WORD FORMATION ON MEDICAL TERMS IN NEW YORK TIME

MAGAZINE’S ARTICLES

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata One

RANA MEISARA

1110026000028

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

2014

i

ABSTRACT

Rana Meisara, Word Formation on Medical Terms in New York TIME magazine’s

articles. Thesis: English letters Department of Letters and Humanities Faculty,

UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, December 2014.

It is a research of morphological phenomenon which focuses on the

process of word formation on medical terms in New York TIME magazine’s

articles. The writer took seven articles in seven montly different edition of New

York Time Magazine, namely, edition of January 13th 2014 entitle “The Doctor

Will Skype You Now: Telemedicine Apps aim to Replace Nonemergency Visits”;

edition of June 2nd, 2014 entitle “What You Need to Know About MERS: A

dangerous new disease has gone global”; edition of July 21st, 2014 entitle “The

Cancer Tests You Need: Cutting through confusion on what screenings to get—

and when”; September 1st, 2014 entitle “Mammograms Go 3-D: A High-Tech

imaging breakthrough could pick up more cancer”; edition of October 27th, 2014

entitle “Medical Momentum: Scientists make major moves in tackling five

challenging diseases”; edition of November 24th, 2014 entitle “Mindfulness for

Men: Yoga has some new fans—and science says that’s a very good thing”;

edition of Decemberijctjtyfacts are getting harder to ignore” for the corpus.

Conceptual morphology is used by the writer to analyze the words which

experience word formation process and classify the types of word formation on

the medical terms. The writer starts the analysis by reading the article, and then

classifies the medical terms which exist in the texts. After that, the data is outlined

in a description which includes morphological process, identifying morpheme,

analyze the word formation process, morphophonological process, and dictionary.

From the analysis of the seven monthly different editions of TIME magazine’s

articles, it can be said that there are 39 data found, 28 derivatives found on the

medical terms in this New York TIME Magazine’s articles. seven compound

words, three abbreviations, and only one acronym. Moreover, from the sample

chosen as represent the other data in the analysis, it is containing eight derivatives

which are class changing and there are three derivatives which are class

maintaining. Furthermore there is no truncation, blend, cretion de novo, and

eponym found in the development of medical term in this analysis.

Keywords: Word formation, Morphology, TIME Magazine.

ii

iii

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, November 28st 2014

Rana Meisara

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

Praise and Gratitude be to Allah SWT, the Lord of Universe, who has

given the writer guidance and strength, thus she could finish this thesis completely.

Peace and Salutation be upon the messenger of Allah, Prophet Muhammad SAW,

his family, his companions, and his adherents. May peace and blessing of Allah be

upon all of us.

On this occasion, first and foremost, the writer wants to express her

biggest sincere thanks and love, and also acknowledge her debt to her parents,

Mat. Rasin and Umi Hasanah. Thanks for all the non-stop support, financially and

spiritually, that has always motivated the writer to proudly finish this thesis.

Moreover, the writer also would like to convey her gratitude and also

acknowledge her debt to the following person:

1. Dr. H. Wahid Hasyim, M. Ag, the Dean of Adab and Humanities faculty

(2010-2014), for his motivation and advice to immediately complete the

writer’s study in English Letter and Literature Department.

2. Prof. Dr. Oman Fathurahman, M. Hum, the Dean Adab and Humanities

faculty.

vi

3. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department who is also

one of the writer’s advisor, for sacrificing his precious time to guide the

writer in completing her thesis.

4. Elve Octafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of the English Letters Department;

5. Dhuha Hadiyansyah, M.Hum, the writer’s advisor who always willing

spare his time to patiently guide and teach the writer in many ways to

complete her study and thesis.

6. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department for teaching and guiding

her very well during her study at State Islamic University Syarif

Hidayatullah Jakarta.

7. All of her family member for every support and pleased moments which

spent together with laugh and love even at the period of passing through

the hard times.

8. The writer friends in English Letters and Literature Department of 2010,

especially for Elbie and Linguistic A. Thanks for the friendship, help,

advice and support that will never found in any other Department. Some

crazy and silly folks, yet The writer’s happiness and spirit, Fithria

Luthfiyani, Thia Askayuli, Bagus Putra Ramadansyah, Muhamad Sazali,

Debi Novia Ningrum, Yuliana Kuslambang Ningrum, and Fahmi

Fahrurroji, for the caring, laugh, motivation, and all the precious moments

spent together in happy, fun, sad, bad or even in difficult situations the

writer has during her study;

vii

9. KKN Yellow (Youth Influential Fellowship), Muhammad Adi Rahman,

Muhammad Reza Hermanto, Ridho Alvin Harfian, Shakuntala Febrina,

Melina Hadera, Christie Adi Oktaviyana, Pranisa Syifadelima, Andriesta

Saputri, Nurali, Fatih Adzkia, Leiza Sixmansyah, Rian Lisandi,

Muhammad Semmy, Fithria Luthfiyani, Thia Askayuli and Bagus Putra

Ramadhansya, thanks for the good experiences and memories of being

together during the projects in Pasarean, Bogor, and for always being

some good and caring friends. Moreover, to GZB Ayunda Sabrina, Anita

Rahma, and Farizky Sharfina who always give the writer support even

from afar, yet it really motivates the writer during her study.

10. The employers of some University Libraries who have helped the writer in

finding some references for her thesis.

11. All the people and friends who have helped the writer in finishing her

study indirectly that cannot be mentioned one by one.

The writer cannot stop being thankful to God for this one complete

package of support that the writer receives to finish her study. May Allah SWT

bless them and their family. Moreover, this research is expected to be useful for

all the people who read it. Suggestion and criticism will be accepted for the

improvement of this thesis.

Jakarta, November 28st, 2014

The Writer

viii

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1 : Classification of Medical Terms from Data Card.............................. 39

Table 2 : Sample data that will be analyzed...................................................... 41

ix

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................................... ii

LEGALIZATION................................................................................................ iii

DECLARATION................................................................................................. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. v

THE LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................... viii

THE LIST OF CONTENT ................................................................................. ix

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1

A. Background of Study .................................................................................. 1

B. Focus of the Study ...................................................................................... 5

C. Research Questions ..................................................................................... 6

D. Significance of the Study ............................................................................ 6

E. Research Methodology ............................................................................... 6

1. The Objective of Research ................................................................... 6

2. The Method of Research ...................................................................... 6

3. The Technique of Data Collection and Data Analysis ......................... 7

4. Instrument of The Research ................................................................. 8

5. Unit of Analysis ................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .......................................... 10

A. Previous Research ..................................................................................... 10

B. Theoretical Description ............................................................................. 14

1. Morphology .......................................................................................... 14

x

2. Word Formation ................................................................................... 16

3. Morpheme ............................................................................................ 18

4. Affixes .................................................................................................. 21

5. Concept of Derivation and Inflection ................................................... 23

6. Concept of Derivation Without Affix .................................................. 26

7. The transpositions which happen due to the process of derivation

according to Rozelin (2011) ................................................................. 28

8. Compound ........................................................................................... 32

9. Truncation ............................................................................................ 34

10. Blend .................................................................................................... 35

11. Abbreviation and Acronyms ................................................................ 35

12. Creation de novo (neologism) and Eponyms ....................................... 36

CHAPTER III. FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS .................................... 38

A. Data Description ....................................................................................... 38

B. Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 39

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ................................... 73

A. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 73

B. Suggestion ................................................................................................. 75

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 76

APPENDIX .......................................................................................................... 79

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

In spoken and written language, we need a collection of words to build

a good sentence. However, according to Katamba (1993), there is an

assumption that words are taken for granted by most people in language.1 In

fact, there are some difference views about what units are considered as

words. For instance, English speakers might not agree whether all right is

one word or two and as a result disputes may arise as to whether allright is

the correct way of writing all right.2

According to Crystal (1980) as quoted by Ba‘dulu and Herman,

morphology is a branch of linguistics which deals with the internal structure

or form of words.3 Moreover, Bloomfield, in his book Language (1933) and

his essays magazine entitle A Set of Postulates for the Science of Language

(1920), showed that descriptive linguistics Americans was no longer pay

attention to the word, but rather to the morpheme as a unit of language in

language analysis, as Parera informed in his book Morfologi (1988).4 It is

important for people who want to master a particular language to understand

better about the morphology of the language. That is one of the reasons why

1 Francis Katamba, Morphology, (London: The Macmillan press, 1993), p. 17

2 ibid

3 Abdul Muis Ba‘dulu and Herman, Morfosintaksis, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2005)

4 Jos Daniel Parera, Morfologi, (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1988), p. 14

2

morphology becomes a compulsory subject for students of linguistics and

literature.5

Some words may sounds unfamiliar or not common in general society.

In certain fields, such as economics, politics, and medical field usually have

a certain or special words which are not common in society. Refers to

several media, public health becomes a crucial issue in today‘s global

society. It can be seen from a number of reports around the world. Recently,

WHO (World Health Organization) lays out some headlines associated to

certain diseases which endemic and feared throughout the world, mainly,

Ebola in African Region.6

The other diseases are also reported frequently, such as MERS in Arab

Saudi, West Nile virus in Brazil, Plague in Madagascar, and the other health

issues.7 In some printed media also never fail to present news on health.

According to the facts above, it is necessary to acknowledge the developing

of medical terminology which rarely to be heard to gain the understanding

in the discussion of public health. The process of this word building is

related to the rule of part of language mechanics called linguistics.

Therefore, when a term is developed, some logical process is applied.

In English, there are some types of word formation process which has

different rules in build a word. For instance, the word olive oil may at first

be considered as two different words. But, it turns out that olive oil is a word

5 Quoted from Zaenal Arifin dan Junaiyah, ―Morfologi: Bentuk, Makna, dan Fungsi‖,

http://zaenalarifin28.wordpress.com/2010/04/16/morfologi-bentuk-makna-dan-fungsi/ accessed on

28 November 2013. 6 World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/en/ accessed on December 18th 2014.

7 Ibid

3

which consist in two morphemes. If the word olive and oil is stand alone in

a sentence, it can be said as a word, but if these two words are combined

with an identity and a paradigm, then these two words are no longer called a

word, but morphemes that make up a new word which has a meaning of ‗a

kind of oil made from olives‘. This formation process is called compound

word.

There is also the process of word formation which has more than one

morpheme known as morphemes. Either it is derivative or inflective.8

Matthews (1974) in Edi Subroto (2012) divided the morphology into two

branches, namely, inflectional morphology and lexical morphology.9 Two

things which include the lexical morphology are derivation and composition.

Lexical morphology is reviewing the rules of word formation that produces

new words which lexically have a new identity or in contrast to the word

base.

This was consistent with the Marchand‘s formulation (1962) in Edi

Subroto (2012) that "word formation is the branch of the science of

language which studies the pattern on which a language form new lexical

units. i.e. word". For example, injection, one of the words in the article, is a

complex word which has more than one morpheme. When the suffix -ion is

attached to the word inject. Then at the same time, it changes the paradigm

of the word, from a verb that indicates an action of ‗to put a liquid such as a

8 Jos Daniel Parera, Loc.Cit., p. 18

9 Quoted from Edi Subroto, ―Infleksi dan Derivasi: Kemungkinan Penerapannya dalam

Morfologi Bahasa Indonesia‖, p. 53 http://edisubroto.staff.uns.ac.id/files/2012/02/DERIVASI-

DAN-INFLEKSI3.pdf accessed on November 28th, 2013

4

drug into a person's body‘10

into a noun that has a meaning of ‗An instance

of injecting or being injected‘11

. And also, the other word formation types

like blends, truncation, abbreviation, acronyms, eponyms, and creation de

novo (nelologisms) will be discussed here.

