt stitdstdosoik igsm a` us`fug, igtemuje te`y semugc a` ormss-oeòl`c dk te` `gc.

Se` suasòtmr ikigysds e`gps tm dc`ktdfy pmt`ktdig dkt`rv`ktdmks ikc tm c`t`rndk` we`te`r te`suppgy oeidk ds tdjet wdte suppgd`rs gdkl`c ogms`gy tm mff-til`rs mr gmms` wdte sdjkdoiktomnp`tdtdmk a`tw``k auy`rs. Xmdkts mf g`v`rij` oik igsm a` dc`ktd`c. Fmr xinpg`, df firn`rsir` usdkj mutcit`c vird`td`s, nugtdpgydkj k`w pgiktdkj nit`rdig frmn i r`sìroe dkstdtutdmk

omugc a` ik `ffòtdv` dkt`rv`ktdmk teit wmugc kmt r`qudr` `xt`ksdv` firn`r tridkdkj.

DFO eis c`v`gmp`c i virditdmk mk suasòtmr ikigysds c`sdjk`c tm `kiag` mff-til`rs tm `viguit`te`dr suppgy oeidks. Seds s`t mf tmmgs, oigg`c te` _uppgy Oeidk Cdijkmstdo, omksdsts mf i s`rd`smf qu`stdmks teit rns oik icipt tm sudt te`dr suppgy oeidks. Siag` 1.1 prmvdc`s ik mv`rvd`wmf te` tmmg.

Fdjur` 1.9. Nip mf ik ijrdougturig suasòtmr.

9 dkt`rkitdmkig dkstdtut`

fmr vird`ty c`v`gmpn`kt

9 kitdmkig dkstdtut` prmcuodkjfmukcitdmk s``c

9 s``c omnpiky

088,888 firn`rs wdte 7 1 Ei

91 xpmrt`rs mf edje-jric` ormps

9,888 vdggij` omggòtmrs

988 tmwk omggòtmrs ikc smrt`rs (988)

08,888 firn`rs wdte ; 1 Ei

1 xpmrt`rs mf gmw-jric` ormps

? pgiktitdmk ; ?88 ei

18 cmn`stdo auy`rs

0 ijrm-wemg`sig`rs

1 f`rtdgdz`r omnpikd`s

988 ijrm-r`tidg`rs

Fdkc i judc` fmr p`rfmrndkjsua-sòtmr ikigysds mk murwàsdt`, www.firns1rns.mrj.

DFOs _uppgy Oeidk Cdijkmstdotmmg oik a` fmukc mk murwàsdt`, www.firns1rns.mrj.


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Siag` 1.1. Omnpmk`kts mf DFOs suppgy oeidk cdijkmstdo tmmg.

Cdijkmstdoomnpmk`kt

Xurpms` mf cdijkmstdo ikigysds

Fdrn Sm iss`ss te` rns oipiodty tm dkv`st dk te` suppgy oeidk.

_niggemgc`rsuppgd`r

Sm ikigyz` firn-g`v`g prmcuotdvdty ikc te` ordtdoig dssu`s teit dnpiot dt. Seds semugc e`gprns dc`ktdfy ordtdoig pmdkts it te` firn g`v`g teit k``c tm a` iccr`ss`c dk mrc`r tm nil`

sdjkdoikt prmcuotdvdty jidks.

Xmst-eirv`stiotdvdtd`s

Sm ikigyz` te` `fod`koy mf te` suppgy oeidk ikc e`gp dc`ktdfy gìlij`/ vigu` `rmsdmk pmdktteit semugc a` omktrmgg`c tm dnprmv` `fod`koy mf te` mv`rigg suppgy oeidk.

A`koenirldkj Sm ikigyz` te` gìc rns suppgy oeidk prmcuotdvdty omnpir`c wdte r jdmkig, kitdmkig, ikcdkt`rkitdmkig prmcuotdvdty g`v`gs.

Dkstdtutdmkignippdkj

Sm ukc`rstikc te` dkstdtutdmkig omkt`xt ukc`r wedoe te` suppgy oeidk mp`rit`s ikc dc`ktdfy l`stilèmgc`rs wem eiv` i sdjkdoikt rmg dk prmcuotdvdty `keiko`n`kt dk te` suppgy oeidk.

A. @viguit` te` K``cs mf _niggemgc`r Firn`rs ikc _`jn`kt _niggemgcÀis`c mk Dkcdvdcuig Oeiriot`rdstdos

Fdrns oik str`kjte`k dkv`stn`kts dk i suppgy oeidk ay rst ikigyzdkj te` k``cs ipr`f`r`ko`s mf sniggemgc`r suppgd`rs a`fmr` c`sdjkdkj ikc dnpg`n`ktdkj i prmbòt. I rmauukc`rstikcdkj mf sniggemgc`r suppgd`rs ikc te`dr findgd`s, dkogucdkj c`nmjripedos, ougtupriotdo`s, ittdtuc`s tmwircs rdsl, ikc spòdo omkstridkts, wdgg `ksur` teit i suppgy oeistr`kjte`kdkj prmjrin iccr`ss`s firn`rs ukdqu` k``cs ikc prmvdc`s ipprmprdit` dko`ktdv`

_`jn`kt Firn`rsDk te` pist, rns eiv` vd`w`c sniggemgc`rs is i sdkjg` jrmup wdte sdndgir oeiriot`rdstddrr`spòtdv` mf j`mjripedo r`jdmk. I nmr` smpedstdoit`c ipprmioe ds tm s`jn`kt sniggemgc`dk i suppgy oeidk ikc ippgy cdff`r`kt ipprmioe`s ais`c mk te` pirtdougir oeiriot`rdstdos mf tfirn`r ikc firn teit oik dkfiu`ko` prmjrin jmigs.

Firn`r s`jn`ktitdmk dc`ktd`s te` virydkj oipiodty g`v`gs ikc omkstridkts mf firn`r suppgd`dk mrc`r tm tidgmr i suppgy oeidk dkt`rv`ktdmk teit a`st n``ts te`dr k``cs. Fiotmrs suoe gdt`rioy, firndkj lkmwg`cj`, ikc ij` semugc a` omksdc`r`c. Is r`fiòt`c dk te` amx mk pij11, `gc surv`ys ir` ik dnpmrtikt tmmg fmr s`jn`ktdkj firn`rs. Fmr `xinpg`, wedg` tiv`rij` firn sdz` niy a` r`pmrt`c is a`dkj twm eòtir`s, dk rìgdty, smn` firns wdgg a` 8eòtir`s ikc mte`rs wdgg a` nmr` teik v` eòtir`s. Se` cdff`r`ko`s dk gikc sdz` omugc dnpite` s`gòtdmk mf te` nmst omst-`ffòtdv` nioedk`ry ikc ijrdougturig priotdo`s.

