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Working, Living and Health Conditions - Legal and Illegal
Migrant Workers,the Czech Republic
ECRP Eurocores, February 21-22, 2008
Irish School of Ecumenics, Dublin
„Trafficking for forced labor in industries other than the sex industry across Europe“
Dušan DRBOHLAV and Dagmar DZÚROVÁ
STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
• Migratory situation in the Czech Republic• Main aims of the project
Create Data sets•Data from the Directorate of Foreign and Border Police (Foreign Police), Police database•Non-representative questionnaire surveys (own empirical research)
Analyses of basic characteristics1. Reasons for migration2. Working, living and health conditions3. Satisfaction with conditions
Knowledge of the trends for forced labor, including countries of origin
The Czech Republic has quickly become a country of destination and transit - inward migration changing demographic structure. New situation: in December 2007. The Czech Republic joined the „Schengen“ – no internal borders!!!
Legal migration, the Czech Republic
Illegal / Irregular migration, the Czech Republic (official numbers)
Legal migration, the Czech Republic
Immigration and transit country – similar migratory patterns to western developed destination countries
Cca 400,000 immigrants – 4 % of population Economic reasons highly dominate Temporary/circulatory movements Main source regions:
- CEE countries (Slovakia)- Post-Soviet countries (Ukraine)- South-East Asia (Vietnam)- Poland
3,000 of asylum applications (2006)
Illegal migration, the Czech Republic (official numbers)
Official numbers in 2006 (Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs):
11,488 illegal immigrants– 38 % illegal border-crossing– 62 % violation of residence regime – Ukrainians, Vietnamese, Poles, Russians, Chinese 3,788 immigrants in illegal or undocumented
employment– Slovaks and Ukrainians…
Estimates: Between 40,000 - 400,000 illegal immigrants (stock) Probable main source countries - Ukraine, Vietnam, Moldavia,
Russia, Belorussia
Main aims of the projectQualitative (interviewS/25 in-depth) and quantitative (questionnaireS) research as well as a health perspective. The research covers origin, destination and transit aspects.
To collect own data on migrants – countries of origin, industries in which forced labor occurs etc.
To make comparison among different immigration groups
To develop frameworks for analysis of the police data – to create own regression (explanatory) models
To provide policy recommendations
Basic Data Sets
Official Police Data Set, CR (2005-1/2 2007) 1. Cases of detention by immigrant officers (N=31 257)
Non-representative questionnaire surveys:
2. Respondents - Legal migrant workers (N=126) 3. Respondents - Illegal migrant workers (N=159)
Combination - Linked file (N=285)
1. DATA SET – Official data (N=31 257)
Database „Illegal entrance and stay of persons in the CR in 2005, 2006, 2007 (first half of the year)“
A possibility to make use of official data on illegal migration of the Directorate of Foreign and Border Police
Grant project: „Trafficking for forced labor in industries other than the sex industry, the case of the Czech Republic“
31,257 persons – illegal migrants caught 1,2 – 1,7 of migrants per one act/case
Almost 50 % of illegal migrants caught in interior (breaking a law on foreigners´ stay)
Crossing the state borders – „illegal outflow“ from the CR dominates (over inflows) Decrease of caught foreigners over time Some caught foreigners are those who break the
law on foreignes´ stay …
Main results - 1
Citizenship Obviously citizens of Ukraine (almost 50 %) dominate,
followed by Russians, Vietnamese and Chinese (6-7%)
Citizens of the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany - smugglers!