This research took seven articles from a newsmagazine naming New

York Time; the major American weekly newsmagazine that is published in

New York City, as the corpus. The magazine is written in English as its

language in use. It was the creation of two young journalists Henry R. Luce

and Briton Hadden. They wanted to start a magazine that would inform busy

readers in a systematic, concise, and well-organized manner about current

events in the United States and the rest of the world. The magazine sought

to present the news in narrative form. TIME has the world‘s largest

circulation as a weekly magazine. It attained a circulation of more than

175,000 by 1927, and it became the most influential newsmagazine in the

United States.12

Moreover, TIME magazine has a readership of 25 million, which 20

million of them are based in the United States.13

Those records are the main

reason for the writer to choose the magazine as the analysis unit of this

research. The health column has attracted the attention from all the rubrics

10

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary Digital, 2008 11

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/injection?searchDictCode=all 12

Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596077/Time

accessed on march 10th, 2014 13

Time (Magazine), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29 accessed on

December 13th, 2014

5

in the magazine. It is because there are some medical terms which seem

unfamiliar to understand.

Word classes are always said to be one of the discussions in the analysis

of language. This research will be very concerned about how adjectives can

be derived from nouns, nouns from verbs, verbs from adjectives and the

other transpositions. However, this is very important because the terms for a

class of words, such as adjectives, nouns, verbs, and adverb must be

understood correctly.

Since medical terms continues to increase and being the important

issues to be understood by the public in concerning their health, it is decided

that to investigate this study in the first place. Forms a word by adding

affixes or without affixes can generate new lexemes. From the formation, a

word may have a different meaning from the previous word. It would be

great if some new words which we have never heard before may found.

This study will outline the word formation process, how that word

formation process occur in developing medical terminology and will also

classify the types of word formation on the terms contained in the articles.

B. Focus of the Study

This study will be limited to the word formation process of medical

terms contained in the seven articles of TIME magazine. How the process

occurs and what type of word formation which occurs to each terms.

6

C. Research Question

a. How is the word formation process of medical terms which contains in

the articles?

b. What are the types of word formation that occur to the medical terms in

the articles?

D. Significance of The Study

Theoretically, this research is expected to be useful in society, in the

field of health, and education field, especially in the study of morphology.

In addition, it practically provides more extensive information and

knowledge to the reader about medical term appeared frequently in this era

which is not that familiar for the public in general.

E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of Research

This research aims to explain the word formation process of some

medical terms contains in the seven articles of TIME magazine and

classify the type of each term according to the concept of word

formation.

2. The Method of research

This research uses qualitative case study as the method in analyzing.

According to Merriam (1988) as quoted by Nunan (1992), qualitative

7

case study can be defined as an intensive, holistic description and

analysis of a single entity, phenomenon, or social unit.14

This research will be using Structural Morphology as the main

theory and the concept of word formation in analyzing. The analysis

will outline the process of word formation of medical terminologies in

seven different rubrics of health from seven different edition of TIME

magazine and classify the type of word formation which occurs in each

term.

3. The Technique of Data Collection and Data Analysis

In this research, the data collected by using bibliography technique

(tehnik pustaka) where is the written sources used to obtain data.15

The

data will be gained by data card which focuses to the medical term in

the articles. There are several steps in collecting the data:

1. Adopts seven articles from TIME magazine in seven different

monthly editions.

2. Concerns to the articles related to medical issue, which is in

TIME magazine usually classified in Health rubric.

3. Reads the seven articles,

4. Marks all the medical terms in the articles and then writes down

on the data card.

14

David Nunan, Research Methods in Language Learning, (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1992), p. 77. 15

Edi Subroto, Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural, (Surakarta: Sebelas

Maret University Press, 1992), p. 42.

8

After the data has been collected, the data will be analyzed using

Structural Morphology for the word formation process, and will classify

the type of word formation on each term.

4. Instrument of the Research

Data card16

is the instrument that is used in this research to identify

the data from the seven articles of TIME magazine based on each types

of word formation. Then, the data which focuses to medical term will

be analized with structural Morphology and word formation concept.

5. Unit of Analysis

The unit analysis of this research is seven articles in seven different

edition of New York Time magazine. The title of the articles as follows:

1. ―The Doctor Will Skype You Now: Telemedicine apps aim to

replace nonemergency visits‖ by Alexandra Sifferlin, TIME

magazine edition of January 13th, 2014;

2. ―What You Need to Know About MERS: A dangerous new

disease has gone global‖ by Alice Park, TIME magazine

edition of June 2nd, 2014;

3. ―The Cancer Tests You Need: Cutting through confusion on

what screenings to get—and when‖ by Alexandra Sifferlin,

TIME magazine edition of July 21st, 2014;

16

Ibid

9

4. ―Mammograms Go 3-D: A High-Tech imaging breakthrough

could pick up more cancer‖ by Alice Park, TIME magazine

edition of September 1st, 2014;

5. ―Medical Momentum: Scientists make major moves in tackling

five challenging diseases‖ by Alice Park and Mandy Oaklander,

TIME magazine edition of October 27th, 2014;

6. ―Mindfulness for Men: Yoga has some new fans—and science

says that‘s a very good thing‖ by Mandy Oaklander, TIME

magazine edition of November 24th, 2014;

7. ―The Great American Calorie Crackdown: Why some nutrition

facts are getting harder to ignore‖ by Mandy Oaklander, TIME

magazine edition of December 15th, 2014.

10

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

This research is not the only one which analyzes word formation

phenomena. There are some previous studies which have concerned related to

this topic. In this section, five previous studies will be reviewed to this

research. The first study came from State Islamic University Syarif

Hidayatullah Jakarta which was made by Putri Sari Romadhon (2013), the

second study also came from the same faculty at the same university which is

made by Mega Arisanty (2014), the third is from Journal of Educational and

Social Research written by Nereida Shqerra and Endri Shqerra (2014), the

forth is from Journal of Speech and Hearing Research written by Lewis DJ,

Windsor J (1996), and the last comes from scholarly journal of Cambridge

University press written by Kim Say Yong, Wang Min, and Ko In Yeong

(2011).

The first study made by Putri Sari Romadhon (2013) is entitle

―Morphological Analysis on The Article Vocational High School in Klaten

Produces Suv Cars of The Jakarta Post‖.17

This study focuses to the

occurrence of derivational and inflectional affixes and the process of IC

(Immediate Constituent) in each derivational and inflectional word in one of

The Jakarta Post article edition of October 22nd

2011. For the main theories of

17

Putri Sari Romadhon, ―Morphological Analysis on The Article Vocational High School

in Klaten Produces Suv Cars of The Jakarta Post‖, unpublished bachelor thesis, (Jakarta: UIN

Syarif Hidayatullah, 2013)

10

11

this research she took Katamba and Norman‘s definition of Affixation and

derivation. From her research she found about a hundred affixes words that

can be classified into derivational affixes and inflectional affixes.

Derivational prefixes with four prefixes contain seven words. Derivational

suffixes with sixteen suffixes contain fifty words. And inflectional suffixes

with six suffixes contain fifty- seven words.

The second study made by Mega Arisanty (2014) is entitle ―An Analysis

of Word Formation Processes in Instagram of Simple Plan, One Direction,

Maroon 5, and The Jonas Brothers Band‖.18

This study is focuses to the use

of word formation which is usually used on instagram photos and comments.

Especially the using of word formation style on the instagram account of

Simple Plan, One Direction, Maroon 5, and The Jonas Brothers band. The

writer use the concept of word formation which taken from several scholars

and describe it in the theoretical framework of the study. From the analysis

—based on the concept which has made and Webster‘s Third New

International Dictionary— the word formation process that most commonly

found is inflection with the total of 41 words. And then, it followed by

compounding with the total of 13 words. The third position is derivation with

the total of 11 words. The forth position is held by blending with the total of

four. The fifth is initialism and clipping with the total of each process is two

words. In the last position are acronym and creation de novo which each kind

18

Mega Arisanti, ―An Analysis of Word Formation Processes in Instagram of Simple

Plan, One Direction, Maroon 5, and The Jonas Brothers Band‖, unpublished bachelor thesis,

(Jakarta: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2014)

12

have only one word. While, the two others kinds, back-formation and

eponyms, were not found in the data.

The third research is from a journal of Educational and Social research

written by Nereida and Endri (2014).19

The study is entitled ―The Role of

Derivation and Compounding in the Process of English Language

Acquisition‖. The focus of this study has been given to the similarities and

differences between English and Albanian word-formation. The researcher

makes a concept of the rule of derivation and word formation in English by

attaching some notions of some experts. From the research, the writers found

that there are similarities and also dissimilarities in derivation and

compounding of the two languages. The dissimilarities between the two

word-formations more often than not belong to Albanian word-formation,

making thus easier for Albanian pupils to learn English word-formation. The

focus has to be given mainly on affixes. Here should be said that English

language has more affixes than Albanian language. This fact would call for

more efforts from Albanian pupils and Students to get used with them. What's

more, even though there are similarities between English and Albanian

affixes, English has different rules in their combinations compared to

Albanian language. Hence, Albanian pupils would require only some more

time spend on morpheme‘s combination rules of word-formation, mostly on

prefixes.

19

Nereida Shqerra and Endri Sqherra, ―The Role of Derivation and Compounding in the

Process of English Language Acquisition‖, in Journal of Edicational and Social Research, 2014,

Vol 4, No.2. www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/jesr/article/view/2806 accessed on September 29th,

2014.

13

Another research was written by Lewis DJ. (1996) from Journal of

Speech and Hearing research in USA.20

This research entitle ―Children‘s

Analysis of Derivational Suffix Meaning‖ focuses to the relation between

school age children‘s production and comprehension of derivational suffixes

in nonsense words and their knowledge of suffix meaning in real derivatives.

The results found in the research were indicating that knowledge of

derivational suffixes was used often in defining low-frequency derivatives

and that it was significantly correlated with suffix production in the nonsense

task. In addition, suffix productivity was found to be an important factor

determining the comprehension as well as the production of particular

suffixes to convey a range of meanings.

The last research was written by Kim Say Yong, Wang Min and Ko In

Yeong from scholarly journal of Cambridge University Pres in Cambridge.21

The study entitle ―The Processing of Derivational morphology in Korean-

English Bilingual Readers‖ focuses to the cross language activation occurs

via decomposition during the processing of derived words in Korean-English

bilingual readers. The author of this study used a priming lexical decision to

conducted three experiments. The results of those three experiments are

different: in experiment 1, when participants were given a real derived word

20

Lewis DJ, ―Children‘s Analysis of Derivational Suffix Meaning‖, in Journal of Speech

And Hearing Research, 1996, Vol.39 (1), pp. 209-16. http://e-

resources.pnri.go.id:2138/ehost/detail/detail?sid=a0026dc7-aaba-4531-9070-

57bf70938ce7%40sessionmgr4003&vid=0&hid=4112&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d

%3d#db=mnh&AN=8820712 accessed on November 11th, 2014 21

Kim Say Yong, at.al, ―The Processing of Derivational Morphology in Korean-English

Bilingual Readers‖, Cambridge, 2011, Vol.26, No.14, issue 4, pp. 473-488. http://e-

resources.pnri.go.id:2056/docview/1030093511?pq-origsite=summon accessed on November 11th,

2014.

