Work Sheet - RNAO · Web viewRisk Assessment & Prevention of Pressure Ulcers Gap Analysis – June 3, 2016 Page 11 of 11 Gap Analysis – June 2016 Page 2 of 11 Gap Analysis: Risk

Gap Analysis:Risk Assessment & Prevention of Pressure Ulcers, Revised 2011

Work Sheet

This guideline can be downloaded for free at:http://rnao.ca/bpg/guidelines/risk-assessment-and-prevention-pressure-ulcers

The RNAO Toolkit: Implementation of Best Practice Guidelines, Second Edition is also available at:http://rnao.ca/bpg/resources/toolkit-implementation-best-practice-guidelines-second-edition

http://rnao.ca/bpg/resources/toolkit-implementation-best-practice-guidelines-second-edition

http://rnao.ca/bpg/guidelines/risk-assessment-and-prevention-pressure-ulcers

What is a Gap Analysis?A process comparing your organization’s current practice with evidence-based best practice recommendations to determine: Existing practices and processes that are currently

implemented and supported by best practices. This information is useful to reinforce practice strengths.

Recommendations that are currently partially implemented in practice. These would be good first targets for change efforts.

Recommendations that are not currently being met. Recommendations that are not applicable to your

practice setting.

Uses of a Gap Analysis Contributes to annual evaluation by allowing you to

compare practice from year to year and choose which areas to focus on changing within the year.

Focuses on needed practice change which prevents a total overhaul of practice and builds on established practices and processes.

Informs next steps such as development of infrastructure to support implementation, stakeholder engagement, identification of barriers and facilitators, resource requirements, selection ofimplementation strategies and evaluation approaches.

Leads to sustained practice change by informing plans related to process, staff and organization and reinforces current evidence based practices.

Conducting a Gap AnalysisEngage the team, and internal and external stakeholders as needed in gathering information for the gap analysis.Collect information on: Current practice – is it known and is it consistent?

(met, unmet, partially met) Partially met recommendations may only be

implemented in some parts of the home, or you may feel it is only half done.

Are there some recommendations that must be implemented before others?

Can any recommendations be implemented quickly? These are easy wins and build confidence in the change.

Are there recommendations based on higher levels of evidence than others?

Are there any barriers to implementation? These may include staffing, skill mix, budget, workload issues, etc.

What are the time frames in relation to specific actions and people or departments who can support the change effort?

Are there links with other practices and programs inthe LTC home?

Are there existing resources and education that your LTC home can access?

Are there any must-do recommendations that are crucial to resident and staff safety?

Next Steps1. Celebrate the recommendations you are

meeting. 2. Prioritize the areas you want to work on. Start

with practice changes that can be made easily or are crucial to resident and staff safety. Start by reinforcing success and focusing on quick wins.

3. These priority areas become the foundation for planning your program or implementing practice change.

4. For more information on taking your gap analysis to the next level see the RNAO Toolkit: Implementation of Best Practice Guidelines (Second edition).

What do Levels of Evidence mean?After each guideline recommendation you will notice alevel of evidence. Levels of evidence is a ranking system used to describe the strength of results measured in clinical trials and other types of research studies. Ia: Evidence obtained from meta-analysis of

randomized controlled trials.Ib: Evidence obtained from at least one randomized

controlled trial.IIa: Evidence obtained from at least one well-designed

controlled study without randomization IIb: Evidence obtained from at least one other type of

well-designed quasi-experimental study, without randomization

III: Evidence obtained from well-designed non-experimental descriptive studies, such as comparative studies, correlation studies and case studies.

IV: Evidence obtained from expert committee reportsor opinions and/or clinical experiences of respected authorities

Long-Term Care Homes:Contact your Long-Term Care Best Practice Co-ordinator to assist you in completing a gap analysis. Visit RNAO.ca/ltc. Gap Analysis – June 2016 Page 2 of 12

Gap Analysis - Risk Assessment & Prevention of Pressure Ulcers

Date Completed:Team Members participating in the Gap Analysis:

Completion of this gap analysis allows for the annual comparison of your current practice to evidence-based practices as regulated by the MOHLTC. See Appendix A for this and other regulations that apply to a skin and wound care program in your home.

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Notes(Examples of what to include: is this a priority to our home,

information on current practice, possible overlap with other programs or partners)

Practice Recommendations1.1 A comprehensive head-to-toe skin assessment

should be carried out with all clients at admission, and daily thereafter for those identified at risk for skin breakdown. Particular attention should be paid to vulnerable areas, especially over bony prominences and skin adjacent to external devices.

