I–1

IndexAccelerated air-drying, 12-6Acid copper chromate (ACC):

components, 14-10effectiveness and leaching, 14-10retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6tSouthern pine sapwood stakesretention and life span test results,14-13ttemperature for pressure treating,14-21

Adherends:bond strength properties, 9-21density and porosity, 9-6 to 9-7ease of bonding by species, 9-8textractives on surface, effect on, 9-3knife- and abrasive-planed surfaces,9-3 to 9-4, 9-4figmechanical testing of bondedassemblies, 9-20 to 9-21moisture content:

and dimensional change, 9-7control, 9-15 to 9-16U.S. averages, 9-16, 9-16fig

surface preparation, 9-16surface properties, 9-2 to 9-3veneer surfaces, 9-4 to 9-5wettability, 9-3wood and nonwood composites, 9-5 to 9-6

Adhesives:affected by:

physical properties, 9-6 to 9-9surface properties, 9-2 to 9-5wood density, 9-6 to 9-7wood moisture content, 9-9wood porosity, 9-7

analytic chemical and mechanicaltesting of polymers, 9-20assembly and pressing, 9-16 to 9-18, 9-17figcomposition, 9-9 to 9-10consistency, effect of, 9-16 to 9-17,9-17figdefinition, 9-1ease of bonding by species, 9-8tform and color of types, 9-13t to 9-14thealth and safety, 9-10mechanical testing of bondedassemblies, 9-20 to 9-21post-cure conditioning, 9-18preparation and application, 9-13tto 9-14tquality assurance programs, 9-22 to9-23short- and long-term performance, 9-21 to 9-22, 9-22figselection, 9-12 to 9-15spreading 9-16, 9-17figstrength and durability, 9-10 to 9-12, 9-11t, 9-13t to 9-14tstrength properties, 9-21

used with fire-retardant-treatedwoods, 9-6uses, 9-1, 9-13t to 9-14tuse on veneers, 9-4 to 9-5use on wood and nonwoodcomposites, 9-5 to 9-6use with chemically modified wood,9-6used with preservative-treatedwood, 9-6working life, 9-12, 9-15

Adjustment of properties for designuse, 6-1 to 6-14Advantages of using wood forstructures, 1-2Afara. See LimbaAfrormosia:

characteristics, 1-17decay resistance, 1-17ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-17mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-17

Air-drying advantages andlimitations, 12-6Albarco:

characteristics, 1-17locality of growth, 1-17mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-17workability, 1-17

Alder, red:characteristics, 1-3characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tlocality of growth, 1-3machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-3shrinkage values, 3-9tsize of pores, 15-31tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tuses, 1-3

Alkyl ammonium compound:effectiveness, 14-9in ammoniacal copper quat, 14-11solubility, 14-9

Almon. See LauansAlpha paper, 19-12Amaranth. See PurpleheartAmerican Lumber Standard Committee(ALSC):

accepting design values for foreignspecies, 6-3, 6-4tdesign properties, 6-3

stress grading, 6-2 to 6-3American Society of Testing andMaterials (ASTM):

and AWPA standards, 17-12calculating design properties, 6-3calculating strength ratios, 6-3calculating wood properties forvisual stress grades, 6-3critical radiant flux of floor-covering systems using a radiantheat energy source (ASTM E648),17-4

related test methods, 17-9cone calorimeter (ATSM 1354), 17-6, 17-8fire tests of roof covering (ASTME108), 17-4fire-resistance test (ASTM E119),17-4, 17-10, 17-11tflame spread (ASTM E84), 17-2, 17-4, 17-8, 17-12flame spread index for solid sawnlumber, 17-3tNBS smoke chamber (ASTM E662),17-9 to 17-10

American Softwood Lumber Standard,5-1,5-7, 6-2American standard lumber sizes, 5-10,5-11tAmerican Wood Preservers’Association:

fire-retardant-treated wood, 17-12,17-13

Ammonia for plasticizing wood, 19-2Ammoniacal copper citrate (CC):

retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6tsolution percentages, 14-12temperature for pressure treating,14-21

Ammoniacal copper quat (ACQ):common types, 14-11composition of common types, 14-11tretention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6tuses, 14-11

Ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate(ACZA):

composition, 14-11replacement for ACA, 14-11retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6ttemperature for pressure treating,14-21use, 14-10use with Douglas-fir, 14-10 to 14-11

Anani. See ManniAnaura. See MarishballiAndiroba:

characteristics, 1-18characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18t

I–2

dimensional change coefficient, 12-17tdurability, 1-18ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-17mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tnomenclature, 1-17 to 1-18resistance to decay and insects, 1-18shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-18workability, 1-18

Angelin (See also Sucupira):ease of bonding, 9-8tmechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tshrinkage values, 3-10t

Angelique:characteristics, 1-18characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tmachining properties, 1-18mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tresistance to decay and insects, 1-18shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-18

Animal adhesives:structural performance, 9-11tworking and strength properties,and uses, 9-13t

Ants, carpenter, 13-13Annual growth rings. See GrowthringsApa. See WallabaApamate. See RobleApitong. (See also Keruing):

dimensional change coefficient, 12-17tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-10t

Apple:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tmoisture content, 3-6t

Ash:decay resistance, 3-18tfor flooring, 5-6, 5-7machining and related properties, 3-16tsize of pores, 15-31t

Ash, black:characteristics, 1-4color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-4moisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tshrinkage values, 3-9tspecies, 1-4specific gravity, 1-4

strength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19tuses, 1-4

Ash, blue:shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9t

Ash, green:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tmoisture content, 3-6tpenetration, 14-16tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9t

Ash, Oregon:color and figure, 3-6tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tnomenclature, 5-5tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9t

Ash, pumpkin:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tshrinkage values, 3-9t

Ash, white:characteristics, 1-3characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-3tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tlocality of growth, 1-3moisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tnomenclature, 5-5tpenetration, 14-16tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshrinkage values, 3-9tshock resistance, 1-3species, 1-3thermal conductivity, 3-19tuses, 1-3

Aspen:characteristics, 1-4color and figure, 3-3tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-4machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tshock resistance, 1-4size of pores, 15-31tspecies, 1-4uses, 1-4workability, 1-4

Aspen, bigtooth:characteristics for painting, 15-3tmechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9t

strength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Aspen, quaking:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tmechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Avodire:characteristics, 1-18characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-18mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tshrinkage values, 3-10tshock resistance, 1-18uses, 1-18workability, 1-8

Axial load, deformation, 8-1, 8-1eqAxial members, glulam combinations,11-5Azobe:

characteristics, 1-18decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-18mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tresistance to decay and insects, 1-18

marine borers, 13-14shrinkage values, 3-10tworkability, 1-18uses, 1-18

Bacteria causing decay, 13-8Back priming, 15-23Bagtikan. See Seraya, whiteBalata:

characteristics, 1-18decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-18resistance to decay and insects, 1-18shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-19workability, 1-18

Balau:characteristics, 1-19decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-19species, 1-19uses, 1-19

Baldcypress:characteristics, 1-10characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4t

I–3

connector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16telastic ratio, 4-2tflame spread index, 17-3tlocality of growth, 1-10moisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-13tpecky cypress, 1-10penetration, 14-16tPoisson ratio, 4-3ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-20tuses, 1-10

Balsa:characteristics, 1-19decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tlocality of growth, 1-19mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-19

Banak:characteristics, 1-19characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-19machining properties, 1-19mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tnomenclature, 1-19resistance to decay and insects, 1-19shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-19

Bark:growth, 2-2inner and outer, 2-1

Basswood:characteristics, 1-4characteristics for painting, 15-3tcharring rate data, 17-11tcolor and figure, 3-3tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tflammability data, 17-7tlocality of growth, 1-4machineability, 1-4machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tsize of pores, 15-31tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9t

in wood–polymer composites,19-11t

thermal conductivity, American, 3-19tuses, 1-4workability, 1-4

Basswood, American:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tpenetration, 14-16tshrinkage values, 3-9t

Bastard sawn lumber, definition, 3-2Beams:

bending deflection, 8-3 to 8-4, 8-3eq, 8-3t, 8-4eqbending stress, 8-5, 8-5eq, 8-9combined bending and axial load,effect of, 8-7compressive stress, 8-4deformation, 8-1 to 8-4end loading, effect of, 8-7lateral buckling, 8-9 to 8-10, 8-9eq,8-10tmodulus of rupture, 8-6, 8-6eqnotches and holes, effect of, 8-3, 8-6to 8-7shear deflection, 8-3, 8-3eq, 8-3tshear stress, 8-5, 8-5eqsize, effect on strength, 8-6, 8-6eqsize, effects on modulus of rupture,8-6, 8-6eqstability, 8-8 to 8-11tapered beams:

bending stress, 8-5 to 8-6, 8-5eqdeflections, 8-3, 8-3eq, 8-4figglulam combinations, 11-6, 11-4figshear stresses, 8-5 to 8-6, 8-5fig

tensile, stress, 8-4, 8-4eqtime, effect of, 8-3, 8-7twist, 8-4, 8-4eqwaterponding, effect of, 8-3, 8-3eq,8-7, 8-9, 8-9eq

Beech:characteristics for painting, 15-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tfor flooring, 5-6, 5-7machining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tpenetration, 14-16tsize of pores, 15-31t

Beech, American:characteristics, 1-4color and figure, 3-3tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-4machineability, 1-4moisture content, 3-6tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-4shrinkage values, 3-9t

strength properties, 4-4t, 4-9ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-19tuses, 1-4

Bees, carpenter, 13-13Beetles:

ambrosia beetles, 13-8, 13-10damage cause by, 13-9t

bark beetles, 13-8old house borers, 13-11

damage caused by, 13-9tpowder-post beetles, 13-10

damage caused by, 13-9fig, 13-10t

Bending:creep, 4-37 to 4-39strength and temperature, 4-37

Bending of glulam, 11-4 to 11-5Bending properties, affected bytemperature, 4-37, 4-37tBending stiffness:

of box and I beams, 11-12of sandwich panels, 11-18of stressed-skin panels, 11-14

Bending strength, stress grading, 6-6Bending stress:

derivations for machine-gradedlumber, 6-8 to 6-10, 6-9figstressed-skin panels, 11-15

Bending of wood:apparatus, 19-4chemicals used, 19-2fixing the bend, 19-4moisture content of stock, 19-3principles of plasticizing andbending, 19-1selection of stock, 19-3solid members, 19-3, 19-4figsteaming, 19-1

Benge:characteristics, 1-19decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tmechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tnomenclature, 1-19sapwood, 2-2shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-19workability, 1-19

Bent wood members:characteristics, 19-4solid wood members, species used,19-3uses, 19-2

Birch:connector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tfor casing and base, 5-17for flooring, 5-6, 5-7heat release data, 17-9tmachining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5t

Birch, gray, shrinkage values, 3-9tBirch, paper:

characteristics, 1-4

I–4

color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-4machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tuses, 1-5

Birch, river:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tpenetration, 14-16tshrinkage values, 3-9t

Birch, sweet:characteristics, 1-4color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-4moisture content, 3-6tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-4shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19tuses, 1-5

Birch, yellow:characteristics, 1-4characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tflame spread index, 17-3tlaminated:

strength properties, 19-7t to19-8tthermal expansion coefficients,19-9t

locality of growth, 1-4moisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tPoisson ratio, 4-3tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tshock resistance, 1-4strength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19ttoughness values, 4-24tuses, 1-5

Bird peck:description, 4-33effect on strength, 4-33species involved, 4-33

Bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide:concentration values, 14-8inappropriate uses, 14-8paintability, 14-8recommended uses, 14-8

toxicity, 14-8Black locust. See Locust, blackBlood adhesive, working and strengthproperties, and uses, 9-13tBlue stain, description,13-2Boats, wood:

control of decay in, 13-8control of marine borers, 13-15use of varnish on, 15-22

Bolts:bearing stress of wood under:

bolt diameter, effectperpendicular to grain, 7-15figintermediate angle to grainloading, 7-14, 7-13figL/D ratios, 7-14parallel to grain loading, 7-14,7-14figperpendicular to grain loading,7-14, 7-14fig

bearing stress with steel sideplates, 7-15bolt holes, effect on, 7-16 to 7-17,7-16figbolt quality, effect on jointstrength, 7-15, 7-14fig, 7-15figdrift, 7-9member thickness, effect of, 7-15,7-15figmultiple bolt joints, 7-15 to 7-16pre-1991 allowable loads:

parallel to grain, 7-17 to 7-18,7-17tperpendicular to grain, 7-18,7-17t, 7-19t

post-1991 yield model, 7-18, 7-18eq, 7-19tspacing, edge and end distance,7-16

Bondability:of metals and plastics to wood, 9-5of wood species, 9-7, 9-8t

Bonded joints:basic stress modes, 9-20 to 9-21construction joints, 9-19 to 9-20,9-20figedge-grain joints, 9-18, 9-18figend-grain joints, 9-18 to 9-19, 9-19figend-to-edge grain joints, 9-19, 9-19figmechanical testing of, 9-20 to 9-21

Bonding:adhesive selection, 9-12 to 9-15assembly and pressing, 9-16 to 9-18, 9-17figeffect of:

moisture content anddimensional change, 9-7 to 9-9wood density, 9-6 to 9-7wood porosity, 9-7

elements of, 9-1 to 9-2moisture content control, 9-15 to 9-16quality assurance programs, 9-22 to9-23

short- and long-term performance ofadhesives, 9-21 to 9-22, 9-22figstrength and durability ofadhesives, 9-11 to 9-12, 9-11t, 9-18strength properties of adhesives, 9-21surface preparation, 9-16with veneers, 9-4 to 9-5wettability of wood, 9-2, 9-3fig, 9-5wood and nonwood composites, 9-5 to 9-6

Box beam, 11-12 to 11-13Box elder, nomenclature, 5-5tBox nails, 7-2, 7-2tBridges, 16-9 to 16-10, 16-10figBrown rot, 13-5Bubinga (See also Benge):

decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tmechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tshrinkage values, 3-10t

Buckeye:characteristics, 1-5decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-5machineability, 1-5nomenclature, 5-5tshock resistance, 1-5species, 1-5uses, 1-5yellow, shrinkage values, 3-9t

