Work Package 3 Identifying and quantifying the main driving forces of ecosystem changes influencing the aquaculture sector and developing the appropriate

Work Package 3

Identifying and quantifying the main driving forces of ecosystem changes influencing the aquaculture sector

and developing the appropriate environmental indicators

ECASA meeting, Florence 8-9/5/2006

University of Crete

objective 1

to identify and quantitatively assess the role and the relative importance of the different forcing factors: (aquaculture, fisheries, pollution, eutrophication, habitat destruction etc.) and environmental variations affecting the water quality in aquaculture zones and the major ecosystem services provided

step 1what are the major issues of concern in the marine environment ?

identification of major issues: partners contribution

major issues in different countries/areas experience bibliographic documentation other information sources

literature search EEA reports GOOS reports GESAMP reports

Global issues of environmental concern in the marine environment

destruction / alteration of habitats

overfishing

sewage and chemical effects on human health and the environment

coastal development

eutrophication / HABs

hydrological and sediment flows changes

global warming

step 1what are the major issues of concern in the marine environment ?

step 1regional perspectives

Vulnerable areas and systems and the sources of their problem

Coral reefs: eutrophication, sediments, overfishing, destructive fishing,

reef mining, aquarium and curio trade, diseases

Wetlands: reclamation and development, including landfills

Seagrass beds: siltation, coastal development, eutrophication, physical

disturbance

Coastal lagoons: reclamation, pollution

Mangroves: excessive exploitation, clearing for reclamation, development

and aquaculture

Shorelines: development, modification of habitats, erosion

Watersheds: deforestation, soil erosion, pollution, loss of habitats

Estuaries: reduced water flows, siltation, pollution

Small islands: changes in sea level, waste management, pollution

Continental shelves: pollution, fishing, dredging, navigation

Semi-enclosed seas: pollution, coastal development, fishing

Source: GESAMP 2001, A Sea of Trouble

European seas and their major problems (Source: EEA 2005a)

Baltic Sea: eutrophication / HABS, overfishing, invasive species

Barents Sea: overfishing, pollution from shipping, military activities and

oil extraction

North Sea: food web damages, chemical pollution, coastal development

Celtic-Biscay Shelf Sea: overfishing, habitat destruction, oil drilling

Iberian Coast Sea: hydrological cycles alteration

Mediterranean Sea: coastal erosion, eutrophication hot spots / HABs,

invasive species, fisheries by-catches

Black Sea: overfishing, habitat destruction

step 1regional perspectives

Source: EEA, 2005. The European environment — State and outlook

step 2driving forces in marine ecosystems: their role and relative importance

Source:

COOP – GOOS, 2003

interactions: the HOTO tableinteractions: the HOTO table

Source: GOOS, 2001. The Final Design Plan for the HOTO Module of GOOS.Source: GOOS, 2001. The Final Design Plan for the HOTO Module of GOOS.

HOTO tableinteractionsHOTO tableinteractions

strength1:Strong2:Moderate3:Low

strength1:Strong2:Moderate3:Low

1: pathogens strongly affect Aquaculture

1: wastes strongly affect nutrients

DirectionDirection

modified HOTO-Table


ranking of activities with regard to aquaculture


objective 2

to suggest the best methods for obtaining reference levels and associated indicators useful to monitor the impact of anthropogenic factors on aquaculture

step 1 the impact of anthropogenic factors on aquaculture

ranking of activities with regard to aquaculture

step 2estimating reference levels (example)

1.aquaculture is affected by dissolved O2

2.what are the thresholds? (literature review)

3.how often are these thresholds reached in aquaculture?

4.what is the contribution of other uses to this situation?

municipal wastes industrial wastes agroforestry etc

the research and the quantification of the above is a subject of an IP

step 2estimating reference levels (example)

step 3identifying risks of anthropogenic impacts on aquaculture

human activities & aquaculture

Shellfish Finfish

Agroforestry 2 2 4,44

Airport effluent 5 5 11,11

Aquaculture 1 1 2,22

Dredging 3 3 6,67

HABs 4 4 8 17,78

Industrial wastes 3 3 6,67

Maritimes 1 3 4 8,89

Municipal wastes 3 3 6 13,33

Salt extraction 3 3 6,67

Storms 1 1 2 4,44

Temperature 3 1 4 8,89

Theft 4 4 8,89

Other 3 1 4 8,89TOTAL 29 16 45 100

(%)

AQUACULTURE TYPE

RISKS Total

Risk assessment for aquaculture in Algavre, Portugal, based on the experience of local farmers.