(Level Ia Evidence)1.2a The client’s risk for pressure ulcer development

is determined by the combination of clinical judgment and the use of a valid reliable risk assessment tool. The use of a structured tool that has been tested for validity and reliability, such as the Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk, the Norton Pressure Sore Risk Assessment Scale and the Waterlow Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Tool are recommended.

(Level III Evidence)1.2b Assess for intrinsic/extrinsic risk factors that are

associated with the development of pressure ulcers.

(Level III Evidence)1.3 Assessment scales to assess and re-assess risk for

skin breakdown and overall skin condition specific to vulnerable populations such as the elderly, palliative patients, the neonate/the child, spinal cord injured patients, and bariatric patients should be considered.

(Level III Evidence)1.4 Assessment and documentation of skin changes

amongst palliative patients at the end of life should be conducted as a recommended by the

Gap Analysis – June 3, 2016 Page 3 of 12



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consensus statement Skin Changes At Life’s End (SCALE)

(Level IV Evidence)1.5 All sectors of the health care system, programs,

and services should conduct risk assessments and re-assessments to plan prevention strategies that will minimize the risk of pressure ulcer development

(Level IV Evidence) 1.6a All pressure ulcers should be identified and

described using standardized systems and language (e.g. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel pressure ulcer classification system).

(Level IV Evidence)1.6b If pressure ulcers are identified, utilization of

the RNAO best practice guideline Assessment and Management of Stage I to IV Pressure Ulcers along with other related guidelines is recommended.

(Level IV Evidence)1.7 All findings should be documented at the time of

assessment and reassessment. (Level IV Evidence)Planning2.1 An individualized plan of care should be

developed in collaboration with the client, significant others and an interdisciplinary team, including consulting health care providers as appropriate. The team uses assessment and reassessment data in combination with clinical judgment to identify risk factors and to recommend the plan of care. Client centered care aligns with the recommendations and the client’s choice of goals.

(Level IV Evidence)Interventions3.1a Clients identified to be at risk for developing a

pressure ulcer should be resting on a pressure management surface such as a high-specification foam pressure redistribution mattress

(Level Ia Evidence)3.1b A repositioning schedule of at least every two

hours should be promptly implemented when using a standardized mattress, emergency stretcher or operating table surface. When using a pressure management surface (redistribution




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mattress or cushion) use a repositioning schedule of at least every four hours or as required by the patient’s condition. Consider other patient factors such as the development of redness to increases the frequency of repositioning.

(Level Ia Evidence)3.2 Heels must be completely off loaded in all

positions. If not feasible, reason(s) must be documented, the heels must be monitored, and other prevention strategies implemented

(Level III Evidence)3.3 Use proper positioning, transferring and turning

techniques. Consult an Occupational or Physical Therapist (OT/PT) regarding transfer and positioning techniques and strategies, as well as devices to reduce pressure friction and shear in all positions and how to optimize client independence

(Level Ib Evidence )3.4 Assess, document, and effectively manage pain

to enable implementation of the most appropriate plan of care for pressure ulcer prevention without compromising comfort and quality of life

(Level IV Evidence)3.5 Massaging over bony prominences and

reddened areas should be avoided (Level IV Evidence)3.6 Implementation of intraoperative pressure

management devices is recommended for surgical procedures lasting more than 90 minutes

(Level Ib Evidence)3.7a Before implementing localized pressure

management devices (e.g., heel boots, wedges, etc.) consider: potential for increased pressure over

surrounding areas of the skin by the device caregiver training and education to ensure

correct use of the device; and/or factors that enable client adherence

(Level IV Evidence)3.7b Complete bed rest is not recommended for the

prevention and healing of pressure ulcers. Determine the rationale for bed rest and focus on getting the client up into an appropriate wheelchair for part of the day, as appropriate.




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(Level III Evidence)3.8 Protect skin from excessive moisture and

incontinence to maintain skin integrity: Monitor fluid intake to ensure adequate

hydration; Use a pH balanced, non-sensitizing skin

cleanser with warm water for cleansing; Minimizing force and friction during care (e.g.

use a soft wipe or spray cleanser); Maintain skin hydration by applying

moisturizing agents that are non-sensitizing, pH balanced, fragrance free and/or alcohol

free; Use topical protective barriers to protect skin

from moisture. Avoid ingredients and excess application of products that may compromise the absorptive capacity of the incontinent brief;

Use protective barriers (e.g. liquid barrier films, transparent films, hydrocolloids) or protective padding to reduce friction injuries;

If skin irritation persists due to moisture, consult with advanced practice nurses and/or with the appropriate interdisciplinary team for evaluation and topical treatment; and/or