Buckling:interaction of buckling modes, 8-10to 8-11, 8-10eq, 8-11eqof beams, 8-9 to 8-10, 8-9eq, 8-10tof columns, 8-8 to 8-9, 8-8eq, 8-8figof deck beams, 8-10, 8-10figof glued-laminated beams, 11-13of roof beams, 8-9of sandwich panels, 11-18 to 11-19of stressed-skin panels, 11-15

Building codes:classifications of construction, 17-2fire safety:

containment to compartment oforigin, 17-4 to 17-6fire growth within compartments,17-2 to 17-4types of construction, 17-2

organizations producing, 17-2Buildings, control of decay in, 13-7Built-up columns, 8-9Bulletwood (See also Balata):

mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tshrinkage values, 3-10t

Butternut:characteristics, 1-5characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, table, 3-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-5

I–5

machineability, 1-5nomenclature, 5-5tshock resistance, 1-5size of pores, 15-31tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tuses, 1-5

Buttonwood. See Sycamore

Cambium, 2-1, 2-2Carapa. See AndirobaCarbon monoxide, 17-10Carpenter ants:

damage caused by, 13-10fig, 13-10tdiscussed, 13-13

Carpenter bees:damage caused by, 13-9tdiscussed, 13-13

Casing and base, availability, 5-17Casein adhesive:

structural performance, 9-11tworking and strength properties,and uses, 9-13t

Catalpa:decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16t

Catalysts and adhesion, 9-10Cativo:

characteristics, 1-19characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-19mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tresistance to decay and insects, 1-20sapwood, 2-2shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-20

Cedar:availability at retail yards, 5-16for finish boards, 5-17

Cedar, Atlantic-white:characteristics, 1-17color and figure, 3-4tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-17nomenclature, 5-13tshock resistance, 1-17shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tthermal conductivity, 3-20tuses, 1-17

Cedar, eastern red:characteristics, 1-15color and figure, 3-4tdecay resistance, 3-18t

dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8theat release data, 17-9tlocality of growth, 1-15moisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-13tshock resistance, 1-15shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tthermal conductivity, 3-20tuses, 1-15

Cedar, incense:characteristics, 1-12characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-12moisture content, 3-6tpecky, 1-12plywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tnomenclature, 5-13tshock resistance, 1-12shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tuses, 1-12

Cedar, northern white:characteristics, 1-16characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16telastic ratio, 4-2tfor shingles, 5-17locality of growth, 1-16mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-17shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tthermal conductivity, 3-20tuses, 1-17

Cedar, Port-Orford:characteristics, 1-15characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-15moisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-13tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-15shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12ttensile strength, 4-24t

thermal conductivity, 3-20tuses, 1-15

Cedar, western red:characteristics, 1-20characteristics for painting, 15-3tcharring rate data, 17-11tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tflame spread index, 17-3tfor shingles and shakes, 5-17for siding, 5-17locality of growth, 1-15mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-15shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-12ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tused for poles, 18-2, 18-4t, 18-6uses, 1-15

Cedar, yellow:characteristics, 1-17characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 12-16tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tflame spread index, 17-3tlocality of growth, 1-17mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-13tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tshock resistance, 1-17strength properties, 4-7t, 4-12tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tuses, 1-17

Cedro. See Spanish-cedarCedro macho. See AndirobaCedro-Rana. See TornilloCeiba:

characteristics, 1-20characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-20mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20t

I–6

resistance to decay and insects, 1-20shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-20workability, 1-20

Cells of wood:description, 2-3fibers, 2-3functions of various types, 2-3length, 2-3parenchyma, 2-3rays, 2-3tracheids, 2-3vessels, 2-3

Cellulose, discussion, 2-3Cellulose insulation, product safetystandard, 17-4Cement-bonded composites, 10-24 to10-26, 10-24fig, 10-26figCement-coated nails, 17-3 to 17-4Chalking, 15-26 to 15-27Checks:

development due to weathering, 15-7during drying, 12-7, 12-9 to 12-10,12-12figin decking boards, 15-10in lumber stress grading, 6-4in glued-laminated timbers, 11-10in veneer adhesion, 9-4 to 9-5

Chemical composition of wood, 2-3 to2-4Chemical discolorations duringdrying, 12-10, 12-13figChemical stain, discussed, 3-13Chemicals, effect on wood:

discussion, 4-41strength properties, 4-41swelling liquids, 4-41

Cherry:characteristics for painting, 15-3tease of bonding, 9-8tnomenclature, 5-5tsize of pores, 15-31t

Cherry, black:characteristics, 1-5color and figure, 3-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16telastic ratio, 4-2tlocality of growth, 1-5machineability, 1-5machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-5strength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19tuses, 1-1, 1-5

Cherry, pin, penetration, 14-16tChestnut:

characteristics for painting, 15-3tmachining and related properties, 3-16t

nomenclature, 5-5tChestnut, American:

availability, 1-5characteristics, 1-5color and figure, 3-3tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-5moisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tpenetration, 14-16tshock resistance, 1-5shrinkage values, 3-9tsize of pores, 15-31tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19tuses, 1-7workability, 1-5

Chewstick. See ManniChlorothalonil:

effectiveness, 14-8solubility, 14-8stability, 14-8

Chlorothalonil/chlorpyrifos:component rations, 14-8effectiveness, 14-8

Chlorpyrifos:effectiveness, 14-9in combination, 14-9

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA):common types, 14-11component substitutions, 14-11composition of common types, 14-11teffectiveness of common types, 14-11effect on adhesion, 9-6finishing wood treated with, 15-22resistance to marine borers, 14-11retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6tSouthern pine sapwood stakesretention and life span test results,14-13ttemperature for pressure treating,14-21use with Douglas-fir, 14-11

Coal-tar creosote. See CreosoteCocobolo, shrinkage values, 3-10tCoefficient of friction, 3-21, 3-22Coefficient of thermal expansion, 3-21Coefficient of variation, 4-23tCollapse during drying, 12-10, 12-12figColumns:

built-up and spaced columns, 8-9flanged columns, 8-9long columns, compressive stress,8-8, 8-8eqshort columns, compressive stress,8-8 to 8-9, 8-8eq

Composite products:additives, 10-4

adhesive considerations, 10-3 to10-4classification, 10-2, 10-2t, 10-3figmanufacturing issues, 10-4particle and fiber composites 10-13to 10-24specialty composites:

flame retardant, 10-24preservative treated, 10-24moisture-resistant, 10-23 to 10-24

types, 10-3, 10-3figwood fiber–thermoplasticcomposites:

nonwoven textile-type:applications, 10-29 to 10-30density, 10-29 to 10-30manufacture, 10-28 to 10-30properties, 10-28 to 10-30,10-29t

production, 10-26 to 10-27with high thermoplastic content:

advantages, 10-27compounding, 10-27 to 10-28density, 10-27disadvantages, 10-28manufacture, 10-27properties, 10-28, 10-28t

with low thermoplastic content,manufacture, 10-28

wood-based panels, 10-4 to 10-6wood–nonwood composites:

advantages, 10-24inorganic-bonded composites:

description, 10-24 to 10-25,10-24figgypsum-bonded, 10-25magnesia-cement-bonded, 10-25portland-cement-bonded, 10-25 to 10-26, 10-26tproblems, 10-26treatments, 10-26

Compreg:advantages, 19-5dimensional stability, 19-9tmolding, 19-5, 19-8plasticizers, 19-5properties, 19-5, 19-6tspecies used, 19-9thermal expansion coefficients, 19-9 tuses, 19-8 to 19-9

Compressed wood, untreated (staypak)appearance, 19-10dimensional stability, 19-9tpurpose, 19-7t to 19-8tstrength properties, 19-7 to 19-8tuses, 19-10

Compression failures:causes, 4-33description, 4-33, 4-33figeffect on strength, 4-33

Compression wood:definition, 4-31density increase, 4-31

I–7

in juvenile wood, 4-32shrinkage, 3-8, 4-32

Compression strength parallel tograin:

affected by temperature, 4-36tcoefficient of variation, 4-23tdefined, 4-3

Compressive stress of stressed-skinpanels, 11-14 to 11-15Compressive stress of columns, 8-8 to8-9, 8-8eqCompression stress perpendicular tograin:

coefficient of variation, 4-23tdefined, 4-3

Condensation in crawl spaces, 13-7Conductance meters and moisturecontent, 12-2 to 12-3Conductivity, thermal:

definition, 3-31discussion, 3-31 to 3-32

Cone calorimeter, 17-8Connector joints:

cross bolts, 7-24design loads, 7-20, 7-20fig, 7-21figend distance and spacing, 7-23multiple connectors, 7-23 to 7-24,7-24fignet section stress, 7-23parallel to grain loading, 7-18, 7-20figperpendicular to grain loading, 7-18 to 7-20, 7-20figshear plate connector, 7-19figsplit-ring connector, 7-19figstrength components, 7-18strength ratios, 7-25tworking loads:

exposure and moisturecondition, effect of, 7-21grade and quality of lumber, 7-22loads at angle with grain, 7-22,7-7fig, 7-13eq,

species grouping, 7-21t, 7-22tsteel side plates, effect of, 7-21thickness of member, effect of, 7-22,7-22t, 7-23figwidth of member, effect of, 7-23

Construction, design factors affectingdimensional change, 12-18Construction logs:

availability, 18-3form, 18-4 to 18-5, 18-5figstandards and specifications, 18-2tstrength properties, 18-7uses, 18-3, 18-4fig

Copper azole - Type A (CBA-Type A):retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6tsolution percentages, 14-12temperature for pressure treating,14-21

Copper bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)(CDDC):

retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-6t

solution percentages, 14-11 to 14-12temperature for pressure treating,14-21uses, 14-12

Copper naphthenate:color transfer and changes, 14-8effectiveness, 14-8retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-5tsolution values, 14-8Southern pine sapwood stakesretention and life span test results,14-14ttreatment for cutting pretreatedwood, 14-24

Cotton linter paper, 19-12Cottonwood:

characteristics, 1-5color and figure, 3-3tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tflame spread index, 17-3tlocality of growth, 1-5machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tpenetration, 14-16tshock resistance, 1-6size of pores, 15-31tspecies, 1-5uses, 1-6workability, 1-6

Cottonwood, balsam poplar:mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9t

Cottonwood, black:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tmechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Cottonwood, eastern:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16telastic ratio, 4-2tcharacteristics for painting, 15-3tmechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Courbaril:characteristics, 1-20characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18t

ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-20machineability, 1-20mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tresistance to decay and insects, 1-20sapwood, 2-2shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-20

Covalent chemical bonds, 9-2Crabwood. See AndirobaCrack propagation systems, 4-24 to 4-25Creep:

defined, 4-37discussed, 4-37 to 4-39influence of stress on, 4-39fig

Creosote, coal-tar:advantages, 14-2appearance, 14-2composition variability, 14-2EPA-approved customerinformation sheet, 14-3teffect on mechanical properties, 14-24for non-pressure treatments, 14-7handling precautions, 14-3tin pressure treatment process, 14-19odor and vapors, 14-2retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-5tstandards, 14-2temperature for pressure treating,14-21treatment for cutting pretreatedwood, 14-25use site precautions, 14-3tvolatility, 14-7

Creosote-coal-tar solutions:properties, 14-7retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-5tstandards by volume, 14-7temperature for pressure treating, 4-21

Creosote-petroleum oil solutions:retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-5t

Cristobal. See MacawoodCritical radiant flux test, 17-4Cross grain:

effect on mechanical properties,4-29 to 4-30types, 4-28 to 4-30

Cuangare (See also Banak):dimensional change coefficient, 12-17tmechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tshrinkage values, 3-10t

Cucumber, nomenclature, 5-5tCurved members, glulam combinations,11-5 to 11-6Cypress:

for siding, 5-17plywood stiffness and strength,10-11t

I–8

Cypress, Arizona, decay resistance, 3-18tCypress, Mexican

characteristics, 1-33locality of growth, 1-33machineability, 1-33mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tuses, 1-33

Dead trees, strength, 4-33 to 4-34Decay:

and exposure to weather, 15-13appearance of fungi, 13-4brown rot, 13-5conditions favoring, 13-4, 13-15control in:

boats, wood, 13-8buildings, 13-7logs, poles, piling, or ties, 13-6lumber, 13-6plywood, 13-8

cycle, 13-3figdead trees, 4-33 to 4-34dry rot, 13-5dry rot fungi, 13-5effect on mechanical properties, 4-43effect on strength, 4-43, 13-5, 13-6fungal stain and molds, 13-3heartwood, susceptibility to, 13-4incipient, 13-5sapwood, susceptibility to, 13-4soft rot, 13-5white rot, 13-5

Decay hazard climate index, 13-2figDecay resistance:

extractives, 2-2heartwood, 2-2, 3-18t, 13-5in visual stress grading, 6-5

Decks:discussed, 16-4finishes, suitability and expectedservice life, 15-15tfinishing, 15-21supports, 8-10, 8-10figuse of cleaners, 15-33

Deflections of beams:effect of time, creep, 8-3straight beams, 8-1 to 8-2, 8-2t, 8-2eqtapered beams, 8-2, 8-2eq, 8-3fig

Deformation equations:axial load, 8-1, 8-1eqbending:

effect of notches and holes, 8-2effect of time, creep deflection, 8-3straight beam deflection, 8-1 to8-2, 8-2eq, 8-2ttapered beam deflection, 8-2, 8-2eq, 8-3figwater ponding, 8-3, 8-3eq

combined bending and axial load:concentric load, 8-3 to 8-4, 8-4eqeccentric load, 8-4, 8-4eq

torsion, 8-4, 8-4eq, 8-4figDeformed shank nails, strength of, 7-7Degame:

characteristics, 1-20locality of growth, 1-20machineability, 1-20mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tresistance to decay and insects, 1-20shrinkage values, 3-10tstrength, 1-20uses, 1-20

Delamination and adhesive failure, 9-21Density:

as function of specific gravity andmoisture content, 3-12, 3-13t, 3-14teffect on adhesive bonding, 9-6 to9-7effect on withdrawal resistance ofnails, 7-3in sorting machine-graded lumber,6-8in visual stress grading, 6-5variation, 3-11

Design factors affecting dimensionalchange in structures:

flooring, 12-18framing lumber in houseconstruction, 12-18heavy timber construction, 12-18interior finish, 12-18