14

and an interpretable derived pseudoword (i.e., illegal combination of a stem

and a suffix) in Korean as a prime, response times for the corresponding

English-translated stem were significantly faster than when they had received

an unrelated word. In Experiment 2, non-morphological ending pseudowords

(i.e., illegal combination of a stem and an orthographic ending) were included,

and this did not show a priming effect. In Experiment

3, non-interpretable derived pseudowords also yielded a significant

priming effect just as the interpretable ones.

From the five previous studies above, this research has a speciality in

medical terminology which has not found in the research conducted before.

B. Theoretical Description

1. Morphology

There are two types of morphology, namely, structural morphology

and generative morphology. Structural morphology refers to what a

speaker says. In other words, this theory tends to be applied to a language

which has been produced.22

Different with structural morphology,

generative morphology only focuses to the competence theory. According

to Chomsky (1965) in Muis Ba‘dulu and Herman (2005), assumptions or

principles constitute generative structure of transformational in general.23

This research will only use the structural morphology because the data has

22

Abdul Muis Ba‘sulu and Herman, Mofosintaksis, Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 2005, p. 14 23

Ibid, p. 25

15

already produced, not assumptions or principles. Structural morphology

has four principles for descriptive analysis. The principles as follows24

:

a. Descriptive analysis has to be relied on what people say.

This principles has certain implications. First, this principle means

that written language form is secondary. Written language only

representing oral language by using alphabet letter. Second, the

important thing is what people speak, not what they think they should

be spoke. Moreover, the interesting matter is the type of the speaker

who represent education field, social, economy, and different racial.

Therefore, any kind of dialect has similar quality, and all the diversity

of languages are equally right in the case that language diversity

represents the dialect of speaker.

b. Form is primary and usage is secondary

Descriptive linguistic starts from shape and then change over to

describe the grammatical positions where the shape is emerged. In

describe the case in Greek, for example, linguist register five shapes

collection, and then describe how the shapes are used.

c. There is no part of a language which can be described adequately

without reference to all other parts.

This principle means that phonemics, morphology, and syntax of a

language can not be described without referring to one another.

24 Ibid, p. 14

16

Language is an overall which have function, and those parts can only

describe fully in its relation with entirety.

d. Languages are in a process of continuous changing.

The presence of fluctuation in the form means that a certain

structures defeat the other. Because alternative forms have never been

in balance for a long time. Structural morphology has its organization

in analyzing. It has four components, namely, list of morpheme, word

formation process, morphophonology process, and dictionary.25

The

first task is indentifying all morphemes, either free morpheme or

bound morpheme, from the data had been collected. Second task is

word formation, which explains how morphemes of a language

arranged in a group to form a word in a language. The third task is

morphophonologiy process, which is a mechanism of

morphophonology, namely, the changes which occur in the merger of

morpheme, such as assimilation, release, addition, replacement, and

permutation. And the last component is dictionary. Words which have

been through third component, which is morphophonology, form a

dictionary of the word in question.

2. Word Formation

First of all, what actually a word is? It could probably be said that a

word is an uninterrupted string of letters which is preceded by a blank

25

Ibid, p.17

17

space and followed either by a blank space or a punctuation mark. As can

be seen in the sentence bellow26

:

(1) Linguistics is a fascinating subject.

The sentence is considered that it has five words. Because, there are

five uninterrupted strings of letters, all of which are preceded by a blank

space, four of which are also followed by a blank space, one of which is

followed by a period. This example shows accordance to the first intuition

of words before.

But, how to define a sentence if it is written like an example bellow:

(2) Benjamin‘s girlfriend lives in a high-rise apartment building.27

If it is considered apostrophes to be punctuation marks, Benjamin's

constitutes two (orthographic) words. If not, Benjamin's is one word. If it

is considered a hyphen a punctuation mark, high-rise is two (orthographic)

words, otherwise it's one (orthographic) word. The last two strings,

apartment building, are easy to classify, they are two (orthographic) words,

whereas girlfriend must be considered one (orthographic) word.

The notion of what a word is, should, after all, not depend on the

fancies of individual writers or the arbitrariness of the English spelling

system. The second problem with the orthographically defined word is that

it may not always coincide with our intuitions. Thus, most of us would

probably agree that girlfriend is a word (i.e. one word) which consists of

26

Laurie Bauer, Laurie Bauer, English Word Formation,(UK: Cambridge University

Press, 1983), p.4 27

Ibid, p.5

18

two words (girl and friend), a so-called compound.28

If compounds are

one word, they should be spelled without a blank space separating the

elements that together make up the compound. Unfortunately, this is not

the case. Therefore, word formation is a concept of internal formation of a

word or complex word, with certain rules. According to Plag (2002), there

are some types of word formation. They are derivation, compound,

truncation, blends, abbreviations, and acronyms. Beside that, there are also

another types, namely, creation de novo (neologism) and eponyms.

3. Morpheme

Basically, bound morpheme serves to form words. A word referred to

derivative only if the word has plural morphemes distributed syntactically

and has the equivalent of the single word with single morpheme.29

Before

we step to the main discussion of this research, it is important to

acknowledge an entity known as morpheme which is the subject of study

by the branch of linguistics known as morphology.30

―A morpheme is a short segment of language that meets three criteria:

(1) it is a word or a part of a word that has meaning, (2) it cannot be

divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning

or without meaningless remainders, (3) it recurs in differing verbal

environment with a relatively stable meaning.‖31

The criteria simply indicate that morpheme is the smallest part of a

word that has meaning and cannot be dividing into a smaller one because it

will violate the meaning of its morpheme. For example, word speaker can

28

Ibid, p.4 29

Jos Daniel Parera, Op.Cit p. 21 30

Donka Minkova and Robert Stockwell, English Words, history, and structure, (UK:

Cambridge University Press, 2009), p.65 31

Norman C. Stageberg. An Introductory English Grammar Third Adition, ((1977), p. 95

19

be divided into speak+er. Word speak and suffix –er are both morphemes.

There is at least one morpheme contained in a word.32

Word like out, just,

grace, person, ozone, London contain of one morpheme. A word may also

have more than one morpheme. Outing, justly, ungracious, personalize,

ozonation, Londoner, are the example of words which have more than one

morphemes.33

The word morpheme itself consists of two morphemes. Morph ‗form,

shape‘ and –eme ‗linguistically distinctive unit‘. Therefore, a morpheme is

a form associated with some distinctive meanings.34

Since morpheme is

the smallest part of a word, it cannot be divided further into a smaller

meaningful form. This is a significant case to be concerned. If there is a

case when the morpheme morph divided into <m>, <o>, <r>, <ph> (=<f>),

those units cannot be called the units of meaning, because each unit do not

have meaning. Instead, they are called units of sound35

There are two types of morpheme, lexical and grammatical. Lexical

morpheme is a morpheme which already has a meaning by itself, whereas

grammatical morpheme is a morpheme which specifies a relationship

between other morphemes. For instance, noun, verb, adjective as in boy,

buy, big, are typical lexical morphemes, otherwise, prepositions, articles,

and conjunction as in of, the, but are typical grammatical morphemes.

32

Donka Minkova and Robert Stockwell, Op.Cit., p.64 33

Ibid, p.64 34

Ibid 35

Ibid

20

Morpheme is divided into two, free and bound.36

The one which be able to

stand alone with meaning is called free morpheme. They may be lexical

which already has meaning by itself, such as Eat, word, mix, or

grammatical morpheme, like at, and, but. Unlike the free, a bound

morpheme cannot be used alone with as a word. It is always annexed to

one or more morphemes to form a word, in other word they are parts of a

word. They may be lexical as in preview, played, activity, supervise. The

italicized letters in those words—pre-, -ed, -ity, -vise—are bound

morphemes. And they may be grammatical such as plural form as in boys,

girls, and cats.37

Hence, it can be inferred that those morphemes which can

stand alone as words are called free morpheme (e.g., eat, word, mix) and

those morphemes which occur only in combination are called bound

morphemes (e.g., pre-, -s, -en, -ity).

The word bright ‗light‘ with the word brighten ‗make light‘ are

different. The distinction between the two words is marked by the different

form and different meaning. The different form is the added of /-ǝ n/ in

brighten, and the difference in meaning is the added sense of ‗make‘ to the

word bright. This leads us to conclude that /-ǝ n/ means ‗make‘. Thus we

see that /-ǝ n/ is a part of a word that has meaning.38

In other words, suffix

–ǝ n is a morpheme.

36

Ibid p.97 37

Handout for Psy 598-02, summer 2001, Morphology, p.3

[www.mathcs.duq.edu/~packer/Courses/Psy598/Ling-Morphology.pdf] 38

Norman C. Stageberg, Loc.Cit., p.96

21

Another classification of morphemes put them into two classes, bases

and affixes.39

A base morpheme is the part of a word that has the principle.

The italicized morphemes in these words are bases: denial, lovable,

annoyance, re-enter. Bases are very numerous, and most of them in

English are free morphemes. But, some are bond, like –sent in consent,

dissent, and assent. A word may contain one base and several affixes. In

the other hand, Grammatical bound morphemes are usually some affixes

form (-ness, -ly, -ion, -s, -er, -ing). Morpheme divided into two branches,

namely, derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme.40

4. Affixes

An affix is a bound morpheme that occurs before or after a base.41

Affix

consists of two types, prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes are those bound

morphemes that occur before the bases, as in important, prefix, reconsider.

Prefixes in English are a small class of morphemes, numbering about

seventy-five. Their meanings are often those of English prepositions and

adverbials.

Suffixes are bound morphemes that occur after a base, like shrinkage,

failure, noisy, realize, nails, dreamed.42

Suffixes may pile up to the number

of three or four, whereas prefixes are commonly single, except for the

negative un- before another prefix.43

In normalizers we perhaps reach the

limit with four: the base norm plus the four suffixes –al, -ize, -er, -s. When

39

Ibid 40

Ibid 41

Ibid, p.101 42

Ibid, p. 102 43

Ibid

22

suffixes multiply like this, their order is fixed: there is one and only one

order in which they occur. Dogs, oxen, discussing, bolder, boldest, chewed,

chosen, are the some examples of inflectional affixes. The words to which

these affixes (mostly suffixes) are attached are called stems. The stem

includes the base or bases and all the derivational affixes. Thus the stem of

playboys is playboy and that of beautified is beautify.44

The class of derivational affixes is much larger than that of the

inflectional affixes, its members are less interdependent, and the new ones

emerge now and then. 45

Affixes like –ness forms abstract noun from

adjectives, or –er forms agent nouns from verbs, which are very

productive, are also markedly stable in meaning.46

Many derivational

affixes, however, have more than one meaning and can be added to more

than one category of base words.