Establish a bowel and bladder program(Level III Evidence)3.9 A nutrition and hydration assessment with

appropriate interventions should be implemented on entry to any health-care setting and when the client’s condition changes. If nutritional deficit and/or dehydration is suspected: consult with a registered dietitian investigate factors that compromise an

apparently well nourished individual’s dietary intake (especially protein or calories) and/or fluid intake and offer the individual support with eating/drinking

plan and implement a nutritional support and/or supplementation program for nutritionally compromised/dehydrated individuals and

if dietary/fluid intake remains inadequate, consider alternative nutritional interventions

(Level III Evidence)3.10 Institute a rehabilitation/restorative/activity

program with the interprofessional team to




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maximize client’s functional status that is consistent with the overall goals of care. Consult with an occupational therapist or physical therapist as appropriate.

(Level IV Evidence)Discharge/Transfer of Care Arrangements4.1 Provide the following information for clients

moving between care settings: Risk factors identified; Details of pressure points and skin condition

prior to discharge; Current plan to minimize pressure, friction and

shear:o Type of bed/mattresso Type of seatingo Current transfer techniques used by the

client (bed-chair-commode); History of ulcers, previous treatments,

products used and products not effective:o Stage/Category, site and size of existing

ulcerso Type of dressing currently used and

frequency of dressing changeo Allergies and adverse reactions to wound

care productso Summary of relevant laboratory resultso Client and family response/ adherence to

prevention and treatment plano Requirement for pain management;

Details of ulcers that are closed Need for on-going interprofessional support.

(Level IV Evidence)Education Recommendations5.1a Educational programs for the prevention of

pressure ulcers should be structured, organized and comprehensive, and should be updated on a regular basis to incorporate new evidence and technologies.

(Level III Evidence)5.1b Programs should be directed at all levels of

health care providers including clients, family or caregivers.

(Level III Evidence)5.2 An educational program for prevention of

pressure ulcers should incorporate the principles of adult learning and the level of information provided, and the mode of delivery must be flexible to accommodate the needs of the adult




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learner. Program evaluation is a critical component of the program planning process. Information on the following areas should be include: The etiology and risk factors predisposing to

pressure ulcer development. Use of risk assessment tools, such as the

Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk. Categories of the risk assessment should also be utilized to identify specific risks to ensure effective care planning,

Skin assessment. Categorization/Grading of pressure ulcers. Selection and/or use of pressure management

devices. Development and implementation of an

individualized skin care program. Demonstration of positioning/transferring

techniques to decrease risk of tissue breakdown.

Instruction on accurate documentation of pertinent data.

Roles and responsibilities of team members in relation to pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention.

Client/family education and/or client/ family involvement in the plan of care.

Ongoing evaluation of the education and program goals.

Evaluation results are to be integrated into the program on a continuous basis (i.e. yearly).

(Level IIb Evidence)Organization and Policy Recommendations6.1 Organizations require a policy to provide and

request advance notice when transferring or admitting clients at risk of pressure ulcers between practice settings when special equipment (e.g. surfaces) is needed

(Level IV Evidence)6.2 Guidelines are more likely to be effective if they

take into account local circumstances and are disseminated by ongoing educational and training programs

(Level III Evidence)6.3 Best practice guidelines can be successfully

implemented only when there are adequate planning, resources, organizational and administrative supports, as well as appropriate




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facilitation. Organizations are recommended to develop a plan for implementation that includes: An assessment of organizational readiness and

barriers to implementation; Involvement of all members (whether in a

direct or indirect supportive function) who will contribute to the implementation process;

Dedication of a qualified individual to provide the support needed for the education and implementation process;

Ongoing opportunities for discussion and education to reinforce the importance of best practices;

Opportunities for reflection on personal and organizational experience in implementing guidelines.

In this regard, a panel of nurses, researchers and administrators developed the RNAO Toolkit: Implementation of Clinical Practice Guideline (2002) based on available evidence, theoretical perspectives and consensus. The Toolkit is recommended for guiding the implementation of the RNAO guideline Risk Assessment and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers (2005). (Level IIb Evidence)6.4 Organizations need to ensure that financial and

human resources are available to clients and staff. These resources include, but are not limited to, appropriate moisturizers, skin barriers, access to equipment (therapeutic surfaces), relevant consultants and interprofessional wound care team (e.g. OT; PT; enterostomal therapist; wound, ostomy and continence nurses; dietitian; physicians; nurse practitioners; chiropodist; wound specialists, etc.) as well as time and support for front line nursing staff.

(Level IIa Evidence)6.5 Interventions and outcomes should be

monitored and documented using prevalence and incidence studies, surveys and focused audits.

