Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
A t l a n t i c
P a c i f i c
P a c i f i cO c e a n
I n d i a n
O c e a n
O c e a n
O c e a n
A r c t i c O c e a n A r c t i c O c e a n
I n d i a n
Chukchi Sea
B e a u f o r t S e a
Caribbean Sea
Hudson BayGulf of Alaska
B a f f i n B a y
Gulfof Mexico
N o r w e g i a n S e a
G r e e n l a n d S e a
North Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Baltic Sea
Black Sea
AralSea
ArabianSea
Bay of Bengal South ChinaSea
Sea ofJapan
(East Sea)
EastChina
Sea
YellowSea
Sea ofOkhotsk
Bering Sea
T a s m a n S e aGreat
AustralianBight
B a r e n t s S e a
Kara Sea
L e p t e v S e a
Reunion
KerguelenIslands
Prince EdwardIslands
Canary Islands
Madeira Islands
South Georgia
Falkland Islands
M a r s h a l lI s l a n d s
GilbertIslands
S v a l b a r dQ u e e n E l i z a b e t h I s l a n d s
V i c t o r i aI s l a n d
B a f f i nI s l a n d
Novaya Zemlya
Severnaya Zemlya
Novosibirskiye Ostrova
YukonTerritory
N o r t h w e s t
T e r r i t o r i e s
N u n a v u t
BritishColumbia
A l b e r t a
Saskatchewan M a n i t o b a
O n t a r i o
Q u e b e c
Newfoundland& Labrador
NewBrunswick
NovaScotia
PrinceEdwardIsland
WesternAustralia
NorthernTerritory
SouthAustralia
Queensland
New SouthWales
Victoria
Tasmania
A.C.T.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
CT
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
MD
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
NH
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania RI
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
VT
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
A l a s k a
Hawaii
R u s s i aFinland
Austria
Italy
Spain
Sweden
Norway
Germany
France
Portugal
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Turkey
Denmark
Poland
Belarus
UkraineCzech. Rep.Slovakia
Greece
Cyprus
Netherlands
Bel.
Ireland
Albania
Moldova
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
Lux.
Bosnia& Herz.
CroatiaSlovenia
Switz. Liech.
Mac.
G r e e n l a n d
Iceland
U n i t e d S t a t e s
C a n a d a
Mexico
The Bahamas
Cuba
Panama
El Salvador
Guatemala
Belize
Honduras
Nicaragua
CostaRica
JamaicaHaiti
DominicanRepublic
Dominica
Antigua
Argentina
Bolivia
Colombia
Venezuela
Peru
B r a z i l
French Guiana
SurinameGuyana
Chile
Ecuador
Paraguay
Uruguay
Kenya
Ethiopia
Eritrea
S u d a n
E g y p t
N i g e rMauritania
M a l i
Nigeria
Somalia
Namibia
L i b y a
C h a d
South Africa
Tanzania
Dem. Rep.Of Congo
Angola
A l g e r i a
Madagascar
MauritiusMozambique
Botswana
Zambia
Gabon
Central AfricanRepublic
Tunisia
Malta
Morocco
Uganda
Swaziland
Lesotho
Malawi
Burundi
Rwanda
Togo
Benin
GhanaCote
d'IvoireLiberiaSierra Leone
Guinea
Burkina FasoGambia
Cameroon
Sao Tome & Principe
Zimbabwe
Congo
Equatorial Guinea
WesternSahara
Djibouti
Senegal
Guinea Bissau
CapeVerde
Azores
Jordan
IsraelLebanon
Armenia Azerbaijan
Georgia Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Kuwait
Qatar
U. A. E.
Yemen
Syria
IraqI r a n
Oman
S a u d iA r a b i a
Afghanistan
Pakistan
I n d i a
C h i n a
K a z a k h s t a n
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Thailand
Cambodia
Nepal Bhutan
Vietnam
Sri Lanka
Laos
Bangladesh
Malaysia Malaysia
Singapore
Papua NewGuinea
Brunei
Philippines
I n d o n e s i a
Japan
M o n g o l i a
South Korea
NorthKorea
A u s t r a l i a
NewZealand
U. K.
NewCaledonia
Vanuatu
Guam
Palau
SolomanIslands
Fiji
Comoros
K i r i b a t i
M i c r o n e s i a
K i r i b a t i
Guadeloupe
MartiniqueSt. Lucia
St. VincentGrenada
Trinidad and Tobago
SamoaIslands
Tonga
F r e n c h P o l y n e s i a
Mont.Kos.
Serbia
Timor Leste (East Timor)
Myanmar(Burma)
Great Lakes
GreatSlave L.
Great Bear L.
L. Winnipeg
L. Victoria
L. Chad
L. Malawi
L. Balkhash
L. Baykal
Missouri
AmazonAmazon
Nile
Congo
Niger
Ganges
Volga
Volga
Ob'
Ob'
Yenisey
Lena
Yangtze
Darling
Ohio
Yukon
Yukon
Yuko
n
MacKenzie
MacKenzie
Rio Grande
Orinoco
Negro
Madeira
Para
na Orange
Zambezi
Rhine
Danube
Dnieper
Euphrates
Tigris
Irtysh
Angara
Aldan
Lena
Amur
Amur
Huang
Mekong
Caspian Sea
Indus
Salween
Red Sea
Florida
Macas
Leticia
Coihaique
Trinidad
Tarija
