Working paper- Sonal Aggarwal

Working paper

2011

Under the guidance of Prof. Shrawan Acharya

Mega events are seen as the engine to foster growth in the cities but these events also have side

effects which get side lined due to the much talked about infrastructural developments in the city.

These are displacement and violation of laws and norms on the name of national prestige.

Though this paper I have tried to highlight some of these issues that have occurred while hosting

common wealth games 2010 at Delhi.

Sonal Aggarwal

Architect –Environment Planner

+1- 650-521-4320

[email protected]

COMMON WEALTH GAMES AND ITS IMPACT AT DELHI

Analyzing the negative and the positive impacts

School of Planning

CEPT University,

Kasturbhai Lalbhai Campus

University Road, Navrangpura,

Ahmedabad 380 009

COMMON WEALTH GAMES AND ITS IMPACT AT DELHI Analyzing the negative and positive impacts of the games

SONAL AGGARWAL | EP 1709 2

Contents

Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3

Case of different host cities ........................................................................................................................... 3

Case of CWG 2010 ....................................................................................................................................... 4

Matrix of the cities that have hosted games in the past...................................................................................

Displacement caused due to games ............................................................................................................... 6

Issues with eviction sites of cwg 2010 .......................................................................................................... 6

The reality of evictions of evicted cwg sites ................................................................................................. 6

Government relocation policy for eligible jj dwellers ................................................................................ 12

Scenario of delhi’s master plan from 1960 onwards .................................................................................. 12

Gap in the master plan of Delhi .................................................................................................................. 14

Hosing and squatter settlement scenario in Delhi since 1962 ..................................................................... 14

Violation of master plan .............................................................................................................................. 14

Case of elevated Barahpullah road .............................................................................................................. 16

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 16

References ................................................................................................................................................... 22



Abstract

Mega sporting events are seen as an opportunity to boost the economy of the country and mark the

strength of the country on the world map. Due to these reasons developing countries have started taking

up this opportunity to host mega event in the recent decade. But while organizing such events these cities

neglect the basic requirements that they should provide to the citizens living in that city that is food,

shelter and housing and focus only upon infrastructural developments. In the due course of preparation

of the games many people get deprived of their basic rights to livelihood, also there are cases of laws,

norms and master plan violation. This paper intends to discuss about some of the issues that occurred in

organizing common wealth games (2010) at Delhi.

Key words: displacement, norms, laws and master plan violation

Introduction

Many cities have hosted the games before for various purposes.

This is the third time in Asia that a developing country has hosted

game of such magnitude. Many developed nations such as

Canada, America, and Australia etc have already hosted the

games before. Where some have benefited from the games the

others have left a huge debt on the country. Delhi has already

witnessed Asian games in 1982 and this will be the second time it

has hosted another mega event i.e. common wealth games. The

games had brought many changes in the urban fabric of the city

but there were many issues that went over shadowed in the due

course of preparation of the games- these were the issues of huge

displacement caused due to urban projects and also the issues

of changing norms/ laws in master plan on the name of

national prestige. The intention of this thesis was to highlight

some of these issues.

Case of different host cities

In the past it has been seen that many cities have hosted the games either to get recognition in the world

map or to regenerate their dead areas. As these games help in releasing of funds from the ministries for

the improvement of infrastructure in the cities. But, this is also very important to see that what kind of

legacies these games leave behind for the city. As in many cases the games have proved expensive and

the citizens of the city were forced to repay for the games in terms of the high taxes for many years. The

impact of being the host city, range from the physical (construction projects) to the intangible (local self-

esteem or international impact). The impact that an event of this kind has on the urban landscape can

largely be gauged by the size of the “legacy” that it creates. It is important to note here that it is not only

legacy creation that is important, but creating a legacy which is beneficial to the host community post

games, and which justifies the costs involved.



It is seen that many cities have used games as a parameter to improve their housing conditions like

currently London is working hard to build more and more affordable houses in the city that can be used

afterwards to solve the shortage of affordable houses in the city. Similarly Beijing used games to improve

the existing environmental conditions of the city and shifted all its polluting industries outside the city on

the name of games. Hence we can see that the games could leave positive legacies too to the city if they

are well planned.

Hence in order to study the changes that has occurred in the cities which hosted the games before. I have

picked up 5 cities and tried to analyze them under various heads like their losses, goals and achievements.