step 4recorded risks of anthropogenic impacts on aquaculture

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total %Disease 51 71 62 48 2 234 55.5%Storms 19 14 14 15 14 76 18.0%Predator attack 9 11 13 6 39 9.2%Hatcheries death 11 13 7 7 1 39 9.2%Transportation 6 5 4 1 1 17 4.0%test 4 4 0.9%Storms - equipment 1 1 1 3 0.7%Thermal inversion 3 3 0.7%Unidentified 1 1 2 0.5%Hatcheries low O2 1 1 2 0.5%Illegal actions 1 1 2 0.5%Equipment 1 1 0.2%Total 103 116 104 80 19 422 100.0%




Greece

aquaculture losses (number of cases/events)

Spain

aquaculture losses (number of cases/events)

step 4recorded risks of anthropogenic impacts on aquaculture

objective 3

to identify indicators of incompatibilities between uses and/or minimal distances required to avoid conflicts over environmental issues

PAP/RAC, 1996

objective 3site selection

objective 3indicators of incompatibilities

Intensive ExtensiveSPATIAL RESOURCES land reclaiming (-) land use (-) land reclaiming (-) coastal land (-) coastal land (-) spawning areas (-)

shipping traffic (-) land reclaiming (-) harbors (-) nurseries (-)millitary zones (-) sailing, bathing (-) artificial reefs (-)dredging (-) fishing (-) fishing zones (-)

historical sites (-)

QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT pollutants (-) sewage (-) sewage (-)ballast water (-) organic matter (-) antifoulling paints (-) fertilizers (-) nutrients (+) disease transmission (-)warmed water (+) bacteria & viruses(-) pesticides (-) organic matter (+) genetic escape (-)

nutrients (-) organic matter (-) freshwater management (+/-)suspended solids (-)freshwater management (-)

ECONOMY infrastructure (+) market (+) attractio of investment (+/-) infrastructure (+) infrastructure (+) attractio of investment (+)attractio of investment (+/-) infrastructure (+) seasonal employment (+/-) market (+)

local market (+) infrastructure (+)infrastructure (+) fish meal for aquafeeds (+)

SOCIAL RESOURCES living habitats (-) eco tourism (+) internal competition (-)seascape (-) education (+)wildlife (-)

REGULATIONS areas around (-) minicipality (-) protected area (-) sanctuaries for fisheries (+/-)harbours reserved (-) policy (+/-) wild fauna & flora (-)military zones (-) environmental standards (+)

FISHERIESAGRICULTURE

ACTIVITY INDUSTRY & HARBOUR URBANIZATION TOURISM & RECREATION

(+) in favour of aquaculture(-) negative effect on aquaculture PAP/RAC, 1996


incompatibilities between aquaculture and other usesShellfish Finfish

SPATIAL RESOURCES already established activity (-) already established activity (-) already established activity (-)nurseries (-)artificial reefs (-)fishing zones (-)

QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT pathogens (-) pathogens (-) pathogens (-)biodiversity (-) waste (-) bioedeposition (-)bioedeposition (-) food faeces (-) anoxia (-)anoxia (-) treatments (-)genetic (-) genetic (-)

carrying capacity wetlands (-) integrated aquaculture systems (+)under (+) underground seawater (-)above (-) holding capacity

under (+)above (-)

ECONOMY market (+)

SOCIAL RESOURCES internal competition (-)education (+)

REGULATIONS licensing or leasing system (+)monitoring (+)

INTERNAL RELATIONSHIPSFINFISH/SHELLFISH REATIONSHIPS

WATER QUANTITY & DYNAMICS

ACTIVITY

(+) in favour of aquaculture(-) negative effect on aquaculture PAP/RAC, 1996

ICES CM, 1998


objective 4

to assess indicators of the interactions between aquaculture and other major uses of the coastal zone (fisheries, tourism & recreation, shipping etc)

objective 4, indicators

synthesis of all data

sources of pressures

weather-storms frequency of storms, wave-height, fetch openness

disease and parasites production by other farms,water quality issues

predator attack colonies of birds, colonies of seals, nesting beaches

for sea turtles, frequency of dolphins and tunas in the area

source of pressure indicator

WP3 list of indicators


pollution distance from land based sources

distance from waste discharge points

distance from harbours distance from rivers

distance from major naval routes

other issues distance from fishing grounds distance from touristic facilities distance from houses

source of pressure indicator

WP3 list of indicators


to identify potential ways for measuring the additional cost caused by external environmental change

objective 5

David Whitmarsh will obtain the synthesis of the available data and will analyse the

associated costs on externalities

problems – gaps

little quantification of effects/risks

ranking is used instead

problem of scale of effects and relevance to aquaculture zones

Documents

Work Package 3 Identifying and quantifying the main driving forces of ecosystem changes influencing the aquaculture sector and developing the appropriate