(Level III Evidence)6.6 Create and support the development of skin and

wound care champions to assist with local implementation of pressure ulcer prevention programs specific to the client population.

(Level III Evidence)




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6.7 Embed annual prevalence of pressure ulcer studies into assessment of risk/quality and professional practice

(Level III Evidence)6.8 Prevalence studies funded by the setting should

be conducted annually for quality monitoring, client safety and program improvement. Funding should be provided to involve point of care staff in data collection and analysis. All participants of this process need to participate in a rigorous standardized education program prior to conducting the study

(Level III Evidence)


Gap Analysis - Risk Assessment & Prevention of Pressure UlcersAppendix A

Applicable Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Regulations for Skin and Wound Care

Required programs48. (1) Every licensee of a long-term care home shall ensure that the following interdisciplinary programs are

developed and implemented in the home:2. A skin and wound care program to promote skin integrity, prevent the development of wounds and pressure

ulcers, and provide effective skin and wound care interventions.(2) Each program must, in addition to meeting the requirements set out in section 30,

(a) provide for screening protocols; and(b) provide for assessment and reassessment instruments. O. Reg. 79/10, s. 48 (2).

Section 30 30. (1) Every licensee of a long-term care home shall ensure that the following is complied with in respect of each of

the organized programs required under sections 8 to 16 of the Act and each of the interdisciplinary programs required under section 48 of this Regulation:

1. There must be a written description of the program that includes its goals and objectives and relevant policies, procedures and protocols and provides for methods to reduce risk and monitor outcomes, including protocols for the referral of residents to specialized resources where required.

2. Where, under the program, staff use any equipment, supplies, devices, assistive aids or positioning aids with respect to a resident, the equipment, supplies, devices or aids are appropriate for the resident based on the resident’s condition.

3. The program must be evaluated and updated at least annually in accordance with evidence-based practices and, if there are none, in accordance with prevailing practices.

4. The licensee shall keep a written record relating to each evaluation under paragraph 3 that includes the date of the evaluation, the names of the persons who participated in the evaluation, a summary of the changes made and the date that those changes were implemented. O. Reg. 79/10, s. 30 (1).

(2) The licensee shall ensure that any actions taken with respect to a resident under a program, including assessments, reassessments, interventions and the resident’s responses to interventions are documented. O. Reg. 79/10, s. 30 (2).

Skin and wound care50. (1) The skin and wound care program must, at a minimum, provide for the following:1. The provision of routine skin care to maintain skin integrity and prevent wounds.2. Strategies to promote resident comfort and mobility and promote the prevention of infection, including the

monitoring of residents.3. Strategies to transfer and position residents to reduce and prevent skin breakdown and reduce and relieve

pressure, including the use of equipment, supplies, devices and positioning aids.4. Treatments and interventions, including physiotherapy and nutrition care. O. Reg. 79/10, s. 50 (1).(2) Every licensee of a long-term care home shall ensure that,(a) a resident at risk of altered skin integrity receives a skin assessment by a member of the registered nursing staff,

(i) within 24 hours of the resident’s admission,(ii) upon any return of the resident from hospital, and(iii) upon any return of the resident from an absence of greater than 24 hours;

(b) a resident exhibiting altered skin integrity, including skin breakdown, pressure ulcers, skin tears or wounds,(i) receives a skin assessment by a member of the registered nursing staff, using a clinically appropriate

assessment instrument that is specifically designed for skin and wound assessment,(ii) receives immediate treatment and interventions to reduce or relieve pain, promote healing, and prevent

infection, as required,(iii) is assessed by a registered dietitian who is a member of the staff of the home, and any changes made to the

resident’s plan of care relating to nutrition and hydration are implemented, and(iv) is reassessed at least weekly by a member of the registered nursing staff, if clinically indicated;

(c) the equipment, supplies, devices and positioning aids referred to in subsection (1) are readily available at the home as required to relieve pressure, treat pressure ulcers, skin tears or wounds and promote healing; and

(d) any resident who is dependent on staff for repositioning is repositioned every two hours or more frequently as required depending upon the resident’s condition and tolerance of tissue load, except that a resident shall only be repositioned while asleep if clinically indicated. O. Reg. 79/10, s. 50 (2).

(3) In this section,“altered skin integrity” means potential or actual disruption of epidermal or dermal tissue. O. Reg. 79/10, s. 50 (3).


http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/french/elaws_regs_100079_f.htm#s50s3











Documents

Work Sheet - RNAO · Web viewRisk Assessment & Prevention of Pressure Ulcers Gap Analysis – June 3, 2016 Page 11 of 11 Gap Analysis – June 2016 Page 2 of 11 Gap Analysis: Risk