We can assume the root is a morpheme which is left over when all the

derivational and inflectional morphemes, in this case affixes, have been

removed. For example, the word immovability, im-, -abil, and -ity are all

derivational morphemes. When all the derivational morphemes were

removed, the word move is left, which cannot be further divided into the

smaller meaningful pieces. Therefore it must be the root of the word.

44

Ibid, p.103 45

Valerie Adams, An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation,(USA: Longman

Inc., New York, 1973), p.13 46

Ibid

23

5. Concept of Derivation and Inflection

In every discussion about derivation, surely, inflection has a place to

be expostulated. Traditionally, there are equations and differences which

have been made between derivation and inflection. The equation between

derivation and inflection is in the relation of the members of a pair,

consisting of the 'unmarked' base form and the 'marked' affixed form.47

Bauer stated that derivation is morphemic process generate new

lexeme, while inflection is morphemic process generate different type of

word from in the same lexeme.48

Lexemes are the vocabulary items that

are listed in the dictionary. For example, the form pockling, pockle,

pockles, pockled are different representations of the lexeme pockle. They

all share a core meaning although they are spelled and pronounced

differently.49

Verhaar (1977) in Subroto (1985) also stated that derivation is all

change of affixation which oversteps the identity of words, while all

change maintaining word identity referred to inflection.50

Moreover,

Katamba (1993) formulated that derivation is the process of word form

which change the meaning of the base to the new form, e.g kind to un-

kind (both are adjective, but have an opposite meaning); obey vs disobely

(both are verb, but have an opposite meaning), or is changing the word

class of the base to form a new word, e.g. the addition of –ly to the

47

Ibid., p.11-12 48

Edi subroto, Loc.Cit., p. 54 49

Francis Katamba, Loc.Cit., p. 18 50

Ibid

24

adjectives kind and simple produces the adverbs kind-ly and simp-ly.51

Meanwhile, inflection does not change referential or cognitive meaning.

Inflectional suffix will not change the word as derivational morpheme

change the word kind to unkind before and will not alter the word class of

the base to which it is attached. Inflectional morphemes are only able to

modify the form of a word, thus it can fit into a particular syntactic slot.52

Those notions of change and do not change the word class correlated

to the concept of class maintaining and class changing from Bauer (1983).

―A class maintaining process of derivation produces lexemes which

belong to the same form class as the base, while a class-changing process

of derivation produces lexemes which belong to a form class other than

the form class of the base‖. For example, when suffix –ly distributed to

the word king (noun), it will generate an adjective kingly. The example

points the case of class-changing derivation. Another example, if the

suffix –dom is distributed to the word king (noun), it will generate a new

word kingdom which is also a noun, but different lexical meaning. And it

is the case of class-maintaining derivation.53

In conclusion, the different of the two paradigms, from the previous

discussion of derivation and inflection is derivation change the identity

and the meaning of a single word, therefore, it forms a new lexeme,

while inflection does not. Inflection happens grammatically and has a

different grammatical meaning which is predictable.

51

Ibid, p.47 52

Ibid, p.51 53

Laurie Bauer, Loc.Cit, p. 31

25

a. She works as a teacher in Indonesia

b. Mom is cooking at the kitchen

c. I have five books in my room

The italic words above show that the words are complex. The verb

work and the third person singular suffix –s in works, the verb cook and

participial suffix –ing in cooking, and the noun book with plural suffix –s

in books, all create new words. Those complex words are indeed new

words; however, they cannot be said as the new lexemes. In contrast,

suffixes like –er and –ee (both attached to verbs, as in kicker and

employee), or prefixes like re- or un- (as in rephrase or unconvincing) do

form new lexemes.54

Previously, this has been discussed by the author in chapter 1 about

division of morphology branches according to Matthews. It also discussed

in Plag (2002) and Bauer (1983). Morphology deals with the internal

structure of a word-form. In morphology, the analysts divided word-forms

into their component formatives (most of which are morphs realizing roots

or affixes), and attempts to account for the occurrence of its formative.55

Morphology divided into two shares, namely, inflection and word-

formation. Again, Word-formation divided into two, consisting of

derivation and compounding.56

And derivation can be subdivided into

class changing and class maintaining.57

54

Ingo Plag, Word-Formation in English, (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p.18 55

Laurie Bauer, Op.Cit., p.33 56

Ingo Plag, Op.Cit., p.22 57

Laurie Bauer, Op.Cit., p.33

26

One of the factor a word can be said as a derivative is if the distribution

of affixes changes the identity of the word, with the result that it creates a

new lexeme. However, the derivational process is not always about the

addition of affixation. It can also occur without any of affixation in a word.

This type of derivation is usually mentioned as conversion by many

scholars.

6. Concept of Derivation Without Affix

So far, we have only encountered complex words that are created by

concatenation, i.e. by linking together bases and affixes as in a chain.

There are, however, also other, i.e. non-concatenative, ways to form

morphologically complex words.58

- My account is overdrawn.

I can‘t account for where the money went.

- They wanted to green the neighborhood.

They were given a green light.

- It‘s no trouble at all.

Don‘t trouble yourself.

In all these cases the verb or adjective and noun look alike and sound

alike. There is reason to believe that the verbs are derived from the nouns.

They are called denominal verb for that reason, and they are said to be

derived by a process of conversion —the noun is converted into a verb.59

58

Ingo Plag, Op.Cit., p.15 59

Donka Minkova and Robert Stockwell, Op.Cit., p. 8

27

Conversion is the change in form class of a form without any

corresponding change of form.60

The exact status of conversion within

word formation is unclear. For some scholars conversion is a brunch of

derivation, for others it is a separate type of word formation on a level with

derivation and compounding.61

Frequently, a term which many scholars —

adams (1973), Jespersen (1942), Marchand (1969)— prefer for conversion

is zero-derivation.62

The change of pronunciation and stress in a word can also be

considered as conversion process according to Rozelin (2010), where the

pronunciation of consonant and different stress in a word changes its

identity and meaning. For instance, the change of consonant in the word

house (s) to the word house (z). The difference of consonant changes the

class of the noun house into verb. The other example is the change of the

stress of word in expórt and éxport. Verb usually has a stress in the end of

the word, as in expórt, and it turns into a noun when the stress move to the

beginning of the word, as in éxport.

The notion that derivation can occur without any overt change in shape

may at first seem strange. But, the process of conversion is extremely

productive today.63

For example, we can chair a meeting, mask our

intentions, air our opinions, panel the walls, stage a protest, weather the

60

Laurie bauer, Loc.Cit., p.32 61

Ibid 62

Ibid 63

Donka Minkova and Robert Stockwell, Loc.Cit., p. 9

28

storm, storm the gates, e-mail the students, floor our enemies, polish the

car, fish in troubled waters, and so on. In one sense, such converted words

are not new items in the lexicon. They are already there in another function

(they are nouns in these cases; but there are also adjective/adverb – verb

pairs like near, idle, clear, smooth, obscure, and many more).64

7. The transpositions which happen due to the process of derivation

according to Rozelin (2011):

5.1. The Derivational Process from Noun into Verb

There are also some common verbs that are derived by replacing

the final voiceless consonant of a noun with a voiced one. For

examples, noun bath derived into the verb bathe, breath into breathe,

and wreath into wreathe.65

It will be evident by now that suffixes play a larger role than

prefixes in English derivational morphology. But there is still one

prefix, namely, en- which forms verbs from a few nouns: enfeeble,

enslave, empower, enrage, enthrone, entomb.66

5.2. Derivational Process from Noun to Adjective

The affixes of this process are numerous. This process is affected

by some affixes.67

Adjectives –ful and –less tend to come in pairs, although the

correspondence is not exact: we have slothful but not slothless, and

64

Ibid 65

Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, Loc.Cit., p.55 66

Ibid. 67

Diana Rozelin, Loc. Cit., p.591

29

penniless but not penniful. This shows that even when the meaning of

a potential word may be easily guessable, the existence of the word is

not guaranteed.

5.3. Derivational Process From Noun to Noun

There is no prefix for this process. However, some suffixes which

can be added to form noun from the other noun. The following

suffixes form the nouns from the other nouns.68

5.4. Derivational Process from Adjective into Noun

There are one prefix and several suffixes to form a noun from an

adjective. From all the three suffixes which form a noun, -ness is the

most widely applicable. It gives an abstract meaning to the base. For

example, the meaning of the word Highness is not ‗property of being

high‘, but, it has a meaning of ‗royal personage‘, as in Her Royal

Highness.

5.5.Derivational Process from Adjective to Verb

There are two prefixes and one suffix, according to Rozelin

(2011), to form a verb from adjective.

Besides –en, suffix –ise and –ify can also derive verbs from

adjectival bases. The words nationalise, tenderise, intensify, and

purify, which are all verb, are the evident of this case. To form a verb

from adjective, we can combine the prefix en- with a suffix –en. For

68

Ibid, p.592

30

example, the word bold derive into embolden, and the word live derive

into enliven.69

5.6.Derivational Process from Adjective into Adjective

Most of affixes that use to form adjective from the adjectival base

are prefixes.70

But according to McCarthy (2002), there is one suffix

used for this process. The only suffix is –ish, meaning ‗somewhat X‘,

as in greenish, smallish, remotish.71

5.7.Derivational Process From Verb into Noun

It is only suffixes which form a noun from a verb. According

Rozelin (2011), the following suffixes are used to form a noun from a

verb.72

Those suffixes cannot be used freely to the bases. In English, the

verb perform turns into performance but not performment or

performation to be a noun. And also, the verb commit can be turned

into three, commitment, committal, and commission but not

commitance. 73

The suffix –er is the one most generally used for forming nouns

denoting a person performing the action of the corresponding verb

(agent noun). But it is not the only agent suffixes, because there is the

word typist and informant which use other suffixes. The function of

69

Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, Loc.Cit., p.55-56 70

Diana Rozelin, Loc.Cit., p.593 71

Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, Op.Cit., p.52 72

Diana Rozelin, Op.Cit., p. 354 73

Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, Op.Cit, p.51

31

the Suffix –er is not only denoting a person. For example, digger

which is more denoting a piece of machinery than a person.74

5.8.Derivational Process from Verb into Adjective

Only suffixes used for this process. According to Rozelin (2011),

the following suffixes are used to form adjectives from verbal

bases.75

Some of the processes that derive adjectives from verbs

straddle the divide between derivation and inflection in a way that we

have not yet encountered. The suffixes –ed, -en, and –ing, and vowel

change, in passive and progressive participle forms of verb. Such form

can also be adjective.

- A not very interesting book.

- The party-goers sounded very drunk.

- The car seemed more damaged than the lamp-post.

The modifier very and the comparative construction (more....than)

show that interesting, drunk, and damaged are adjective.

5.9.Derivational process from verb into verb

Prefix is the only affixes used in this process. According to

Rozelin (2011), the following prefixes are used to form verb from the

other verbal bases.

According to McCarthy (2002), the most prominent is re- and the

negative or ‗reversive‘ prefixes un-, de-, and dis-, as in repaint, re-

enter, untie, untangle, decompose, desensitise, disentangle, disbelieve.

74

Ibid 75

Diana Rozelin, Loc.Cit., p. 594

32

Semantically, prefix de- in decompose is ‗not to undo the creative

work of a musical composer‘.