Viedma
Ushuaia
Rio Gallegos
Rawson
Play Cu
Bac Lieu
Samut Songkhram
Phrae
Chiang Rai
Vigan
Alotau
Kimbe
Popondetta
Rabaul
Lorengau
Wewak
Vanimo
Luganville
Kendari
Lautoka
Yankton
Yakutat
Moscow
Mcminnville
Macon
Liberal
La Grande
Kodiak
Klamath Falls
Key West
Ketchikan
Kenai
Kelso
Juneau
Jacksonville
Hays
Havre
Hanford
Haines
Grants Pass
GrantsGallup
Galena
Fergus Falls
Escanaba
El DoradoDurango
Woodward
Willmar
Williston
Wasilla
Washburn
Wailuku
Valdez
Traverse CitySheridan
Seguin
Saint George
Saint Augustine
Roseburg
Rawlins
Port Lavaca
Pierre
Pendleton
Pecos
Pasco
North Platte
Barrow
Alpena
Coban
Yellowknife
Whitehorse
Charlottetown
Stornoway
Lerwick
Solleftea
Lycksele
Kalix
Dillingham
Dickinson
Devils Lake
Delta Junction
Lillehammer
Hammerfest
Hamar
Lazdijai
Talsi
San Vito
Caldwell
Brigham City
Brainerd
Bozeman
Bottineau
Siglufjordhur
Selfoss
SaudharkrokurNeskaupstadhur
Keflavik
Isafjordhur
Akureyri
Saintes
Ajaccio
ValgaKuressaare
Ennis
HajjahMa'rib
Sakaka
Dudinka
Salekhard
Nar'yan-Mar
Anadyr'
Ulaangom
ErdenetDarhan
HovdBulgan
Bayanhongor
Xincheng
Zhushan
Yiliang
Jianshui
Erenhot
Bayan Gol
Dingxi
XigazeGyangze
Yecheng
Yanqi
Turpan
ToliTacheng
Pishan
Kuqa
Emin
Shiliu
WanchengSanya
Zijin
Lenghu
Badulla
Huron
Houghton
Hooper Bay
Hoonah
Blackfoot
Bethel
Bend
Bemidji
Fonni
Solwezi
Mongu
Laayoune
SorotiNebbi
Moyo
MorotoLiraKotido
Kasese
Arua
Dongola
Gaalkacyo
Vredenburg
Prieska
Kuruman
Calvinia
Bredasdorp
Lokoja
Pemba
Zouerat
Khouribga Kasba Tadla
Essaouira
Ti-n-Essako
Tubruq
Sabha
Darnah
Al Marj
Al Bayda'
Ajdabiya
Boffa
Kibre MengistKelem
Goba
Bahir Dar
Bata
Bozoum Sibut
Ndele
Mbaiki
Kaga Bandoro
Birao
Ondjiva
N'dalatando
Tindouf
Tebessa
Ouargla
Laghouat El OuedDjelfa
Bechar
Adrar
Tumeremo
San Fernandode Atabapo
Guasipati
Castillos
Yanaoca
Sihuas
Sechura
San Pedro de Lloc
Requena
Pausa
Paucartambo
Pampas
Omate
Nauta
Moho
Manu
Lampa
Inapari
Huarmei
Huacho
Esperanza
Candarave
Barranca
Villarrica
Tocopilla
Puerto Williams
PuertoNatales
Puerto Aisen
Porvenir
Ovalle
Nueva Imperial
Maullin
Los Vilos
Iloca
Illapel
El Cobre
Constitucion
Chile Chico
ChaitenCastro
Camina
Ancud
Pato Branco
Wanderlandia
Tutoia
Tucano
Tramandai
S. Felix Do Araguaia
Rio Brilhante
Riacho De Santana
Quixada
Porto Nacional
Peixoto De Azevedo Parnagua
Parateca
Parana
Oros
Oiapoque
Novo Acordo
Nortelandia
Natividade
Mucajai
Monte Alegre
Miranda
Miracema De Tocantins
Mara Rosa
JuaraJaru
Jardim
Jaguaruana
Jacinto
Itutinga
Itaituba
Ipixuna Inhuma
Iaciara
Cruzeiro Do Sul
Colorado D'oeste
Colidor
Chaves
Juruti
Taua
Tasso Fragoso
Sorriso
Humayta
Conceicao Do Araguaia
Atalaia Do Norte
Zudanez
Tupiza
TotoraSan Agustin
Reyes
Magdalena
Cotagaita
Challapata
Baures
San Ignacio
El Aguilar
Ciudad de LoretoTostado
Tartagal
Sarmiento
Rivadavia
Rio Grande
Recreo
Quimili
Sao Lourenco Do Sul
Santa Isabel Do Rio Negro
Calcoene
Borba
Boca Do Acre
Beiradao
Barro Alto
Barcelos
Puerto Madryn
Perito Moreno
Oncativo
Jose de San Martin
General Conesa
Galvez
Lovozero
Log
Lesosibirsk
Lensk
Kyakhta
Kuragino
Krasnovishersk
Kovdor
Kostomuksa
Konosha
Kondopoga Kogalym
Esquel
Dolores
Caucete
Caleta Olivia
Catriel
San Martin de los Andes
Amatari
Amapa
Abaira
Sao Sebastiao
Sao Luzia
Sao Felipe
Santo Sebastian
Oriximina
Las Lomitas
Las Flores
Ravenshoe
Port Pirie
Port MacquarieNortham
Murwillumbah
Mount Isa
Mossman
Monto
Maryborough
Mareeba
Mandurah
Longreach
Lismore
Launceston
Lakes Entrance
KempseyKalgoorlie
Innisfail
Ingham
Hughenden
Hervey BayGympie
Gladstone
Geraldton
Cooktown
Bundaberg
Bunbury
Bowen
Barcaldine
Ballina
Alice Springs
Coffs Harbour
Wrangell
Wales
Wainwright
Unalakleet
Tok Tetlin Junction
Teller
Tanunak
Slana
Skagway
Sierra Vista
Shaktoolik
Seward
Selawik
Scammon Bay
Saint Michael
Ruby
PrudhoeBay
Portage
Port Alexander
Point Hope
Pilot Point Old Harbor
Nulato North Pole
Naknek
Mountain Village
Mekoryuk
Long
Livengood
Kwigillingok
Koyuk
Kotlik
Ban Pak Phraek
KomoMorehead
Kiunga
Wanaka
Kaikoura
La Foa
Dungun Beaufort
Kamiiso
Bitung
Sangkulirang
Baa
Nembrala
Waingapu
SintangSawahlunto
SampitBiak
Baubau
Mba
Patersonia
Yass
Warwick
Warracknabeal
Taree
TeapaPetatlanMacuspana