It was found that many cities have tried to improve their existing infrastructural facilities though the

games. But there were few who also focused on meeting the housing demand need for their future

requirements.

Case of CWG 2010

The games came to Delhi in 2003 after an undemocratic nature of bidding that occurred at Jamaica. The

ruling party at the centre at that time left no stones unturned to win the bid for India against Canada.

Hence they also paid an amount to other countries who where in the list for being the host countries in

order to win the bid. This shows that huge amount started flowing from the start itself. Then after that

various procedures started in Delhi like the finalization of the games village site and the city’s up

gradation process. The finalization of games village site was a debatable topic as many of the NGO’S and

environmentalist were against it since the beginning. But the government continued to work on the site in

spite of so many stay orders and completed the project on the name of national prestige.

At many sites where beautification or infrastructural projects came up relocation were done and people

were asked to move out. But it was found that at none of the sites people were informed about the

relocation and were given very short notices or no notices. Another thing which can be seen is that the

govt. kept its eyes closed for almost 5-6 years and started the relocation in later stages i.e. when games

were only 1-2 years away. Which worsened the condition for the people who were to be relocated and

they did not have their remuneration on time. Also in the later stages it was seen that the govt. followed

different policies for the colonies lying under different territories of Delhi like MCD and NDMC due to

which people did not got their proper rights and felt cheated by the government.

Another fact that remained debatable over these years was the change of master plan that occurred due to

coming up of the games village on the Yamuna bed. The Yamuna bed is an eco- sensitive zone and

construction of permanent structures is prohibited from its bed. But, not only govt. constructed there but

now they are selling those flats at a very high rate which is seen as a step to emerge real estate on the bed

and could pave a way for future industries to come up and built there structures at Yamuna bed.

Hence there were various unseen issues that were attached with the common wealth games 2010 and I

have tried to discuss some of such issues here.

The order of discussion will be

1) Experiences from the past host cities.

2) Case of one of the Displacement that occurred at JLN- Thyagraj stadium stretch at Delhi.

3) Case of violation of master plan of Delhi.

4) Case of the special project constructed to connect games village and JLN stadium i.e. Barahpullah

elevated road.



1. Experiences from the past host cities



2. Displacement caused due to games – JLN- Tyagraj stadium stretch

Delhi has witnessed huge relocations and

displacement on the name of the common wealth

games. People from many places were evicted on

short notice for the construction of various

infrastructure and beautification projects. Many

people faced violations on the human grounds and

others were rendered homeless and jobless. The

people that were relocated and displaced consist of

huge chunk of people who came Delhi at the time of

1982 Asian games. These people were asked their

nationality for residing in the state and were asked to

vacate the state at the time of the games to present a

beautiful and world class image of the city. But this

is not the hidden fact that these are those people on

which the city of Delhi works daily these comprise

of the chai walas, autorikshaw wala, paper wala,

peons, household workers etc. So, for the purpose of understanding what went with the poor people in the

due course of preparation for the games a stretch of 20 basties that were removed from JLN- THYAGRAJ

stadium was studied and it was found out that none of the basties were given notice before and all not

given shelter to reside after their basties were removed. The government went very brutual with them and

treated them as if they were not part of the country, this was stated by a man residing in one of the basti in

this stretch.

2.1 Issues with eviction sites of cwg 2010

• Time of eviction was inappropriate – extreme winters, rainy season.

• In midst of celebration- many of the eviction were carried out on festivals.

• Extreme weather conditions- evictions were also carried in extreme winters like january and

december

• In midst of monsoons- people were also evict there houses during extreme monsoon seasons

and had no assistance by the govt even after that. So many people had to live on roads for many

days.

• Presence of police- even with the presence of police people were baeted to leave their houses

and often abused too.

• There was many Death and injury cases that were occurred during the evictions.

2.2 The reality of evictions of evicted cwg sites

• At none of the sites, were people consulted or included in decision-making processes.

• No public hearings were conducted. Neither any impact assessments on the social, economic or

environmental dimensions were conducted. The failure to consult with, and include, affected

people in decision-making is a violation of their right to participation.

• Bawana and savda ghevra were the 2 relocation sites. One faced problem of food while the other

faced the water problem.



2.3 Details of evictions caused due to beautification works-case of Thyagraj stadium –JLN









Source: planned dispossession: HLRN



2.4 Government relocation policy for eligible JJ dwellers

According to the relocation policy:-

• The land owing agency gives the compensation of 20,000 to 30,000 to the eligible dweller

possessing ration card.