_`jn`ktitdmk ds i omnnmk priotdo` dk te` r`tidg dkcustry ikc ds aòmndkj ik dnpmrtikt tmfmr dkput prmvdc`rs ikc mff-til`rs. Emw`v`r, dt r`qudr`s i smpedstdoit`c ukc`rstikcdkj mf tsuppgy oeidk ikc pmt`ktdig dnprmv`n`kts, is w`gg is te` oipiodty tm dnpg`n`kt cdff`r``kjij`n`kt strit`jd`s fmr cdff`r`kt s`jn`kts.

Firn`r s`jn`ktitdmk e`gps rnstidgmr prmjrins tm te` cdff`r`ktk``cs ikc oipiodtd`s mf te`drsuppgd`r firn`rs.


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11

Igdjk Dko`ktdv`s

_uppgy oeidk dkt`rv`ktdmks teit judc` sniggemgc`r firn`rs tm sustidkiag`, dnprmv`c ijrdougturigpriotdo`s termuje i s`rd`s mf semrt-t`rn w`gfir` dnprmv`n`kts wdgg a` nmst gdl`gy tm suoo``c.Zedg` niky rns eiv` te` r`smuro`s ikc fmr`sdjet fmr gmkj-t`rn pgikkdkj, sniggemgc`rsj`k`riggy gmml fmr dnn`cdit` kikodig a`k`ts we`k còdcdkj we`te`r tm icmpt k`w priotdo`smr dkputs. Zedg` gmkj`r-t`rn a`k`ts mf `kvdrmkn`ktig sustidkiadgdty, suoe is nidktidkdkj smdgf`rtdgdty mr adm-cdv`rsdty, oik igsm fiotmr dktm sniggemgc`r còdsdmk nildkj, te`y ir` mft`k eìvdgycdsomukt`c. Firn`rs ir` nmr` gdl`gy tm icmpt k`w priotdo`s r`git`c tm dkput us`, ormp prmcuotdmk,ikc nirl`tdkj df te`y ir` mff`r`c te` rdjet dko`ktdv`s ikc eiv` e`gp mv`romndkj omkstridkts.

O. Iss`ss @kvdrmkn`ktig ikc _modig Qdsl

Fdrns semugc dkoguc` ik iss`ssn`kt mf `kvdrmkn`ktig ikc smodig rdsls is pirt mf ik ikigysds mfte` dkv`stn`kt pmt`ktdigs mf i sniggemgc`r suppgy oeidk. Dc`ktdfydkj `kvdrmkn`ktig ikc smodigrdsls it te` muts`t mf i prmbòt iggmws te` rn tm prmiotdv`gy iccr`ss pmt`ktdig omko`rks. Fmr`xinpg`, df smurodkj frmn sniggemgc`rs dk i pirtdougir irì oirrd`s te` rdsl mf puroeisdkj ormpsjrmwk wdte oedgc giamr, rns niy ndtdjit` te` rdsl ay issdstdkj omnnukdtd`s tm omkstruotsoemmgs ogms` tm te` firns dk mrc`r tm fiodgdtit` soemmg itt`kciko`.

FD@GC _PQV@T_ XQMVDC@ @__@KSDIG CISI IAMPS _NIGGEMGC@Q _PXXGD@Q_

_urv`ys mf i suppgy oeidk oitoen`kt irì oik a` `ffòtdv` tmmgs fmr s`jn`ktdkj i pmpugitdmk mfsniggemgc`r suppgd`rs ikc dc`ktdfydkj oeiriot`rdstdos teit wdgg judc` te` c`v`gmpn`kt mf i suppgy oeidkdkt`rv`ktdmk. Se` surv`y niy r`qu`st te` fmggmwdkj dkfmrnitdmk2

Kin` mf firn`r, vdggij`, ikc cdstrdot

Ij`, j`kc`r, ikc kuna`r mf emusèmgc n`na`rs

Edje`st jric` ittidk`c ay icugts dk emusèmgc (n`k ikc wmn`k)

Iadgdty tm rìc ikc wrdt` (n`k ikc wmn`k)

Xr`cmndkikt gikjuij`(s) spml`k/wrdtt`k dk emusèmgc

Syp` mf emusdkj (teitoe vs. n`tig rmmf, smdg vs. o`n`kt fimmr ikc wiggs)

Xrmcuotdv` ikc emn` iss`ts (ricdm, adoyog`, t`g`vdsdmk, o`gg pemk , nmtmradl`, drrdjitdmk `qudpn`kt, mrwigl-aèdkc triotmr).

Firn sdzÌ sinpg` mf firns semugc a` nìsur`c ay piodkj mr wdte JX_ tm c`t`rndk` te` ioourioymf firn sdz`s prmvdc`c ay firn`rs curdkj surv`ys.

Gikc t`kur` (g`jig t`kur , tricdtdmkig t`kur , mr gìs`c)

N`na`rsedp dk firn`r jrmup mr omnnukdty issmoditdmk

Se` gmjdo fmr i cmuag` amttmngdk` ds sdnpgùkg`ss te`r` ir`tikjdag` a`k`ts fmr amte pirtd`sdk te` r`gitdmksedp, k`dte`r wdggeiv` ik dko`ktdv` tm dnpg`n`ktikc sustidk k`w priotdo`s.


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DFO dkv`stn`kt mr icvdsmry s`rvdo`s ogd`kts nust n``t i s`rd`s mf `djet p`rfmrniko` stikcircte` rst mf wedoe ds omkcuotdkj ik `kvdrmkn`ktig ikc smodig rdsl iss`ssn`kt. Ais`c mk teiss`ssn`kt, DFO ikc te` rn c`v`gmp i pgik fmr n``tdkj te` mte`r stikcircs, dkogucdkj giaikc wmrldkj omkcdtdmks ikc te` sustidkiadgdty stikcircs nmst ippgdoiag` tm sniggemgc`r firn`

Mko` te` rdsls ir` ukc`rstmmc, `ffòtdv` `kvdrmkn`ktig ikc smodig rdsl nikij`n`kt r`qudri ogìr ukc`rstikcdkj mf te` prmcuotdmk ikc prmo`ssdkj stij`s mf te` oeidk ay `dte`r trn mr prmxd`s, suoe is tedrc-pirty o`rtdoitdmk. It i nmr` icviko`c g`v`g, rns niy c`v`gms`jr`jit`c suppgy oeidks, trioìag` aiol tm dkcdvdcuig suppgd`rs.