Heroica Caborca
CranbrookPort Alberni
Powell RiverCampbell RiverVernon
KitimatPrince Rupert
Dawson Creek
Spruce Grove Fort Saskatchewan
Camrose
Fort Mcmurray
Grande Prairie
Oromocto
Norman Wells
Dawson
Gander
Glace Bay
Corner Brook
Truro
Gaspe
BathurstRiviere-du-Loup
Baie-ComeauMatane
Joliette
Montmagny
La Baie
Pembroke
Val-d'orKirkland Lake
Labrador City
Selkirk
Yorkton
SwiftCurrent
North Battleford
Thompson
Sept-Iles
Toijala
Raahe
Oulainen
Kemimarvi
Iisalmi
TarimSabwa
Al-Hauha
Shaqra'
Kungrad
Khiva
Marwan
Duba
Al Haddar
Zalari
Zakamensk
Yagodnoye
Vytegra
Vyazemskiy
Vuktyl
Volchikha
Verkhnetulomskiy
Ust'-Kut
Ussinsk
Urzhum
Tyukalinsk
Tselina
Tiksi
Tarko-Sale
Tara
Suzun
Susuman
Strezhevoy
Sretensk
Sovetskiy
Sovetsk
Sokol
Slavgorod
SkovorodinoShira
Shilka
Shakhtersk
Severo-Yeniseyskiy
Sandovo
Rodniki
Pospelikha
Pokrovsk
Plesetsk
Pevek
Parma
Osa
Omchak
Olovyannaya
Novouzensk
Novaya Igirma
Nizhneudinsk
Nerchinsk
Nazyvayevsk
Nadym
Murmashi
Murashi
Mogocha
Mikhaylovskiy
Megion
Makarov
Magdagachi
Lyskovo
Kirs
Kirovsk
Kholmsk
Kharovsk
Kartaly
Karpinsk
Karasuk
Kandalaksha
Inza
Igrim
Gusinoozersk
Baqa'
Elizovo
Sangar
Igarka
Olekminsk
Raduznyj
Novoagansk
Zmeinogorsk
Zima
Zheleznogorsk-Ilimskiy
Zeya
Gornyak
Golyshmanovo
Firovo
Darasun
Dal'negorsk
Cherskiy
Chernyshevsk
Cherlak
Bilibino
Belozersk
Baley
Balagansk
Asino
Aryg-Uzyu
Aldan
Alakurtti
Ak-Dovurak
Abaza
Pudozh
Pavlovsk
Onega
Olenegorsk
Okha
Nyurba
Novotroitskoye
Novobelokurikha
Nikolayevsk-na-Amure
Nikel'
Nevel'sk
MirnyyMikun'
Mariinsk
MamontovoLodeynoye Pole
Labytnangi
Kinel'
Kazan'
Kargopol'
Kamyzyak
Ivdel'
El'ban
Dal'nerechensk
Chul'man
Cheremushki
Blagoyevo
Baykal'sk
Sibi
Sanghar
Nushki
Skardu
Kharfat
Habarut
Al Mudairib
Olgiy
Arvaikher
Tsagaanders
Bayanhongor
ZyryanovskTurgayTemir
Taskesken
Oktyabr'sk
Narynkol
Merke
Makat
Khromtau
Kaynar
Karaton
GeorgiyevkaEmba
Dzhusaly
Dzhetygara
DruzhbaBeyneu
Ayaguz
Amankaragay
Zhangaqazaly
Yesil'
Torghay
Shalqar
Oktyabr'Oktyabr'
Lepsi
Kul'sary
Kol'zhat
Ertis
Chiili
Arqalyq
Aral
Zhershart
Zapolyarnyy
Yugorsk
Yeniseysk
Yasnyy
Yarega
Vandysh
Val'kumey
Uzhur
Ust'-Nera
Ust'-Kamchatsk
Ugol'nyy
Tot'ma
Tashtagol
Svobodnyy
Sosnogorsk
SolnechnyySol'Iletsk
Severobaykal'sk
SegezhaSegezha
Savinskiy
Jalai Nur
Chaor
Mingshoshan
Mohe
Mohe
Jingxing
Xinqing
Da Qaidam
Hwange
Mwinilunga
Zambezi
Senanga
PwetoKampampi
Kalomo
Vioolsdrif
Tsumkwe
Leonardville
Koes
Aroab
Akanous
Diguel
Sindou
Kaabong
Uvinza
Utete
Same
Ikola
Ifakara
Hawmat as Suq
Wadi Halfa'
Suakin
ShendiKorti
Karima
El Muglad
Eyl
Buulobarde
Beledweyne
Podor
Port Saint Johns
Nababiep
Wukari
Dakoro
Tillia Tchin Tabaradene
Tchighozerine
Arlit
Vilanculos
Nametil
Pambarra
Palma
Namapa
Moma
Memba
Inhassoro
Timbedra
Tichit
Kivalina
Kipnuk
Kiana
Kaltag
Kalskag
Kaktovik
Kake
Gulkana
Fort Yukon
Fabens
ElimEagle
Deering
Crooked Creek
Cordova
Chignik Lake Chignik Lagoon
Chickaloon
Chalkyitsik
Buckland
Arctic Village
Aniak
Angoon
Aleknagik
Alakanuk
Akiachak
Lar
Oujeft
OualataMoudjeria
Mal
ChoumChinguetti
Bir Mogrein
Tazenakht
Goulimine
Bou Izakarn
Berguent
NiafounkeNara
Goundam
Betroka
Betioky BekilyAntanimora
Andapa
Wik'ro
Yabelo
Werder
Negele
Mizan TeferiImi
Dolo Odo
Bure
Awasa
Arba Minch'
SenafeMassawa
Matruh
Pimenta Bueno
Peruibe
Eirunepe
Cucui
Devonport
Dargan-Ata
Tejen
Kostomuksha
Korsakov
Komsomol'skiy
Kolyvan'
Kolpashevo
Klyuchi
Akonolinga
Bumba
Bondo
Kabalo
Oum-Chalouba
Bitkine
Rumonge
Bante
Mahalapye
Jwaneng
Mussende
Cuilo
CubalCaconda
Soyo
Muconda
Mavinga
Taghit
Marovoay
Maevatanana
Ambovombe
Migori
Inuvik
Bathhurst Inlet
Sachs Harbour
Iqaluit
Taloyoak
Moosonee
Churchill
Rankin Inlet
Inukjuak
Ivujivik
Kuujjuaq
Rigolet
Mould Bay
Dudas
Upernavik Kujalleo
Ittoqqortoormiit
Arsuk
Kuummiut
Dickson
Chelyuskin
Starorybnoye
Yukagir
Tennant Creek
Aileron
Derby
GoldsworthyKarratha
Exmouth
Carnarvon
Denham
Paynes Find
Wyndham
Kalumburu
BroomeHalls CreekFitzroy
Crossing
Coober Pedy
Rio Chico
Las Horquetas Puerto Deseado
Khabarovo
Siktyakh
Turukhansk
Tura
Echo Bay
Fort Smith
Tuktoyaktuk
Cape Parry
Kugluktuk
Resolute
GriseFiord
Repulse Bay
CoralHarbour
Winisk
Chisasibi
Flin Flon
Reliance
Haines Jct.