Design properties:and stress grading, 6-3procedures for deriving, 6-5 to 6-7

Design values:for foreign species, approvalprocess, 6-4tfor glulam, 11-9—11-10

Determa:characteristics, 1-21decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-21machineability, 1-21mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tresistance to decay and insects, 1-21uses, 1-21

Diagonal grain, 4-29 to 4-30Dielectric constant, definition, 3-21,3-22Dielectric meters and moisture content,12-2 to 12-3Dielectric power factor, 3-21, 3-22Dimensional change and woodpaintability, 15-4Dimensional changes in wood:

affected by design factors, 12-18calculation based on greendimensions, 12-17, 12-17eqcare during construction 12-18 to12-20estimation using coefficients, 12-15to 12-17, 12-15eq, 12-16t, 12-17t

Dimpling of sandwich panel facings,11-19Discoloration:

by mildew, 15-8, 15-27by mold and fungal stains, 13-2by nonmicrobial or chemical stains,13-3from water-soluble extractives, 15-28 to 15-29of paint due to extractives, 15-2use of wood cleaners, 15-33

Discontinuous rings, definition, 2-2Dogwood, nomenclature, 5-5tDoors, fire resistance in frameconstruction, 17-5Douglas-fir:

availability at retail yards, 5-16characteristics, 1-10characteristics for painting, 15-3tcharring rate equation, 17-10color and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tflame spread index, 17-3tfor flooring, 5-17for siding, 5-17fracture toughness, 4-26tkiln drying schedule, 12-11tlocality of growth, 1-10mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 4-34tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tpreservative pressure andtemperature, 14-21preservative treatment to preventmarine borer attack on piles, 14-10tpreservatives used, 14-7, 14-11, 14-12shrinkage, 3-8, 3-11figused for poles, 18-2, 18-4tuses, 1-10

Douglas-fir, coast:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tmoisture content, 3-6tpenetration, 14-16tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25t

Douglas-fir, interior northdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25t

Douglas-fir, interior west

I–9

dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25t

Douglas-fir, interior southstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12ttoughness values, 4-25t

Draftstops, 17-5Dried wood, moisture control duringtransit and storage, 12-14 to 12-15,12-14tDrift bolts, 7-9Dry kilns, 12-7 to 12-8, 12-8figDrying of wood:

accelerated air drying andpredrying, 12-6advantages, 12-5affect of properties, 12-5air drying, 12-6drying mechanism, 12-6 to 12-7,12-6figdrying defects:

discoloration, 12-10, 12-13fig,12-14figfracture or distortion, 12-9 to 12-10, 12-12figwarp, 12-10 to 12-12, 12-13fig

drying schedules, 12-8 to 12-9, 12-11tdrying stresses, 12-7, 12-7figkiln drying, 12-6hardwood lumber targets, 12-5softwood lumber targets, 12-5

Duration of load:adjustment of design properties, 6-12 to 6-13, 6-13t, 6-13figdefined, 4-24, 4-39effect on mechanical properties, 4-39 to 4-40relationship to failure, 4-39fig

Dutch elm disease, 1-6

Earlywood:effect on paintability, 15-4description, 2-2erosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tproperties, 2-3

Ebony, shrinkage values, 3-10tEdge-grained lumber:

advantages, 3-2tmethod of producing, 3-2preferred for painting, 15-1weathering and check development,15-7

Ehie (See also Benge):decay resistance, 3-18t

Ekki. See AzobeEkop:

characteristics, 1-21characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-21machineability, 1-21

mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-21

Elastic properties of clear wood:discussion, 4-2values of:

modulus of elasticity ratios, 4-2tmodulus of rigidity ratios, 4-3tPoisson's ratio, 4-2

Elastomeric adhesives:in light-frame construction, 9-19 to9-20, 9-20figperformance over time, 9-21 to 9-22,9-22figstructural performance, 9-11tworking and strength properties,and uses, 9-13t

Electrical properties of wood:conductivity, 3-21, 3-22dielectric constant, 3-21, 3-22power factor, 3-21, 3-22resistance and moisture content, 3-22fig

Elm:characteristics, 1-6connector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdisease, 1-6locality of growth, 1-6moisture content, 3-6tsize of pores, 15-31tspecies, 1-6uses, 1-6

Elm, American:characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tmoisture content, 3-6tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Elm, cedar:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tmoisture content, 3-6tshrinkage values, 3-9ttensile strength, 4-24t

Elm, rock:color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tpenetration 14-16tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Elm, slippery:color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tpenetration, 14-16tshrinkage values, 3-9t

strength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Elm, soft:machining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5t

Elm, winged:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tshrinkage values, 3-9t

Encased knots, definition, 4-27Encino. See OakEnd joints in glued laminated timber,11-7 to 11-8Engineered trusses and light-frameconstruction, 16-4Epoxy:

performance over time, 9-22structural performance, 9-11tuse with wood and nonwoodcomposites, 9-5working and strength properties,and uses, 9-14t

Erosion:of earlywood and latewood planedsurfaces, 15-8tof finishes, 15-9of wood, discussed, 15-7rates for hardwood and softwoods,15-8t

Equilibrium moisture content:definition, 3-5, 15-9relative humidity as related to, 3-7values for U.S. cities, 12-2, 12-3t

Extractives:and mill glaze, 15-25discoloration, water-soluble, 15-28to 15-29discussion, 2-2, 2-4, 4-33effect on painting, 15-2, 15-6 to 15-7, 15-21effect on strength, 4-33heartwood, 2-2species involved, 4-33

Facing stresses, sandwich panels, 11-19Facing wrinkling, sandwich panels,11-19 to 11-20Factory-finished wood products, 15-24Factory lumber (See also Hardwoodlumber):

grades, 5-2standard dimensions, 5-2

False rings, definition, 2-2Fastener head embedment, 7-26, 7-27figFasteners:

and iron stain, 15-29corrosion and fire-retardant treatedwood, 17-12 to 17-13fire resistance in frame construction,17-5multiple-fastener joints, 7-24 to7-25

I–10

Fatigue:defined, 4-24, 4-40discussed, 4-40 to 4-41summary of fatigue studies, 4-40t

Fences, finishing, 15-13, 15-21 to 15-22Fiberboard:

attrition milling or refining, 10-17to 10-18classification, 10-18, 10-3figdistinguished from particleboard,10-17dry-process fiberboard, 10-19, 10-19figfibers used, 10-17, 10-19figfinishing techniques, 10-23hardboard:

heat treatment, 10-20humidification, 10-20physical and mechanicalproperties of hardboard siding,10-22tproperty requirements 10-20 to10-22, 10-21tsiding grade stamps, 10-22figstandards, 10-5ttempering, 10-20

insulation board:cold-pressing, 10-20felting, 10-20grade stamp example, 10-22figtypes of products, 10-23sizing agents, 10-20standards, 10-5t

medium-density fiberboard (MDF):property requirement, 10-20, 10-21tresins used, 10-4standards, 10-5tuses, 10-20with veneer overlay, 10-23, 10-23fig

wet-process fiberboard, 10-19 to10-20

Fiber orientation, related to slope ofgrain, 4-28 to 4-30, 4-30figFibers:

description, 2-3length, 2-3shape, 2-3

Fiber saturation point:average, 3-5definition, 3-5

Fibrils, 2-3Figure of wood, discussion, 3-4Finger joints, in laminated members,11-7 to 11-8, 11-9 to 11-10Finger-jointed lumber:

defined, 15-5finishing, 15-5, 15-30

Finish board, availability, 5-17Finish failure:

chalking, 15-26cross-grain cracking, 15-26, 15-27fig

discoloration from water-solubleextractives, 15-28 to 15-29intercoat peeling, 15-26mill glaze, 15-25 to 15-26moisture blisters, 15-25stain:

blue, 15-29brown stain over knots, 15-29 to15-30iron, 15-23, 15-29rust, 15-29

Finishes:application and maintenance, 15-14tapplication of:

paint, 15-20 to 15-21semitransparent penetratingstain, 15-20

caution in use, 15-20solid-color stain, 15-20water-repellant preservative, 15-19

cost, 15-20drying oils, 15-32, 15-33function, 15-1factors affecting performance:

extractives, 15-2, 15-28 to 15-29knots, 15-2texture of wood, 15-5weathering:

as a natural finish, 15-16effect on paint adhesion, 15-8to 15-9effect on wood, 15-6 to 15-7effect on wood finish, 15-9

wood moisture content, 15-9 to15-10

backpriming, 15-23 to 15-24wood product characteristics:

finger-jointed lumber, 15-5,15-30lumber, 15-4 to 15-5plywood, 15-5reconstituted wood products:

fiberboard, 15-6particleboard, 15-6

treated wood:fire-retardant treated, 15-6preservative treated, 15-6

wood properties, 15-1 to 15-2,15-30

moisture-excluding effectiveness of,15-10 to 15-11

on ponderosa pine, 15-12tnondrying oils, 15-32, 15-33on:

butcher blocks and cuttingboards, 15-33floors, 15-32glulam, 11-8 to 11-9interior wood, 15-30items used for food, 15-32 to 15-33porches, decks, fences, 15-21 to15-22treated wood, 15-22

wood exposed to marineenvironments, 15-22

paintability values, 15-2, 15-4paraffin wax, 15-32, 15-33refinishing, 15-22 to 15-23suitability and expected service lifefor exterior wood surfaces, 15-5ttypes:

film-forming:effect on water and vaporabsorption, 15-11fire-retardant coatings, 15-19paint, 15-18 to 15-19solid-color stain, 15-18varnish:

clear, 15-18pigmented, 15-18

opaque, 15-30penetrating, 15-14, 15-16

lightly colored, 15-17semitransparent stains, 15-17transparent clear, 15-16oils, 15-18

stains, 15-30 to 15-31surface coats, 15-31transparent, 15-30

use of fillers, 15-30, 15-31, 15-32use of sealers, 15-30, 15-31, 15-32VOC regulation compliance, 15-19See also Paint and Water-repellantpreservatives

Fire performance characteristics ofwood:

charring:differences in wood species, 17-10discussed, 17-10 to 17-11equations for charring rates, 17-10, 17-11moisture content, 17-11

flame spread:and heat release rate, 17-9configurations, 17-9factors influencing, 17-8

flammability data for wood species,17-7theat release rate:

discussed, 17-7 to 17-8measuring, 17-8

ignition:piloted, 17-6unpiloted, 17-6, 17-7

smoke:approaches for dealing with, 17-9carbon monoxide, 17-10defined, 17-9release rate, 17-10tests for determining yield, 17-9to 17-10toxicity, 17-10

smouldering, 17-6 to 17-7stages of degradation, 17-6

Fire resistance:calculating, 17-5defined, 17-4

I–11

failure criteria, 17-4in heavy timber construction, 17-4in light-frame construction, 17-5in glued laminated members, 17-5ratings, 17-4

Fire-retardant coatings, 15-19, 17-13Fire-retardant-treated wood:

and hygroscopicity, 17-12, 17-13and mechanical properties, 17-12discussed, 17-12effect on adhesion, 9-6fastener corrosion, 17-12 to 17-13heat release rates, 17-8, 17-12in high temperature applications,17-12paintability, 15-16performance requirements, 17-12uses, 17-12

Fire-retardant treatments:application methods, 17-12chemical penetration, 17-13inorganic salts, 17-13

Fire safety design:cellulosic insulation, 17-4code organizations, 17-2code requirements, 17-1components, 17-1containment to compartment oforigin:

firestops and draftstops, 17-5fire resistance, 17-4of heavy timber construction, 17-4 to 17-5in light-frame construction, 17-5of glued-laminated members, 17-5sandwich panels, 17-5

fire safety engineering, 17-6flame spread index, 17-2 to 17-3flashover, 17-4flooring, 17-4roof covering materials, 17-4types of construction:

heavy timber, 17-2light frame, 17-2ordinary, 17-2

Fire tests:critical radiant flux, 17-4flame spread index:

discussed, 17-2values for solid lumber, 17-3t

roof coverings, 17-4room/corner test, 17-4tunnel test, 17-8wood ignition, 17-6

Firestops, 17-5Fir, balsam:

color and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tmechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tnomenclature, 5-13tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9t

strength properties, 4-7t, 4-12tthermal conductivity, 3-20t

Fir, California red:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11ttensile strength, 4-24ttoughness values, 4-25tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12t

Fir, Grand:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12t

Fir, Noble:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9ttoughness values, 4-25tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12t

Fir, Pacific silver:dimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tflame spread index, 17-3tmechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-13tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12ttensile strength, 4-24ttoughness values, 4-25t

Fir, subalpine:dimensional change coefficient, 12-17telastic ratio 4-2tmechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tnomenclature, 5-13tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoison ratio, 4-3tshrinkage values, 3-9t

Firs, true (Eastern species):characteristics, 1-10decay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-10shock resistance, 1-10strength properties, 1-10

uses, 1-10Firs, true (Western species):

decay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-10species, 1-10uses, 1-11

Fir, white:characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25t

Flame-retardant composites, 10-24Flame spread index (FSI):

classes for, 17-2discussed, 17-2values for solid lumber, 17-3twood usage, 17-3

Flat-sawn lumber:advantages, 3-2tand mill glaze, 15-25disadvantages for finishing, 15-1,15-7method of producing, 3-2

Flashover, discussed, 17-4Flooring:

care during construction, 12-19design factors affecting dimensionalchange, 12-18recommended moisture content, 12-5 tretail yard availability, 5-16, 5-17

Formaldehyde adhesives:performance over time, 9-21 to 9-22,9-22figsafety concerns, 9-10structural performance, 9-11tuse with composite products, 10-4used with particleboard, 10-16

Formosan termite, 13-11Foundations for light-frame buildings,16-2Fracture toughness, defined, 4-24Friction, coefficient of, 3-22Fungi:

appearance of, 13-4conditions favorable to growth, 13-1definition, 13-1discoloration caused by, 13-2effect on wood, 13-3prevention of damage from, 13-6

