AGRUPAMENTO de ESCOLAS DE LAMAÇÃES – BRAGA

GRU meeting in Palermo - Italy

12-16 December 2012

WORK, FAMILY and GENDER- from research to policies -

• About 50 national and international projects since 1980

• A large number of researchers

Family study groups: Families from working classes

Families with enterprise jobs

Families from urban middle class

Rural families

More recently:

• The reconstrution of the family model

How to bring Family and Work together

From research …

…to policies.

Several approaches dealing with…

A. Research with focus on families and its membersAnalizes their practices, representations and

strategies to articulate their professional life and family life.

B. Research with focus on how to organize workAnalizes social relationships and the way they

promote or restrain the relation work-family

C. Comparative studies between several countries and its family, organizational and national contexts

Analize differences and similarities in practice and policies concerning work -family

Work and Family

… several methods to get and analize info

- extensive and intensive methodologies- documents and statistics

- Questionnaire

- Semi-directive interview

- Biographical interview

Work and Family in the transition for adult life Young europeans and their future work and

family life - some results

• Uncertainty and job precarity delay the constituion of their own family

• Boys and Girls have the same rights; but not the same conditions concerning jobs and fatherhood/motherhood

• They value jobs with flexibility to manage time• Atittude towards job and family depends on social background,

level of education and nationality• Adolescents combine different representations taken from their

parents’ models (more traditional or modern ones), present in every focus country.

Biographical lines

Marriage Child birth 1972 2002

0 10 20 30

Work-family in the organizations

I. Gender, parenthood and the changing european workplace II. Quality of work in a

changing Europe

Work-family in the organizations

Some results

• Careers for women are self conditioned and hetero-conditioned by family responsabilities

• Women with low professional qualifications give major priority to their family

• Higher professional qualifications ≠ organizational models for baby caring/sitting and professional household facilities

Work-Family and proximity services

I. Employment, family and community activities – a new balance for women and men

II. Employment in

household task

(Dublin Foundation)

Work-Family and proximity servicesSome results

• Domestic and personal services increased in the past years

• Female activity (27% Women – 5% Men)

• Low salaries, low qualifications and little social value

• Well developed and organized services in the UK (a contrast with PT)

Work-Family and the use of time

I. A new organisation of time througout working life

Objective:

- Learn different ways of using time by men and women in several countries througout their professional life

II. Questionaire about time use

III. The division of work in the family – Families in Portugal

Work-Family and the use of time Some results

I.

-Men and Women have similar work organization when young but gradually divergent

-Differences between southern and central Europe (motherhood leaves and half-time work)

II.

Strong differences between W and M

in using their time

III.

Differences between W and M in the household tasks

G r a u d e p a r t i c i p a ç ã o n a r e a l i z a ç ã o d e t a r e f a s d o m é s t ic a s , p o r s e x o

U n id a d e : %

M U L H E R E S H O M E N S

0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

S e m p r e o u c o mfr e q u ê n c iaA lg u m a s ve z e so u r a r a m e n teN u n c a

02 04 06 08 01 0 0

C o s tu m a re a liz a r c o m p ra s e s p o rá d ic a s

C o s tu m a re a liz a rt ra b a lh o s d e ja rd in a g e m

C o s tu m a re a liz a rs e rv iç o s a d m in is t ra tiv o s

C o s tu m a re a liz a r a sc o m p ra s h a b i tu a is

C o s tu m a c u id a r d aro u p a

C o s tu m a re a liz a r al im p e z a re g u la r d a c a s a

C o s tu m a p re p a ra r a s re f e iç õ e s

Differences between W and M in caring for children

MULHERES HOMENS

020406080100

Prestar cuidadosfísicos a crianças

Acompanhar a vidaescolar dos filhos

Levar filhos àginástica, à natação,

etc.

Brincar c/ os filhos,

levá-los ao teatro,cinema, c oncertos

Levar os filhos ao

médico

Cuidar de pess oasadultas dependentes

Sempre ou comfrequênciaAlgumas vezesou raramenteNunca

Não sabe/nr

0 20 40 60 80 100

Ways of sharing household tasks(Wall e Guerreiro, A Divisão Familiar do Trabalho, 2005)

4 typical ways:

• Exclusive women’s work 60%

• Sharing men/women 17%

• Parcial delegation to her husband 10%

• Family division (w+m+children) 13%*mulher c/ empregada ou ascendentes

Work-Family and stress

I.Stress in the relation

work-family

Portugal in a compared perspective

- Work-family stress

-Family stress at work

- Professional stress in the family

Child care facilities and the division of work between W and M

Question: where do children stay in PT while mothers go to work?

Portugal has the highest rate of working mothers with children aged between 10-15 in the EU; at the same time there still is a lack of public equipment and facilities to support the 1st and 2nd childhood, having grandparents or neighbours as a helping hand

(in Lisbon and other large cities there’s a deficit of this kind of equipments)

Work, family and life course

More equipments for children to support families, mean a tendency for equal

opportunities both for W and M

- Recent research has proved a specific relationship between welfare state and social capital.

- Southern countries have a lower social capital and less help structures.

- Northern countries, with a welfare state and a strong social protection, possess stronger and more intense intergenerational help.

Work attachment, by country and sex (percentages)

Source: EB 60.3 and CCEB 2003

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sw

eden

Fin

lan

d

Den

mar

k

Fra

nce

Ger

man

y

Au

stri

a

Net

her

lan

ds

Bel

giu

m

Gre

at B

rita

in

Irel

and

Ital

y

Sp

ain

Po

rtu

gal

Gre

ece

Cze

ch R

ep

Est

on

ia

Hu

ng

ary

Lat

via

Lit

hu

ania

Po

lan

d

Slo

vaki

a

Slo

ven

ia

Bu

lgar

ia

Ro

man

ia

Tu

rkey

All

cou

ntr

ies

The work I do is an important part of my life - MenThe work I do is an important part of my life - WomenI would continue working even if I did not need the money anymore - MenI would continue working even if I did not need the money anymore - Women

New directions of the families in Europe

ESS (Round 2), 2004

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

No

rway

Sw

itze

rlan

d

Fin

lan

d

Den

mar

k

Icel

and

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

Fra

nce

Ger

man

y

Au

stri

a

Net

her

lan

ds

Bel

giu

m

Lu

xem

bo

urg

Sw

itze

rlan

d

Irel

and

Hu

ng

ary

Cze

ch R

ep.

Po

lan

d

Slo

ven

ia

Slo

vaki

a

Est

on

ia

Ukr

ain

e

Sp

ain

Po

rtu

gal

Gre

ece

G6 A woman should be prepared to to cut down on paid work for sake of familyG7 Men should take as much responsibility as women for home and childrenG8 Men should have more right to job than women when jobs are scarce

G9 Children in home, parents should stay together even if don't get alongG10 A person's family should be main priority in life

TottalyAgree

Agree

Nor agree Nor disagree

Disagree

Tottaly disagree

How to bring work and other activities together (family, study,…) - Favourite, available and used

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Working more or le

ss hours if needed

Saving up overtime to

take as extra

time off

Carrying over h

olidays to

next year

Taking extra paid tim

e off to lo

ok after re

latives

Early re

tirement

Early re

tirement b

ut with

the optio

n of still

working part-tim

e

Taking extra pay in

stead of holid

ay

Taking unpaid leave

Taking extra paid tim

e off for s

tudy

Taking a sabbatical, c

areer break

Child care fa

cilities at w

orkplace

Teleworking

Important Available Taken

Source: EB 60.3 and CCEB 2003