Carmacks
CambridgeBay
Fort McPherson
Fort Nelson
Watson Lake
Fort Simpson
PondInlet
Arctic Bay
Port Burwell
PuertoAyacucho
Cuzco
New Amsterdam
Florencia
Punta Arenas
Puerto Montt
La Serena
Macapa
Boa Vista
Formosa
Santa Rosa
Ca Mau
Trang
Surat Thani
Rayong
PhuketNakhon Si Thammarat
TuguegaraoTabuk
Pagadian City
New Plymouth
Greymouth
Dargaville
Blenheim
Melaka
Kupang
Woodland
Winona
Wilmington
West Palm Beach
Wausau
Warren
Walla Walla
Visalia
Victoria
Ventura
Twin Falls
Sumter
Sioux Falls
Sault Ste. Marie
Santa Rosa
Santa Fe
Salem
Saint Joseph
Saint Cloud
Roswell
Redding
Rapid City
Provo
PortlandPocatello
Petersburg
Oshkosh
Olympia
Ogden
Norman
Nome
Muskogee
Missoula
Minot
Meridian
Medford Mason City
Las Cruces
Jackson
Idaho Falls
Hutchinson
Hilo
Greeley
Great Falls
Grand Junction
Grand Forks
Fort Pierce
Fort Myers
Fort Collins
Flagstaff
Eureka
Duluth
Corvallis
Clovis
Cheyenne
Charleston
Casper
Butte
Burlington
Boulder
BismarckBillings
Bellingham
BangorAberdeen
Esteli
Puntarenas
VictoriaSt. John's
Truro
Skelleftea
Pitea
Nassjo
Kiruna
Harnosand
Bollnas
Boden
Avesta
Steinkjer
Narvik
Namsos
MoldeKristiansund
Kongsberg
Harstad
Gjovik
Goes
Utena
Flensburg
La Baule-EscoublacRennes
Reims
Nantes
Nancy
Limoges
Le Mans
La Rochelle
Dijon
CaenBrest
Rovaniemi
WexfordTralee
Nykobing
Fergana
Qarshi
Jizzakh
Tashauz
MaryChardzhou
Turkmenbashy
Sinop
Kars
Arar
Kyzyl
Elista
Birobidzhan
Salalah
NIzwa
Pavlodar
Oskemen
Atyrau
Karakol
Port Blair
Panaji
Yima
Simao
Dayan
Xichang
Yan'an
Dongsheng
Zhangye
Yumen Suzhou
Nenjiang
Nehe
Huanan
Rui'an
Galle
Kapan
AstaraLankaran
Qalat
Mutare
Masvingo
ChinhoyiLivingstone
Kabwe
Tsumeb
Swakopmund
Outjo
Ondangwa
Keetmanshoop
Tougan
Reo
Puerto Maldonado
Huanuco
Chachapoyas
Cerro de Pasco
Cajamarca
Mankato
Logan
LewistonKaramay
Kuytun
Hotan
Altay
Yilan
Louga
Kolda
Queenstown
Nigel
Messina
Jinja
Sumbawanga
Songea
Musoma
Lindi
Bukoba
Yambio
Wau
Rumbek
Kadugli
Juba
Baardheere
Qardho
Jilib
GarooweBo
Saint-Louis
Cradock
Port Harcourt
Katsina
IlorinEnugu
ZinderTillaberi
Dosso Diffa
Agadez
Xai-Xai
NemaKiffa
Atar
Akjoujt
Oujda
Beni Mellal
Tombouctou
SegouMoptiKayes
Gao
Ntcheu
Nkhotakota
Mulanje
Mangochi
Chitipa
Toliara
Antsiranana
Gharyan
Danane
Labe
Kindia Kankan
Oyem
Mouila
Makokou
Franceville
Nek'emteJima
Gonder
Qena
BangassouBouar
Ngaoundere
MarouaGaroua
Ebolowa
Bamenda
Bafoussam
Kindu-Port-Empain
Owando
Ouesso
LoubomoDjambala
Menongue
Uige
Saurimo
Namibe
Malanje
Luena
Lubango
KuitoBenguela
Tlemcen
Beihai
Ilheus
Ibotirama
Corumba Colatina
Castanhal
Caceres
BarretosAraxa
Araguaina
Luziania
Trelew
Tandil
Punta Alta
Olavarria
Necochea
Comodoro Rivadavia
San Carlos de Bariloche
San Nicolas de los Arroyos
Brooke's Point
Aku
WakunaiWabo
Talara
Pisco
Juliaca
Chimbote
UrraoBolivar
San Antonio
Los Angeles
Curico
Coquimbo
Calama
Arica
Tucurui
Tubarao
Tatui
Sobral
Ponta Pora
Pirapora
Petrolina
Patos
Parnaiba
Tangu
Darapap
Whangarei
Timaru
Rangiora
Palmerston Oamaru
Masterton
Kaitaia
Gore
Ashburton
Miri
Keluang
Wakkanai
Sorong
Watampone
Ternate
Tarakan
Sibolga
Raba
Manokwari
Makale
Ende
Bukittinggi
Yauer-Manokwari
Tanjungredep
Mergui
Maymyo
Wilcannia
Cairns
Broken Hill
Bathurst
Ballarat
AlbanyVinefera
Lewiston
Killeen
Valladolid
Las Delicias
Heroica Nogales
Cancun
Chilliwack
Kamloops
Prince George
Lethbridge
Red Deer
Medicine Hat
RimouskiJonquiere
North BaySudbury
TimminsBrandon
Moose Jaw
Prince Albert
Malmberget
Warrnambool Traralgon
Townsville
Toowoomba
Tamworth
Rockhampton
Port Hedland
Port Augusta
Ouyen
NynganNorseman
Narrandera
Muchea
Moree
Miles
Mackay
Katherine
Horsham
GraftonGlen Innes
Esperance
Emerald
Dubbo
Colac
Cobram
Cloncurry
Charleville
Nau
Yanbu'annakhi
Rafha
Layla
Haibar
Badr Hunayn
Al Jawf
Afif
Tayma'Al Ula
Tulun
Stenkjaer
Velikiy Ustyug
Tynda
Tobol'sk
Revda
Osinniki
Neftekumsk
Kungur
Krasnotur'insk
Krasnokamensk
Kotlas
Iskitim
Irbit
Inta
Glazov
Buzuluk
Belogorsk
Amursk
Akhtubinsk
Ukhta
Troitsk
Talnakh
Shimanovsk
Pechora
Neryungri
Nefteyugansk
Kuybyshev
Kirovo-Chepetsk
Kichmengskiy Gorodok
Ishim
Chusovoy
Savonlinna
Kokkola
Kemi
Kajaani
Shchuchinsk
ShakhtinskSaran
Ekibastuz
Taldyqorghan
Semey
Elat
Tayyebat
TabasQayenFerdows
Evaz
Birjand
BamGovak
Tinsukia
Jaypur
Arxan
AliheGenhe
Changji
Zvishavane
Kadoma
Mbala
Oshakati
Walvis Bay
UsakosOtjiwarongo
Otavi
Oranjemund
Omaruru
Maltahohe
Luderitz Grunau
Grootfontein
TukuyuMtwara
Matambwe
Kilwa Kivinje
Rufaa
Kismaayo
Hargeysa
El Dere
Boosaaso
Bender Beyla
Ji-parana
Jequie
Itumbiara
Ituiutaba
Turbat
Ylivieska
Bargaal
Baraawe
Mbake
Middelburg
St.-Pierre
Zaria
Aba
Tanout
Vila do Chinde
Tidjikja
Nouadhibou
Kaedi
Fderik
Aleg
Agadir
Chisenga
MorondavaAmbatolampy
Ambanja
Tolanaro
Moramanga
Maroantsetra
Mananjary
Manakara
Hell-Ville
Farafangana
Antalaha
NazretHarar
Mallawi
Luxor
Lisala
Kamina
Boende
Lusambo
Isirio
Inongo
Buta
Basankusu
Nokou
Maro
Kelo
Iriba
Haraze
Guereda
Gore
Fada
Bardai
Selebi-PikweFrancistown
Dondo
Andulo
XangongoTombua
Negage
N'zeto
Gabela
El Amria
Shindand
Panjab
Coro
Trujillo Pucallpa
Piura
Iquitos
Ica
Chiclayo
Arequipa
Loja
Ibarra
PopayanPasto
Monteria
Mocoa
Temuco
Rancagua
Iquique
Antofagasta
Rio Branco
Porto Velho
Natal
Maceio
Joao Pessoa
Florianopolis
Campo Grande
Aracaju
Potosi
Resistencia
Parana
Neuquen
CorrientesSantiago del Estero
San Salvador de Jujuy
San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca
VinhThanh Hoa
Thai Nguyen
Rach Gia
Nha TrangDa Lat
Qui NhonNakhon Sawan
Khon Kaen
Chon Buri
Butuan
Batangas
Kerema
Tauranga
Palmerston North Napier