As per rehabilitation scheme

Before 31st Jan 1990 -18 sq.m

Post 31st Jan 1990-12.5 sq.m (plot in resettlement colony)

• Public notice is then displayed in the concerned colony stating the name of the person to whom

plot is allocated in the resettlement colony.

• After submission of id proof and other documents allotment slip is issued to that person.

• The alotee then approaches the JE after allotting the provisional slips.

• The alotee then takes the possession after 30 days of the allotment of the provisional slip. d

• The alotee will then have to construct a house in within 6 months after the allotment.

But at Delhi the people who are evicted are facing a problem due to the confused structure of the

government and there are different policies followed an un equal treatment done between the colonies

lying under MCD and NDMC.

3. Study of master plan of delhi over the years

3.1 Scenario of Delhi’s Master plan from 1960 onwards

Delhi continued to sprawl in every possible direction for a decade after independence which led to the

production of several disjointed settlements. Due to independence of India a lot of refugees emerged

which were needed to be settled. Hence there was a need for planning was felt after 1950. This led to the

coming of first master plan of Delhi in 1962.



Table 1 comparison between Masters plans till date

MASTER PLAN

1961

MASTER PLAN

1981

MASTER PLAN

2001

MASTER PLAN

2021

Large scale

acquisition of land

for development

by the government.

A 1.6 km wide

green belt around

the city was

developed

New industrial and

commercial areas

were proposed

Population was

tried to be

accommodated in

adjacent towns.

Restricted supply of

land in market.

Target of housing

Were mainly HIG

and MIG with very

less stress on LIG

and EWS

houses.

Rampant

unauthorized

development of

land.

The next master

plan in 1981-82

could not be

operational zed

due to the Asian

Games of 1982

that took

precedence to all

the development

works in the city.

Top-down approach

which focused on

expansion based

strategies including

concepts of

functional zoning,

neighborhood

planning,

hierarchical

commercial centers,

etc.

Rehabilitation/Re

location of Slum

& JJ Clusters The

provision of

accommodation

should be based

on cost with

suitable

arrangements for

funding/financing

, keeping in view

the aspect of

affordability and

capacity to pay.

Suitable

arrangement for

temporary

transit

accommodation

for families to

be rehabilitated

should be made.

This may

preferably be

near or at the

same site and

the utilization

of these may be

synchronized

with the phases

of

implementation

of the scheme

of in-situ up

gradation



3.2 Gap in the master plan of Delhi

• Master plan came in 1962- it was base on the policy of land acquisition by govt. at large.

• Second Master plan was supposed to come in 1982. But due to the Asian games in Delhi. The

master plan was not prepared on time and the next master plan came in 1990.

• This master plan was supposed to run for 11 years but it extended up to 17 years due to delays in the

preparation of the next master plan and then the new master plan of 2021 came in to implementation

from 2007 onwards.

“The master plan should not be prepared only keeping in view the commonwealth games 2010. It

should be prepared keeping in view the development of the city for the years to come.”According to

union minister Kapil Sibal.”. He further added that there was no Master Plan in 1982 because of the

Asian Games, leading to a 40-year gap in city planning since the 1962 plan was finalized “

3.3 Hosing and squatter settlement scenario in Delhi since 1962

• According to MPD 1962 DDA was to develop 27,000 hectares for lower income but only 15,000 was

acquired and developed.

• The plan proposed to add another 14,000 hectares by 1981. But the land actually developed was only

7,000 hectares.

• (HIG) received more percent share, while the Low Income Group and Middle Income Group received

less percentage share.

• DDA’S concentration has always been mainly on allocating flats for MIG and HIG.

• The failure to provide adequate housing on the DDA’s part as a violation of the Master Plan that

merits correction.

What we need to recognize is that only certain citizens seem to be bearing the brunt of the drive to make

an efficient, beautiful city for the government and the rich, but not for a majority of those who live within

it.

This could be one of the reasons why the number of slums and JJ colonies increased in Delhi after

1980.

3.4 Violation of master plan

The master plan is a statutory document and it should be prepared considering the overall developments

of the city. But it was found that almost all the developments surrounded the games village arena area and

developments were planned according to it due to which many regions of the city lacked the facilities, as

they were not near the games venues. Due to which we can say that the overall development of the city

was not achieved.