Fungus damage:causes, 13-1 to 13-2decay, 17-4stains, 13-2

I–12

Glue, shear stress, stressed-skinpanels, 11-15Glued structural members:

advantages, 11-2 to 11-3box beams and I beams:

beam deflections, 11-12, 11-12eqdesign, 11-12, 11-12figflange stresses, 11-12 to 11-13,11-13eqlateral buckling, 11-13, 11-13eqstiffeners and load blocks, 11-13web shear stress, 11-13, 11-13eq

glued-laminated timber, see Glued-laminated timber (Glulam)laminated strand and orientedstrand lumber, 11-2laminated veneer lumber, 11-2, 11-2figparallel strand lumber, 11-2, 11-2figprefabricated wood I-joists, 11-13to 11-14, 11-14figstandards, 11-3stressed-skin panels:

buckling, 11-15 to 11-16, 11-15eqdesign, 11-14, 11-14eq, 11-15figglue shear stress, 11-15, 11-15eqskin stresses, 11-14 to 11-15,11-14eqstringer bending stress, 11-15,11-15eq

structural sandwich construction,see Sandwich panelsuses, 11-3

Glued-laminated timber (Glulam):advantages, 11-3 to 11-4architectural effects, 11-3combinations:

axial members, 11-5bending members, 11-4 to 11-5curved members, 11-5 to 11-6tapered straight members, 11-6,11-4fig

cross section variation, 11-3, 11-4figdesign values, 11-6, 11-9, 11-10effect of:

end joints on strength, 11-9 to11-10edge joints on strength, 11-10shake, checks, and splits onshear strength, 11-10

end-use adjustment factors:curvature, 11-11flat use, 11-11lateral stability, 11-12loading, 11-11moisture content, 11-11tension lamination, 11-11volume, 11-11

environmental effects, 11-4finishes, suitability and expectedservice life, 15-15tfire resistance, 17-5grade variation, 11-3history, 11-4

manufacture:end jointing, 11-7 to 11-8, 11-7figface bonding, 11-8, 11-8figfinishing and fabrication, 11-8 to11-9lumber drying and grading, 11-6to 11-7preservative treatment, 11-9

preservative retention levels, 14-5tto 14-6tseasoning advantages, 11-3standards 11-3, 11-6used for poles, 18-3species used, 11-3size capabilities, 11-3

Glulam. See Glued-laminated timber(Glulam)Glulam beam construction, 16-8Glulam timber bridge, 16-10, 16-10figGluing properties of different wood,classification of species, 9-8tGmelina, shrinkage values, 3-10tGola. See EkopGoncato alves:

characteristics, 1-21characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-21mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tresistance to fungus attack, 1-21shrinkage values, 3-10tspecies, 1-21strength, 1-21uses, 1-21

Grades and lumber, purchasingconsideration, 5-17 to 5-18Grading hardwood lumber, 5-2 to 5-4Grading, machine, 6-7 to 6-11Grading softwood lumber, 5-7 to 5-10Grading, visual, 6-3 to 6-7Grain and texture of wood:

and finish performance, 15-2tand paintability, 15-4 to 15-5discussion, 3-1 to 3-2

Greenheart:characteristics, 1-21decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-21machineability, 1-21mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tshrinkage values, 3-10tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-21

marine borers, 13-14uses, 1-21

Green wood:and clinched nails, 7-5bending properties, 19-3creep and relaxation under load, 4-38definition, 3-5

relationship of mechanicalproperties to specific gravity, 4-28ttreatment with polyethylene glycol(PEG), 19-10

Growth of tree:branching, 2-1diameter, 2-2fibrils, 2-3

Growth rings:cross section showing, 2-3figdeterminations of tree age by, 2-2discontinuous, definition, 2-2discussion, 2-2, 2-3effect on strength properties, 4-30to 4-31false, definition, 2-2grain, 3-1in sawn boards, 3-2, 3-4principal axes with respect to, 4-2shrinkage, 3-7 to 3-8, 3-8fig

Guatambu. See Pau marfimGuayacan. See IpeGum:

nomenclature, 5-5tsize of pores, 15-31t

Gurjun. See ApitongGypsum board, use in wood-frameconstruction to provide fire resistance,17-5Gypsum-bonded composites, 10-25

Hackberry:characteristics, 1-6color and figure, 3-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-6machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tpenetration, 14-16tshock resistance, 1-6shrinkage values, 3-9tsize of pores, 15-31tstrength properties, 4-4t, 4-9tthermal conductivity, 3-19tuses, 1-6

Hardness:coefficient of variation 4-23tdefinition, 4-3

Hardwood flooring, grading rules:Maple Flooring ManufacturersAssociation, 5-6, 5-4tNational Oak FlooringManufacturers Association, 5-6, 5-4 t

Hardwood lumber:drying targets, 12-5finished market products:

flooring:grading rules, 5-6 to 5-7standard dimensions, 5-6 to5-7

I–13

types, 5-6kiln drying schedules, 12-8 to 12-9, 12-11tgrades, 5-2, 5-3t, 5-4figgrading associations and rules, 5-2,5-4tminimum widths, 5-2standard dimensions, 5-2standard thicknesses, 5-6tuses, 5-1

Hardwoods:availability, 1-2, 1-3bending properties, l9-3charring rates, 17-11tclassification by size of pores, 15-31tcolor and figure, domestic, 3-3tdefinition, 1-2figure, 3-4flame spread index, 17-3tflammability data, 17-7theat release data, 17-9timported, 1-17 to 1-33locality of growth, 1-2moisture content, heartwood andsapwood, 3-6tpreservative penetration, 14-16trelationship of mechanicalproperties to specific gravity, 4-28tspecies by region, 1-3tuses, 1-2vessels, 2-3

Heartwood:color, 2-2, 3-2decay resistance in different species,2-2, 3-18textractives content, 2-2for shakes, 5-17formation, 2-1in visual stress grading, 6-5moisture content and drying, 12-7

Heat capacity:defined, 3-17discussed, 3-17of solid wood, 3-21t

Heat release rate:and smoke release rate, 17-10discussed, 17-7 to 17-8

Heavy-timber construction:fire resistance of, 17-2, 17-4 to 17-5wood used in, 17-2

Hemicellulose, 2-4Hemlock:

availability at retail yards, 5-16for siding, 5-17

Hemlock, eastern:characteristics, 1-11color and figure, 3-4tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tconnector joint strength, 7-21tlocality of growth, 1-11mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16t

plywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-11shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12tthermal conductivity, 3-20tuses, 1-11

Hemlock, mountain:characteristics, 1-12locality of growth, 1-12nomenclature, 5-13tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12ttoughness values, 4-25tuses, 1-12

Hemlock, western:characteristics, 1-12characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17telastic ratio, 4-2terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tflame spread index, 17-3tfracture toughness, 4-26tlocality of growth, 1-12mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 4-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ration, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-12shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tused for poles, 18-4tuses, 1-12

Hickory:color and figure, 3-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tmachining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tsize of pores, 15-31t

Hickory, bitternut:moisture content, 3-6tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10t

Hickory, mockernut:moisture content, 3-6tpenetration, 14-16tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity, 3-19ttoughness values, 4-24t

Hickory, nutmeg, strength properties,4-5t, 4-10tHickory, pecan:

characteristics, 1-6dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8t

for flooring, 5-6, 5-7locality of growth, 1-6shrinkage values, 3-9tspecies, 1-6strength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity, 3-19tuses, 1-6

Hickory, pignut:moisture content, 3-6tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10ttoughness values, 4-24t

Hickory, red, moisture content, 3-6tHickory, sand:

moisture content, 3-6ttoughness values, 4-24t

Hickory, shagbark:characteristics for painting, 15-3tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Hickory, shellbark:shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10t

Hickory, water:moisture content, 3-6tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10t

Hickory, true:characteristics, 1-6connector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-6shrinkage values, 3-9tspecies, 1-6strength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tuses, 1-6

Holly, nomenclature, 5-5tHolly, American:

dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tshrinkage values, 3-9t

Honeylocust:availability, 1-6characteristics, 1-7color and figure, 3-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-6shock resistance, 1-7shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tuses, 1-7

Hot melt adhesives:bonding, 9-9structural performance, 9-11tworking and strength properties,and uses, 9-13t to 9-14t

Hot-press bonding, affect on moisturecontent, 9-15Hot pressing:

oriented strandboard, 10-14particleboard, 10-16 to 10-17

I–14

Hura:characteristics, 1-21characteristics affecting machining,3-17tlocality of growth, 1-21decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tmachineability, 1-21 to 1-22mechanical properties, 4-16t, 4-20tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-22shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-22

Hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR),9-6

I-beams, 11-12 to 11-13I-joists, 11-13 to 11-14Identification of wood, 2-4Ignition of wood:

piloted, 17-6unpiloted, 17-6, 17-7

Ilomba:characteristics, 1-22locality of growth, 1-22machineability, 1-22mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-22shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-22

Imbuia, shrinkage values, 3-10tImported woods, commerciallyimportant, 1-17 to 1-34Impact bending:

coefficient of variation, 4-23tdefined, 4-3

Impreg:bulking agents, 19-5dimensional stability, 19-9tprocess, 19-5properties, 19-6tspecies, 19-5strength properties, 19-7t to 19-8t

Incising:and fire-retardant treatments, 17-13effect on strength properties, 4-42

Incense-cedar. See Cedar, IncenseInorganic boron (borax/boric acid):

acceptable compounds, 14-12effectiveness, 14-12solubility, 14-12temperature for pressure treating,14-21uses, 14-12

Insect damage and control:beetles, 13-8 to 13-10carpenter ants,13-13

bees, 13-13effect on strength, 4-45naturally termite-resistant wood,13-12 to 13-13termites, 13-11 to 13-13types of damage, 13-9t, 13-10fig

Insulation board, cellulosic fiber:exterior products, 10-23industrial products, 10-23interior products, 10-23

properties, 10-22 to 10-23Insulation for sound control for woodbuildings, 16-13, 16-13tInsulation in wood building, 16-11 to16-12Intergrown knots, 2-3, 4-27Interlocked grain:

definition, 3-4effect on strength, 4-30in Sweetgum, 1-8machining, 3-15

Interior finishes, care duringconstruction, 12-19Internal friction, 4-26Ipe:

characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-22machineability, 1-22mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to decay and insects, 1-22shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-22

Ipil. See MerbauIroko:

characteristics, 1-22characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-22mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-22shrinkage values, 3-10tspecies, 1-22workability, 1-22uses, 1-22

Iron stain, 13-3, 15-23, 15-29, 15-32Ironwood, nomenclature, 5-5tIsocyanate adhesives:

performance over time, 9-22structural performance, 9-11tuse with composite products, 10-4use with particleboard, 10-16working and strength properties,and uses, 9-14t

Jacaranda. See Rosewood, BrazilianJarrah:

characteristics, 1-22characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-22machineability, 1-22mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to decay and insects, 1-22

marine borers, 13-14shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-22 to 1-23

Jatoba. See CourbarilJelutong:

characteristics, 1-23decay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-23mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-23workability, 1-23

Jequitiba. See AlbarcoJoints, glued, strength, 9-4Joists and light-frame construction,16-2 to 16-3Joists and rafter systems in light-frameconstruction, 16-4Juniper, decay resistance, 3-18tJuvenile wood:

effect on mechanical properties, 4-32effect on strength properties, 4-32properties, 4-32, 4-32figshrinkage of, 3-8, 4-32

Kakaralli. See ManbarklakKaneelhart:

characteristics, 1-23ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-23mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-23shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-23

Kapur:characteristics, 1-23characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-23machineability, 1-23mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-23shrinkage values, 3-10tstrength properties, 1-23uses, 1-23

Karri:characteristics, 1-23characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-23machineability, 1-23mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-23

Kauta. See MarishballiKempas:

characteristics, 1-23characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-23machineability, 1-23

I–15

mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-23shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-24

Keruing:characteristics, 1-24characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tdurability, 1-24locality of growth, 1-24machineability, 1-24mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-24

Khaya (See Mahogany, African):dimensional change coefficient, 12-17t

Kiln drying:advantages,12-6importance of air circulation, 12-6kiln schedules, 12-8 to 12-9, 12-11ttypes of kilns, 12-7 to 12-8, 12-8fig

Knots:changes during drying, 12-10, 12-12figdefinition, 4-27discoloration through paint, 15-2,15-29 to 15-30effect on:

in determining strength ratios, 6-5 to 6-6, 6-6figmechanical properties of wood,4-27 to 4-28, 4-34stiffness, 6-4strength properties, 6-4

encased, 4-27, 6-4in lumber stress grades, 6-4intergrown, 4-27, 6-4knotholes, 6-4

Kokrodua (See also Afrormosia):characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17t

Korina. See LimbaKrabak. See MersawaKraft paper, 19-12Kwila. See Merbau

Lag screws. See Screws, lagLaminated members, curved:

advantages, 19-2species, choice of, 19-2uses, 19-2

Laminated members, glued. See Gluedstructural membersLaminated wood, strength properties,19-7t to 19-8t

Laminates. See Paper-based plasticlaminatesLaminating grades, 5-8 to 5-9Lapacho (See also Ipe):

ease of bonding, 9-8tLap marks, 15-20Lapuna. See CeibaLarch, western:

characteristics, 1-12characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tfor flooring, 5-17locality of growth, 1-12mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-12strength properties, 4-7t, 4-12ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tused for poles, 18-2uses, 1-12

Lateral buckling, of beams, 8-9 to 8-10Lateral resistance:

and the National DesignSpecification for WoodConstruction, 7-1of lag screws, 7-12 to 7-14of nails, 7-5of wood screws, 7-10 to 7-11

Latewood:description, 2-2erosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tpaintability, 15-4properties, 2-3

Lauans:dimensional change coefficient, 12-17tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-10tsize of pores, 15-31t

Lemonwood. See DegameLight-frame construction:

balloon framing, 16-1ceiling and roof, 16-4decks, 16-4exterior walls, 16-3 to 16-4fire resistance of, 17-2, 17-5floors, 16-2 to 16-3, 16-2figfoundations, 16-2platform framing, 16-1 to 16-2use of elastomeric adhesives, 9-19to 9-20, 9-20figwood use in, 17-2

Lignin:discussion, 2-3 to 2-4weathering, 15-7

Lignumvitae:characteristics, 1-24characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-24mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tspecies, 1-24uses, 1-24

Lignocellulosic adhesives:in composite products, 10-4working and strength properties,and uses, 9-13t