Invercargill
Gisborne
Kuching
Kota KinabaluKota Baharu
Sariwon
Mito
Samarinda PaluPadang
Manado
JayapuraAmbon
Jambi
SittwePye
Hobart
Darwin
Winston-Salem
Wichita Falls
Waco
Topeka
Peoria
Owensboro
Orlando
New Haven
Mobile
Madison
Macon
Lincoln
Las Vegas
Fargo
Eugene
Des Moines
Corpus Christi
Colorado Springs
Boise
Bakersfield Amarillo
Albany
Granada
Villahermosa
Oaxaca De Juarez
La Paz Ciudad Victoria
Halifax
Quebec
Winnipeg
Regina
Inverness
Vaxjo
Uddevalla
Ornskoldsvik
Motala
Lulea
Falun
Girona
Coimbra
Piombino
IglesiasCarbonia
Tallahassee
Tacoma
Syracuse
Springfield
Spokane
Shreveport Savannah
Santa Ana
Salt Lake City
Richmond
Reno
Pueblo
Providence
Rodhos
Khania
Stuttgart
Bremen
Bordeaux
Al Mukalla
NukusUrganch
SamarqandManisa Malatya
Kirikkale
Mersin
Chiang Mai
San Carlos
Lucena
Tromso
Skien
Sandnes
Haugesund
Bodo
Aydin
Kocaeli
Tabuk
Najran
Jizan
Abha
Ulan-Ude
Tomsk
Syktyvkar
Magadan
Abakan
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Yakutsk
Tyumen'
Petropavlovsk-KamchatskiyChita
Blagoveshchensk
Quetta
Sur
Qyzylorda
Qostanay
Qaraghandy
Petropavl
OralAqtobe
Shillong
Gori
Zhoukou
Qufu
Guilin
Huangshi
Shiyan
Haikou
Gejiu
SuiningMianyangGuangyuan Ankang
Yuci
Wuhai
Tongliao
ManzhouliHailar
Lhasa
Shihezi
Korla
Kashi
Hami
Aksu
Chenzhou
YichunSuihua Shuangyashan
Shuangcheng
Bei'an
Xiamen
Nanping
Golmud
YanjiDunhua
YangzhouYancheng
Xunwu
JinhuaJiaojiang
Kandy
Xankandi
Kandahar
Herat
Mazar-e Sharif
Gweru
Banfora
TaboraMwanza
Morogoro
Kigoma
SokodeKara
Dapaong
Port Sudan
Gedaref
Jawhar
Vereeniging
Uitenhage
Quelimane
Inhambane
Tangiers
SafiMeknes
Marrakech
Fes
Zomba
Salima
Fianarantsoa
Misratah
Korhogo
Daloa
Bouake
Takoradi
Tchibanga
As Suways
SohagAsyut
Aswan
Al Minya
Kisangani
Kananga Mbuji-mayi
Mbandaka
MatadiPointe-Noire
Sarh
Moundou
Mongo
Mao
Faya-Largeau
Bongor
Bol
BiltineAti
Am Timan
Abeche
Parakou
Huambo
Annaba
Viljandi
Puerto Ordaz
Salinas
Manta
Buenaventura
Talcahuano
Valdivia
Osorno
Chillan
Uruguaiana
Uberlandia
Uberaba
Santarem
Santa Maria
Rondonopolis
Rio Grande
Paranagua
Montes Claros
Maraba
Lages
Juazeiro Do Norte
Joinvile
Itabuna
Imperatriz
Governador Valadares
Criciuma
Chapeco
Caruaru
Campos
Bage
Arapiraca
Aracatuba
Anapolis
Alagoinhas
Olongapo
TawauTaiping
Sibu
Sandakan
Wonju
Mokp'o
Najin
Sendai
Sakata
Nobeoka
Kitami
Hachinohe
Okinawa
Chuo
AtsugachoAtsubetsu
TebingtinggiSingkawang
Serang
Parepare
PangkalpinangMartapura
Gorontalo
Garut
Balikpapan
Thaton
Sandoway
Minbu
Bassein
Newcastle
City Of Gold Coast
Town Creek
Saint Petersburg
Arroyo Grande
Nuevo Laredo
Mazatlan
MatamorosLos Mochis
Ciudad Obregon
Sancti Spiritus
Svatovo
Ayr
Quqon
T'ai-tungChia-i
Sapt al Ulaya
Rabigh Al Kharj
Noril'sk
Zlatoust
Votkinsk
Vorkuta
Uzlovaya
Ust'-ilimsk
Tuapse
Surgut
Sterlitamak
Solikamsk
Severomorsk
Serov
Sarapul
Salavat
Orsk
Miass
Luga
Kineshma
Kansk Bratsk
Bologoye
Berezniki
Belovo
Balakovo
Apatity
AngarskUsol'ye-Sibirskoye
Troitsko-Pechorsk
Syzran'
Prokop'yevsk
Noyabr'sk
Novotroitsk
Nizhniy Tagil
Nizhnevartovsk
Monchegorsk
Kizlyar
Kamyshin
Biysk
Anzhero-SudzhenskAchinsk
UmmSaid
Sukkur
Rahimyar Khan
Nawabshah
Larkana
Tall Afar
Jahrom
Richmond Thunder Bay
Saskatoon
Alagoinha
Cam Lam
Hat Yai
Kozhva
Komsomol'sk-na-amure
Klin
Kalamata
Kankaanpaa
Joensuu
Imatra
Aanekoski
Baoji
Shizuishan
Yakeshi
Horqin Youyi Qianqi
Jagdaqi
Zhlobin
Veraval
Kota
Ajmer
Baharampur
Cuttack
Bilaspur
Purnia
Temirtau
Kokchetav
ZhezqazghanZhezqazghan
Tutikorin
Kozhikode
Jiazi
JinchangTianshuibu
Yining
Xiamen
Xuri
Kashiba
Singa
Nimule
El Odaiya
Ed Dueim
Dilling
Atbara
Lai
Lobito
Guwahati
Quilon
Dindigul
NelloreMachilipatnam
Tenali
Brahmapur
Jalna
Udaipur
Izmir
Hamburg
Dallas CasablancaAtlanta
Gorgan
Merida
CumanaMaracay
Machala
Manizales
Barranquilla
Valparaiso
Concepcion
Teresina
Sao LuisManaus
Goiania
Fortaleza
Cuiaba
Santa Cruz de la Sierra
San Miguel de TucumanSalta
Santa Fe
La Plata
Da Nang
Zamboanga
Tacloban
MadangMount Hagen
Hamilton
Dunedin
Christchurch
IpohGeorge Town
Hamhung
Ch'ongjin
Sendai
Oita
Niigata
Naha
Morioka
Miyazaki
Kanazawa Fukushima
AomoriAkita
Pontianak
Banjarmasin
Yogyakarta
Ujungpandang
WichitaVirginia BeachTulsa
Tucson
Toledo
Tampa
Seattle
San JoseSan Francisco
San Diego
San Antonio
Saint LouisSacramento
Portland
Pittsburgh
Phoenix
Omaha
Oklahoma City
Oakland
Norfolk
New Orleans
Nashville
Milwaukee
Miami
Memphis
Louisville
Jacksonville
Indianapolis
Honolulu
Fort Worth
Fairbanks
DenverColumbus
Cincinnati
Charlotte
Buffalo Boston
Birmingham
Baltimore
Austin
David
Toluca De Lerdo
San Luis Potosi
Saltillo
Mexicali
Merida
Hermosillo
Culiacan
Chihuahua
Aguascalientes
San Pedro Sula
Santiago De Los Caballeros
Santa Clara
Bayamo
Edmonton
Toronto
Sumy
Simferopol'
Sebastopol
RivnePoltava
Hartlepool
Vasteras
Umea
Sundsvall
Gavle
Boras
Caceres
Stavanger
Gela
Larisa
Cologne
Lyon
Oulu
Alborg
Varna
SurigaoIloilo
DavaoGeneral Santos
Catarman
Lae
Balti
Siauliai
Ventspils
Aden
Taizz
KayseriGaziantep
IdlibHoms
Mecca
Ad Dammam
Medina
Vologda
Volgograd
Vladivostok
Tambov
Saratov
Saransk
Pskov
Petrozavodsk
Orenburg
Oriol
Novgorod
Murmansk
Kursk IrkutskBarnaul
Ul'yanovsk
Novorossiysk
Makhachkala
Lipetsk
Krasnoyarsk
Khabarovsk
Astrakhan'
Archangel
Peshawar
DzhambulShymkent
Arbil
Al Hillah
Zahedan
Yazd
Sari
Sanandaj
Bushehr Bandar Abbas
Arak
Trivandrum
Srinagar
Sokhumi
Handan
Wuhan
Zhanjiang
Zigong
Hohhot JinzhouBenxi
Urumqi
XiangtanHengyang
Mudanjiang
Hegang
Fuzhou
Xining
Xuzhou
Suzhou
Pingxiang
KunduzBaghlan
ZanzibarTanga
Arusha
Welkom
Umtata
Pietersburg