5.10. Derivational Process from Adjective into Adverb

Some introductory treatments of English grammar talk as if all

adverbs end in –ly.76

But according to Rozelin (2011), suffixes –wise

and –ward are also exist to form adverbs, for example likewise which

has a meaning ‗in the same way‘.77

8. Compound

When two or more elements which could potentially be used as stems

are combined to form another stem, the form is said to be a compound.78

This definition contains two crucial assumptions, the first being that

compounds consist of two (and not more) elements, the second being that

these elements are words.79

Consider the expressions a green house, with its literal meaning, and a

greenhouse, meaning a glass structure (not usually green in color) where

delicate plans are reared. There is a different in sound corresponding to the

difference in meaning: in the first expression the main stress is on house,

while in the second, the main stress is on green.80

Another example:

blackboard (board for writing on), silkworm (caterpillar that spins silk),

hairnet (net for covering hair).

76

Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, Op.Cit., p.48 77

Diana Rozelin, Op.Cit., p.595 78

Laurie Bauer, Loc.Cit.p. 28 79

Ingo plag, Loc.Citp. 170 80

Andrew Carstair-McCarthy, Loc.Cit., p. 59

33

The vast majority of compounds are interpreted in such a way that the

left-hand member somehow modifies the right-hand member. Thus, a film

society is a kind of society (namely one concerned with films). Such

compounds exhibit what is called a modifier-head structure. The term

head is generally used to refer to the most important unit in complex

linguistic structures. Examples81

:

Compound Verb:

1. Verb-verb (VV): stir-fry, freeze-dry

2. Noun-verb (NV): hand-wash, air-condition, steam-clean

3. Adjective-verb (AV): dry-clean, whitewash

Compound Adjective:

1. Noun-adjective (NA): sky-high, cool-black

2. Adjective-adjective (AA): grey-green, squeaky-clean

Compound Nouns:

1. Verb-noun (VN): swearword, playtime

2. Noun-noun (NN): hairnet, mosquito net

3. Adjective-noun (AN): blackboard, greenstone.

According to O‘Grady and Guzman (1996) there is also endocentric

and exocentric compound, endocentric is compound that identifies the general

class which the meaning of the entire word belongs, for example: dog food is a

type of food, while exocentric is the meaning of compound does not follow from

81

Ibid, pp. 60-61

34

the meaning of its parts in this way, one of the case is the word redneck. It is

not a type of neck but an ultra conservative, white working-class person82

9. Truncation

Truncation is a process in which the relationship between a derived

word and its base is expressed by the lack of phonetic material in the

derived word.83

Example:

Ron (¬ Aaron)

Liz (¬ Elizabeth)

Mike (¬ Michael)

Truncated names can be distinguished from -y diminutives both

semantically and formally. Truncated names (and clippings like lab) are

used to express familiarity. Thus, truncations are normally used by people

who feel familiar with the person referred to and who want to express this

familiarity overtly.84

For example, diminutive such as sweety and frannie.

Beside truncation and –y diminutive, there is also clipping.

Clippings appear as a rather mixed bag of forms abbreviated from

larger words, which, however, share a common function, namely, to

express familiarity with the denotation of the derivative.85

Thus, lab is

used by people who work in laboratories, demo is part of the vocabulary of

people who attend demonstrations, and so on.

82

Afifah Rahmawati, ―Word Formation Processes on Slang Words Used by Transsexual‖,

Semarang: Diponegoro University, 2012. P.8 83

Ingo plag, loc. cit., p. 146. 84

Ibid, p. 147 85

Ibid, p. 154

35

10. Blends

Blend is a kind of compound where at least one component is

reproduced only partially.86

A straightforward example is smog, blended

from smoke and fog. A more elaborate one is chortle, blended from

chuckle and snort. For another example:

Talkthon = talk and marathon

Cheeseburger = cheese and hamburger

11. Abbreviations and acronyms

Abbreviation is similar with blends and truncation, but, differs from

truncation and blending in that prosodic categories do not play a prominent

role. Rather, orthography is of central importance. Abbreviations are most

commonly formed by taking initial letters of multiword sequences to make

up a new word87

:

BA : Bachelor of Arts

DC: District of Columbia

EC : European Community

FAQ : frequently asked question

Blends made up of initial letters are known as acronyms. For the well-

known example is NATO, an acronym of North Atlantic Treaty

Organization, ANZAC an acronym of Australian and New Zealand Army

Corps.

86

Andrew Carstair-McCarthy, Loc.Cit., p. 65 87

Ingo plag, Op.Citp., p. 161

36

12. Creation de novo (neologism) and Eponyms

As neologism or coinage we identify the word formation process of

inventing entirely new words. This is a very rare and uncommon method

to create new words, but in the media, people try to outdo each other with

more and better words to name their products.88

According to Yule (2006)

in Wagner (2010), these trademark names are usually adopted by the

masses and they become ''everyday words of language'.89

And in some

cases, the meaning of these words is broadened. For example, to google

means not always 'to use google to find something on the internet', but to

'search the internet'. Similarly, complicated chemical or technical terms

(like Aspirin: acetylsalicylic acid) are adopted as the trademark term and

often replace standard terms for e.g. in this example, painkillers. This also

happened to words like Xerox, Kleenex or the German Nutella. In

Indonesia, people usually use the word aqua (aqua: one of mineral water

product in Indonesia) as a standard term of mineral water when a person is

looking or buying water.

There are also another word formation which the formation is taken

from the name of a person or place, namely, eponyms.90

Some of The

examples of this word formation are listed bellow:

Aphrodisiac – Aphrodite

Appertization (canning for food preservation) – Nicolas Appert Atlas – Atlas

88

Martina Wagner, ―Word Formation Process: How new Words develop in the English

Language‖, winter term, 2010. http://web91.sv16.net-housting.de/written/wfp.pdf accessed on

January 5th, 2015. 89

Ibid 90

Ibid

37

Boycott – Charles C. Boycott Cardigan – James Thomas Brudnell, 7th Earl of Cardigan Celsius – Anders Celsius Columbia – Christophor Columbus Diesel – Rudolf Diesel

Fauna – Faunus

Levis – Levi Strauss Salmonella – Daniel Elmer Salmon

Sandwich – John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich

38

CHAPTER III

FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS

A. Data Description

In this chapter, the data will be collected using bibliography

technique and random sampling to filter out some of the data which are

too numerous to gain the written source. And then, the data will be

identified in data card to classify the data from the seven articles of TIME

magazine based on each types of word formation. The writer only focuses

to the medical terms from the seven articles in seven different edition of

TIME magazine. Then, the data which focuses to medical term will be

analyzed with structural Morphology and classified based on word

formation concept.

Furthermore, the data which have been collected are gathered into a

table. The writer will also engage some English dictionary, mainly,

Oxforddictionary.com91

, and Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary

digital92

as references of every word or term‘s information—part of speech

and meaning of the word— contained in the article, and also the other

dictionaries to support another information of the data.

91

Oxforddictionary.com 92

Elizabeth Walter at.al., ―Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary Third Edition‖

digital version (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

38

39

B. Data Analysis

From all the medical terms that have already been collected and

identified, the writer classifies them in a table based on the types of word

formation. The following is the table of data analysis which has been listed

by the writer from data card:

Table 1. Classification of Medical Terms from Data Card

No. Edition of Magazine Types of Word Formation Terms

1. January 13rd, 2014

Derivation

Telemedicine

Nonemergency

Dislocated

Illness

Ailments

Prescriptions

Malpractice

Compound -

Truncation -

Blends -

Abbreviations -

Acronyms -

Neologism (creation de novo) -

Eponym -

2. June 2nd, 2014 Derivation Asymptomatic

Infection

Antibodies

Compound Public-health

Coronavirus

Flu-like

Truncation -

Blends -

Abbreviation CDC

Acronyms MERS

Neologism (creation de novo) -

Eponym -

3. July 21st, 2014 Derivation Screening

Physician

Gynecologist

Rectal

Abnormalities

Dermatologist

40

Cervical

Colonoscopy

Compound Overdiagnosis

Truncation -

Blends -

Abbreviation ACS

CT-Scan

Acronyms -

Neologism (creation de novo) -

Eponym -

4. September 1st, 2014 Derivation Therapist

Synthesizing

Compound -

Truncation -

Blends -

Abbreviation -

Acronyms -

Neologism (creation de novo) -

Eponym -

5. October 27th, 2014 Derivation Scientists

Retinal

Injection

Obesity

Compound Nervedamaging

Steam-cell

Truncation -

Blends -

Abbreviation -

Acronyms -

Neologism (creation de novo) -

Eponym -

6. November 24th, 2014 Derivation Yogis

Hypertension

Compound -

Truncation -

Blends -

Abbreviation -

Acronyms -

Neologism (creation de novo) -

Eponym -

7. December 24th, 2014 Derivation Nutrition

Caloric

Compound Nutrient-dense

Truncation -

41

Blends -

Abbreviation -

Acronyms -

Neologism (creation de novo) -

Eponym -

This research aims to apply the structural morphology in examining

the development a formation of a word which only focuses to the medical

term in the articles of TIME magazine. Therefore, the writer will describe

deeply about the internal structure of each term. Moreover, the writer will

abbreviate the word ‗word formation‘ into ‗WF‘ in the details of each data

in this analysis.

Since this analysis also use the random sampling to analize the data,

thus the writer put the sampling data which will be analized in a table

bellow:

Tabel 2. Sample data that will be analyzed

No. The Types of Word

Formation

Data

1. Derivation Telemedicine

Nonemergency

Dislocated

Illness

Malpractice

Infection

Gynecologist

Cervical

Obesity

Hypertension

Caloric

2. Compound Public-health

Coronavirus

Flu-like

Infection

Overdiagnosis

42

Steam-cell

Nutrient-dense

3. Abbreviation CDC (Centers for Disease

Control )

ACS (American Cancer Society)

CT scan

4. Acronym MERS (Middle East Respitory

Syndrome)

*truncation and blend are not found in the analysis.

From the principals of Structural morphology which discussed in the

previous chapter, it can propound 4 steps in organizing the process of

developing a word:

With that 4 model structural morphology, the writer identifies all

the medical terms which has an internal structure or word formation

process.

1. Derivation

Bauer stated that derivation is morphemic process generate

new lexeme, while inflection is morphemic process generate

different type of word from in the same lexeme.93

Moreover,

Katamba (1993) formulated that derivation is the process of word

form which change the meaning of the base to the new form, e.g

93

Edi subroto, Loc.Cit., p. 54

Dictionary

Morphophonological Process

Word Formation

Identifying Morpheme

43

kind to un-kind (both are adjective, but have an opposite meaning);

obey vs disobey (both are verb, but have an opposite meaning).94

Another type of derivation is derivation without affixes or

usually called as conversion. Conversion is the change in form

class of a form without any corresponding change of form.95

The

exact status of conversion within word formation is unclear. For

some scholars conversion is a brunch of derivation, for others it is

a separate type of word formation on a level with derivation and

compounding.96

the writer will apply the theory of structural morphology to

analyze the process of word formation bellow:

Data 1.

Word : Telemedicine

Sentence : Telemedicine apps aim to replace nonemergency visits.

(The title of the article).