Limba:characteristics, 1-24characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-24machineability, 1-24mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to decay and insects, 1-24shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-24

Limnoria, 13-14Locust, black:

characteristics, 1-7color and figure, 3-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-7nomenclature, 5-5tpenetration, 14-16tsapwood, 2-2shock resistance, 1-7shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5tuses, 1-1, 1-7

Lodgepole pine, used for poles, 18-2,18-4tLog homes, 16-6, 16-7fig, 18-5Logs, control of mold, stain, decay, 13-6Longitudinal shrinkage of wood, 3-8Lumber:

commonly used abbreviations, 5-18to 5-20development of grading rules, 5-7grading organization, 5-9t, 5-12hardwood:

drying targets, 12-5finished market products:

flooring:grading rules, 5-6 to 5-7standard dimensions, 5-6to 5-7

types, 5-6

I–16

kiln drying schedules, 12-8 to12-9, 12-11tgrades, 5-2, 5-3t, 5-4figgrading associations and rules,5-2, 5-4tminimum widths, 5-2standard dimensions, 5-2standard thicknesses, 5-6tuses, 5-1

purchase:distribution yards, 5-13primary manufacturerscustomers, 5-12 to 5-13retail yard inventory:

availability of hardwood andsoftwoods, 5-16boards and yard lumber, 5-16casing and base, 5-17dimension and structurallumber stocked, 5-16finish boards, 5-17flooring, 5-17shingles and shakes, 5-17siding, 5-17purchase consideration, 5-17to 5-18

softwood:American Lumber Standards, 5-7classification by grades:

factory and shop lumber:factory (shop) grades, 5-10industrial clears, 5-10ladder and pole stock, 5-10moulding stock, 5-10pencil stock, 5-10tank stock, 5-10

structural lumber:dimension lumber, 5-8structural laminations, 5-8to 5-9

yard lumber:select lumber, 5-7 to 5-8common lumber, 5-8, 5-8fig

development of grading rules, 5-7drying targets, 12-5grading organizations, 5-9t, 5-12kiln drying schedules, 12-8 to12-9, 12-11tmanufacture:

size, 5-10 to 5-11, 5-11tsurfacing, 5-11 to 5-12patterns, 5-12, 5-12fig

species, 5-12transportation, 5-16

Macacauba. See MacawoodMacawood:

characteristics, 1-24common names, 1-24locality of growth, 1-24mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-24shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-24

workability, 1-24Machine-graded structural lumber:

common grades, 6-7, 6-8tcomponents of system, 6-7design stresses for other properties,6-10machine sorting criteria, 6-7 to 6-8procedures for deriving allowablestress for bending, 6-8 to 6-10quality control, 6-10 to 6-11

Machining of wood, factors affecting,3-15Machinmango. See ManbarklakMadrone, Pacific:

dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tnomenclature, 5-5tshrinkage values, 3-9t

Magnesia-cement-bonded composites,10-25Magnolia:

characteristics, 1-7characteristics for painting,southern, 15-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-7machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tshock resistance, 1-7shrinkage values, 3-9tsize of pores, 15-31tspecies, 1-7strength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity, 3-19tuses, 1-7

Mahogany:color and figure, 3-3tsize of pores, 15-31tspecies, 1-25

Mahogany, African:characteristics, 1-25characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdimensional change coefficients,12-17tdecay resistance, 1-25, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tlocality of growth, 1-25machineability, 1-25mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshrinkage values, 3-10tsize of pores, 15-31tspecies, 1-25uses, 1-25

Mahogany, American (Swietenia,mahagoni):

characteristics, 1-25

characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-25machineability, 1-25mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tuses, 1-25

Mahogany, Honduras:elastic ratio, 4-2tPoisson ratio, 4-3t

Mahogany, Phillippine, availability atretail yards, 5-16Manbarklak:

characteristics, 1-25characteristics affecting machining,3-17tlocality of growth, 1-25mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tnomenclature, 1-25shrinkage values, 3-10tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-25

marine borers, 13-14uses, 1-25workability, 1-25

Manni:characteristics, 1-25decay resistance 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-25machineability, 1-25mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to insects, 1-25shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-25

Maple, size of pores, 15-31tMaple, black:

color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficients,12-16tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Maple, bigleaf:color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficients,12-16tmachining and related properties, 3-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10t

Maple, hard:characteristics, 1-7charring rate data, 17-11tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8theat release data, 17-9tlocality of growth, 1-7machining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tshock resistance, 1-7species, 1-7uses, 1-7

I–17

Maple, Oregon, nomenclature, 5-5tMaple, red:

color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficients,12-16telastic ratio, 4-2tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Maple, silver:color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficients,12-16tmoisture content, 3-6tpenetration, 14-16tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Maple, soft:connector joint strength, 7-21tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-7machining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tspecies, 1-7uses, 1-7

Maple, sugar:characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficients,12-16telastic ratio, 4-2tfracture toughness, 4-26tmoisture content, 3-6tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity, 3-19ttoughness values, 4-24t

Maple flooring:availability, 5-17grading, 5-6

Maple Flooring Manufacturers,Association, grading rules, 5-6Marishballi:

characteristics, 1-26characteristics affecting machining,3-17tlocality of growth, 1-26mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-26shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-26

Marine borer damage and control, 13-13Malayapis. See LauansMata-mata. See ManbarklakMayflower. See RobleMecanical interlocking and adhesives,9-2Mechanical properties of wood

adjusted for design use, 6-11 to 6-14affected by:

adhesion to metals, 9-5age, 4-41changes in moisture content, 4-34chemicals:

exposure to, 4-41treatment, 4-41 to 4-43

cross grain, 4-29 to 4-30decay, 4-43duration of load, 4-39 to 4-40fire-retardant treatments, 17-12insect damage, 4-43knots, 4-27juvenile wood, 4-32mold and stain fungi, 4-43rate of loading, 4-37slope of grain, 4-29ttemperature, 4-35 to 4-37waterborne preservatives, 4-42

relation to specific gravity, 4-27, 4-28trelation to stress grades, 6-1

Medium-density fiberboard:property requirement, 10-20, 10-21tresins used, 10-4standards, 10-5tuses, 10-20with veneer overlay, 10-23, 10-23fig

Medium-density hardboard, finishes,suitability and expected service life,15-15tMedium density overlays:

finishes, suitability and expectedservice life, 15-15tto improve paintability of plywood.15-5

Melamine adhesives:performance over time, 9-21 to 9-22use with composite products, 10-4working and strength properties,and uses, 9-14t

Meranti:characteristics, 1-26characteristics affecting machining,3-17tcolor, 1-26tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-26machineability, 1-26mechanical properties, 4-19t, 4-23tuses, 1-26

Merbau:characteristics, 1-26locality of growth, 1-26machineability, 1-26mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to insects, 1-26shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-27

Mersawa:characteristics, 1-27characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-27machineability, 1-27mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-27shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-27

Metal bonding, 9-6Metal plate connectors, 7-25, 7-26figMildew:

discoloration of wood, 15-8, 15-27,15-27figremoval, 15-27 to 15-28

Mill glaze, 15-25 to 15-26Mill work, finishes, suitability andexpected service life, 15-15tModified woods:

formaldehyde-treated wood:dimensional stability, 19-9t, 12-12mechanical properties, 19-11 to19-12resistance to fungi, 19-11

chemical modification:antishrink efficiencycalculations, 19-11conditions for, 19-11chemicals used, 19-11dimensional stability, 19-9t, 19-11mechanical properties, 19-11 to19-12

cost, 19-5dimensional stability, 19-9tpurposes, 19-4 to 19-5resin-treated compressed wood(Compreg):

advantages, 19-5dimensional stability, 19-9tmolding, 19-5, 19-8plasticizers, 19-5properties, 19-5, 19-6tspecies used, 19-9strength properties, 19-7t to 19-8 tthermal expansion coefficients,19-9tuses, 19-9

resin-treated wood (Impreg):bulking agents, 19-5dimensional stability, 19-9tprocess, 19-5properties, 19-6tspecies used, 19-5strength properties, 19-7t to 19-8 t

untreated compressed wood(Staypak):

appearance, 19-10dimensional stability, 19-9t

I–18

properties, 19-9 to 19-10, 19-6tpurpose, 19-9strength properties, 19-7t, 19-8tuses, 19-10

untreated heated wood(Staybwood):

loss of mechanical and strengthproperties, 19-10purpose, 19-10

wood-polymer composites:advantages, 19-10 to 19-11changing characteristics, 19-10to 19-11monomers, 19-10 to 19-11species used, 19-11strength properties, 19-11tuses, 19-11

wood treated with polyethyleneglycol (PEG):

dimensional stability, 19-9tfinishing, 19-10process, 19-10uses, 19-10

Modulus of elasticity:and columns with flanges, 8-9coefficient of variation, 4-23tdiscussed, 4-3effect of temperature, 4-36, 4-36fig,4-38figof machine graded lumber, 6-7 to 6-8of sandwich panels, 11-18of visually graded lumber, 6-6values, 4-2t

Modulus of rigidity:discussion, 4-3ratios, 4-3t

Modulus of rupture:and moisture content, 6-12, 6-12t,6-12figcoefficient of variation, 4-23tdefined, 4-3effect of temperature, 4-36fig, 4-38fig, 4-39figof beams, 8-5, 8-6temperature effect, 4-36

Moisture blisters, 15-25Moisture content:

adsorption/desorption curve, 3-8figadjustment for, 6-12and decay, 13-4and electrical resistance 3-22tand heat capacity, 3-21tchanges in finished ponderosa pinesapwood, 15-13figdefinition, 3-5, 15-9determined by:

electrical method, 12-2 to 12-3ovendrying method, 12-2, 12-2eq

dimensional changes, 9-7 to 9-9effect on bonded joints, 9-9effect of strength properties, 4-34,4-35figequilibrium:

discussion, 3-5

relative humidity as related to, 3-7 t

green wood, 3-6theartwood, 3-6tin wood exposed outdoors, 15-10range in trees, 3-5recommended for:

exterior siding, 12-5tflooring, 12-5tfurniture, 12-5tinterior woodwork, 12-5tlaminated members, 12-5, 12-5tlumber, 12-3, 12-4t, 12-5tplywood, 12-3, 12-5, 12-5tsheathing, 12-5ttimbers, 12-3trim, 12-5tveneer, 12-3

sapwood, 3-6tshrinkage as related to, 3-8 to 3-9,3-21shrinkage curves, 3-11figspecific gravity, 3-5, 3-12figwood sinkage, 3-5

Moisture content of dried lumber:air-dry, 12-11kiln dry, 12-12shipping dry, 12-10

Moisture content during transit andstorage:

finish and factory lumber, 12-15general, 12-14, 12-14tplywood and structural items, 12-14

Moisture-gradient, typical in lumber,12-6, 12-6figMolding resin-treated compressedwood (Compreg), 19-5, 19-8Molds:

appearance of, 13-2distinction from stain, 13-2effect on wood, 13-3

Moment capacity, 8-6, 8-6eqMora:

characteristics, 1-27locality of growth, 1-27mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-27shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-27workability, 1-27

Multiple-fastener joints, 7-24 to 7-25,7-24eq

Nails:lateral resistance of common wirenails:

pre-1991:equations, 7-5lateral load coefficients, 7-6tload-slip curve, 7-6, 7-6fig

post-1991:direction of driving, effect of,7-6load-slip curves, 7-7, 7-7eq,7-8eq, 7-8fig

moisture content, effect of, 7-7seasoning, effect of, 7-7shank form, effect of, 7-7spacing, 7-6yield model theory, 7-6, 7-6eq, 7-7fig, 7-8t

sizes:box nails, 7-2tcommon, 7-2fighelically and annularly threaded,7-2, 7-2tpenny size, 7-2wire nails, 7-2, 7-2t

toenailed joints, strength of, 7-5withdrawal resistance:

affected by, 7-2, 7-3allowable loads,7-5clinched nails, 7-5corrosion, 7-4density of wood, effect of, 7-3direction of driving, 7-4 to 7-5etched nails, 7-4load displacement curve, 7-3, 7-3figmoisture content, effect of, 7-3, 7-3eq, 7-4nail heads, 7-4nail points, effect of, 7-4plywood, 7-5prebored lead holes, effect of, 7-5seasoning, effect of, 7-3shank form, effect of, 7-4surface coatings, effect of, 7-3 to7-4surface coating, used for 7-4

Naphthenate, copper:color transfer and changes, 14-8effectiveness, 14-8retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-5tsolution values, 14-8Southern pine sapwood stakesretention and life span test results,14-14ttreatment for cutting pretreatedwood, 14-24

Naphthenate, zinc:effectiveness, 14-8inappropriate uses, 14-8properties, 14-8

National Grading Rule, 6-2, 6-3, 6-3tNational Fire Protection Association,17-2, 17-6, 17-7National Hardwood LumberAssociation, 5-2, 5-4tNational Oak, Flooring ManufacturersAssociation, grading rules, 5-5 to 5-7Nomenclature, 5-5t, 5-13tNuclear radiation:

discussion, 3-23effect on wood strength, 4-43

Oak:for casing and base, 5-17size of pores, 15-31tused in piles, 18-5

I–19

Oak, black:strength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity

Oak, bur:strength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Oak, California black, moisturecontent, 3-6tOak, cherrybark, strength properties,4-5t, 4-10tOak, chestnut, strength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tOak, laurel, strength properties, 4-5t,4-10tOak, live, strength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tOak, northern red:

characteristics for painting, 15-3tfracture toughness, 4-26tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10t

Oak, overcup:strength properties, 4-6t, 4-11ttensile strength, 4-24ttoughness values, 4-24t

Oak, pin:strength properties, 4-5t, 4-10ttensile strength, 4-24ttoughness values, 4-24t

Oak, post, strength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tOak, red:

availability for purchase, 5-17characteristics, 1-7, 1-8charring rate data, 17-11tcolor and figure, 3-3tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tflame spread index, 17-3tflammability data, 17-7theat release data, 17-9tlocality of growth, 1-7machining and related properties, 3-16tmechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tnomenclature, 5-5tPoisson ratio, 4-3tpenetration, 14-16tshrinkage values, 3-9tspecies, 1-7uses, 1-1, 1-8