_S@X 12 P_@ IK @VDC@KO@-AI_@C IXXQMIOE FMQ XQMJQIN C@_DJK

Aioljrmukc r`sìroe mk i pmt`ktdig sniggemgc`r suppgy oeidk dkv`stn`kt aòmn`s te` aifmr c`sdjkdkj ik `ffòtdv` `kjij`n`kt strit`jy wdte sniggemgc`r firn`rs. Ik `kjij`n`strit`jy dkoguc`s2 dc`ktdfydkj prdmrdty dkt`rv`ktdmk irìs, `stdnitdkj te` inmukt mf tdn` k``c``viguitdkj te` omsts ikc a`k`ts, ikc dc`ktdfydkj iotdvdtd`s ais`c mk `xpòt`c mutomn`s.

I. Dc`ktdfy Xrdmrdty Dkt`rv`ktdmks ikc Sdn`frin`

Xrmjrins teit fmous mk mk` dkt`rv`ktdmk mr i snigg kuna`r mf dkt`rv`ktdmks t`kc tm a` nmsuoo`ssfug teik prmjrins wdte tmm niky jmigs. Seds eikcamml cdsouss`s v` armic typ`s dkt`rv`ktdmks2 firn`r ijjr`jitdmk dk oeipt`r ?, tridkdkj ikc omnnukdoitdmk dk oeipt`r prmvdcdkj o`rtdoitdmk ikc stikcircs dk oeipt`r 0, dkorìsdkj ioo`ss tm dkputs dk oeipt`r ikc dnprmvdkj firn nikij`n`kt sldggs dk oeipt`r :.

Se` a`st priotdo` ds tm c`sdjk prmjrin dnpg`n`ktitdmk tm til` pgio` dk ter`` peis`s2

Xeis` 92Dkfmrnitdmk omggòtdmk, prmjrin c`sdjk, omst-a`k`t ikigysds, tridkdkj nit`rc`v`gmpn`kt, ikc ais`gdk` citi omggòtdmk< niy til` up tm 91 nmktes.

Xeis` 12 Xdgmt peis` wdte gdndt`c somp`< niy til` up tm ter`` yìrs, c`p`kcdkj mk emgmkj dt til`s tm ioed`v` r`sugts.

Xeis` ?2 @xpiksdmk peis`< niy til` up tm v` yìrs, c`p`kcdkj mk te` kuna`r mf firn`

ikc ormps.

Jdv`k te` k``c tm n``t ikkuig p`rfmrniko` ikc aucj`t tirj`ts, rns niy a` t`npt`c semrt`k te`s` peis`s. Emw`v`r, r`cuodkj te`s` tdn`frin`s ds rdsly, `spòdiggy wdte tr`` ormteit niy til` ter`` yìrs tm a`jdk prmcuodkj i ormp.

Se` pdgmt peis` ds `spòdiggy ordtdoig aòius` dt prmvdc`s amte te` rn ikc te` firn`r wdte tmppmrtukdty tm `gc t`st ikc k`-tuk` omst ikc a`k`t issunptdmks teit w`r` nic` curdte` c`sdjk peis`. Gìrkdkj curdkj te` pdgmt peis` igsm `kiag`s s`jn`ktitdmk mf te` suppoeidk ikc prmvdc`s te` mppmrtukdty tm orìt` i w`gg-tridk`c ikc mrjikdz`c xt`ksdmk stiff. Somst p`r firn`r ds gdl`gy tm a` edje`r curdkj te` pdgmt aòius` ipprmioe`s ir` kmt y`t mptdnikc te` gìrkdkj peis` r`qudr`s r`smuro`s. Seds ds bustdiag` is gmkj is te`r` ds i omkor`t` pgtm r`cuo` omsts dk te` `xpiksdmk peis`.

Xdgmt peis`s oik a`

nmr` omstgy aòius`

te`y giol te` a`k`ts

mf soig`, aut te`y

ir` ik mppmrtukdty

tm dnprmv`

dnpg`n`ktitdmkikc dkorìs` te`

gdl`gdemmc mf suoo`ss.

C`tidgs mf te` DFO p`rfmrniko`stikcircs ikc cdijkmstdo tmmgsfmr iss`ssdkj kvdrmkn`ktig ikcsmodig rdsl oik a` cmwkgmic`c itwww.firns1rns.mrj.


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13

A. Ikigyz` te` Omsts ikc A`k`ts mf _niggemgc`r @kjij`n`kt

Fdrns semugc ikigyz` te` omsts ikc a`k`ts mf sniggemgc`r `kjij`n`kt, bust is te`y ikigyz` omstsikc a`k`ts a`fmr` dkv`stdkj dk i k`w pdò` mf qudpn`kt. Omsts oik a` cdvdc`c dktm ter`` oit`jmrd`s2

_tirt-up omsts2 Se`s` omsts ir` issmodit`c wdte omggòtdkj citi mk te` sòtmr ikc suppgyoeidk, prmjrin pgikkdkj, tridkdkj nit`rdig c`v`gmpn`kt, ikc te` tridkdkj mf tridk`rs.

Xdgmt peis` omsts2Omsts curdkj teds peis` dkoguc` omsts p`r firn`r p`r yìr fmr dkputs, c`nmkstritdmkpgmts, gc stiff, vèdog`s ikc mte`r gmjdstdos, wrdtt`k tridkdkj nit`rdigs, mte`r fmrns mf dkfmrnitdmkcdss`ndkitdmk, tedrc-pirty o`rtdoitdmk omsts, r`sugts nìsur`n`kt, ikc nikij`n`kt.

@xpiksdmk peis`2Dk te` `xpiksdmk peis`, omst p`r firn`r semugc còrìs` aòius` mkgy te`nmst `ffòtdv` dkt`rv`ktdmks dc`ktd`c dk te` pdgmt peis` ir` omktdku`c, ikc nmr` `fod`ktdkfmrnitdmk c`gdv`ry n`temcs ir` us`c.