Article : ―The Doctor Will Skype You Now: Telemedicine apps

aim to replace nonemergency visits‖. (January 13rd, 2014)

WF : Derivation (form a noun into a noun)

As already discussed in chapter II that a word may consist of

one or more morphemes, the word telemedicine considered as a word

which have more than one morpheme. The prefix tele- is a bound

94

Francis katamba, Loc.Cit., p.47 95

Laurie bauer, Loc.Cit., p.32 96

Ibid

44

morpheme which can not stand alone with meaning as a word. While

Medicine, the other smallest form of this word, is a free morpheme

which can stand alone with meaning, even without tele-. And it can

not divided into smaller pieces. Therefore, it can be confirmed that the

word telemedicine has two morphemes.

When the prefix tele- added to the noun medicine, it generates a

new lexeme telemedicine. This type of word formation refers to

derivation, when the additions of affixes to a base word change the

identity and generate a new lexeme. However, this process does not

affect the pronunciation of each morpheme. Furthermore, this word

telemedicine has been listed in dictionary as a lexeme, and has a

meaning of ‗the treatment of people who are ill, by sending

information from one place to another by computer, video, etc‘.97

Data 2.

Word : Nonemergency

Sentence : …,telemedicine apps are a cheap, easy alternative to

nonemergency consultation.(paragraph 4, line 3)

Article : ―The Doctor Will Skype You Now: Telemedicine apps

aim to replace nonemergency visits‖. (January 13rd, 2014)

WF : Derivation (form a noun into an adjective)

The word nonemergency obviously has more than one

morpheme, since it can be divided into smaller pieces

97

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary digital, 2008

45

non+emerge+ence+y. The prefix non- is a bound morpheme which

can not stand alone with meaning. While emerge is the root of the

word nonemergency which is also a kind of free morpheme. It can

stand alone with meaning by itself and annex to suffix –ence and –y

that are bound morpheme.

Suffix –ence changes the part of speech of the verb emerge into

a noun emergence, and then the suffix –y attached, but does not

change the part of speech in the transformation of emergence to

emergency. After that, prefix non- attached to the noun emergency and

produces a new lexeme nonemergency which has a different part of

speech from the base form. Therefore, this word formation process is

considered as derivation. This process of word formation does not

affect the pronunciation of each morpheme. All the morphemes still

sound the same until it become nonemergency. Moreover, it turns out

that the word nonemergency does not listed in dictionary. However, It

is obvious that prefix non- denotes a ‗negative‘ sense to the early

meaning of the base.

Data 3.

Word : Dislocated

Sentence : ... diagnosing routine illnesses like the flu and assessing

minor injuries like Sodera‘s dislocated knee, …

(Paragraph 5, line 6)

46

Article : ―The Doctor Will Skype You Now: Telemedicine apps

aim to replace nonemergency visits‖. (January 13rd, 2014)

WF : Derivation (form a verb into an adjective)

In the word dislocated, it is considered there are more than one

morpheme exist. The prefix dis- is a bound morpheme which can not

stand alone with meaning, it usually gives a ‗reversive‘ sense or

opposite sense to a verb. And then the free morpheme locate which is

also the root of the word dislocated that can stand alone as a word.

The last is suffix –ed.

Prefix dis- and suffix –ed can also be called derivational

morpheme, because when the two affixes attached to the root locate, it

changes the paradigm of it, changes the meaning, and changes the part

of speech. Suffix –ed in located does change the part of speech of the

base for it changes the verb into adjective. Moreover, Prefix dis- do

not change the part of speech of the root, but, it gives a ‗reversive‘

sense to the verb locate.

This process does not affect the pronunciation of the base, there

is no morphophonological process in developing the word. Moreover,

this derivative has not listed in all dictionary in general, but some of

them has listed it as an official word and it has a meaning of ‗Displace;

47

put out of position; out of joint; disarranged; having the continuity

broken and part displace, as a line or stratum.98

Data 4.

Word : Illnesses

Sentence : ... diagnosing routine illnesses like the flu and assessing

minor injuries like Sodera‘s dislocated knee, ...

Article : ―The Doctor Will Skype You Now: Telemedicine apps

aim to replace nonemergency visits‖. (January 13rd, 2014)

WF : Derivation (form an adjective into a noun)

It is visible that the word illnesses consists of three units of

morpheme. The morpheme which is familiar in this complex word is

ill. It is a free morpheme which can stand alone with meaning as a

word and also the root of the word illness. While suffix –ness is a

bound morpheme which is also called as derivational morpheme,

because, the suffix changes the paradigm of the base word when it is

attached, and the last is suffix –s. Although suffix –s does not form a

word, it rather happen grammatically for plural form, it also count as a

morpheme of the word illnesses which is usually called inflectional

morpheme.

The word formation process happen when the base ill connect to

suffix –ness and generate a new lexeme which is an abstract noun

illness. The process changes the form and the word class of the word

98

Eric Buckley, The Oxford English Dictionary: Volume III, D-E, (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1978), p.465

48

from adjective (word class of the base ill) into noun (word class of

derivative illness) and it is considered as derivation. This proces does

not affect the pronunciation of each morpheme. Therefore, there is not

morphophonology process happen to the derivative. This derivative

may sounds more familiar than the other medical term, since it has

already been collected in dictionary as an official word which has a

meaning of ―a disease of the body or mind‖.99

Data 5.

Word : Malpractice

Sentence : This has previously led to some malpractice suits.

(Paragraph 5, line 16)

Article : ―The Doctor Will Skype You Now: Telemedicine apps

aim to replace nonemergency visits‖. (January 13rd, 2014)

WF : derivation (form a noun into another noun)

This derivative malpractice consists of more than one

morpheme. Prefix mal- is a bound morpheme which can not stand

alone as a word. It needs to connect to another free morpheme to be a

proper word which has meaning. While practice is a free morpheme

which is also the base and the root of the word malpractice. Therefore,

it is considered that malpractice has two morphemes. From the

description, it can be seen that suffix mal- attached to the word

practice and generate a new lexeme malpractice.

99

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary digital, 2008

49

This derivative is another case of class maintaining after

telemedicine. It does not change the part of speech, but it does change

the paradigm of the base word, since the addition of prefix mal-

denotes a ‗negative‘ sense to the noun practice. Therefore this can be

considered as derivation. This process of word formation does not

affect the pronunciation of each morpheme and it turns out that the

word malpractice has already been listed in dictionary and has a

meaning of ‗failure to act correctly or legally when doing your job,

often causing injury or loss‘.100

Data 6.

Word : Infections

Sentence : All active infections are currently in the Middle East.

(Paragraph 3, line 23)

Article : ―What You Need to Know about MERS: A dangerous new

disease has gone global

WF : derivation (form a verb into a noun)

The word infection obviously has more than one morpheme. It

can be seen that there is a word infect and the other is suffix –ion.

Infect is a free morpheme which can stand alone as a word, since it

has an identity and a meaning, even without suffix –ion annexed.

While suffix –ion is a bound morpheme which is a suffix for it can not

stand alone without annex to another free morpheme to stand as a

100

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary digital, 2008

50

word. This bound morpheme is also called derivational morpheme. It

is because the suffix –ion changes the identity and the meaning of the

word infect into infections. Moreover, suffix –s ended the word

infections does not form any new word. It is a marker of plural noun

and it is placed based on the grammatical rule of the word, or in other

word is inflectional morpheme.

This process of word formation does not show any effect to the

pronunciation of the word. It means there is no morphophonology

process in the change of infect into infection. Furthermore, this

derivative is considered to be an official word of English because it

has already been listed in dictionaries and has a meaning of ‗a disease

in a part of your body that is caused by bacteria or a virus‘.

Data 7.

Word : Gynecologist

Sentence : ...which are a regular part of any woman‘s trip to the

ginecologist. (paragraph 1, line 5)

Article : ―The Cancer Tests You Need Cutting through confusion

on what screenings to get—and when‖ (july 21st, 2014)

WF : derivation (form a noun into another noun)

This medical term gynecologist has more than one morpheme as

the smallest unit of the word. The word gynecology is the free

morpheme which can stand alone with meaning as a word, and is the

root of the complex word gynecologists. It can even being a word

51

without any addition or suffix or the other free morphemes. Compared

to gynecology, suffix –ist is a bound morpheme because it can not

stand alone with meaning without annex to another free morpheme

which can be the base of this form, and it is usually called derivational

morpheme. Therefore, gynecologist is considered to have two

morphemes.

The describtion of the morpheme above indicates that the bound

morpheme –ist form a new word of gynecology into gynecologist.

This kind of derivation is again a class maintaining derivation. When

the suffix –ist attached to the base gynecology, it does not change the

word class, but it replace the paradigm of the word from an abstract

noun into an agent which related to its noun. Therefore it is concluded

the type for this word formation proces is derivation.

In the process of developing the word, there is no effect happens

to the pronunciation of the word. Related to the sound,

morphophonology process does not found in this case of word. As one

of the medical term which exist in the article, gynecologist has also

already been exist in dictionary, and have a meaning of ‗a doctor

skilled in the treatment of women‘s diseases, especially those of the

reproductive organs‘.101

Data 8.

Word : Cervical

101

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary digital, 2008

52

Sentence : the USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer

with a Pap smear (paragraph 7, line 2)

Article : The Cancer Tests You Need Cutting through confusion on

what screenings to get—and when (July 21st, 2014)

WF : derivation (form a noun into an adjective)

The word cervical sounds familiar because there is a part which

reminded to the word cervix (the narrow lower part of the womb,

which leads into the vagina)102

and it is considered as one of the

morpheme in this derivative. Cervix is the free morpheme which

already has meaning, so that it can stand alone without any addition of

other morpheme as a word. The other part of the derivative is suffix –

al. This suffix is a kind of bound morpheme which needs to connect to

the other free morpheme to be a complete word. The process of this

word formation happens when the bound morpheme –al added to the

free morpheme cervix. The formation changes the word class of the

noun cervix into an adjective as in derivative cervical. The meaning is

predictable since it is still related to the meaning of the base, it just has

a different paradigm. And it will definitely happen because there is a

transformation of word class in the process.

This process of word formation seems to affect the

pronunciation of the word. If there is a consonant x in the base word

cervix, it has no longer found in the derivative cervical. The consonant

102

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary digital, 2008

53

x is replaced with consonant c. Therefore, it definitely changes the

pronunciation of the word and it is consider that morphophonological

process is happens in this formation of derivative. Furthermore, the

word cervical is an official word in English for it has already been

listed in dictionary with has a meaning of ‗relating to the narrow neck-

like passage forming the lower end of the womb‘.103

Data 9.

Word : Obesity

Sentence : Obesity (category of in the table number five)

Article : Medical Momentum Scientists Make Major Moves in

Tackling Five Challenging Diseases (October 27th, 2014)

WF : derivation (form an adjective into a noun)

This medical term may look short. However, there is more than

one morpheme involve in this derivative. One part of this word is

token from an adjective obese which is a free morpheme that can

stand alone and has meaning as a word that is ‗extremely fat‘104

. The

other part is a bound morpheme –ity which is a suffix and cannot

stand alone as a word unless it is being attached to some other free

morpheme. This bound morpheme usually gives a sense of an abstract.

From the description of the smaller parts of the word, it can be

concluded that the term obesity has two morphemes, namely obese

and –ity.