Pietermaritzburg
Beira
BlantyreMahajanga
Benghazi
Oran
LondrinaCampinas
Mar del Plata
Matnog
Laoag City
SongjinHakodate
TelukbetungPalembang
Malang
Wollongong
Whyalla
Mount Gambier
Mildura
Torreon
Ensenada
Acapulco De Juarez
Pinar Del RioMatanzas
Guantanamo
Camaguey
Vancouver
Calgary
Hamilton
Montreal
Nikopol'
Kerch
Iraklion
Vaasa
Pori
Kuopio
Jyvaskyla
Narva
At Ta'if
Severodvinsk
Rybinsk
Kolomna
Tol'yatti
Sochi
Michurinsk
Hyderabad
Kizil-Tal
Sabzevar
Khvoy
Dezful
Najaf Abad Olya
Mysore
RajahmundryHubli
Solapur
Jabalpur
Rajkot
Amritsar
Varanasi LinzhouLiupanshui
Jixi
Al Ayn
Kitwe
El Obeid
East LondonGrahamstown
Lubumbashi
Hong Kong
Tel Aviv
Sydney
Surabaja
St. Petersburg
Shenyang
Shanghai
Sapporo
Sao Paulo
Puebla
Porto Alegre
Rio De Janeiro
Philadelphia
Perth
Osaka
Odesa
New York Naples
Nagoya
Medellin
Manchester
Los AngelesLahore
Lagos
Mumbai(Bombay)
Chennai (Madras)
Kolkata(Calcutta)
Karachi
Johannesburg
Hyderabad
Ho Chi Minh City
Hiroshima
Harbin
Guadalajara
Glasgow
Detroit
DelhiChongqing
Chittagong
Cali
Brisbane
Birmingham
Belo Horizonte
Barcelona
Bangalore
Bandung
Alexandria
Fukuoka
Medan
Melbourne
Adelaide
Saint Paul
Houston
Chicago
Anchorage
Guanajuato
L'vivKharkiv
Donets'kDnipropetrovs'k
Belfast
ValenciaSeville
San Sebastian
MurciaMalaga
La Coruna
Cadiz
BurgosBilbao
Brasov
Porto
Wroclaw
Stettin
LodzCracow
Gdansk
Trondheim
Bergen
KlaipedaLiepaja
Guayaquil
Salvador
Recife
Curitiba
Belem
Cordoba
Marawi
Auckland
Inch'onTaegu Pusan
Portsmouth
Edinburgh
DundeeAberdeen
ZurichBasel
Malmo
Gothenburg
Daugavpils
PratoTurin
Taranto
Perugia
Palermo
Milan
Messina
Catania
Turku
OstravaBrno
Tartu
Odense
Plovdiv
Vitsyebsk
Homyel'
Salzburg
Istanbul
Adana
Aleppo
Oufa
TulaSmolensk
Rostov-na-Donu
Perm'
Omsk Novosibirsk
Kostroma
Kazan'Yekaterinburg
Yaroslavl'
Voronezh
Nizhniy Novgorod
Chelyabinsk
Basra
Haifa
Tabriz
Shiraz
Qom Mashhad
Esfahan
Ahvaz
Bhopal
Jaipur
Ludhiana
Patna
Zhengzhou
Shijiazhuang
Tai'an
Jinan
Guangzhou
Kunming
Chengdu
Xi'an
BaotouThessalonika
Guiyang
Lanzhou
Qiqihar
Changchun
Nanjing
Nanchang Hangzhou
Ganca
Dubai
Bulawayo
Ndola
PortElizabeth
Durban
Rosario
Ahmadabad
Vigo
Tampere
Pinsk Mazyr
Baranavichy
Kao-hsiungJeddah
Faisalabad
MaduraiCochin
Pune
Vadodara
Kanpur
Nagpur
Bat'umi Fushun
Jilin
Amsterdam
Abuja
Bloemfontein
Sucre
Caracas
Montevideo
Lima
Asuncion
Paramaribo
GeorgetownCayenne
Quito
Bogota
Santiago
BrasiliaLa Paz
Buenos Aires
Hanoi
Dili
Bangkok Manila
Port Moresby
Wellington
Noumea
Kuala Lumpur
Vientiane
SeoulPyongyang
Tokyo
Jakarta
Suva
Phnom Penh
Honiara
Yangon
Canberra
Washington
PanamaCity
Managua
Mexico City
Tegucigalpa
Port-au-prince
Guatemala CitySan Salvador
Santo Domingo
Havana
San Jose
Ottawa
Belmopan
Kiev
London
Bern
Stockholm
Madrid
Ljubljana
Bucharest
Lisbon
Warsaw
Oslo
Skopje
Chisinau
Bratislava
Vilnius
Riga
Rome
Reykjavik
BudapestZagreb
Athens
Berlin
Godthab
Paris
Helsinki
Prague
Tallinn
Dublin
Copenhagen
Sofia
Minsk
Sarajevo
Brussels
Vienna
Tirana
San'a
Tashkent
Ashgabat
Ankara
Dushanbe
Damascus
Riyadh
Moscow
Doha
Islamabad
Kathmandu
Muscat
Ulan Bator
Beirut
Astana
Kuwait City
Bishkek
Amman
Baghdad
New Delhi
Tbilisi
Colombo
Thimphu
Dhaka
YerevanBaku
Kabul
HarareLusaka
Mbabane
Windhoek
Ouagadougou
Kampala
Dodoma
Tunis
Lome
Khartoum
Mogadishu
Freetown
Dakar
Cape Town
Pretoria
Beijing
Tehran
Kigali
Bissau
Niamey
Maputo
Nouakchott
Rabat
Bamako
Lilongwe
Antananarivo
Tripoli
Maseru
Monrovia
Nairobi
Yamoussoukro
Conakry
Accra
Libreville
Banjul
Addis Ababa
Asmara
Malabo
Cairo
Djibouti
Bangui
Moroni
Yaounde
Kinshasa
Brazzaville
N'Djamena
Bujumbura
Porto-Novo
Gaborone
Luanda
Algiers
Belgrade
Podgorica
Dar es Salaam
0˚
15˚N
30˚N
45˚N
60˚N
75˚N
15˚S
30˚S
45˚S
60˚S
0˚
15˚N
30˚N
45˚N
60˚N
75˚N
15˚S
30˚S
45˚S
60˚S
0˚15˚W30˚W45˚W60˚W90˚W 75˚W105˚W120˚W135˚W150˚W165˚W 15˚E 30˚E 45˚E 60˚E 90˚E75˚E 105˚E 120˚E 135˚E 150˚E 165˚E
0˚15˚W30˚W45˚W60˚W90˚W 75˚W105˚W120˚W135˚W150˚W165˚W 15˚E 30˚E 45˚E 60˚E 90˚E75˚E 105˚E 120˚E 135˚E 150˚E 165˚E
1000 Km0
1000 Miles0
Rati�cation of international instruments(As at February, 2010)
Sources: ITUC / Statistics: ILO (2005)
Sub-Saharan Africa
In Sub-Saharan Africa at least 660,000 persons are in forced labour, from traditional forms to modern slavery. Four out of �ve forced labourers are economically exploited. Vestiges of traditional slavery still exist in some countries in West Africa, rooted in extreme poverty and long-standing patterns of discrimination. Child tra�cking in agriculture, �sheries and domestic work are also a major issue. Forced labour can be imposed by traditional and religious authorities or be the result of a tra�cking process. State-imposed forced labour accounts for 11 percent, including prison labour, whereas 8 per cent are in forced commercial sexual exploitation.
