WOOD POLISH, VARNISH AND PAINTS

MADE BY :-MANU GARGSWATI SINGHSHRUTI SETHI

DUSHYANT SINGHADITI GAUR

RUMAN SIDDIQUIANKITA GOEL

TYPES OF FINISHES

• Surface Coating : Highly durable for e.g. shellac, lacquer polish and varnish.

• Natural finishes : Add lustre warmth and character to the wood while protecting from wear and tear .

• Pigmented finishes : looks like paint for e.g. black lacquer.

• Penetrating finishes : Penetrates the wood grain rather than setting up on the surface and leaves no appreciable surface coating or film . This is done with oil.

• Waxing : it seals and protects the wood

WOOD FINISHESWood finishing refers to the process of refining or protecting a wooden surface, especially in the production of furniture.There are three major types of finish:• Evaporative-Wax is an evaporative finish because it is dissolved in turpentine or petroleum distillates

to form a soft paste. • Reactive-finishes may use solvents such as white spirits and naphtha as a base. • Coalescing- Water based finishes

VARNISH

• It is a transparent , hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing.• It is a combination of dry oil , a resin and a thinner or solvent.• Varnish is made by cooking a curing or semi-curing oil (linseed oil ,tung oil) with a

resin (pine tree)

TYPES OF VARNISH

• Exterior grade varnishes- weather resistant • Yacht varnish – which will with stand exposure to salt water, especially suitable for

coastal climates.• Clear varnish – that dry to matte, satin or gloss finish.• Tinted varnish – available for colouring wood .As it does not penetrate the wood

like a true stain, there is always the possibility of colour loss. It is useful for adjusting the colour of the work piece that has already been varnished.

TYPES OF VARNISHES BASED ON THE SOLVENT USED

1.Oil varnishes – Linseed oil is used as solvent in this type of varnish. oil varnishes dry slowly. but they form hard and durable surface.

2. Spirit varnishes – Methylated spirits of wine are used as solvent in this type of varnish.

3. Water varnishes – Shellac is dissolved in hot water and enough quantity of either ammonia or borax or potash or soda is added such that shellac is dissolved. these varnishes are used for varnishing maps, pictures, etc

4.Turpentine varnishes – Turpentine is used as solvent in this .These varnishes dry quickly and posses light colours. they are not durable and tough as oil varnishes

TYPE OF VARNISHES BASED ON THE TYPE OF RESIN

• Phenolic resin varnish - 1st synthetic varnish• Alkyd resin varnish – It is cheaper then phenolic varnish• Polyurethane varnish – heat resistant, water proof and extremely hard – wearing.• Epoxy Resin- Thick, high-gloss, and transparent. Easy pour-on application for flat

surfaces.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARNISHVarnish has six primary characteristics, each of which is the result of its reactive curing.

• Resistance to heat, wear, solvents, acids, and alkalis. • Resistance to water and water-vapour exchange.• Long curing time: Slow oxidation allows you plenty of time to brush varnish without it getting tacky and dragging. But this also causes dust problems. • Difficulty in repairing and stripping.- This is the flip side of good solvent and chemical resistance. • Difficulty in rubbing to an even sheen: This is the flip side of good scratch resistance. • Skinning over in the can.- Since varnish cures by absorbing oxygen, any air left in a can of varnish will begin to cure it. If there is enough air, the varnish will skin over.

Secondary characteristics 1.It should render the surface glossy.2.It should dry rapidly and present a finished surface which is uniform in nature and pleasing in appearance.3.The colour of varnish should not fade away when the surface is exposed to atmospheric actions.4.The protecting film developed by varnish should be tough, hard and durable.5. It should not shrink or show cracks after drying.

APPLYING VARNISH• STEP 1 Preparation of surface – the wood work is thoroughly rubbed

down by means of sand paper or pumice stone. The surface is then made smooth and clean.

• STEP 2 Finishing bare wood with clear or tinted varnish – apply a sealer coat thinned with mineral spirit. Use a soft cloth pad/brush to rub it.

• STEP 3 Apply 2nd coat by brush not less than 6 hours later.• STEP 4 For a hard – wearing surface apply a 3rd coat in the same way.• STEP 5 If dust particles settle on final gloss surface, either rub down and

varnish again or modify the finish with steel wool and wax

POLISH ON WOOD

PROCESS OF APPLYING POLISH• Wooden surface is first painted with a putti made by mixing chalk powder and spirit or

the ready made putti is also used.• Then the surface is smoothened by rubbing it through sand paper. After this, as told

earlier, a pad is made of cotton cloth and polish is applied on the wooden surface through this pad.

• After 2-3 coats, the pad is dipped in only spirit and then last finishing touch is applied with loose hands.

• It is a substance used to give something a smooth and shiny surface when rubbed in.• The primary ingredients used to prepare polishes are polishing agents, solvents, and

emulsifiers. Auxiliary materials include preservatives, colorants, and fragrance.• The waxes, polymers, and oils are used to improve the condition of the furniture surface

can be loosely grouped together and labeled as polishing agents.• Common solvents include mineral spirits, turpentine, and naphtha.• Proper blending of oil and water-soluble ingredients requires special chemicals known

as surfactants.• Propellants are liquefied gases, which are used to dispense aerosol products as a spray.

SPRAY POLISH- Easy to handle but cause damage to wood as it contains silicone oils and other contaminants as their ingredients. Some sprays damages varnishLIQUID POLISH • Emulsion type : Waxes , oils and organic solvents in a water solution that it can be

applied easily on the furniture• Oil type polish : non-drying and drying oils.