103

Oxford Dictionary, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cervical

accessed on December 30th, 2014. 104

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary digital, 2008

54

This word formation process happens when the suffix –ity,

which is a bound morpheme, is attached to the word obese and

generate a noun obesity. This kind of process is considered as

derivation because it is obviously change the paradigm of the base

word obese for it affects the word class of the word from an adjective

obese into a noun obesity. This formation also affects another part of

the word base. In obese, there is a vowel e in the end of it, but after the

suffix –ity attacking, the vowel e is no longer in the place. Therefore,

it may be considered that morphophonological process happens in the

formation of the derivative obesity. Furthermore, the word obesity can

easily found since it has already been listed in dictionary and has a

meaning of ‗the state of being grossly fat or overweight‘.105

Data 10.

Word : Hypertension

Sentence : Hypertension and high cholesterol are both major risk

factors for heart disease (in the column ‗a healthier heart‘,

line 5)

Article : Mindfulness for Men Yoga has some new fans—and

science says that‘s a very good thing (November 24th, 2014)

WF : derivation (form an adjective into a noun)

105

Oxford Dictionary http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/obesity

accessed on December 30th, 2014

55

It can be seen from the word hypertension that it is kind of a

complex word. There are more than one morphemes involve to build

this term. In this case, it is not a free morpheme which has already

listed in dictionary as a lexeme. However, this prefix is considered as

one of the morpheme in this term because it has a meaning of ‗having

too much of stated quality‘. There is another morpheme which is also

the root of this term, namely, tense. The word tense is a free

morpheme that can stand alone with meaning. The last one is a bound

morpheme –ion.

The word formation process happens when the suffix –ion

attached to the root tense and generate a new lexeme tension. It

changes the word class of the tense from adjective into noun in tension.

After that, the prefix hyper added to the form tension and creates

another noun hypertension. At first, it may look like a compound word,

but morpheme hyper turns out that it is a bound morpheme in the form

of prefix. This bound morpheme of hyper- gives an emphasis meaning

to the base word tension. It can be stated that suffix –ion is attached

first because, there is no hypertense in English.

This transformation does not affect the pronunciation of the

word, however, it removes the vowel e in tense when suffix –ion is

added. Moreover, this derivative is considered as an official word of

English because it has already been listed in dictionary and has a

56

meaning of ‗a medical condition in which your blood pessure is

extremely high.106

Data 11.

Word : Caloric

Sentence : ... which foods are more caloric than others... (paragraph 1,

line 15)

Article : ―The Great American Calorie Crackdown Why some

nutrition facts are getting harder to ignore‖ (December 15th,

2014)

WF : derivation (form a noun into adjective)

This derivative caloric obviously has more than one morpheme.

What we usually heard is a noun calorie. It does consider as one of the

morpheme of this derivative for it can stand alone with meaning as a

word. In other word, calorie is a kind of free morpheme. The other

part is suffix –ic which is a bound morpheme which can not stand

alone without being attached to the other free morpheme. Therefore,

this medical term caloric is considered to have two morphemes as the

smallest units to build the word.

The word formation of this process is when the suffix –ic

attached to the free morpheme calorie and produced a new lexeme

caloric which is approved as an adjective. The addition of suffix –ic is

changes the part of speech and the form of the word. The

106

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary digital, 2008

57

transformation replaces the word class of the base from noun as in

calorie into an adjective as in caloric. In other word, it is obviously

considered as a process of derivation, since it changes the paradigm of

the base when there is the additional of affix.

This process does not affect the pronunciation of the word,

however, it removes the vowel e when the suffix –ic attached at the

end of the base calorie. Thus this process of word formation has a

slightly morphophonological phenomenon. Furthermore, it is

considered as an official word of English since it has already been

added in English dictionary and has a meaning of ‗relating to heat;

calorific‘107

.

2. Compound

When two or more elements which could potentially be

used as stems are combined to form another stem, the form is said

to be a compound.108

This definition contains two crucial

assumptions, the first being that compounds consist of two (and

not more) elements, the second being that these elements are

words.109

There are three types of compound, namely,

a. Compound adjective;

b. Compound noun;

c. Compound verb.

107

Oxford Dictionary http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/obesity

accessed on December 30th, 2014 108

Laurie Bauer, Loc.Cit.p. 28 109

Ingo plag, Loc.Citp. 170

58

Data 12.

Word : Public-health

Sentence : May 2 was not the day u.s. public-health officials were

dreading (paragraph 1, line 2)

Article : ―What You Need to Know About MERS: A dangerous

new disease has gone global‖ (June 2nd, 2014)

WF : compound noun

The word public-health is considered to have more than one

morpheme. It is so obvious because there are two free morpheme that

are public and health, the parts which can stand alone and have a

meaning by themselves, moreover, they can not divided into smaller

pieces which has a meaning. Then, both can be stated as the

morpheme of the word. It can be sum up that the word public-health

consist of two free morphemes.

The process of word formation is when there are two words

which merge into one, and then generate a new word. Unlike

derivation, compound word only consists of free morpheme. When

there are two or more free morphemes merge into one word, it can be

said compound. In this case, the word public is a free morpheme

which joined together with the other free morpheme health and creates

a new word public-health. This word is the type of compound noun

which is the head of this compound is the word health. This can be

proved by the meaning of this word, i.e. ‗the health of a population as

59

a whole, especially as monitored, regulated, and promoted by the

state‘.110

From the meaning of the word it can be said that the main

focus of this compound is refer to the word health.

There is no morphophonological process in this word formation.

The two components of morphemes do not affected by the

development of the word. Therefore, the pronunciation of the word

public-health is still the same as when it was a separated word public

and health. In English, this medical term has already been confirmed

as an official word since it is listed in English dictionary.

Data 13.

Word : Coronavirus

Sentence : ... the first American case of the Middle East Respiratory

Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, ... (Paragraph 1, line 9)

Article : ―What You Need to Know About MERS A dangerous new

disease has gone global‖ (June 2nd, 2014)

WF : Compound noun

At first, this word coronavirus seems only consists of a

morpheme. However, the word virus found here as a part of this noun.

Then, the other part of the word must be had a relation in this

formation for it is connected without space with the word virus. Virus

is a free morpheme which can stand alone as a word, it is listed in

110

Oxford Dictionary http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/public-

health?q=public+health accessed on December 30th, 2014

60

English dictionary as one of the lexeme. The other part corona is also

a free morpheme that has a meaning of ‗a circle of light that can

sometimes be seen around the moon at night‘.111

Therefore, it can be

stated that coronavirus has two morphemes in it.

The process of this formation happen when the two free

morphemes corona and virus joined together and generate a new word

coronavirus and this kind of processed is considered as a process of

compound, where there are two component which can be used as a

steam merges with another steam and create a new lexeme. This

compound is a left headed compound. This is indicated on the focuses

of the word virus in the left side of the word.

This process does not affect the pronunciation of the base word.

However, there are morphophonological process arise here. The left-

headed compound need to put pressure to the head upon it is

pronounced. In this case of coronavirus, the morpheme corona is the

one which has a stress. Furthermore, coronavirus has been confirmed

as an official word for it is listed in Oxford dictionary with the

meaning of ‗Any of a group of RNA viruses that cause a variety of

diseases in humans and other animals.‘112

Data 14.

Word : Flu-like

Sentence : Most people report flu-like signs ... (Paragraph 3, line 17)

111

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary digital, 2008 112

Oxford Dictionary http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/coronavirus

accessed on December 30st, 2014

61

Article : ―What You Need to Know About MERS A dangerous new

disease has gone global‖ (June 2nd, 2014)

WF : compound adjective

This case of compound is similar with what happened in the

analysis of data 12. This compound word obviously has two

morphemes in one formation. The word flu and the preposition like are

the morphemes which already have meaning and become components

of the word flu-like. However, there is a different between those two

morphemes. Lexically, the word flu and like can be said as free

morpheme. This assumption can be support by the fact that flu and

like is a form which already has meaning, both are listed in English

dictionary as a lexeme. In contrast to the fact that they are lexically

free morpheme, the word like is grammatically bound morpheme. It

would have no meaning when placed itself in a sentence without

annexed to another grammatical free morpheme as a phrase or the

other form.

When the morpheme flu annexed with another steam like and

characterized it by attribute hyphen to merge the different steams is

considered as the process of compound word. This word formation

process generates an adjective flu-like. The meaning of the word

which is ‗resembling influenza‘ give an indication that flu-like is an

adjective. Moreover, it can be seen from the function of this word in

the sentence for it modifies the noun signs afterwards. Since the place

62

of stress is very important to mark the head in compound word, then

there will always be a process of morphophonology in this type of

word formation. The stress of this compound is on the flu, for it is

being the main focus of the word. Furthermore, this compound noun

flu-like has been listed in English dictionary.

Data 15.

Word : Overdiagnosis

Sentence : ... they provide little benefit and lead to overdiagnosis, ...

(in the point of Prostate Cancer, line 8)

Article : ―The Cancer Tests You Need Cutting through confusion

on what screenings to get—and when‖ (July 21st, 2014).

WF : compound noun

The word overdiagnosis is considered as a word which consists

of more than one morpheme in it. The first is the free morpheme over,

and then another free morpheme diagnose. And the last is the bound

morpheme –is. These three components can not divided any further

into smaller pieces which has meaning. Therefore, this lexeme

overdiagnosis is considered as to have three morphemes.

This word formation happens when the free morpheme over, or

it is also stated as a word, merge with the derivative diagnosis and

form a new word overdiagnosis. This compound word is a kind of

right-headed for it describes the level of the second steam. Therefore,

it seems that the steam over modifies the other steam diagnosis, which

63

is a noun. The morphophonological process of compound word is still

unknown, because this new steam is not listed yet in English

dictionary.

Data 16.

Word : Nerve-damaging

Sentence : Interfere with or stop the nervedamaging disease ... (in

table, cell Alzheimer‘s, column the promise, line 6)

Article : ―Medical Momentum Scientists make major moves in

tackling five challenging diseases.‖ (October 27th, 2014)

WF : compound noun

This word nerve-damaging consists of three morphemes in this

formation. The first is a free morpheme Nerve which is placed before

the hyphen mark. It is considered as a free morpheme because nerve

can stand alone with meaning of ‗A whitish fibre or bundle of fibres in

the body that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal

cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs‘113

. The

second is also a free morpheme, namely, damage. This also

considered as a free morpheme because it can stand alone and has

already been listed in English dictionary as a lexeme. The third

morpheme is a derivational bound morpheme. This morpheme is

called derivational morpheme because it connect with the steam

damage and change its paradigm.

113

Oxford dictionary, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/nerve

accessed on December 30th, 2014

64

The development of this compound word is the incorporation

the steam nerve with the derivative damaging. Both words merge and

produce new form of a steam nerve-damaging. This compound is

rarely heard in daily conversation. It may sound strange, But, if it

looked from the meaning of each steam which are nerve and

damaging, it can be accepted that this is a compound noun. This

compound word has no meaning or usually called headless compound

for it does not has the exact main focus of the word. Furthermore, this

steam of nerve-damaging has not been added in English dictionary.

However, the American Diabetes Association explain that Nerve

damage from diabetes is called diabetic neuropathy (new ROP-uh-

thee). About half of all people with diabetes have some form of nerve

damage.114

Data 17.