In the whole process it was observed that some of the zone’s which lied under sensitive zone area like the

zone “O” also underwent a lot of changes and emerged as an active area for development now. This is not

considered good for the environmental concern. The finalization of the games village site also went

several stages and it had showed the way how government bodies changed its rules and regulation to

facilitate its demands.



The brief example of it is as follows:-

Table 2 Brief of all the changes that occurred over CWG site, 2010

Stages Salient Features

Precondition CGF required an area measuring 20 Ha about which was accessible to all centrally

located venues of the event and the MoYAS wanted it near the earlier proposed site

near ISBT Sarai Kale Khan.

The DDA was requested by the Indian Olympic Association to identify a suitable

site for the same purpose.

The DDA without undertaking site selection went ahead & finalized present site in

2003 & also put up a notice board indicating that the site was meant for

Commonwealth Games Complex.

Vie a notification dated 18.08.2006 MoUD (Delhi division) changed land use of

16.5 Ha of land from ‘Agriculture & Water Body’ to Residential (11Ha) and

Commercial (5.5 Ha).

During

planning

process

Construction of permanent structures on the agricultural land of the river bed –thus

planners were not able to balance the need for land, a scarcity in central Delhi, with the

importance to conserve the fertile floodplain land

By initiating the construction of permanent structures on the river bed area the planning

agency initiated this conflict between natural & built environment

By not taking up alternative sites and not conducting proper site selection studies DDA

initiated this conflict and was aided by MoUD, CWPRS and NEERI in achieving its

goal of constructing on the flood plain. Another unnamed culprit was the MoYAS

which initiated the whole process without involving DDA in the earlier site selection &

then pushing the public agency for land near the site they proposed.

By encroaching on the river bed in a planned method, DDA and the Government of

India has also opened a way for others to follow & put up developments of “national

pride & glory” thus again obstructing the access of common man to the river waters.

Although not so pronounced has been caused by taking up the cause of the rich who

can afford the comforts of CGV on the other hand pushing out the poor agriculturists

away from his only means of livelihood as well as the poor slum dwellers living in

jhuggies on the banks of the river.

Aftermath The government has now set an example of occupying the land which comes under

sensitive areas and paved the way for hampering the natural ecosystem on the name of

national prestige.

Source: compiled by Author



4. Case of elevated Barahpullah road

The Barahpullah elevated road

in constructed on Barahpullah

drain. This road was specially

constructed to create narrow

down the travel distance

between Jawaharlal Nehru

stadium and games village.

Urban Planners in Delhi have

severely criticized the road as

a bad urban design project that

will spoil the view of the 17th

century heritage structures

Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khan’s

Tomb constructed in 1627 AD

and the Barahpullah Bridge

constructed during the reign of

Jahangir. Incidentally the route

alignment originally proposed

by the Public Works

Department is just 5 meters away from the Barahpullah Bridge and 51 meters away from the tomb of

Abdur Rahim Khan-I-Khana. Both monuments are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India and

any construction within 100 metres of such structures is prohibited by law. Senior officials of the ASI had

earlier said that the elevated road will adversely affect the view of the Mughal monuments. The Delhi

Urban Art Commission then headed by Charles Correa too had recommended that the road alignment

near the protected monuments should be shifted away and be kept more than 100 metres away from the

protected monuments. The School of Planning and Architecture, which had been approached by PWD for

advice, too had said preliminary analysis had indicated no construction could be carried out in proximity

to the protected monuments and that alternative options for realignment would have to be explored.

Games such as common wealth games are an economic strategy that is promoted to serve big financial

interests through a massive program of urban renewal along with advertising and marketing revenues.

Over the years, these events have lost sight of sports, instead becoming an excuse for cities to assume

massive debt, create massive displacement and become marketing machines.

5. Conclusion

Delhi’s common wealth games witnessed a full drama from the time it was announced to the time it was

commenced. The government had kept a very cool down approach in the beginning due to which there

were many cases of hurried, incomplete or increased budget cases observed. The dead lines were crossed

of almost every project and the major cause of it to be said as delay in filling of tenders and the cool down

approach of the government in the initial years.

Following are some of the area of concern were the act of the government had impacted a majority of

public in the negative manner and still these acts went un noticed or were not taken care off in the due

course of preparation of the games :-



1. Huge displacement caused due to the beautification works carried.

2. The basic human rights were violated of many people residing in the basties, JJ clusters and the

slums. These people were not given any prior notice and were forcefully evicted out of their

homes.