In most Sub-Saharan African countries, poverty, unemployment and con�icts fuel massive forced migration. As a consequence, tra�cking of human beings has become a major issue. The Kenya Union of Domestic, Hotels, Educational Institutions, Hospitals and Allied Workers (KUDHEIHA), in cooperation with the Solidarity Center, has trained shop stewards and reached more than 2500 union members in the tourism sector, informing them about the risks of tra�cking. Since then, the number of people rescued from tra�cking and referrals of o�enders has signi�cantly increased. KUDHEIHA has also developed a number of actions to combat forced labour in the domestic sector. Awareness-raising campaigns and meetings with domestic workers, employers and public o�cials have shown very positive results. The Malawi Congress of Trade Unions (MCTU) combats forced child labour in agriculture, especially in tobacco farms. It works to get children out of hazardous and forced exploitative work in agriculture and into school, and is pushing for the enactment of a tenancy Labour Bill in tobacco plantations.In Burkina Faso, the National Trade Union of Road Transport and Travel of Burkina (SNTRV – B) has installed on one of the main child tra�cking routes in Africa a giant awareness raising billboard which calls to stop child tra�cking. The General Confederation of Workers of Mauritania (CGTM) in cooperation with ITUC organises information seminars in their Guiding Centre for Migration in Nouakchott, targeting migrant workers, especially female domestic workers. CGTM also has an action plan in partnership with specialised NGOs to combat traditional slavery-like practices regarding the Haratine minority. The Workers Trade Union Confederation of Togo (CSTT) is very active against child tra�cking and child forced labour. Awareness raising campaigns have been organised and a project of recovery and reintegration of victims has been initiated.
K i r i b a t i
Middle East and North Africa
According to the ILO estimate, there are 260,000 people in forced labour in this region, out of which 88 percent for labour exploitation. Migrant workers from poor Asian countries became victims of unscrupulous recruitment agencies and brokers that promise high salaries and good working conditions. Once in the Middle East, they bitterly �nd out that working conditions and salary are much lower than promised. Often their documents are con�scated, preventing them from escaping. These practices are common in the construction sector and domestic work, the latter concerning mostly women. Most victims are also female in the cases of commercial sexual exploitation which counts for 10 percent of the total. The last form is State-imposed forced labour with a proportion of 3 percent. An overwhelming majority of victims of forced labour have been tra�cked, amounting to 230,000 persons.
In Bahrain, the General Federation of Bahrain Trade Unions (GFBTU) is strongly campaigning in the construction sector that employs 80.000 migrant workers from Asian countries. It is building up the National Trade Union for Construction Sector allowing expatriates to join as members in order to defend their rights. GFBTU also creates international networks to warn migrant workers in their home countries about false promises by unscrupulous brokers. In Jordan, the textile and domestic sectors are tackled by the General Federation of Jordanian Trade Unions (GFJTU). Scores of migrant workers, mainly from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, are employed in the textile sector in Export Processing Zones (EPZ). The main actions from GFJTU include information campaigns on the rights of migrant workers with brochures in many languages, translations of their contracts, and �ght for decent work and wage conditions in order to come out of bonded labour situations. The GFJTU also cooperates with the International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers Federation (ITGLWF) to identify the international brands producing in EPZs and to push them to respect their own codes of conduct. HISTADRUT, the General Federation of Labour in Israel, has opened local o�ces to assist the large number of Asian migrant workers employed mainly in agriculture, construction and domestic sector. HISTADRUT encourages migrant workers to become members and has set up a hotline to inform them on their rights.
What is forced labour?
Forced labour is « All work or service that is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not o�ered himself voluntarily » ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29). In practice, forced labour is a situation where a person is not free to leave his or her work because of threats, debts, or other forms of physical or psychological coercion.
Forced labour is a global problem, a�ecting almost all countries of the world.There are at least 12.3 million persons in forced labour nowadays, including 2.45 million victims of tra�cking. Most victims are poverty-stricken people in Asia, Latin America and Africa, whose vulnerability is exploited by others for pro�t.
Yet over 350,000 women and men are also in forced labour in industrialized countries, tra�cked for either labour or sexual exploitation. Half of forced labourers are children.
In 2009, the ILO estimated that the total cost of coercion to the victims of forced labour - excluding those in commercial sexual exploitation - amounts to US$ 21 billion. This represents underpayment of wages to them (including wage deductions made for food and other essentials, unpaid excessive overtime) and recruitment fees.
For more information on forced labour and tra�cking, visit the website of the ILO Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour www.ilo.org/forcedlabour
Global Trade Union Alliance against Forced Labour and Tra�cking
Trade unions have been instrumental in �ghting slavery and forced labour since the 19th century and need to continue to do so in the 21st. While some forced labour is exacted by State authorities, such as that imposed in Burma or in China, most victims of forced labour are found in the private economy.