Se` a`k`ts mf suppgy oeidk `kjij`n`kt rikj` frmn nmr` tikjdag`2

Dkorìs`c vmgun`s mf ormps r`sugtdkj frmn prmcuotdvdty jidks Dkorìs`c vmgun`s mf ormps r`sugtdkj frmn jrìt`r suppgd`r gmyigty Gmw`r omsts fmr prmour`n`kt mr dkput nirl`tdkj

Gmw`r prmo`ssdkj cu` tm jr it`r mk-firn smrtdkj mr prmo`ssdkj Dkorìs`c sig`s mf dkputs, dkfmrnitdmk, kikodig s`rvdo`s, mr tridkdkj s`rvdo`s Edje`r-quigdty ormps teit oik a` smgc fmr i pr`ndun prdo` O`rtd`c ikc/mr trioìag` ormps teit oik a` smgc fmr i pr`ndun prdo` mr mp`k k`w nirl`ts

Sm g`ss tikjdag`2

Q`cuo`c `kvdrmkn`ktig ikc smodig rdsls Q`cuo`c vugk`riadgdty tm ogdnit` oeikj` Dnprmv`c arikc dnij` frmn prmvdcdkj suppmrt tm sniggemgc`r firn`rs tm dnprmv` te dr gdv gdemmcs Nmr` sustidkiag` gikc us , g icdkj tm stiag` prmcuotdmk

A`k`ts niy cdff`r c`p`kcdkj mk te` g`kjte mf te` dkt`rv`ktdmk. Siag` 1.? c`tidgs semrt-, n`cdun-,

ikc gmkj-t`rn a`k`ts fmr cdff`r`kt typ`s mf rns. Se` omsts ikc a`k`tsikc s`ttdkj ogìr jmigstm r`cuo` te` omsts ikc ittidk te` a`k`tssemugc a` omnpg`t`c ay te` kc mf te` pdgmt peis`.

_emrt-t`rn a`k`ts N`cdun-t`rn a`k`ts Gmkj-t`rn a`k`ts

Dkput nikufiotur`rs ikcsuppgd`rs

Dkorìs`c sig`s Nmr` fod`kt cdstrdautdmktermuje jrmups

Nirl`ts fmr k`w prmcuots c`sdjk`cfmr sniggemgc`rs

Fdkikodig dkstdtutdmks Girj` kuna`rs mf pmt ktdig oustmn rs C`v gmpn`kt mf mutjrmw`rirrikj`n`kts tm fiodgdtit`r`piyn`kt

- Nirl t fmr k`w kikodig prmcuots- Gmyigty inmkj `n`rjdkj n`cdun-

soig` firn`rs

Ijrdougturig dkfmrnitdmkikc tridkdkj prmvdc`rs

Girj` kuna`rs mf pmt`ktdig oustmn`rs,wem oik a` rìoe`c vdi DOSs it gmw omst

Xirtk`rsedps wdte mff-til`rs mrdkput suppgd`rs wem niy piy fmrs`rvdo`s

Dkfmrnitdmk k``c`c tm c`v`gmp k`wprmcuots ikc s`rvdo`s

Mff-til`rs ikc prmo`ssmrs - Jr it`r prmcuotdmk frmn te` sinìrì

- A tt r quigdty- Nmr` fod`kt gmjdstdos

- Srio iadgdty- O rtdoitdmk- Q`cuo`c kvdrmkn`ktig ikc

smodig rdsl

- _tiadgdty mf suppgy- Dkor is c suppgd`r gmyigty

Siag` 1.?. Se` a`k`ts mf wmrldkj wdte sniggemgc`r firn`rs c`p`kc mk te` dkv`stn`kts tdn` rikj` ikc te` ausdk`ss nmc`g.


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O. Ps` i Gmjdoig Frin`wmrl tm Dc`ktdfy Iotdvdtd`s Ais`c mk Xrmjrin Jmigs

Se` gmjdoig frin`wmrl n`temcmgmjy ds ik `ffòtdv` tmmg fmr `ksurdkj teit te`r` ds i bustdiaoiusig gdkl a`tw``k prmpms`c iotdvdtd`s ikc `xpòt`c mutomn`s. Se` frin`wmrl dc`ktd`s jmikc audgcs aiol tm te` iotdvdtd`s r`qudr`c tm rìoe tems` jmigs. It ìoe st`p, te` frin`wmspòd`s emw suoo`ss wdgg a` nìsur`c ikc dc`ktd`s odrounstiko`s a`ymkc te` prmjrins omktteit niy pr`v`kt suoo`ss. Se` r`sugt mf teds prmo`ss oik a` sunnirdz`c dk i fmur-ay-fmur nitoigg`c i gmjdoig frin`wmrl, wedoe ds mft`k semrt`k`c tm gmj frin`. Is tiag` 1.3 c`nmkstrit`te` tmp rmw, jmig, dc`ktd`s armic dnpiots dkt`kc`c is i r`sugt mf te` prmpms`c iotdvdty. Ssòmkc rmw, purpms`, dc`ktd`s te` prmjrins sdkjg` ukc`rtildkj teit wdgg omktrdaut` tm te` jmDt ds dnpmrtikt tm dkoguc` mkgy mk` dt`n dk ìoe rmw sm te`r` ds km omkfusdmk iamut omnp`tdkprdmrdtd`s. Se`purpms , mutputs, ikc iotdvdtd`s rmws semugc igg a` quiktd`c ikc tdn` amukc. Somgunks fmr dkcdoitmrs ikc v`rdoitdmk `xpgidk emw r`sugts wdgg a` nìsur`c. Se` issunptdmomgunk mkgy dkoguc`s `v`kts teit omugc dkfiu`ko` prmjrin suoo`ss, aut ir` a`ymkc te` omktrmg prmjrin nikij`n`kt.

Xmmr issunptdmks dk i gmjdoig frin`wmrl wdgg stdgg gìc tm pmmr r`sugts. Emw`v`r, tn`temcmgmjy prmvdc`s i st`p-ay-st`p n`temc fmr c`v`gmpdkj i prmjrin, ikc dt sunnirdzte` r`sugts dk ik ìsy-tm-`xpgidk fmrnit. Findgdirdty wdte gmj frin`s ds i us`fug sldgg fmr rnteit wmrl dk pirtk`rsedp wdte kmkjmv`rkn`ktig c`v`gmpn`kt prmjrins mr teit ippgy fcmkmr fukcdkj. Oeipt`r 4 prmvdc`s judciko` mk s`gòtdkj `ffòtdv` dkcdoitmrs ikc v`rdfydte`n dk i omkvdkodkj wiy.

Siag` 1.3. _inpg` gmj frin` fmr i omff`` mff-til`r.

