words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words words

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You will learn . . .

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What is effective vocabulary? Why learn more words? How many words to learn? Which words to learn? ‘Knowing a word’ means?

How to learn words?

Effective Vocabulary

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The right wordin the right form in the right place.

What is a Word?

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one or more letters or sounds

smallest unit for independent use

separated by spaces in writing

chief carrier of meaning

Why learn more words?

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to speak & write better to listen & read better to think clearly & powerfully

to invite more ideas to communicate effectively

How many words to learn?

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1,000 words for a basic conversation 2,000 words to survive through the

day 10,000 words for university

education

Word frequency studies prove20% words serve 80% needs

Which words to learn?

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New vs known

Important vs not-so-important

Expressive vs receptive

Knowing a word means . . .

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How to Learn Words - 1

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Discovery Strategies Increased exposure Incidental learning Guess from context Use dictionary Ask someone

Guessing Meaning

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It was at the water queue that Perumayee learnt to fight, push and shove. “If you stand there like a dumb idiot, you will come home with an empty bucket”, screamed Amma.

Use Dictionary

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Use a Thesaurus

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The little boy slipped, tripped, stumbled, tumbled, dropped and fell, but continued his journey till he was ankle-deep in the cold, blue, white and wonderful water in the river.

Learn to Ask

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“What’s the word for ___ in English?”

“How do you say____ in English?”

“What does ____ mean?”

“It’s a kind of _____ .”

“It’s like a _____ .”

How to Learn Words - 2

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Memory Strategies Memorize Use meaning relations Use word parts Use imagery Mnemonics

Spelling

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Spell these words right?

apparant, wisper, facinate, conjuror, conseal, savege, guinia-pig, orkestra

apparent, whisper, fascinate, conjurer, conceal, savage, guinea-pig, orchestra

Learning Spelling

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rrpaeyeitskrypnrueghtrsentdeenrrrsufilters

Learning Spelling

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Pronunciation

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coup, diaphragm, bomb, pseudonym, thumb, corps, pneumonia, reign, psalm

/kuː/,  /ˈdaɪəfræm/, /bɑm/, /ˈsjuːdənɪm/,  /θʌm/, /kɔː(r)/, /njuːˈməʊniə/, /reɪn/, /sɑːm/

Learning Pronunciation

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Use a dictionary Listen to newscasts Listen carefully

Synonyms

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ThinSlimSlenderSkinnyLean

Antonyms

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Was he _______ (slavish)? Was he _______ (sad)? The question is _______ (meaningless). Had anything been _______ (right), we should _______ (doubtfully) have heard.

Homophones

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Aloud – allowed

Peace – piece

Hire – higher

Root – route

Might – mite

Homonyms

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Rise – raiseBook – bookBank – bankStory – storeyKnees – niece

Collocation

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Heavy rain

Strong wind

Mobile phone

A quick meal

Collocation

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Make Doeffortmistakescopies

moneyjudgmentssurea differencesensea decision

homeworka jobsomething

whatevergardeningworkanythingthingsnothingwell

Make Do

homework, effort, mistakes, something,

copies, a job

Lexical Web

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Liner Cabin Berth Deck

Port-hole On board Steward Smoking room

Root Words

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Match the root words on the left with their meanings:

Root Meaningchrono year

bell short

arthro color

chrom war

vit believe

cred joint

brev life

ann time

Grammar

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The studiousness of the studious student who studied studiously at the students hostel during the study hours was appreciated.

Using Images

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Sunshine Lightning

Puddles Raindrops

Hailstorm

Snowflakes

Frost Weather Forecast

Flood Drought

Tidal wave

Tornado

Mnemonics

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Stop Fooling Around, Now Delightful Music

Abscond – absent in a second

My very easy method: just set up nine planets

How to Learn Words -3

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Metacognitive Strategies

Set learning goals Conscious effort Practice Test yourself Review repeatedly

Practice, more practice

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Written repetition Spoken repetition Word lists Word Association Vocabulary notebooks

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www.slideshare.net/lionnagaraju

www.authorstream.com/tag/lionnagaraju