Oak, scarlet:strength properties, 4-5t, 4-10ttoughness values, 4-24t

Oak, southern red:moisture content, 3-6tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Oak, swamp chestnut, strengthproperties, 4-6t, 4-11tOak, swamp white, strengthproperties, 4-6t, 4-11tOak, tropical:

characteristics, 1-27locality of growth, 1-27resistance to fungi, 1-27specific gravity, 1-27uses, 1-27

Oak, water:moisture content, 3-6tstrength properties, 4-5t, 4-10t

Oak, white:characteristics, 1-8characteristics for painting, 14-16tcharring rate equation, 17-10color and figure, 3-3tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 1-8, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tflame spread index, 17-3tlocality of growth, 1-7machining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tPoisson ratio, 4-3tpenetration, 14-16tshrinkage values, 3-9tspecies, 1-8strength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tuses, 1-8

Oak, willow, moisture content, 3-6tOak flooring, 5-6Obeche:

characteristics, 1-27characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-27machineability, 1-27mechanical properties, 4-17t, 4-21tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-27

Ofram. See LimbaOilborne preservatives. Seepreservatives, oilborneOil-type preservatives, strength loss,4-41Okoume:

characteristics, 1-27, 1-28characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-27machineability, 1-28mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-28

Old house borer, 13-11Opaque finishes, 15-30Opepe:

characteristics, 1-28ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-28machineability, 1-28mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-21tresistance to decay and insects, 1-28shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-28

Ordinary construction:code requirements for fireprotection, 17-2description, 17-2

Oriented strandboard:adhesive application or blending,10-13adhesives used, 10-4certification, 10-14, 10-16figdefined, 10-13design capacities, 10-14drying process, 10-13finishes, suitability and expectedservice life, 15-15thot pressing, 10-14manufacturing process, 10-13, 10-14figmat formation, 10-13sheathing grade, property values,10-15tspecies used, 10-13standards, 10-5 to 10-6, 10-5t, 10-8stranding process, 10-13

Orthotropic nature of wood, 4-1Osage-orange:

decay resistance, 3-17tease of bonding, 9-8tnomenclature, 5-5t

Ossol. See ManniOtie. See IlombaOvangkol (See also Benge):

mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tshrinkage values, 3-10t

Ovendry weight, specific gravity, 3-12Oxine copper:

composition, 14-8corrosiveness, 14-8retention levels for various woodproducts, 14-5tSouthern pine sapwood stakesretention and life span test results,14-13ttoxicity, 14-8

Pacific yew, nomenclature, 5-13tPaint:

adhesion bandage test, 15-23application and maintenance, 15-14t, 15-20 to 15-21characteristics of wood, 15-3tcost, 15-18 to 15-19cracking, 15-11, 15-26discussed, 15-18 to 15-19disposal, 15-34failure caused by:

dimensional changes in wood,15-4

I–20

earlywood/latewood band, 15-4,15-24face checks in plywood, 15-5grain orientation, 15-4moisture content of wood, 15-10temperature at time of painting,15-21texture of wood, 15-5water soluble extractives, 15-28to 15-29weathering, 15-8, 15-24

failure in finger-jointed lumber, 15-5lead-based:

dust from, 15-36health effects, 15-36removal of, 15-36use of, 15-35

mildew removal, 15-27 to 15-28moisture blisters, 15-25on treated wood, 15-6on preweathered panels, 15-9peeling:

avoiding with proper painting,15-21caused by water, 15-10intercoat, 15-26moisture movement, 15-25fig

protection against moisture, 15-11,15-13, 15-16, 15-24preweathering before painting, 15-9repainting, 15-22 to 15-23, 15-33removal, 15-33 to 15-34, 15-35service life, 15-24strippers:

chemical:alkali-based, 15-35solvent-based, 15-34

mechanical, 15-34“safe”, 15-35

VOC regulation compliance, 15-19Palosapis. See MersawaPanel products:

performance standards, 10-5 to 10-6, 10-6figplywood, 10-6 to 10-13product standards, 10-5, 10-5twood elements, 10-2fig

Paper-based plastic laminates:decorative laminates:

process, 19-12 to 19-13thicknesses, 19-12 to 19-13uses, 19-12 to 19-13

industrial laminates:cost advantage, 19-12papreg, 19-12resins used, 19-12strength, 19-12, 19-7t to 19-8tuses, 19-12

lignin-filled laminates:strength properties, 19-13

resins used, 10-4shrinking and swelling, 19-13

Paper-faced overlays:manufacture, 19-13types:

decoratives, 19-13masking, 19-13structural, 19-13

uses, 19-13Papreg, 19-12Para-Angelim (See also Sucupira):

mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tshrinkage values, 3-10t

Parana pine:characteristics, 1-33decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-33mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-33

Parenchynia cells, function, 2-3Particle and fiberboard, 10-13 to 10-24Particleboard:

adhesives, 10-4certification, 10-17, 10-18figfinishing, 10-17hot pressing, 10-16 to 10-17mat formation, 10-16particle classifications andconveying, 10-16particle drying, 10-16production, 10-14 to 10-15, 10-15fig, 10-16properties and grades, 10-17, 10-17t, 10-18tresins and wax, 10-4, 10-16screw withdrawal, 7-10standards, 10-5tuses, 10-15

Pau marfim:characteristics, 1-28dimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-28machineability, 1-28mechanical properties, 4-22tresistance to decay, 1-28shrinkage values, 3-10tspecific gravity, 1-28strength values, 1-28uses, 1-28

Pecan (See also Hickory, pecan):machining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5t

Pecky cypress, 1-10Peeling logs for veneer, 10-7 to 10-8Pentachlorophenal solutions:

and nonpressure treatments, 14-24solution standards, 14-7solution performance, 14-7

Pentachlorophenol:approved uses, 14-7effect on mechanical properties ofwood, 14-24effectiveness, 14-8

EPA-approved consumerinformation sheet, 14-3thandling precautions, 14-3t, 14-8ineffective against marine borers,14-8paintability, 14-7retentions for various woodproducts, 14-5tuse site precautions, 14-4t

Peroba, white. See Peroba de CamposPeroba de Campos:

characteristics, 1-28locality of growth, 1-28machineability, 1-28mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to decay, 1-28shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-28

Peroba Rosa:characteristics, 1-28ease of bonding, 4-18t, 4-22tlocality of growth, 1-28mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-28shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-29

Persimmon:dimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tnomenclature, 5-5tshrinkage values, 3-9t

Phenolic adhesives:performance over time, 9-22, 9-22figstructural performance, 9-11tuse with composite products, 10-4working and strength properties,and uses, 9-14t

Phenolic resins:for laminates, 19-12 to 19-13in sandwich construction, 11-17

Pholads, 13-14Photodegradation. See WeatheringPiles:

knots, effect on strength, 4-27 to 4-28marine, protection against insects,13-14 to 13-15preservative retention levels, 14-5tto 14-6tpreservative treatments, 18-6service life, 18-6straightness, 18-4standards and specifications, 18-2t,18-3, 18-7standards for end-bearing piles, 18-4

for friction piles, 18-4strength properties, 18-7timber availability, 18-3weight and volume, 18-5

Pilon:characteristics, 1-29locality of growth, 1-29mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to insects, 1-20

I–21

uses, 1-29workability, 1-29

Pine, Caribbean:characteristics, 1-33ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-33machineability, 1-33mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tresistance to insects, 1-33shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-33

Pine, eastern white:characteristics, 1-12characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tflame spread index, 17-3tlocality of growth, 1-12mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-12shrinkage values, 3-9ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tuses, 1-12workability, 1-12

Pine, jack:characteristics, 1-13decay resistance, 13-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-12mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-13shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tused for poles, 18-4tuses, 1-13

Pine, loblolly:color and figure, 3-4tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16telastic ratio, 4-2terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tmoisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3t

shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25t

Pine, lodgepole:characteristics, 1-13color and figure, 3-4tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16telastic ratio, 4-2tflame spread index, 17-3tlocality of growth, 1-13mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-13shrinkage values, 1-13, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-21tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tused for poles, 18-2, 18-4tworkability, 1-13uses, 1-13

Pine, longleaf:color and figure, 3-4tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16telastic ratio, 4-2tmoisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tnomenclature, 5-13tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12tthermal conductivity, 3-20t

Pine, ocote:characteristics, 1-33locality of growth, 1-33mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tresistance to fungi, 1-34shrinkage values, 3-10tstrength properties, 1-33uses, 1-33

Pine, pitch:characteristics, 1-13decay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-13nomenclature, 5-13tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-13shrinkage values, 1-13, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-7t, 4-12tthermal conductivity, 3-20tuses, 1-13

Pine, pond:

characteristics, 1-13decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-13elastic ratio, 4-2tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-13shrinkage values, 1-13, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tuses, 1-13

Pine, ponderosa:characteristics, 1-13characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tflame spread index, 17-3tfor siding, 5-17fracture toughness, 4-26tJeffrey, 1-13locality of growth, 1-13mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6t

changes in finished sapwoodsamples, 15-13fig

moisture-excluding effectiveness offinishes on, 15-12tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tsapwood, 2-2shock resistance, 1-13shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13ttensile strength, 3-20tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tused for poles, 18-2, 18-4tuses, 1-13

Pine, radiata:characteristics, 1-34ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-34machineability, 1-34mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tuses, 1-34

Pine, red:characteristics, 1-14color and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tflame spread index, 17-3theat release index, 17-9tlocality of growth, 1-14

I–22

mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tpenetration, 14-16tpreservative treatments to preventmarine borer attacks on piles, 14-10tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-14shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tused for poles, 18-4t, 18-5uses, 1-14

Pine, sand, strength properties, 4-8t,4-13tPine, scots, fracture toughness, 4-26tPine, shortleaf:

color and figure, 3-4tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16telastic ratio, 4-2tmoisture content, 3-6tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25t

Pine, slash:color and figure, 3-4tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tdecay resistance, 3-18telastic ratio, 4-2tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25t

Pine, southern:characteristics, 1-14characteristics for painting, 15-3tcharring rate data, 17-11tcharring rate equation, 17-10connector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-7, 9-8terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tflame spread index, 17-3tflammability data, 17-7tfor flooring, 5-17fracture toughness, 4-26tgrading, 5-8kiln drying schedule, 12-8, 12-11tmoisture content and propertyvalues, 4-35tnomenclature, 5-13tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tpreservative retention and life spantests, 14-13t to 14-15t

preservative treatments to preventmarine borer attacks on piles, 14-10tshock resistance, 1-14shrinkage values, 1-14, 3-9tspecies, 1-14used for piles, 18-5used for poles, 18-2, 18-4t, 18-5uses, 1-14

Pine, spruce:characteristics, 1-14decay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-14plywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tuses, 1-14

Pine, sugar:characteristics, 1-14characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-12tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tlocality of growth, 1-14moisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-14shrinkage values, 1-14, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tthermal conductivity, 3-20tuses, 1-14workability, 1-14, 1-15

Pine, Virginia:characteristics, 1-15decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-15plywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-15shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13ttensile strength, 4-24ttoughness values, 4-25tuses, 1-15

Pine, western white:characteristics, 1-15characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tflame spread index, 17-3tfor siding, 5-17

fracture toughness, 4-26theat release data, 17-9tlocality of growth, 1-15mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6tpaintability rating, 15-4Poisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-15shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tthermal conductivity, 3-20tuses, 1-15workability, 1-15

Pitch pockets:description, 4-33effect on strength, 4-33in lumber stress grading, 6-5species involved, 4-33

Pith, 2-1, 2-2figPiquia:

characteristics, 1-29locality of growth, 1-29machineability, 1-29mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tshrinkage values, 3-10tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-29uses, 1-29

Plainsawn lumber:advantages, 3-2tcolor and figure:

hardwoods, 3-3tsoftwoods, 3-4t

method of producing, 3-2shrinkage, 3-11

Plasticizing adhesive polymers, 9-10Plasticizing wood:

bent wood members, 19-2bending operation and apparatus,19-4characteristics of bent wood, 19-4chemicals used, 19-2fixing the bend, 19-4laminated members, 19-2 to 19-3moisture content of bending stock,19-3principles of plasticizing andbending, 19-1resin-treated compressed wood, 19-5selection of stock, 19-3steaming, 19-1veneered curved members, 19-3

Plastering, care during construction,12-19 to 12-20Plastic bonding, 9-5Plastic-coated nails, 7-4Port-Orford Cedar, See Cedar, Port-OrfordPlywood:

adhesives, 10-4, 10-8advantages over solid wood, 10-7assembly, 10-8classification by:

exposure durability, 10-9grades, 10-9 to 10-10, 10-10tspan rating, 10-10 to 10-11

I–23

strength and stiffness, 10-10 to10-12, 10-11t

cores, 10-6description, 10-6 to 10-7dimensional stability, 10-12

and grain direction, 10-6edge swelling, 10-12erosion of planed surfaced, 15-8tfinishes, suitability and expectedservice life, 15-15tfinishing, 15-5fire-retardant treated, 17-12grain, 10-6HPVA grade stamp, 10-8, 10-9figin light-frame construction, 16-3plies, 10-6preservative retention levels, 14-5tto 14-6tproduct standard, 10-5 to 10-6, 10-5t, 10-6fig, 10-7protecting form decay, 13-8shear strength, 10-12sheathing-grade, property values,10-12tspecialty panels, 10-13specifications, 10-8 to 10-9softwood logs, processing, 10-7standards, 10-8splitting resistance, 10-12strength and stiffness, 10-11t, 10-12types:

construction and industrial, 10-7hardwood and decorative, 10-7

veneers, 10-7 to 10-8weathering of, 15-16fig

Plywood curved members:bent after gluing:

common hardwoods for, 19-3procedure for, 19-2

bent and glued simultaneously:advantages, 19-2 to 19-3procedure for, 19-2

Poisson's ratio:discussion, 4-2values, 4-3t

Pole buildings, 16-4 to 16-6, 16-5fig,16-6fig, 18-3Poles:

availability, 18-2characteristics relating to:

