Cohesive devices/ Recursos de cohesionCohesive devices form an essential part of any written piece, as they give coherence to the text, helping toconnect ideas logically. Cohesive devices can be conjunctions, connecting words and expressions, and incertain occasions time/frequency expressions, as well as propositional phrases.

Expressions used ... I In Spanish I In Englishto add information Tembien Also

Asimismo Likewise, alsoIgualmente Equally, likewiseAdemes Besides

to include ideas Incluso/que incluye(n) Includedto exclude ideas A excepcion de Excepting

Excepto Except forto present one's opinion En ml opinion In my opinion

Desde mi punto de vista From my point of viewCreo que/me parece que I think that ...

to express someone else's En la opinion de Juan In Juan's opinionopinion Sequn Juan According to Juanto give examples Como por ejemplo For example

Como/tal como Such asto make a correction En realidad/de hecho In factto introduce causes or to Porque Becauseindicate the reason for Puesto que/ya que Given thatsomething Por esto/por eso/por el/o Therefore, that is whyto introduce consequences Debido a (esto) Due to (this)

As! pues ThusPor 10 tanto Therefore

to contrast or compare ideas Por una parte ... On the one hand ...Por otra ... On the other (hand) ...Mientras que While/as long asMientrastanto MeanwhilePero/sino But

, Sin embargo . However, nevertheless~ No obstante Nevertheless

AI contrario/por 10 contrario On the contraryEn cambio/en vez de Instead

to express approval Por suerte/afortunadamente FortunatelyPor fin At last

to express (dis)agreement (No) Estar de acuerdo con To (dis)agree withto express consequence De manera que/de modo que So thatto indicate concession Aunque Although, even though

A pesar de que Althoughto indicate a condition A menos que/a no ser que Unless

Con tal que/siempre que Provided thatEn caso de que In case

to draw someone's attention As! So, thusAs! que So then, anywayEn efecto In effect, in factPor consiguiente Consequently, as a resultSi bien ThoughSin dudas/sin lugar a dudas Undoubtedly, certainly

to reinforce an idea En realidad/de verdad In factEn el fondo/a la larga In the long run

to conclude Por ultimo Lastly, finallyFinalmente FinallyEn conclusi6n In conclusionPara terminar In conclusionEn resumenlresumiendo In short

How to write effectively in SpanishPay careful attention to the mechanics of writing

Follow a few simple steps.

• Organize your ideas. Time spent planning is crucial to good writing. Spend at least five minutesplanning the extended task. You can create different sorts of plans.o Write a list of points.o List essential words and/or ideas.o Jot down ideas for paragraphs.o Create concept maps linking ideas.o Write prepared phrases to present ideas.o Write a few prepared phrases to show off structures.o Remember that word-by-word translation rarely works. Think through the sentence in Spanish:

use structures you have learned in class. Literal translation of English expressions is alsoineffective.

• Always consider the text type required and write down a few words bearing in mind the conventionsof such a text (article, letter or brochure).

• Include cohesive devices at the start of each paragraph connecting them so they lead from oneidea to the other. Each paragraph should make clear its relation to what has been discussed before;consider for example if you are continuing or adding to an idea; qualifying an idea; comparing orcontrasting, etc.

Pay careful attention to grammatical structures

Remember that there are often subtle differences between Spanish and English. Look at the list below; thenwrite in your notebook some sentences to illustrate each one.

1. The use of the definite article (particularly with gustar)2. The agreement and position of adjectives (normally after the noun)3. The gender, singular and plural forms of nouns4. The gender of some troublesome nouns (el problema, el programa, el mapa, etc)5. Words which have several meanings (time: la hora, el tiempo, la vez)6. The use of pronouns (especially the relative que to join sentences)7. The appropriate use of object pronouns (check the noun they are replacing for gender/singular/plural)8. The correct placement of object pronouns and reflexive pronouns (in front of conjugated verbs; after

and attached to commands and infinitives)

APPENDIX

Some words andexpressions used to

connect ideasThe following lists are by no means exhaustive, but they will give you a good start to connect ideas, tosummarize, to emphasize, etc. These words and expressions will allow you to enrich your vocabularyand to speak and write in more connected discourse.

1. To begin to introduce an idea you may use the following:a partir de (beginning with) como punto de partida (as a point of departure)al + infinitive (upon ... ) en primer lugar (in the first place)al principio (at the beginning) para empezar (to begin)

2. To add another idea or if you are telling a story and want to add the next step or expressideas that were taking place before, after, or at the same time, you may use the following:ademas (besides, furthermore) luego (then, later)al mismo tiempo (at the same time) mientras (while)antes de + infinitive (before) mientras tanto (in the meanwhile)con respecto a (with respect to) para continuar (to continue)despues de + infinitive tambien (also)(afterwards, after) tampoco (neither, nor ... either)

durante (during) tan pronto como (as soon as)en cuanto (as soon as) y (and)entonces (then)

3. To express a contrasting point of view or to restrict another one previously expressed, youmay use the following:a pesar de (que) (in spite of the fact that)aunque (although)como (as, in as much as)en cambio (on the other hand)

pero (but)sin embargo (however, nevertheless)sino (but)sino que (but rather)

354 Appendix B

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4. To present different aspects of a topic or to make transitions, you may use the following:

as! (so) hablando de (speaking of, in reference to)con relacion a (in relation to) no ... sino (que) (not ... but rather)con respecto a (with respect to) por 10 general (generally)conviene indicar / sefialar (it is por otro lado (on the other hand)suitable to indicate/ point out) por un lado (on one hand)

de ese modo (in that way) si pensamos en (if we think about)en cuanto a (regarding) tarnbien viene al caso (it is also to the point)

5. To emphasize, you may use the following:de hecho (in fact)en realidad (actually)

hay que tomar en cuenta que (one must realize that)10 importante es que (what is important is that)

6. To give examples, you may use the following:

para ilustrar (to illustrate) por ejemplo (for example)

7. To draw a conclusion or to show cause and effect, you may use the following:a causa de (on account of, because oj)a fin de cuentas (in the end,after all)

al fin y al cabo (after all)as! que (so)como (because)como consecuencia (as a consequence)como resultado (as a result)de todos modos (at any rate, anyhow)debido a (owing to, because of)en conclusion (in conclusion)en definitiva (in conclusion, definitely)en fin (finally, in short)

en resumen (in summary)en resumidas cuentas (in short)en todo caso (in any case)para concluir (to conclude)para resumir (to summarize)para terminar (to end)por (because of)por consiguiente (therefore)por eso (therefore)por 10 tanto (therefore)porque (because)puesto que (because)ya que (because, seeing that)

Some words and expressions used to connect ideas 355