_unniry Dkcdoitmrs V`rdoitdmk Issunptdmks

Jmig Dkorìs` vmgun` mfomff`` puroeis`c

N`trdo tmkspuroeis`c

Xuroeis` rò`dpts

Xurpms` Dkorìs` prmcuotdvdtymf omff`` suppgd`rsfrmn U tm T wdtedkR yìrs

Smks p`r eòtir` Gmj ammlsnidktidk`c ayfirn`rs

- Se r` ds kmcrmujet

- Omff ` prdo sr`nidk iamv` U

Mutputs - U s` cgdkjs smgcp`r yìr

- T tr` s pruk c

omrròtgy p`r yìr

- Kuna`r mf tr` ssmgc

- Kuna`r mf tr` s

pruk`c

- Qòmrcs mf kurs rymwk`rs

- Ikkuig firn

surv`y

Iotdvdtd`s - @stiagdse U omff`s``cgdkj kurs`rd`s

- Sridk T firn rs tmpruk` omrròtgy

- Kuna`r mfkurs`rd`s`stiagdse`c

- Kuna`r mf firn`rstridk`c

- Z` lgy r pmrtsfrmn `gc stiff

- Nmkdtmrdkj vdsdtsay sup`rvdsmrs

MQDJDK_ MF GMJDOIG FQIN@ZMQL_

Gmjdoig frin`wmrls (gmj frin`s) w`r` c`v`gmp`c dk 9464 fmr i P_IDC prmbòt tm issdst dk `ffòtdv`

prmjrin pgikkdkj ikc r`sugts nìsur`n`kt. Igtemuje dt ds stdgg r`gitdv`gy uklkmwk dk te` prdvit` sòtmr,v`rsdmks mf te` gmjdoig frin`wmrl ir` us`c ay vdrtuiggy v`ry kmkjmv`rkn`ktig mrjikdzitdmk ikc cmkmrdk te` c`v`gmpn`kt `gc.

I nikuig fmr audgcdkj gmjdoigfrin`wmrls ds ividgiag` itwww.firns1rns.mrj.


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P_@FPG Q@_MPQO@_

I Fd`gc Nikuig fmr _uasòtmr Xriotdtdmk`rs2 Smmgs fmr Ndorm`kt`rprds Xrmjrins2 Kmkkikodig Issdstiko`_òtdmk, Eijjagic`, _t`v`k ikc Nitte`w Jins`r. Jrmwte ikc @qudty Sermuje Ndorm`kt`rprds`Dkv`stn`kt ikc Dkstdtutdmks (J@NDKD), Kmv`na`r 9449.pcf.usidc.jmv/pcf]cmos/XKIAB:4:.pcf

Oerdst`k, X. ikc B. Ikc`rsmk. _`jn`ktitdmk mf _niggemgc`r Emusèmgcs, Omksugtitdv` Jrmup tm Issdst

te` Xmmr (OJIX), Niy :, 189?. www.ojip.mrj

Judc` fmr C`v`gmpdkj i Gmjdoig Frin`wmrl, O`kt`r fmr Dkt`rkitdmkig C`v`gmpn`kt ikc Sridkdkj.Pkdv`rsdty mf Zmgv`reinptmk, www.e`cmk.dkfm/cmos/gmjdoig]frin`wmrl-O`ktr`FmrDkt`rkitdmkigC`v`gmpn`ktIkcSridkdkj.pcf

Dkt`rkitdmkig Fdkiko` Omrpmritdmk2 X`rfmrniko` _tikcircs mk @kvdrmkn`ktig ikc _modig _ustidkiadgdty,ettp2//www9.dfo.mrj/wps/won/omkkòt/tmpdos]`xt]omkt`kt/dfo]`xt`rkig]omrpmrit`]sdt`/dfo+sustidkiadgdty/puagdoitdmks/puagdoitdmks]eikcamml]pps

Se` Gmjdoig Frin`wmrl, Fmmc ikc Ijrdougtur` Mrjikdzitdmk (FIM), www.fim.mrj/ZIDQcmos/x0380`/x0380`8p.etn

C`nmjripedo ikc tòekdoig dkfmrnitdmk mk ormps niy a` matidk`c frmn i vird`ty mf smuro`s,`dte`r mkgdk` mr dk p`rsmk. Se`s` dkoguc`2

Se` Fmmc ikc Ijrdougtur` Mrjikdzitdmk eis kitdmkig citi mk ormp prmcuotdmk, dkput us`, ikc nikymte`r tmpdos. FIM igsm prmvdc`s sunnird`s ikc gdkls tm kitdmkig ijrdougturig o`ksus`s, wedoe prmvdcìjrdougturig citi dk jrìt`r c`pte.Nmst omuktrd`s omkcuot ik ijrdougturig o`ksus `v`ry 98 yìrs. Se` wàsdt`s fmr kitdmkig stitdstdosc`pirtn`kts niy omktidk r`jdmkig mr cdstrdot citi. Vdsdtdkj stitdstdoig c`pirtn`kt mfo`s it kitdmkig mrr`jdmkig g`v`gs dk p`rsmk niy ukomv`r iccdtdmkig dkfmrnitdmk it jrìt`r g`v`gs mf cdsijjr`jitdmk.

Se` Zmrgc Aikl wàsdt` eis ìsdgy ioo`ssdag` citi omv`rdkj nmr` teik 5,888 dkcdoitmrs fmr `v`ryomuktry dk te` wmrgc. Se` sdt` igsm eis dk-c`pte r`pmrts mk te` ijrdougturig sòtmrs mf niky omuktrd`s.

Se` gikc jrikt ukdv`rsdtd`s dk te` Pkdt`c _tit`s omkcuot ikc puagdse r`sìroe mk dkt`rkitdmkigijrdougturig c`v`gmpn`kt tmpdos. Se` Omggiamritdv` Q`sìroe _uppmrt Xrmjrins fmous mk spòdo ormpsikc tmpdos (www.orsps.k`t). Pkdv`rsdtd`s wdte us`fug irìs mf `xp`rtds` dkoguc`2

Dmwi _tit` Pkdv`rsdty2 firn`r tridkdkj ikc `xt`ksdmk Ndoedjik _tit` Pkdv`rsdty2 Ifrdoi, sup`rnirl`ts, Findk` @irgy Zirkdkj _yst`n, pugs`s, ikc omttmk Pkdv`rsdty mf Kàrisli2 smrjeun ikc ndgg`t Mr`jmk _tit`2 iquiougtur` ikc wit`r us` X`kksygvikdi _tit` Pkdv`rsdty2 cidry Pkdv`rsdty mf Oigdfmrkdi it Civds2 rdsl nikij`n`kt fmr sniggemgc`rs ikc emrtdougtur` Pkdv`rsdty mf J`mrjdi2 pìkuts Vdrjdkdi Xmgytòekdo Dkstdtut`2 dkt`jrit`c p`st nikij`n`kt Zisedkjtmk _tit` Pkdv`rsdty2 rurig gdv`gdemmcs

Se` OJDIQ O`kt`rs ikc mte`r r`sìroe dkstdtut`s, suoe is ODQIC dk Friko`, eiv` dkfmrnitdmk mksniggemgc`r prmcuotdmk mf nmst ormps. Dnpmrtikt OJDIQ o`kt`rs dkoguc` te` Dkt`rkitdmkig Q`sìroeDkstdtut` fmr te` _`nd-Irdc Srmpdos, te` Dkt`rkitdmkig Fmmc Xmgdoy Q`sìroe Dkstdtut`, te` Dkt`rkitdmkigO`kt`r fmr Srmpdoig Ijrdougtur ikc te` Dkt`rkitdmkig Qdo` Q`sìroe Dkstdtut`.