Douglas-fir, 18-2, 18-4tglued-laminated, 18-3jack pine, 18-4tlodgepole pine, 18-2, 18-4tponderosa pine, 18-2, 18-4tred pine, 18-4t, 18-5southern pine, 18-2, 18-4t, 18-5western hemlock, 18-4twestern larch, 18-2western red cedar, 18-2, 18-4t,18-6

control of mold, stain, and decay,13-6form and taper, 18-3 to 18-4

preservation and seasoning, 18-2preservative treatment:

and sapwood, 18-4retention levels, 14-5t to 14-6tspecifications, 18-6

service life, 18-6species selection, 18-2standards and specifications, 18-2t,18-7strength properties, 18-7uses, 18-3figweight and volume, 18-5

Polymeric methylene diphenyldiisocyanate (PMDI) adhesives, 9-10Polymerization, effect on mechanicalproperties, 4-43Polymers, organic and synthetic, andadhesion, 9-9 to 9-10Polymers, analytic chemical andmechanical testing, 9-20Polyurethane bonding with wood andnonwood composites, 9-5Polyurethane adhesives:

performance over time, 9-22structural performance, 9-11tworking and strength properties,and uses, 9-14t

Polyvinyl adhesives:structural performance, 9-11tworking and strength properties,and uses, 9-13t to 9-14t

Porches:cleaning before refinishing, 15-23finishing, 15-21pests, 13-13

Pores. See VesselsPortland-cement-bonded composites,10-25 to 10-26, 10-26tPost-frame buildings, 16-4 to 16-6,16-5fig, 16-6figPosts, preservative retention levels,14-5t to 14-6tPre-drying, 12-6Prefinished wood products, 15-24Preservative penetration:

heartwood, 14-12, 14-16t, 14-21,14-24incising, effect of, 14-21sapwood, 14-12, 14-21, 14-24softwoods, 14-16t

Preservative-pressure-treated wood,EPA-approved customer informationsheets, 14-3t to 14-4tPreservative retention tests, pressure-treated, 14-13t to 14-15tPreservatives:

copper-containing, control ofmarine borers with, 13-15finishing, 15-6effect on mechanical properties, 14-24effect on paintability, 15-22effect on strength of oil-type, 4-41EPA regulations 14-1 to 14-2inorganic arsenicals:

EPA-approved informationsheet, 14-3thandling precautions, 14-3tuse site precautions, 14-4t

oilborne, various types:alkyl ammonium compound:

effectiveness, 14-9in ammoniacal copper quat,14-11solubility, 14-9

bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide:concentration values, 14-8inappropriate uses, 14-8paintability, 14-8recommended uses, 14-8toxicity, 14-8

chlorothalonil:effectiveness, 14-8solubility, 14-8stability, 14-8

chlorothalonil/chlorpyrifos:component rations, 14-8effectiveness, 14-8

chlorpyrifos:effectiveness, 14-9in combination, 14-9

copper naphtehnate:color transfer and changes, 14-8effectiveness, 14-8retention levels for variouswood products, 14-5tsolution values, 14-8Southern pine sapwoodstakes retention and life spantest results, 14-14ttreatment for cuttingpretreated wood, 14-24

creosote, coal-tar:advantages, 14-2appearance, 14-2composition variability, 14-2EPA-approved customerinformation sheet, 14-3teffect on mechanicalproperties, 14-24for non-pressure treatments,14-7handling precautions, 14-3tin pressure treatment process,14-19odor and vapors, 14-2retention levels for variouswood products, 14-5tstandards, 14-2temperature for pressuretreating, 14-21treatment for cuttingpretreated wood, 14-25use site precautions, 14-3tvolatility, 14-7

creosote-coal-tar solutions:properties, 14-7retention levels for variouswood products, 14-5tstandards by volume, 14-7

I–24

temperature for pressuretreating, 4-21

creosote-petroleum oilsolutions:

retention levels for variouswood products, 14-5t

naphtalene:Southern pine sapwoodstakes retention and life spantest results, 14-14t

oxine copper:composition, 14-8corrosiveness, 14-8retention levels for variouswood products, 14-5tSouthern pine sapwoodstakes retention and life spantest results, 14-13ttoxicity, 14-8

pentachlorophenal solutions:and nonpressure treatments,14-24solution standards, 14-7solution performance, 14-7

pentachlorophenol:approved uses, 14-7effect on mechanical propertiesof wood, 14-24effectiveness, 14-8EPA-approved consumerinformation sheet, 14-3thandling precautions, 14-3t,14-8ineffective against marineborers, 14-8paintability, 14-7retention levels for variouswood products, 14-5tSouthern pine sapwoodstakes retention and life spantest results, 14-15tuse site precautions, 14-4t

propiconazole:effectivenss, 14-9solubility, 14-9uses, 14-9

tebuconazole:effectiveness, 14-9solubility, 14-9

zinc naphthenate:effectiveness, 14-8inappropriate uses, 14-8properties, 14-8

3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate:

effectiveness, 14-8paintability, 14-8retail marketing, 14-8use in combination, 14-9uses, 14-8

4, 5-dichloro-2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one:

effectiveness, 14-9inappropriate uses, 14-9solubility, 14-9

waterborne, general:

and non-pressure treatment, 14-24application and maintenance ofexterior wood finish, 15-14teffectiveness, 14-9 to 14-10effect on mechanical properties,4-41 to 4-43effect on strength, 4-41 to 4-43finishing, 15-6for marine piles, 14-10initial kiln-drying temperature,4-42paintability, 14-10post-treatment kiln dryingtemperatures, 4-42 to 4-43retention levels effect of strength,4-24retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tretentions necessary for marineborer protection, 14-10ttemperature considerations, 14-10

waterborne, various types:acid copper chromate (ACC):

components, 14-10effectiveness and leaching, 14-10retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tSouthern pine sapwoodstakes retention and life spantest results, 14-13ttemperature for pressuretreating, 14-21

ammoniacal copper citrate (CC):retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tsolution percentages, 14-12temperature for pressuretreating, 14-21

ammoniacal copper quat (ACQ):common types, 14-11composition of common types,14-11tretention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tuses, 14-11

ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate(ACZA):

composition, 14-11replacement for ACA, 14-11retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6ttemperature for pressuretreating, 14-21use, 14-10use with Douglas-fir, 14-10 to14-11

chromated copper arsenate(CCA):

common types, 14-11component substitutions, 14-11composition of common types,14-11t

effectiveness of common types,14-11effect on adhesion, 9-6finishing wood treated with,15-22resistance to marine borers,14-11retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tSouthern pine sapwoodstakes retention and life spantest results, 14-13ttemperature for pressuretreating, 14-21use with Douglas-fir, 14-11

copper azole - Type A (CBA-Type A):

retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tsolution percentages, 14-12temperature for pressuretreating, 14-21

copperbis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)(CDDC):

retention levels for variouswood products, 14-6tsolution percentages, 14-11to 14-12temperature for pressuretreating, 14-21uses, 14-12

inorganic boron (borax/boricacid):

acceptable compounds, 14-12effectiveness, 14-12solubility, 14-12temperature for pressuretreating, 14-21uses, 14-12

Preservatives, recommendedretentions, 14-21, 14-5tPreservatives, water-repellant, andnon-pressure treatments:

effectiveness, 14-9federal specifications, 14-9uses, 14-9

Preservative-treated wood:best management practices, 14-25cut surfaces, protection of, 14-24 to14-25effect on adhesion, 9-6finishing, 15-6, 15-25handling, 14-24inspection, 14-25, 14-26figquality assurance, 14-25 to 14-26,14-26figseasoning required, 14-25service life, 15-22specifications, 14-25strength as affected bypreservatives, 14-24timing of use, 14-24

Preservative treatment for:composite products, 1-24light-frame construction 16-2

I–25

Preservative treatment, effect onstrength, 6-13Preservative treatment, preparing for:

air-drying practices, 14-17 to 14-18conditioning green lumber, 14-18

Boulton or boiling-under-vacuum process, 14-18steaming-and-vacuum process,14-18

cutting and framing:common uses, 14-19potential size changes, 14-19timing, 14-18

drying, 14-17 to 14-18incising:

method, 14-18, 14-18figpurpose, 14-18primary species, 14-18

peeling, 14-17, 14-17figpreventing decay while drying, 14-18

Preservative treatments, nonpressure:Boucherie process for greenunpeeled poles, 14-24brushing:

application, 14-22choice of preservative, 14-22effectiveness, 14-22penetration obtained, 14-22

cold-soaking process:effectiveness, 14-22method, 14-22retentions and penetrations, 14-22

compared to pressure treatment, 14-21diffusion processes:

butt or groundline treatment ofpoles or posts, 14-23, 14-23figdouble diffusion, 14-22, 14-22figwood used, 14-22

dipping:effectiveness, 14-22method, 14-22penetration obtained, 14-22

steeping process:effectiveness, 14-22method, 14-22wood used, 14-22

tire-tube method for green, unpeeledfencepost, 14-24vacuum processes:

contrasted to pressure treating,14-24effectiveness, 14-23methods, 14-23 to 14-24uses, 14-23

Preservative treatments, pressure:advantages, 14-10and preservative temperature, 14-21empty-cell processes:

Lowry process, 14-20Rueping process, 14-19 to 14-20

full-cell process:description, 14-19

following other conditioning,14-19

modified full-cell, 14-19penetration and retention levels,14-21pressures used, 14-21

Primavera:availability, 1-29characteristics, 1-29dimensional change coefficient, 12-17tlocality of growth, 1-29machineability, 1-29mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to fungi, 1-29shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-29

Propiconazole:effectiveness, 14-9solubility, 14-9uses, 14-9

Purlins and glulam beam construction,16-8Purpleheart:

characteristics, 1-29decay resistance, 9-8tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-29machineability, 1-29mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-29

Pycnanthus. See Ilomba

Quartersawn lumber:advantages, 3-2tcolor and figure:

hardwoods, 3-3tsoftwoods, 3-4t

method of producing, 3-2shrinkage, 3-11

Quality control in preservative-treatedwood, 14-25 to 14-26, 14-26fig

Rafters in light-frame construction 16-4Ramin:

characteristics, 1-29 to 1-30decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-29mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to decay, 1-30shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-30workability, 1-30

Rays:definition, 2-1discussion, 2-3effect on figure, 3-4function, 2-1, 2-3

Reaction wood:compression wood, 4-31increase in density, 4-31

machining, 3-15shrinkage, 3-8, 4-32tension wood, 4-31

Redcedar, eastern. See Cedar, EasternredRedcedar, western. See Cedar, WesternredRedwood:

characteristics, 1-16characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tcharring rate date, 17-11tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 1-16, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tflame spread index, 17-3tflammability data, 17-7tfor finish board, 5-17for siding, 5-17heat release data, 17-9tlocality of growth, 1-16moisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tnomenclature, 5-13tpaintability rating, 15-4penetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tpreservative pressure andtemperature, 14-21shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tuses, 1-16workability, 1-16

Relative humidity:equilibrium moisture content, 3-5moisture content of wood, 3-7t, 15-9 to 15-10

Remedial treatment, 13-8Resorcinol adhesives:

performance over time, 9-21 to 9-22,9-22figstructural performance, 9-11tworking and strength properties,and uses, 9-14t

Roble:characterisitcs, 1-30ease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-30machineability, 1-30mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to decay, 1-30shrinkage values, 1-30uses, 1-30

Rolling shear strength, defined, 4-24Roof beams and water ponding, 8-9Rosewood, ease of bonding, 9-8tRosewood, Brazilian:

characteristics, 1-30locality of growth, 1-30

I–26

machineability, 1-30mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-30shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-30

Rosewood, Indian:characteristics, 1-30characteristics affecting machining,3-17tlocality of growth, 1-30machineability, 1-30mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-30

Round timber and ties:availability, 18-2 to 18-3durability, 18-6 to 18-7efficient use, 18-1form, 18-3 to 18-5material requirements, 18-1standards and specifications, 18-1,18-2tstrength properties, 18-7 to 18-8weight and volume, 18-5

Sande:characteristics, 1-30characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-30machineability, 1-30mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to decay and insects, 1-30shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-30

Sandwich panels:advantage, 11-16construction:

adhesives, 11-17cores, 11-16 to 11-17, 11-17figcore configurations, 11-17figdescription, 11-16, 11-16figmanufacture, 11-17resin treatment, 11-17showthrough, 11-17

design:bending stiffness, 11-18, 11-18figbond strength, 11-19buckling load, 11-18, 11-19, 11-18eq, 11-19eqcore modulus, 11-18deflection and beam loading, 11-18, 11-18eq, 11-18tdimpling of facings, 11-19, 11-19eq, 11-19figfacing stress, 11-19, 11-19figfailure modes, 11-19, 11-19figminimum weight, 11-20, 11-20figshear instability, 11-19shear stiffness, 11-18, 11-18figwrinkling of facings, 11-19, 11-19eq, 11-19fig, 11-20

dimensional stability:bowing, 11-20durability, 11-20

fire resistance, 11-21, 17-5thermal insulation, 11-20 to 11-21

Santa Maria:characteristics, 1-31characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tlocality of growth, 1-31machineability, 1-31mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tresistance to insects, 1-31uses, 1-31

Sapele:characteristics, 1-31characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-31machineability, 1-31mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-31

Sap stain, 12-10, 12-13fig, 13-2Sapwood:

color, 3-2decay resistance, 2-2function, 2-2in visual stress grading, 6-5location, 2-2moisture content, 3-6tmoisture content and drying, 12-7preservative retention and stakelifespan, 14-13t to 14-15tthickness, 2-2

Sassafras:characteristics, 1-8decay resistance, 1-8, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-8nomenclature, 5-5tshock resistance, 1-8shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tuses, l-8

Screws, lag:description, 7-11post-1991 lateral load, yield modeltheory, 7-13 to 7-14, 7-6t, 7-13t,pre-1991 lateral loads, 7-12 to 7-13, 7-12eq, 7-12t, 7-13figlateral resistance, 7-12, 7-13, 7-13tlubrication, 7-12, 7-13prebored lead hole, size required, 7-11, 7-12figspacing, 7-13withdrawal resistance, 7-11 to 7-12, 7-11eq

Screws, tapping:described, 7-9use in particleboard, 7-10

withdrawal loads, 7-10, 7-10eqwithdrawal resistance, 7-10

Screws, woodgauges, 7-11tlateral load coefficients, 7-6tlateral resistance, 7-10 to 7-11, 7-10eqlead hole and load, 7-11lubrication, 7-10penetration depth and load, 7-11sizes, 7-10ttypes, 7-9, 7-9figwithdrawal loads for particleboard,7-10, 7-10eqwithdrawal resistance, 7-9 to 7-10,7-10eqyield model theory, 7-8t, 7-11