Word : Steam-cell

Sentence : The study shows that these stem-cell transplants are safe

(in the table, cell age-related visual loss, column what‘s

next, line 2)

Article : ―Medical Momentum Scientists make major moves in

tackling five challenging diseases‖ (October 27th, 2014)

WF : compound noun

114

American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-

diabetes/complications/neuropathy/ accessed on December 30th, 2014.

65

This case of word formation is also similar with data 12. There

are two morphemes found in this compound noun. The first is steam

which is a free morpheme, has an identity as a noun, and can be used

alone as a word. The second is cell that is also a free morpheme.

These two morphemes are considered to be able stand alone as a word

because they has already been added in English dictionary. They are

accepted as a word in a sentence even when the do not attached to

another word or morpheme.

When the noun steam annex with the noun cell with a hyphen

between them, the formation generate a complex word steam-cell and

it is when the process of compound word happen. The type of this

compound is right-headed and it is on the word cell which is the main

focus of this word. It is indicated by the meaning of each morpheme

and the word transplants which is modified by this compound

afterwards in the sentence. The morphophonology process is when the

morphemes join together and produce stress on a part of the word to

indicate the head. In this case, the stress is on the word cell which is

the head of the word steam-cell. However, this compound noun did

not listed in English dictionary, yet it is still used by medical people

and has a definition of ‗a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to

differentiate into specialized cell types‘.115

115

Cell Teraphy Dr. Block http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/stem_cell/ accessed

on December 30th, 2014

66

Data 18.

Word : Nutrient-dense

Sentence :Whether foods are nutrient-dense is also important.

(Under the question of are calories the most important thing

in making a healthy choice?, line 6)

Article : ―The Great American Calorie Crackdown Why some

nutrition facts are getting harder to ignore‖ (December 15th,

2014)

WF : compound adjective.

This compound word consists of two free morpheme as the units

in developing the formation. The free morpheme nutrient as one of the

unit of this compound is a noun which can be used alone in a sentence

as a word, it has a meaning and identity. And then, the word dense is

also a free morpheme which has already been one of the lexeme in

English Dictionary. The formation of this compound word happens

when the single morpheme nutrient connected with the word dense.

And generate an adjective nutrient-dense.

In this case, this word formation is a kind of right-headed

compound for it has a focus on the adjective dense in the right side of

the word, after the hyphen. It is the same as the compound word

before which have not been listed in dictionary that the stress of this

words must be on the head of the word which is dense. Furthermore,

this compound adjective is not been added in English dictionary, yet it

67

can still be used in written and spoken language and the meaning of

this word can be predicted by referring to the meaning of the base.

Where the word nutrient is ‗any substance which plants or animals

need in order to live and grow, and dense means ‗thick; close together;

difficult to go or see through‘.116

3. Abbreviation

Abbreviation is similar with blends and truncation, but,

differs from truncation and blending in that prosodic categories do

not play a prominent role. Rather, orthography is of central

importance. Abbreviations are most commonly formed by taking

initial letters of multiword sequences to make up a new word.117

Data 19.

Word : CDC (Centers for Disease Control)

Sentence : That‘s when the Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention (CDC) confirmed. (Paragraph 1, line 6)

Article : ―What You Need to Know About MERS A dangerous new

disease has gone global‖ (June 2nd, 2014)

WF : Abbreviation.

From the extension of abbreviation CDC, it can be seen that

there are four morphemes build this abbreviation word. However, if it

focuses to the word centers, the suffix –s found and it is considered as

a morpheme because it is also a part which has a meaning. Therefore,

116

Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary digital, 2008 117

Ingo plag, Loc.Cit.., p. 161

68

this abbreviation word confirmed that it has five morphemes in the

formation. The four free morphemes are Center, for, disease, and

control, the other is a bound morpheme –s which is annex to the

morpheme center a suffix.

The process of this word formation is when the long word that

consisting of five morphemes shortened by taking some of the first

letter to represent the word. In this case, the abbreviation CDC is the

shorten form of Centers for Disease Control. The first letter C is

representing the word centers, the letter D represents the word

Disease and the last C represents the word Control. And then for the

morphophonological process of this process is how the way to

pronounce this abbreviation CDC. Since it is an abbreviation,

therefore it should be pronounced by each alphabet in the abbreviation.

Although this word is not listed in English dictionary, it is still used in

society to refer to a proper name of an organization.

Data 20.

Word : ACS (American Cancer Society)

Sentence : The American Cancer Society (ACS) says men of average

risk should... (in the point of prostate cancer, line 12)

Article : ―The Cancer Tests You Need Cutting through confusion

on what screenings to get—and when‖ (July 21st, 2014)

WF : Abbreviation

69

It seems that this abbreviation consists of three morpheme. But,

it is not true when the suffix –an found as a part of the word American.

With that, it is considered that this proper noun has four morphemes in

the formation to build a word. The word Cancer and Society are

obviously free morphemes, while the word American can be divided

again into one free morpheme America and the bound morpheme –an.

In the other word, the total morpheme of this extension of

abbreviation is four morphemes. This has the same

mophophonological process with the analysis of data 19. It

pronounces by mentioning each alphabet of the abbreviation CDC.

Furthermore, it is not listed in English dictionary, but it is still used in

the some society.

Data 21.

Word : CT scan

Sentence : ... recommended a CT scan for heavy smokers over 55

who had smoked for 30 years or more ... (in the point of

lung cancer, line 5)

Article : The Cancer Tests You Need Cutting through confusion on

what screenings to get—and when (July 21st, 2014)

WF : Abbreviation

From this phrasal word, the abbreviation CT has the extension of

Computerized. In that extension there are more than one morpheme

found in the formation of the word computerized. It consists of one

70

free morpheme computer, and two derivational suffix –ize and –ed

which are bound as a morphemes. Therefore, the total of the

morpheme is three.

The word formation process of this abbreviation is when the

word computerized shortened and represented by two alphabet CT. In

fact, it is not only taking the first one letter to create an abbreviation.

This kind of abbreviation is also exist in the use of language. for

example of another case: the abbreviation cm which represents

centimeter, and Dr represents doctor. The pronunciation of this

formation is the same with the other abbreviation. It is pronounced by

mentioning only the sound of each letter. And compare to the other

abbreviation in this analysis, this word CT has already been listed in

English dictionary, then it can be mentioned that this is one of the

official English words.118

4. Acronyms

Acronym is formed by taking the initial letters of some or

all of the words in a phrase or title and reading them as a word, for

example: NATO for North Atlantic Treaty Organization.119

Another example are an acronym of North Atlantic Treaty

Organization, ANZAC an acronym of Australian and New Zealand

Army Corps.

118

Oxford Dictionary http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ct?q=CT#CT

accessed on December 30th, 2014 119

Afifah Rahmawati, Loc.Cit. p.11

71

Data 22.

Word : MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)

Sentence : ... the first American case of the Middle East Respiratory

Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus,... (Paragraph 1, line 9)

Article : ―What You Need to Know About MERS A dangerous new

disease has gone global‖ (June 2nd, 2014)

WF : Acronyms

At first, it will create an assumption that the extension of

acronyms MERS consists of four morphemes. However, it turns out

that there are six components of morphemes in that formation. The

word Middle, East, and Syndrome are free morphemes which can

divided into smaller pieces. While the derivative Respiratory consists

of four morpheme, namely, respire which is considered as a free

morpheme, and two suffixes, they are –or, and –y. Therefore the

morphemes in the extension of MERS are Middle+East+Respire+-

or+-y+syndrom.

The process of this word formation is when taking the initial

letter to shortened to represent of the phrasal word Middle East

Respiratory Syndrome and create an acronyms MERS. This is similar

to the rule of abbreviation before. However it is no longer the same

when it talks about the pronunciation of this word formation. The

pronunciation of acronyms is the same like when we pronounced a

word. In other word, it is pronounced as a word instead of reading the

72

letters one by one. Moreover, the acronyms MERS is not listed as a

lexeme in English dictionary, yet, it is still used in society to indicate

the name of a dangerous disease.

Ultimately, the writer has done all the analysis and there are some

findings arise. From the analysis of the seven monthly different editions of

TIME magazine‘s articles, it can be said that there are 39 data found, 28

derivatives found on the medical terms in this New York TIME

Magazine‘s articles. seven compound words, three abbreviations, and only

one acronym. Moreover, from the sample chosen as represent the other

data in the analysis, it is containing eight derivatives which are class

changing and there are three derivatives which are class maintaining.

Furthermore there is no truncation, blend, cretion de novo, and eponym

found in the development of medical term in this analysis. It gives an

assumption that not a lot of medical terms which has those types of word

formation.

73

CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

In accordance with the research which has been conducted based on

the concept described in the previous chapter, the writer concludes that there

are quite a lot derivatives containing in the articles. However, not all the

types of word formation occur in the data analysis. From eight types, there

are four which do not found in the analysis. Those four types are truncation,

blend, neologism (creation de novo), and eponym. The writer cannot found

the four processes on all the medical terms which have been collected. In

contrast, derivation is found numerously in the articles. There are 28 of

derivative occur to the medical terms in the articles, the second position that

appears frequently is compound, the third is abbreviation and the last is

acronyms.

In structural morphology, there are four steps in analyzing word

formation process. However, not all the changes in the process of word

formation through all the steps. Evidently, there are some medical terms

which have not been listed in dictionary, and it is usually occur on

abbreviation and acronym. From this analysis, the word MERS and ACS are

not found in dictionaries, yet, those two words are still used by medical

group as the name of a disease and an organization. And it has already been

73

74

considered by society. Other than that, there are some words which change

pronunciation, or in other word morphophonology, and some other do not

change it in the process of word formation. From this analysis, the

derivative Telemedicine does not experience morphophonological process in

the transformation, it does not affect the spelling or the pronunciation, while

the derivative obesity has the morphophonological process in transformation.

Word formation process certainly produced new form of a word.

Some of the new words have a predictable meaning and some other have an

unpredictable meaning. There are several meanings of derivatives which are

visible to be guessed just by looking to the meaning of the base word,

dislocated is one example of this case. The word dislocated found in the

article is rarely found in the English dictionary, however, the meaning can

be guest just by referring to the meaning of the base. Therefore, the writer

can easily know the meaning. Furthermore, derivatives which have an

invisible meaning to be guest also exist. It cannot be guest just by looking to

the meaning of the base, but, the meaning must be sought through dictionary.

Furthermore, English derivation has absorbed some of affixation of

other languages. From this analysis, prefix tele- and mal- in telemedicine

and malpractice are the two of some affixes which absorbed fron another

language beside English. Tele- is the prefix which is absorbed Greek120

, and

120

Oxforddictionary.com http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/tele-

accessed on December 4th, 2015.

75

mal- is a prefix which is absorbed from French mal, from Latin male

'badly'.121

B. Suggestions

The analysis of word formation is sometimes taken for granted by

many people. In fact, each presence of words can be a major influence in a

language. Therefore, it is very important to have a further understanding

about words and its form. Since language is arbitrary, it is necessary to

conduct continuous research in order to increase the knowledge about

phenomena of word formation.

For the object of this research, the writer chooses a written language

from seven articles of New York Time Magazine to be analyzed. For further

analysis, the writer suggests the spoken language as in movie, variety show,

speech, and song.

121

Ibid, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/mal- accessed on

December 4th, 2015.

76

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