3. Exploitation of the workers working on the Common wealth games site. These workers that

worked at the site were not given proper wages for their work and they lived in very unpleasant

situations

4. Destruction of many primary schools that were lying under the province of the construction sites.

These were the schools near the basties that were vacated without any prior intimation and the

innocent students suffered the consequences of the brutal effort of the government.

5. The violation of the norms of the master plan and changes in the master plan to facilitate the

smooth preparation of the games village.

6. Ignoring the destruction to the environment that these projects can cause as there environmental

clearances were bypassed.

7. Construction of some of the special projects which had huge expenditure on them and not catered

the needs of the targeted audiences at large.

ISSUE 1: Displacement and evictions

There had been many cases of forcibly evicting the public from their houses in many parts of the Delhi.

These were the people living in the JJ colonies, slums and basties. These are those people who have faced

the most adverse effect of the games. They were asked to vacate their homes in unpleasant circumstances

such as extreme winters, raining season and were literally brought on road without any prior notices. At

none of the site it observed that the notice was given before. These people were promised the plots at that

time but many had not still been housed and these people are still trying to place them some or the other

where near to their evicted sites. Many are staying at rent and many had moved to their villages. Another

thing which is observed is that the govt. has a different approach for the basties and the colonies lying

between NDMC boundaries and for the colonies lying under MCD boundaries. The basties lying under

MCD have not got any consideration under the list of relocations and are still fighting cases in the court

for their rights. When asked by a person residing in a MCD colony he said that the govt is behaving with

them like their step son and the current govt is more brutal on them as compared to what British would

have been at that time of partition of India. When analyzed, it is very clear that the forced evictions and

demolitions carried out in the run-up to the Commonwealth Games in Delhi violate a range of

internationally recognized human rights of Delhi’s residents, such as the human rights to life; adequate

housing; security of the person; security of the home; food; water; work/livelihood; education; freedom

from cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment; and freedom of movement.

ISSUE 2: Violation of Master plan

Since the time the games were announced in 2003, the authorities started searching a suitable place for the

common wealth games village. There had been a few proposals for the sites for the games village but the

concerned authorities finalized the games village site in the zone” o” next to Akshardham temple. Since

the time the announcement was made there had been a lot of opposition raised against the site with regard

to the environmental sensitivity of the area. But none of these were considered. Even the EIA which was

carried out was not passed and govt passed the order of carrying forward the work which showed how



serious the govt. was only about completing the venues and saving their national prestige and least

concerned about the future impacts that it will have on the surrounding.

ISSUE 3: Emergence of real estate and Hiked prices

The common wealth games village flats are built on the banks of the river Yamuna in the zone”O” which

used to be no construction zone for residential flats. But games have set an example where any laws and

regulations can be changed for the benefit of the government. Also the flats that were built have touched

a mark able price value due to the lavish arrangements due to which these have gone beyond the reach of

the common man. Many countries have used their games village to solve the problems of housing

conditions in their country like the current example of London but, Delhi was unsuccessful in solving any

such problem for the city. Whereas it left the question on government for the need of such lavish

arrangements which was not required in actual sense.

ISSUE 4: Huge expenses on the special projects

The Barahpullah elevated road that joins the games village to the JLN stadium was specially built for the

games and it is not situated in the most problematic area in terms of traffic requirement which raises

question on its future use and its feasibility of use in future.

Learning’s from the case studies

From the past experiences of the host countries it can be find out that

• All countries have faced the problem of displacement because of the infrastructural projects that

came.

• There was a need of housing requirements felt after the games in all parts of the world.

• Major objectives of all countries in hosting games is to divert the attention of the world towards them

and increase investments in to their cities through increased tourist inflow which will increase job

opportunities for the citizens of that country. But the truth is that the jobs that were created were of

temporary nature and did not last for too long.

• Majority of the countries faced economic depression after the games and the citizens of the city

suffered due to raised standards of living and expensive commodities.

• The funds were heavily diverted in the short term projects due to which the economies lack funds for

meeting it broad goals and requirements.

• The countries neglected their already crowded areas while locating their projects due to which

problems like congestion and unavailability of houses, price rise of rents were faced by the citizens

after the games

• The fare of the hotels were increased which never went down again due to which it went beyond the

reach of common man as a result of which in many hotels the occupancy rates were never filled

completely resulting in economic depression in the Hospitality sector.