Cmkmr-fukc`c ijrdougturig c`v`gmpn`kt prmbòts usuiggy omkcuot ais`gdk` surv`ys. Se`s` niy mr niykmt ippìr mkgdk`, aut te`y oik usuiggy a` matidk`c wdte ik `nidg mr p`rsmkig vdsdt.


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Ijjr`jitdmk

Sermuje Xrmcuo`rMrjikdzitdmks


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B


Xrmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks prmvdc` ik mppmrtukdty

tm `fod`ktgy nirl`t dkputs, prmour` suppgy, ikc

omkv`y dkfmrnitdmk a`tw``k rns ikc sniggemgc`r

firn`rs. Se` soirodty mf oipiag` prmcuo`rmrjikdzitdmks n`iks teit rns niy k``c tm dkv`st

dk mrjikdzdkj firn`rs mr audgcdkj oipiodty mf firn`r

jrmups mr pirtk`r wdte mrjikdzitdmks teit sp`odigdz`

dk teds `gc.


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Ijjr`jitdmk Sermuje Xrmcuo`r Mrjikdzitdmks

SE@ AP_DK@__ OI_@ FMQ _PXXMQSDKJ FIQN@Q IJJQ@JISDMK

Se` t`rn ijjr`jitdmkc`sorda`s te` prmo`ss mf wmrldkj wdte jrmups mf sniggemgc`r firn`rite`r teik dkcdvdcuig firn`rs. Ze`k cdsoussdkj firn`r ijjr`jitdmk, teds eikcamml us`s tt`rnprmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmkaòius` dt dkoguc`s snigg ikc girj`, is w`gg is fmrnig ikc dkfmrnjrmups. Se`r` ir` niky typ`s mf prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks, dkogucdkj firn`r `gc soemmrmtitdkj sivdkjs ikc or`cdt issmoditdmks, firn`rs issmoditdmks, oguas, ikc ommp`ritdv`s.

Dk rurig r`jdmks mf c`v`gmpdkj omuktrd`s, is f`w is 18 mr is niky is 58 p`ro`kt mf emusèmgir` n`na`rs mf fmrnig mr dkfmrnig mrjikdzitdmks, c`p`kcdkj mk te` omuktry. Niky mf te`mrjikdzitdmks suppmrt ijrdougturig mr kikodig iotdvdtd`s ikc niy a` us`fug pirtk`rs frns nirl`tdkj dkputs mr prmourdkj ormps. Se` p`ro`ktij` mf firn`rs a`gmkjdkj tm fmrnommp`ritdv`s ds : p`ro`kt dk Ifrdoi, 94 p`ro`kt dk te` In`rdois, 93 p`ro`kt dk Isdi Xiodo, i96 p`ro`kt dk @urmp`. C`spdt` te`dr fmrnig stitus, ijrdougturig ommp`ritdv`s dk Ifrdoi ikc Ist`kc tm giol `ffòtdv` nikij`n`kt ikc r`smuro`s.

Ijjr`jitdkj sniggemgc`r firn`rs dktm jrmups ds amte ordtdoig ikc oeigg`kjdkj fmr ijrdausdk`ss

audgcdkj `fod`kt suppgy oeidks. Ijjr`jitdmk ds ordtdoig aòius` rns oikkmt cìg mk`-mk-mwdte temusikcs mf cdsp`rs`c firn`rs, ioe prmcuodkj snigg vmgun`s. Dt ds oeigg`kjdkj aòiufirn`r jrmups ir` gioldkj dk nmst r`jdmks, ikc tems` teit `xdst mft`k eiv` gdndt`c oipiodtAudgcdkj k`w jrmups ikc ridsdkj oipiodty t`kcs tm a` `xp`ksdv` ikc tdn` omksundkj.

Emw`v`r, ijjr`jitdmk pr`s`kts kun`rmus omst-sivdkj mppmrtukdtd`s, dkogucdkj2

Dkfmrnitdmk cdss`ndkitdmk2Ijjr`jitdmk r`cuo`s te` omst mf omggòtdkj ikc cdss`ndkitddkfmrnitdmk fmr rns s``ldkj o`rtd`c ormps mr dkorìs`c suppgd`r prmcuotdvdty.

Gmjdstdoig suppmrt2 Ijjr`jitdmk r`cuo`s gmjdstdoig omsts ikc niy a` i tmmg fmr dnprmvdquigdty. Xrmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks oik igsm icc vigu` tm ormps termuje smrtdkj, crydkj, stmrdkikc mte`r fukotdmks, c`p`kcdkj mk te dr oipiodty. Emw`v`r, jrmups teit giol trikspmrt niy

ukiag` tm prmour` ormps frmn i armic j`mjripedo irì. Fdrns niy k``c tm omnadk` puroeisdfrmn jrmups wdte mte`r prmour`n`kt n`temcs tm `ksur` omnprè`ksdv` suppgy frmn ik ir`

Nirl`tdkj ikc cdstrdautdmk2 Ijjr`jitdmk oik r`cuo` nirl`tdkj, cdstrdautdmk, gminildkj, ikc s`rvdodkj omsts fmr rns nirl`tdkj dkputs mr kikodig s`rvdo`s tm sniggemgc`


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?8

OEIGG@KJ@_ MF ZMQLDKJ ZDSE XQMCPO@Q MQJIKDRISDMK_

Is wdte snigg ausdk`ss`s dk j`k`rig, niky prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks fidg dk te` rst yìrs. Seds ds pirtdougirgy tru`we`k cmkmr-fukc`c prmjrins mr jmv`rkn`kts eiv` `komurij`c, mr `v`k fmro`c, firn`rs tm fmrn mrjikdzitdmks.Mft`k, eikcmuts, suoe is f`rtdgdz`r, ir` jdv`k tm jrmups, sm te`r` ir` f`w ausdk`ss dko`ktdv`s fmr te` jrmup tm`xdst mko` te` suasdcy `kcs. K`pmtdsn, omrruptdmk, ikc mte`r fmrns mf ndsnikij`n`kt ir` prmag`ns we`kn`na`rs ir` kmt sufod`ktgy dkvmgv`c dk s`gòtdkj ikc nmkdtmrdkj te`dr mrjikdzitdmks gìc`rsedp. @v`k wdte jmmcnikij`n`kt, prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks niy giol kikodkj mr mte`r ordtdoig dkputs. Edje fidgur` rit`s ikc gdndt`c`ffòtdv`k`ss eiv` jdv`k te` t`rn ommp`ritdv` i k`jitdv` omkkmtitdmk dk niky pirts mf te` wmrgc.