FRENCH POLISH • The polish is made by dissolving shellac , a secretion of the lac insect , in industrial

alcohol. It can be burnished to an almost glass- like texture .• It is vulnerable to scratching , susceptible to alcohol and water .

Applying French polish • Use a soft brush to apply an even coat.• Then after 15 to 20 min rub down lightly with

self – lubricating silicon 2nd coat .• Then apply third coat and rub it with steel

wool dipped in wax polish.

POLYURETHANE (PU) POLISH V/S REGULAR POLISHPOLYURETHANE POLISH REGULAR POLISH

Type• There are two different types of

polyurethane polishes, water-based and solvent-based.

• Both leave a strong protective coat on the wood.

• PU polish is comparatively expensive compared to Melamine based polish and carpenters prefer this polish as it can give superior shining in shorter time using less labour.

• The PU polish is available in multiple stains that help getting the desired shade of wood.

Type• spirit and Melamine based polishes are

two options. • Spirit polish is very economical and

provides good gloss to wood but it is not that durable and does not resist scratches or stains. It also looses shine quickly.

• Melamine is more expensive than spirit polish but adds great beauty to the woodwork and resists scratches. The polish is available in multiple stains that help getting the desired shade of wood.

Raw Material Include monomers, polymers, stabilizers which protect the integrity of the polymer, and colorants.

Raw MaterialWood filler/ filling materials, staining, sealing material and top coat as per finish required such as Varnish, Spirit , Melamine based finish and tools for polishing.

POLYURETHANE (PU) POLISH V/S REGULAR POLISH

AdvantagesPU polish can give good finish in a shorter time. • Both water-based and solvent-based

polyurethane finishes can provide a beautiful finish in matt, glossy or satin style.

• Water based Polyurethane is the most environmentally friendly finish.

• It is odorless and quick drying. • It reduces the maintenance requirement in a

furniture item as it creates a surface that has excellent resistance to scratches and moisture.

• Water base polyurethane is available in commercial and domestic quality depending on the durability required.

Advantages• Provides radiant beauty to the wood. • Helps in protecting the wood by binding

the surface. • Helps to prevent hairline cracks and

absorb the effects of scratching and external damage.

• Helps in reducing the transfer of moisture between the wood and the surrounding weather.

Disadvantages• higher cost of the product. • In solvent-based, the fumes are generated

while the polish is applied .• They can give a slight yellow tone to the wood

finish and on extremely light colored wood, it can cause a noticeable color change.

• The PU finish darkens over time.

Disadvantages• Become yellowish with age. • It requires more labour and hard work to

achieve a good finish on the furniture.

PAINTS PAINTS PROVIDE A COLOURFUL AND PROTECTIVE FINISH FOR WOODS.

IT MAY BE USED OUTSIDE OR INSIDE.

THERE ARE A NUMBER OF THINGS TO REMEMBER WHEN PAINTING; SOFTWOOD KNOTS NEED TO BE SEALED WITH SHELLAC TO PREVENT RESIN FROM OOZING OUT. THIS SEALER IS OFTEN CALLED KNOTTING.

SHARP CORNERS NEED TO BE SLIGHTLY ROUNDED OFF TO PREVENT THE PAINT SURFACE FROM SPLITTING.

WHEN PAINTING A PRODUCT IT SHOULD BE SEALED WITH A PRIMER. SECONDLY UNDERCOATS SHOULD BE APPLIED, SANDING DOWN BETWEEN EACH COAT WITH A FINE GLASS PAPER.

THERE ARE LOTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PAINTS AVAILABLE IN MANY DIFFERENT COLOURS FROM MATT, EGGSHELL TO GLOSS.

EMULSION PAINTS, VINYL OR ACRYLIC RESIN ARE ALL WATER BASED PAINTS. THEY ARE NOT WATERPROOF OR VERY DURABLE.

OIL BASED PAINTS SOME OF WHICH ARE NON-DRIP ARE MORE DURABLE AND WATERPROOF.

POLYURETHANE PAINTS GO HARD WHEN EXPOSED TO AIR. THEY PROVIDE A SCRATCH RESISTANT, TOUGH SURFACE SUITABLE FOR TOYS AND SOME FURNITURE.

PAINTING SYSTEMS FOR WOODEN SURFACES

USE OF BEEWAX, ADHESIVES & SAWDUST, ETC.

FILLING

USE OF FINE GRAINED SANDPAPER FOR SMOOTH CLEAR & CLEAN SURFACE

PROGRESSIVE SANDING

TO ENSURRE ABSENCE OF POROSITY, SURFACE RESINS, ETC. FOR A DAMAGE FREE FINISH

SEALER/PRIMER & PUTTY

FINISH COATS ENAMEL, POLYURETHANE, MELAMINE, VARNISH, BEEWAX, ETC.

REMOVING KNOTS, SURFACE RESINS, ETC.

CLEANING & SMOOTHING

NATURAL/ MANUFACTURED HARD/SOFT/PLY WOOD, PARTICLE BOARD, ACOUSTIC BOARD, ETC.

MARKET SURVEY

• CLEAR VARNISH – RS.140-200 per litre• POLISH

Lakh dana – Rs. 300 per kgSpirit – Rs. 120 per litreLacquer – 400 per litre

• Melamine polish – Rs. 300 per litre• PU Polish – Rs. 600 per litre• Touchwood – Rs. 200per litre• Enamel paints – Rs. 250 per litre• PU Paints – Rs. 500 per litre• Metallic colours – Rs. 350 per litre

How to Varnish Wood.mp4