Average age by citizenship „Older“ Western and South Eastern Europe versus
„younger“ Africa and Asia
Main results - 2
Illegal migration - regional patterns A capital city of Prague (25 -27 % of all caught illegal
migrants), border zone of Northern and Southern Bohemia (up
to 10 %) Illegal migration by season
three most important peaks the end of the old and very beginning of the new
year - Citizens of Russia and China, citizens of the Czech Republic and Poland – winter tourist season
March/April – citizens of Ukraine, Russia, China, Moldova and Bulgaria
July/August – citizens of Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic – summer tourist season
Main results - 3
Changes of the regime after the accession to the EU, e.g. Dublin system Decreasing numbers of illegal migrants over time, no
„big jumps“ …
Regarding many selected migratory categories - Ukrainians clearly dominate smugglers, repeated entrances, false documents
Younger age structure as compared to legal migrants Illegal stays in interior (55-60 %) Seasonal character of illegal migration
Conclusion
Sezónnost ilegální migrace - počty zachycených osob v ČR
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
1 400
1 600
1 800
leden únor březen duben květen červen červenec srpen září říjen listopad prosinec
2005
2006
2007
Illegal migrants caught in the CR by months 2005 – first half of 2007
2. DATA SET – Illegal migrant workers (N=159)
Two rounds of non-representative questionnaire survey (2005, 2007)
1st round (Prague area) - Post-Soviet irregulars (n=69)- East Asian irregulars (n=15)
2nd round (other regions) - Post-Soviet irregulars (n=66)- Vietnamese irregulars (n=14)
– Post-Soviet (n=135)- Asian (n=24)
FORMS OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION TO THE CR
Means of immigration to the Czech Republic
3 4 7
2,3% 16,7% 4,5%
2 1 3
1,5% 4,2% 1,9%
6 6
4,5% 3,8%
72 5 77
54,5% 20,8% 49,4%
35 11 46
26,5% 45,8% 29,5%
9 9
6,8% 5,8%
5 3 8
3,8% 12,5% 5,1%
132 24 156
100,0% 100,0% 100,0%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Count
%
Illegaly - smuggled/trafficked
Illegaly - across "green border"
On counterfeited documents
Legally - on tourist visa
Legally - on other type of visa
Legally and immediatelyapplied for asylum
Other
Total
Post-Soviet Vietnamese Total
REASONS FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION
Scale: 1=absolutely unimportant reason to 5=very important reason
Economic
Psychological
Vietnamese
Scale: 1=absolutely unimportant reason to 5=very important reason
Political
Environmental
Economic
Economic
Environmental
Political
Family
FamilyPsychol.
Psychol.
REASONS FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION BY
EDUCATIONAL LEVELPost-Soviet
PERCEPTION OF NEGATIVE FACTORS OF ILLEGAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Post-Soviet Vietnamese
Very important
Unimportant
Client system“ important phenomenon
among Post-Soviet immigrants
Case study: Legal vs. Illegal immigrants
Workplace exploitation
Case study: Legal vs. Illegal immigrants
Scale: 1= poor satisfaction to 5= high satisfaction
Satisfaction with work
Satisfaction with accommodation
Flea market
Case study: Legal vs. Illegal immigrants Inequality in
health/human rightReport
Mean
3,91
3,78
3,85
3,86
3,35
3,55
3,89
3,57
3,71
legalizationLegal
Illegal
Total
Legal
Illegal
Total
Legal
Illegal
Total
SexMales
Females
Total
SRH
Scale: 1= poor satisfaction to
5= high satisfaction
Case study: Legal vs. Illegal immigrants Adj. OR of SRH
Variables in the Equation
,050 1,763 1,000 3,109
,007 2,202 1,244 3,899
,219 1,483 ,792 2,777
,003 1,052 1,017 1,088
,934 1,014 ,739 1,390
,000 ,041
Poor3_job(1)
sex
legalization(1)
AGE
EDUCAT
Constant
Step1
a
Sig. Exp(B) Lower Upper
95,0% C.I.for EXP(B)
Variable(s) entered on step 1: Poor3_job, sex_ch99, legalization,age_ch100, edu_4.
a.
CONCLUSION Migrants´ irregular economic activities can not be
neglected when evaluating the migration situation in the Czech Republic
Economic reasons dominate among immigrants, mainly among Ukrainians. On the other hand, family and psychological reasons are often important for Vietnamese
Illegal migrants perceive their situation worse than those who stay legally in the country. Accordingly, Ukrainians are heavily hit by the existing exploitative „client system“.
Results showed us that there are similar patterns of migrants´ irregular economic activities like in many other western developed countries. However, the client system seems to be rather specific and unique.
Thank you for your attention
The research project done for:Eurocores, GA CR CRP/06/E001 and
MSM 0021620831 of the Ministry of Education, CR