Sm prmour` sdjkdoikt vmgun`s mf ormps, prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks usuiggy k``c kikodkj ikc dkfristruotur`.Fdkikodkj niy a` dk te` fmrn mf ik icviko` frmn ik mff-til`r mr i gmik frmn i kikodig dkstdtutdmk. Dkfristruotur`

niy rikj` frmn i gmoiggy omkstruot`c audgcdkj tm i nmc`rk omkor`t` mr n`tig wirèmus`.

Xrmourdkj p`rdseiag` omnnmcdtd`s, suoe is frudts, v`j`tiag`s, mr spòdigty omff`` dk oe`rry fmrn, pr`s`kts ukdquòeigg`kj`s. Zdte te`s` edje-vigu` ormps, quigdty ds `viguit`c it te` tdn` mf puroeis`, ikc iky pmst-eirv`st c`giyay i prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmk wdgg c`jric` te` quigdty mf te` prmcuot. Dk te`s` ois`s, df prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks ir`prmourdkj te` ormps, te`y nust eiv` vèdog`s ikc dkfristruotur`, suoe is pioldkj se`cs, mr rns nust prmour`cdròtgy frmn dkcdvdcuig firn`rs dk spdt` mf te` omst.

SE@ _X@OSQPN MF XQMCPO@Q MQJIKDRISDMK_

Xrmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmk oipiodty ds mft`k `viguit`c frmn te` p`rspòtdv` ikc k``cs mf te`prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmk. Seds eikcamml prmpms`s ik igt`rkitdv` syst`n teit r`spmkcs tm te`k``cs mf ijrdausdk`ss`s. Se` syst`n jrmups prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks dktm ter`` td`rs (s`` jur`?.9) teit cdff`r`ktdit` te`dr oipiodty tm nikij` dkfmrnitdmk ikc r`smuro`s suoe is ormps,dkputs, mr nmk`y.

FIQN@Q_ ZEM IQ@ IJJQ@JIS@C OIK E@GX @UXIKC SE@ XD@ DK_S@IC MFQ@YPDQDKJ I JQ@IS@Q _GDO@ MF DS

Ze`k firn`rs bmdk prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks, te`dr iadgdty tm k`jmtdit` edje`r prdo`s wdte auy`rs ds keiko`caòius` te`y omktrmg girj`r vmgun`s mf ormps. _mn` rns niy vd`w teds is i cdsicviktij` mf ijjr`jitdmk.Emw`v`r, teds ds i semrt-sdjet`c vd`w fmr ter`` rìsmks2

Dkorìs`c nirjdks fmr prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks usuiggy omn` frmn ndccg`n`k, wems` s`rvdo`s ir` kmtk``c`c we`k firn`rs te`ns`gv`s ijjr`jit` ormps.

Ijjr`jitdmk pr`s`kts mppmrtukdtd`s tm dnprmv` quigdty curdkj nirl tdkj ikc termuje ogìkdkj ikcsmrtdkj, wedoe oik bustdfy edje`r prdo`s.

Ze`k firn`rs rò`dv` `qudtiag` prdo`s, te`y ir` nmr` gdl gy tm dkv`st dk te`dr firns. Seds dkv`stn`ktrids`s prmcuotdvdty, wedoe a`k`ts amte firn`r ikc rn. Seds dkogusdv` ausdk`ss nmc`g orìt`ssustidkiag` `kt`rprds`s mv`r te` semrt ikc gmkj t`rn, jdvdkj te` k`xt j`k`ritdmk mf sniggemgc`rs ikdko`ktdv` tm omktdku` firndkj.


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Ogiss O Xrmcuo`r Mrjikdzitdmks

Ogiss O mrjikdzitdmks ir` firn`r jrmups mr iss`nagd`s (mft`k dkfmrnig) teit eiv` mkgy aisoipiodty tm nikij` dkfmrnitdmk. Ik `xinpg` ds i jrmup mf firn`rs teit itt`kcs r`jugir tridkds`ssdmks mk o`rtdoitdmk mr dnprmvdkj prmcuotdvdty. Ikmte`r `xinpg` wmugc a` i ndgl puroeipmdkt ikc oedggdkj fiodgdty mwk`c ay i cidry. Igtemuje te` ndgl niy omn` frmn dkcdvdcuig firn`te` puroeis` pmdkt iots is i eua we`r` tridkdkjs ir` e`gc ikc dkfmrnitdmk ds cdss`ndkit`c.

Ay jite`rdkj dk mk` gmoitdmk, Ogiss O mrjikdzitdmks prmvdc` te` rn wdte ik `fod`kt v`kfmr cdss`ndkitdkj dkfmrnitdmk iamut tòekdqu`s tm dnprmv` prmcuotdvdty ikc o`rtdoitdmr`qudr`n`kts. Fdrns oik igsm us` te`s` jrmups tm omggòt dkfmrnitdmk mk firndkj priotdo`_dndgirgy, ik dkput prmvdc`r mr kikodig dkstdtutdmk ndjet `xpgidk i k`w prmcuot tm te` jrmmf firn`rs, rite`r teik tm dkcdvdcuigs. It teds g`v`g mf mrjikdzitdmk, dt ds kmt kò`ssiry fmr jrm

Fdjur` ?.9. _inpg` ogissdoitdmk syst`n fmr prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmk (XM) ais`c mk te` k``cs mf ik mff-til`r.