• Many of the structures/stadiums were never used after the games and are consuming huge funds of

the govt. For its maintenance every year.

• The state govt. were not benefitted much due to these events as the funds that were raised were

directed towards the central govt. hence there was shortage felt to solve the basic problems of the

community at the state level.



• The citizens paid much non-economic cost such as traffic congestion, vandalism of heritage

buildings, health problems due to increased pollution level after the games and disruption of lifestyle

of the residents of the city.

So, from all the above case of Delhi’s hosting of the common wealth games it can be clearly stated that, it

is not a “win-win” situation for the majority. It is not surprising that the official discourse has

systematically overstated the gains, most of which are speculative in nature, and has maintained a silence

over the losses and the costs which come in the wake of the Commonwealth Games. Apart from this trend

of “over-estimated benefits and underestimated costs of hosting,” another fact that is often ignored is that

most studies of sport as a generator of development have been “conducted in advance of the events on

behalf of interested parties without adequate measurement of final and intermediate outputs as well as

inputs. The benefits, if any, of the Games are funneled than we see that only elite classes gain the benefits

of these. Also, These Games never pay for themselves; it is public money that falls into the hands of

private businessmen. The fact that remain un noticed in the whole scenario is that there are only few elite

class who enjoy the benefits of the improvement of the infrastructural facilities while the rest of the city

bear the expenses of hosting of such an event in terms of the huge taxes that they pay after the games.

Similar case is found at Delhi and it has now become more expensive in terms of its cost of living.

So, these games are only a source of the government to prove its potential and remain in power while it

has very less concern with the overall developments of the city. There are few people who enjoy the fruits

of the games while the other only face the consequences of the decisions made by some people sitting in

power.

Table 3 Framework of the points to be remembered while hosting any mega event in future

Planning aspects 1. The planning for the games must always

consider the overall development of the city and

should not be area specific

2. The planning for such events must start well in

advance at least 10 years and should be done

keeping in mind the master plan of the city.

3. As far as possible one must try to develop a

proper model network in the outside periphery

of the city and not congest the already congested

inner core of the city.

Games village location The village and the games venue should be located

in the closed proximity so as to reduce the travel

time and the cost incurred in travelling. Also this

helps in reducing the congestion on the inner roads

of the city .This was the strategy adopted by china

while hosting Olympics in 2008.

Housing policies Events such as these require huge investments. But if

these investments are made solving the current

problems of the city like- meeting the housing

demand then these events can provide added



advantage to the city. Also it must be taken care of

that the prices of such flats; houses should lie in the

affordable range and not only meant for the elite

class of the city.

Issue of displacement The displaced people must be provided with

necessary space to live and reside in the nearby

location. Also they must be provided with ample job

opportunities and compensation by the govt.

Also, in case if the evictions are necessary prior

notice to all the slums/ basties should be given at

least 1-2 years before the demolition. So that these

people can make necessary changes for themselves.

Source: compiled by author

Table 4 Recommendations

SR.NO ISSUE RECOMMENDATIONS MODEL FOLLOWED BY

WHICH OTHER COUNTRY

1.

PLANNING FOR THE

GAMES

• Stage wise implementation of

planning should be done.

• A holistic approached must

be followed.

• The developments should

prove to be a base for the

future development of the

city.

Beijing followed 3 phase

planning

Phase I – drafting and blue

prints.

Phase II – facilities

construction phase.

Phase III-double check of

facilities and test run.

2. MASTER PLAN

The developments should be

made as the part of master plan

and try to cater the city’ s future

demand

Beijing, London

3. LOCATION OF VENUES

The games village and venue

should be planned at a whole new

area away from the city so that it

become a self sufficient unit and

city do not get disturbed.

Beijing

4. HOUSING DEMAND

The houses that are constructed

should be kept in affordable

range. So that it solve the housing

shortage problem of the city.

London



5.

DISPLACEMENT DUE TO

INFRASTRUCTURE

PROJECTS

Planning of an alternate site to

house the project affected people

should start along with the

planning of the games.

-

6. TRANSPORT NETWORK

The transport network should be

planned in such a way that they

decongest the already crowded

network.

Athens

Source: compiled by author



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Documents

Working paper- Sonal Aggarwal