Modern forms of forced labour are su�ered by informal and migrant workers, in construction, domestic work, agriculture or forestry, through more subtle forms of coercion such as debt manipulation, withholding of wages or identity documents, threats of violence or denunciation.
Workers' Alliance against Forced Labour and Tra�cking
These demand innovative approaches of the trade union movement to appropriately reach out to and extend workers’ solidarity to these modern slaves.
Increasing numbers of trade unions are joining the global alliance, together with a range of expert NGOs, by stepping up their activism and increasing cooperation to combat and prevent new forms of forced labour, including human tra�cking, while promoting traditional trade union organising of target group workers for their sustainable empowerment.
Join the alliance! Check out the website www.ituc-csi.org/forcedlabour or send an email to [email protected].
Designed by Jessica Peton
© 2010 - International Trade Union Confederation
Produced with the �nancial and technical support of the ILO's Programme to promote the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work
Latin America
In Latin America and the Caribbean forced labour mostly a�ects indigenous peoples due to discrimination, extreme poverty and lack of education. More than 1.3 million workers are in forced labour, with a minimum of 250,000 as a result of human tra�cking. In rural areas, forced economic exploitation occurs mainly in agriculture and forestry where intermediaries advance part of the salary overcharging costs for accommodation, food, garments and working tools to induce workers into debt bondage. In urban areas, forced domestic work is a signi�cant problem.
ILO and the Global Union Federation of Building and Wood Workers’ International organise joint actions, including information and awareness raising campaigns. The Dutch trade union FNV and the National Federation of Wood and Related Industry of Peru (FENATIMAP) are reducing the number of people in forced labour through direct awareness raising and personal development campaigns. They o�er training to local trade unionists and indigenous leaders on issues such as forced labour, fundamental rights, legal actions, collective bargaining, etc. Indigenous leaders then repeat the same kind of trainings in their respective communities assisted by FENATIMAP members. As a result, established networks have been created.
In Central America, the Costa Rican Confederación de Trabajadores Rerum Novarum (CTRN), the Nicaraguan Central Sandinista (CST) and the Confederación de Uni�cación Sindical (CUS), have signed a partnership agreement targeting sectors with a high density of migrant workers. Together they have launched the Migrants Trade Union Centres (CSM), supported by ITUC and the Swedish trade union LO-TCO, which raise global awareness on migrant issues, o�er assistance directly to migrants and organise them into trade unions. The Central del Movimiento de Trabajadores Costarricenses (CMTC) especially targets workers in the informal economy, o�ering a wide range of services for self-employed migrant workers such as day childcare, housing and social insurances.
Industrialised Countries and Transition Economies
Human tra�cking is an important issue in industrialised countries (including North America, Australia, Japan and Western Europe) with 270,000 victims, which means three quarters of the total number of forced labourers. In transition economies, more than half of the total number of forced labourers - 200,000 persons - has been tra�cked. Victims are mainly women, often tra�cked into prostitution. Workers are mainly forced to work in agriculture, construction and domestic servitude.
The “Red Gold, from �ction to reality” campaign of the Italian Federation of Agriculture and Food Workers (FLAI) intervenes directly in tomato production farms in the south of Italy. Many of these farms employ scores of migrant workers during harvest, paying them far below normal contractual wages. They are forced to work 14 hours per day, with extremely poor living conditions, usually in shanty camps nearby the �elds with no drinkable water. FLAI has reached out more than 5,000 workers, informing them about their rights, a�liating them and o�ering legal assistance. Major European trade unions have opened o�ces to help undocumented migrant workers, throughout the territory; these o�ces are often run by migrant workers themselves. These o�ces provide information, vocational and language training as well as administrative and legal assistance to workers, in particular undocumented workers, whether a�liated members or not. Among existing centres are the Information Centres for Immigrant Workers (CITE) of the Confederación Sindical de Comisiones Obreras (CCOO) trade union in Spain, the ANOLF (Associazione Nazionale Oltre le Frontiere) of Confederazione Italiana Sindacati dei Lavoratori (CISL) in Italy, and the Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB) in Germany.
The American Center for International Labor Solidarity (Solidarity Center) of the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) is leading a global anti-tra�cking programme with its trade union and civil society partners worldwide.
Asia and the Paci�c
Some 9.5 million people are estimated by the ILO to be victims of forced labour in Asia and the Paci�c region, representing more than three quarters of victims globally. The private-imposed economic exploitation concerns about 6 million people mainly in India, Pakistan, Nepal and South Asia. Most are in debt bondage in di�erent sectors, from bricks kilns, mines and rice mills to agriculture and domestic work. Child forced labour is widespread in cotton farming, the carpet-weaving industry, di�erent factory work and the domestic sector. Both are strongly linked to extreme poverty but also to traditional ethnic discrimination and the Castes system. State-imposed labour counting for more than 20 percent (2.2 million individuals) is concentrated in a small number of countries, including Burma. About 10 percent of total forced labour victims are in commercial sexual exploitation. It is also in Asia and the Paci�c that most victims of tra�cking are found with 1,360,000 tra�cked forced labourers. A major issue in countries such as China and India is internal migration from rural areas to big metropolitan areas where people easily end up in forced labour situations.
The General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions (GEFONT) in cooperation with Anti-Slavery International has been involved for many years in �ghting the traditional slavery-like system of Kamaiya. Their two fold intervention consists of releasing individuals and all families from this illegal form of bonded labour and then rehabilitating them with skills developing programs and assistance. In Sri Lanka, both National Trade Union Federation (NTUF) and National Workers Congress (NWC) have activities aiming at national workers migrating to the Gulf region. Awareness-raising campaigns are organised in order to promote safe migration. The Malaysian Trades Union Congress (MTUC) implements a range of initiatives for migrant domestic workers. They are regularly interacting with authorities to o�cially recognise domestic workers and include them under employment laws. MTUC strongly campaigns to give domestic workers contracts with decent wage, decent work conditions and one paid day o�. Tra�cking is also an important concern in the Philippines where the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP) has developed a broad experience in �ghting tra�cking by various means. Prevention activities are conducted with campaigns and installation of permanent visual anti-tra�cking information tools in travelling hot spots, as well as free hotline numbers to denounce cases of tra�cking. TUCP has developed partnerships with transport companies to provide free ticket to returning tra�cked people. They also provide assistance to victims with temporary shelter, legal assistance and reintegration programs, including free vocational training. At international level, a partnership with the Japanese trade union RENGO, Korean FKTU and with the Asean Trade Union Council was implemented. This cooperation deals with assistance to migrant workers in distress and tra�cked persons and entails a permanent exchange of information and best practices.
ILO Convention 29 (Forced Labour Convention, 1930)
ILO Convention 105 (Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957)
ILO Conventions 29 and 105
Has rati�ed neither Convention
Council of Europe Convention on Action against Tra�cking in Human Beings
UN Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish tra�cking in persons (Palermo Protocol, 2000)