XM eis i wrd tt kn na rsedpg d st XM eis vd c ko mf rjugirn` tdkjs

XM eis i wrd tt k n na rsedpg d st XM eis vd c ko mf rjugirn` tdkjs


XMeis iwrd ttk n na rsedpg d st XMeis vdc ko mf r jugirn` tdkjs

XMeis iwrdttk n na rsedpg dst XMeis vdc ko mf r jugirn` tdkjs



XM eis i wrdtt kn na rsedpg d st XM eis vd c ko mfr jugirn` tdkjs

XM eisi wrd tt k n na rsedpg d st XM eis vd c ko mf rjugirn` tdkjs

XM eisi wrdtt kn na rsedpg d st XM eis vd c ko mfr jugirn` tdkjs

XM eis i wrd tt k n na rsedpg d st XM eis vd c ko mf r jugirn` tdkjs


XM eis i wrd ttk n na rsedpg d st XM eis vd c ko mf r jugirn` tdkjs



XMeisi wrd tt kn na rsedpg dst XMeis vdc ko mf r jugirn` tdkjs

XM eis i wrdtt kn na rsedpg d st XM eis vd c ko mfr jugirn` tdkjs

XMeisi wrd tt kn na rsedpg dst XMeis vd c ko mfr jugirn` tdkjs


XM eis i wrd ttk n na rsedpg d st XM eis v d c ko mf r jugirn` tdkjs


XM eis i wrd ttk n na rsedpg d st XM eis vd c ko mf r jugirn` tdkjs



XM nirl`ts dkputs ikc/mr prmour`s ormps usdkjr`smuro`s frmn mutsdc` te` mrjikdzitdmk

XM ds g`jiggy r`jdst`r`c XM eis i stmrij` fiodgdty ikc mte`r iss`ts

XM nidktidks iucdtiag` ausdk`ss ròmrcs

XM `kjij s dk omggòtdv` ausdk`ss XM prmour`s ormps usdkj dkt`rkig r`smuro`s XM nidktidks smn` ausdk`ss ròmrcs

XM eis i wrdtt`k n`na`rsedp gdst XM eis vdc`ko` mf r`jugir n``tdkjs

I

A

O

_mpedstdoitdmk

Xr`vig`ko`

Z`gg-c`k`c oit`jmrd`s ir` us`fug aòius` te`y iggmw rns tm nip ikc dc`ktdfy prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks ais`c mk te`dr oipiodty. Df oipiodtyc`v`gmpn`kt ds kò`ssiry, oit`jmrd`s niy a` us`c tm oeirt prmjr`ss.

SQICDSDMKIG OMNNPKDST JQMPX_ IQ@ AI_DO XQMCPO@Q MQJIKDRISDMK_

Zit`r us`r jrmups ir` i spòdigdz`c typ` mf prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmk teit cit` aiol temusikcs mf yìrs. Se`s`mrjikdzitdmks cdvdc` gdndt`c drrdjitdmk, gdv`stmol, mr crdkldkj wit`r a`tw``k findgd s ioomrcdkj tm ougturigkmrns mr mte`r syst`ns. N`na`rs ir` iggmw`c tm mp`k i oikig tm te`dr `gcs fmr i s`t p`rdmc mf tdn` mr criw io`rtidk kuna`r mf auol`ts i ciy frmn i omnnukig Se`s` jrmups omugc a` g v`rij`c is Ogiss O mrjikdzitdmks..


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?1

n`na`rs tm eiv` i seir`c purpms` mr `v`k tm trust mk` ikmte`r. _dko` te`y ir` `xt`rkiggycrdv`k, te`s` jrmups t`kc tm `xdst mkgy is gmkj is us`fug dkfmrnitdmk ds a`dkj prmvdc`c.

Ogiss O prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks oik issdst rns ay2

Xrmvdcdkj i o`ktrig gmoitdmk fmr dkfmrnitdmk triksndssdmk Audgcdkj ikc str`kjte`kdkj gmyigty inmkj suppgd`rs Dc`ktdfydkj firn`r gìc`rs tm suppmrt futur` dkt`rv`ktdmks

Ogiss A Xrmcuo`r Mrjikdzitdmks

Ogiss A prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks mp`rit` is snigg `kt`rprds`s, omggòtdv gy nikijdkj r`smuro`sa gmkjdkj tm jrmup n`na`rs. C`p`kcdkj mk te` sdtuitdmk, te` jrmup ndjet nikij` dkputs, ormps,sivdkjs, gikc, mr wit`r. Niky suoe prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks eiv` mkgy 18 tm ?8 n`na`rs, mft`k frmni sdkjg` vdggij`. Se dr r gitdv gy snigg sdz` nìks teit ijjr`jitdmk ds a`kòdig aut niy kmt gìc tmsdjkdoikt sivdkjs dk prmour`n`kt aòius` te` vmgun`s r`nidk tmm gmw tm jidk nuoe fod`koy.

Ogiss A jrmups niy a` fmrniggy r`jdst`r`c wdte i aikl ioomukt dk te` jrmups kin` mr t`kur` mv`ri pgmt mf gikc. Emw`v`r, fmrnigdzitdmk niy nitt`r g`ss tm te` rn teik te` jrmups ome`sdv`k`ss.Omggòtdv` nikij`n`kt mf r`smuro`s r`qudr s trust dk te` jrmups gìc`rsedp ikc trust dk mk` ikmte`r.Dt igsm r`qudr`s i seir`c vdsdmk mf te` jrmups ausdk`ss pgik ikc mv`rigg purpms`. Se`s` g`n`kts mf

jrmup cykindos ir` smn`tdn`s t`rn`c ome`sdmk aòius` ome`sdv` jrmups eiv` i seir`c vdsdmkikc oik til` iotdmk tmj`te`r. Fdjur` ?.1 omnpir`s te` typ`s mf jrmups nmr` gdl gy tm c`nmkstrit`jrmup ome`sdmk. _trmkj prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks mft`k c`v gmp frmn r gdjdmus mrjikdzitdmks aòius`n`na`rs mf te` sin` r gdjdmk j`k`riggy trust ioe mte`r ikc seir` i omnnmk mutgmml.

Ogiss A prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks oik issdst rns ay prmvdcdkj te` s`rvdo`s mf Ogiss Omrjikdzitdmks pgus2

Xmmgdkj r`smuro`s tm puroeis` dkputs dk augl _eirdkj giamr tm jrmw ormps mk dkcdvdcuig mr omnnukig gikc Omnadkdkj eirv`st`c ormps tm fiodgdtit` trikspmrt ikc nirl`tdkj _ivdkj nmk`y is i jrmup Iggmoitdkj ikc soe`cugdkj crdkldkj mr drrdjitdmk wit`r us`

Xrmcuo`r

mrjikdzitdmks ir`

nmst us`fug tm rns

we`k te`y j`k`rit`

augl puroeis` mf

dkputs ikc prmvdc`

ormp nirl`tdkj

s`rvdo`s.

Fdjur` ?.1. Jrmup ome`sdmk dk prmcuo`r mrjikdzitdmks.

Jrmup ome`sdmk typdoiggyc`v`gmps termuje tricdtdmkiggìc`rsedp struotur`s mr termujec`nmoritdo prmo`ss`s.

C`nmoritdoiggyFmrn`c Mrjikdzitdmks

Niy a` nmr` fi`xdag`

ikc cykindo Niy r`qudr` nmr` tdn`

tm rìoe còdsdmks

Sricdtdmkig Gìc`rsedp_truo

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