Seasoning and lumber purchasingconsiderations, 5-18Selangan Batu. See BalauSelect lumber availability, 5-16 to 5-17Sepetir:

characteristics, 1-31decay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-31mechanical properties, 4-18t, 4-22tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-31workability, 1-31

Seraya, white:characteristics, 1-31decay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-31machineability, 1-31uses, 1-31

Shakes:in glued structural members, 11-10in lumber stress grading, 6-4 to 6-5

Shear deflection, of sandwich panels,11-18Shear stiffness:

of box and I beams, 11-12of sandwich panels, 11-18of stressed-skin panels, 11-14

Shear strength parallel to grain:coefficient of variation, 4-23tdefined, 4-3,

Shear stress of beams, 8-6Sheathing and light-frameconstruction, 16-3, 16-4figShingles and shakes, availability, 5-17Shingles, finishes, suitability andexpected service life, 15-15tShipworms, 13-13Shrinkage:

adjustment for design use, 6-11affect on painting, 15-4coefficients for changing moisturecontent by species, 12-16t, 12-17tcoefficient of variation, 3-8, 3-11compression wood, 3-8discussion, 3-7 to 3-11fiber saturation point as related to,3-8

I–27

longitudinal, 3-8moisture content curves, 3-11figof domestic woods, 3-9of imported woods, 3-9, 3-10radial, 3-9, 3-10reaction wood, 3-8species, 3-9, 3-10tangential, 3-9, 3-10tension wood, 3-8volumetric, 3-9, 3-10

Siding:and mill glaze, 15-26availability, 5-17backpriming, 15-23finishes, suitability and expectedservice life, 15-15tlumber finishing, 15-4, 15-13, 15-20prefinished at the factory, 15-24removing weathered surface, 15-9use of plywood, 15-5

Silverballi, brown, See KaneelhartSize factor:

for design use, 6-11 to 6-12procedures for design use:

in-grade test, 6-11 to 6-12small clear, 6-11

Skin stresses, stressed-skin panels,11-14 to 11-15Slash-grained lumber. See Flat-grainedSlope of grain:

determination, 4-29 to 4-30, 4-29eqin visual sorting, 6-4relationship to fiber orientation, 4-30figtypes, 4-29 to 4-30

Smoke:approaches for dealing with, 17-9carbon monoxide, 17-10defined, 17-9release rate, 17-10tests for determining yield, 17-9 to17-10toxicity, 17-10

Soft rot, 13-5Softwood lumber:

American Lumber Standard, 5-7classification by grades:

factory and shop lumber:factory (shop) grades, 5-10industrial clears, 5-10ladder and pole stock, 5-10moulding stock, 5-10tank stock, 5-10

structural lumber:dimension lumber, 5-8structural laminations, 5-8 to5-9

yard lumber:select lumber, 5-7 to 5-8common lumber, 5-8, 5-8fig

development of grading rules, 5-7drying targets, 12-5grading organizations, 5-9t, 5-12kiln drying schedules, 12-8 to 12-9, 12-11t

manufacture:size, 5-10 to 5-11, 5-11tsurfacing, 5-11 to 5-12patterns, 5-12, 5-12fig

species, 5-12Softwoods:

availability, 1-2bending properties, 19-3charring rates, 17-11tcolor and figure, 3-4tdefinition, 1-2flame spread index, 17-3tflammability data, 17-7theat release data, 17-9timported, 1-33 to 1-34moisture content, heartwood andsapwood, 3-6tpreservative penetration, 14-16trelationship of mechanicalproperties to specific gravity, 4-28tspecies by region, 1-2tstained, 3-4figthermal conductivity, 3-20tuses, 1-2

Sorption hysteresis, discussed, 3-7Solvents and adhesion, 9-10Sound, speed of, 4-25 to 4-26Southern pine sapwood stakes,preservative retention and life spantests, 14-13t to 14-15tSoybean adhesives:

structural performance, 9-11tworking and strength properties,and uses, 9-13t

Spanish-cedar:characteristics, 1-31characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-31mechanical properties, 4-19t, 4-23tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-32workability, 1-32

Specific gravity:and paintability of wood, 15-1, 15-4and weathering of wood, 15-7coefficient of variation, 3-11, 4-23tdefinition, 3-11density as a function of, 3-13t, 3-14tinfluence on mechanical properties,4-27, 4-28tmoisture content, 3-5, 3-12figof reaction wood, 4-31workability of wood, 3-15

Speed of sound, 4-25 to 4-26Sphaeroma, 13-14Spikes, 7-8Spiral grain, 4-29 to 4-30, 4-32figSplits:

in glued structural members, 11-10

in lumber stress grading, 6-4Spruce, black:

color and figure, 3-4tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tmechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tthermal conductivity, 3-20t

Spruce, Eastern:characteristics, 1-16flame spread index, 17-3tlocality of growth, 1-16nomenclature, 5-13tspecies, 1-16uses, 1-16workability, 1-16

Spruce, Engelmann:characteristics, 1-16characteristics for painting, 15-3tcharring rate data, 17-11tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17telastic ratio, 4-2terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tlocality of growth, 1-16mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ration, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-16shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-20ttoughness values, 4-25tuses, 1-16

Spruce, red:color and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tfracture toughness, 4-26tmechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 4-34tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tthermal conductivity, 3-20t

Spruce, Sitka:characteristics, 1-16color and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2t

I–28

flame spread index, 17-3tlocality of growth, 1-16mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ration, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-16shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 1-16, 4-8ttensile strength, 4-24tthermal conductivity, 3-20tuses, 1-16

Spruce, white:color and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tmechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tthermal conductivity, 3-20t

Stability:beams:

water ponding, 8-9, 8-9eqlateral-torsion buckling, 8-9 to8-10, 8-9eq, 8-10tdeck support, effect of, 8-10, 8-10eq, 8-10fig

built-up and spaced columns, 8-9,8-9eqcolumn flanges, 8-9, 8-9eqlong columns, 8-8, 8-8eqinteraction of buckling modes, 8-10to 8-11, 8-10eq, 8-11eqshort columns, 8-8 to 8-9, 8-8eq, 8-8fig

Stain:penetrating:

use on exterior plywood, 15-5semi-transparent:

application and maintenance, 15-14t, 15-20discussed, 15-17refinishing, 15-23

solid color:and mill glaze, 15-26application and maintenance, 15-14t, 15-20discussed, 15-18reconstituted wood products,15-6refinishing, 15-23

use on floors, 15-32Stains. See also DiscolorationStains, chemical, discussed 13-3Stains, fungal:

blue, 15-29discussed, 13-2distinction from mold, 13-2during drying, 12-10, 12-13figeffect on wood, 13-3

Stains, iron, 15-23, 15-29, 15-32Stake tests with preservatives,pressure-treated, 14-13t to 14-15tStandard lengths of lumber, 5-2Standard lumber abbreviations,Standard thicknesses of lumber:

for flooring, 5-5table, 5-4

Standard widths of lumber, 5-4Staples, 7-8 to 7-9Starch adhesive, structuralperformance, 9-11tStaybwood, 19-10Staypak:

appearance, 19-10dimensional stability, 19-9tproperties, 19-6t, 19-9 to 19-10purpose, 19-10strength properties, 19-7t to 19-8tuses, 19-10

Sticker stain during drying, 12-10, 12-14figStiffeners and glued members, 11-13Stiffeners and glulam beamconstruction, 16-8Stiffeners, wood-plywood gluedstructural members, 11-13Stiffness, affected by knots, 6-4Storage of lumber:

care in yards, 12-14 to 12-15, 13-7green or partially seasoned, 12-14storage shed temperature, 12-14t

Storing lumber:finish and factory items, 12-15sheathing and structural items, 12-14

Strength and duration of loadadjustments, 6-13Strength ratio:

definition, 6-3equations, 6-5, 6-6figestimating, 6-5ranges in visual grading, 6-6

Strength properties:bird pecks, effect of, 4-33compression failures, effect of, 4-33creep, 4-37 to 4-39dead trees, 4-33 to 4-34derived for small clear wood, 6-5 to6-6duration of load, effect, 4-39 to 4-40extractives, effect of, 4-33fire-retardant treatments, 4-41for commercially important woods,4-3t to 4-8tinsect damage, effect of, 4-43juvenile wood, 4-32knots, effect of, 4-27 to 4-28, 4-34moisture content as related to, 4-34nuclear radiation, 4-43pitch pockets, effect of, 4-33rate of loading, 4-37slope of grain, 4-28 to 4-30treatment, effect of 6-13

Strength, related to slope, 4-30figStress equations:

axial load:tensile stress, 8-4, 8-4eqshort-block compressive stress,8-4, 8-4eq

bending:notches, slits and holes, effect 8-6 to 8-7size effect, 8-6, 8-6eqstraight beam stresses, 8-5tapered beam stresses, 8-5 to 8-6,8-5fig, 8-5eq, 8-6eqtime effects, 8-7water ponding, 8-7

combined bending and axial load:concentric load, 8-7, 8-7eqeccentric load, 8-7, 8-7eqtorsion, 8-8, 8-8fig, 8-8eq

Stress-graded lumber, AmericanStandard lumber sizes, 5-5tStress grading:

American Lumber StandardCommittee (ALSC):

accredited rules-writing andindependent agencies, 6-2tAmerican Softwood Standard, 6-2National Grading Rule, 6-2, 6-3,6-3t

American Society of Testing andMaterials (ASTM):

calculating clear woodproperties for visual stressgrades, 6-3

design properties, 6-1strength ratio, 6-3U.S. responsibility structure, 6-2,6-2fig

Stress, relationship between constantload and failure, 4-39 to 4-40, 4-39figStructural composite lumber (SCL) inbridges, 16-10Structural flakeboard and light-frameconstruction, 16-3Sucupira:

characteristics, 1-32decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-32mechanical properties, 4-19t, 4-23tresistance to fungi and insects, 1-32shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-32workability, 1-32

Sugarberry (See also Hackberry):size of pores, 15-31t

Suradan. See PilonSweetgum:

characteristics, 1-8characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-3tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2t

I–29

flame spread index, 17-3tinterlocked grain, 1-8locality of growth, 1-8machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshock resistance, 1-8shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tthermal conductivity, 3-19ttoughness values, 4-24tuses, 1-8

Swelling, coefficient for changingmoisture content, by species, 12-16t to12-17tSycamore:

characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-3tdecay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tmachining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tsize of pores, 15-31t

Sycamore, American:characteristics, 1-8connector joint strength, 7-21tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tlocality of growth, 1-8moisture content, 3-6tpenetration, 14-16tshock resistance, 1-8shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tthermal conductivity, 3-19tuses, 1-8

Tamarack:characteristics, 1-16characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-17tlocality of growth, 1-16mechanical properties, 4-14t, 4-15tmoisture content, 3-6t, 4-34tnomenclature, 5-13tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-8t, 4-13tuses, 1-16, 1-17

Tangare. See AndirobaTanoak:

characteristics, 1-32decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient,12-16tlocality of growth, 1-8machineability, 1-9

machining and related properties,3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tplywood stiffness and strength,10-11tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 1-9, 4-6t, 4-11tuses, 1-9

Teak:characteristics, 1-32characteristics affecting machining,3-17tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient,12-17tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-32machinability, 1-32mechanical properties, 4-19t, 4-23tshrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-32

Tebuconazole:effectiveness, 14-9solubility, 14-9

Temperature blisters, avoiding whilepainting, 15-21Temperature, effect on:

fatigue strength, 4-40 to 4-41mechanical properties:

irreversible effects, 4-36 to 4-37,4-38figreversible effects, 4-35 to 4-36,4-36fig

properties, 6-14, 6-14trelative humidity and moisturecontent, 3-7t

Tensile strength, end-grain bondedjoints, 9-18 to 9-19Tensile strength parallel to grain:

average values, 4-24coefficient of variation, 4-23tdefined, 4-3

Tensile strength perpendicular tograin, 4-3Tension wood:

definition, 4-31density increase, 4-31description, 4-31effect on strength, 4-31machining, 3-15shrinkage, 4-32

Texture of wood, 3-1 to 3-2Texture, effect on paintability, 15-5Termites:

damage caused by, 13-9t, 13-10fignonsubterranean, 13-12subterranean, 13-11 to 13-12termite-resistant wood, 13-12 to13-13

Thermal, conductivity of wood:definition, 3-15determination, 3-17factors affecting, 3-17selected species, 3-19t to 3-20t

Thermal diffusivity of wood, 3-17Thermal expansion, 3-21

Thermal properties of wood, 3-15Thermoplastics and adhesion, 9-9 to9-10Ties:

availability, 18-3preservative penetration levels, 14-5t to 14-6tservice life, 18-6 to 18-7sizes, 18-5standards and specifications, 18-2tstrength properties, 18-8weight and volume, 18-5

Timber:inventory, 1-2resources, 1-2

Timber bridges:glulam, 16-10, 16-10figlog stringer, 16-9sawn lumber, 16-9structural composite lumber, 16-10

Timber buildings:arch structure, 16-8dome, 16-8 to 16-9, 16-8figglulam beam, 16-8mill-type construction:

fire resistance, 16-7specifications, 16-7

timber frame houses, 16-6 to 16-7,16-8fig

Timbers, recommended moisturecontent, 12-3Timber from dead trees, properties of,4-33 to 4-34Time, effect on strength:

creep, 4-37 to 4-39duration of load, 4-39 to 4-40

Tornillo:characteristics, 1-32decay resistance, 3-18tlocality of growth, 1-32mechanical properties, 4-19t, 4-23tuses, 1-32workability, 1-32

Torsion, strength, 4-24Toughness:

average values, 4-24t, 4-25coefficient of variation, 4-23tdefined, 4-24

Tracheids, description and function,2-3Transverse and volumetric shrinkageof wood, 3-7 to 3-8Trebol. See MacawoodTrim, exterior:

care during construction, 12-19recommended moisture content,12-5t

Trusses:care during construction, 12-8 to12-19in light-frame construction, 16-4in pole and post-frame construction,16-6

Truss plates, 7-25, 7-26figTupelo:

characteristics, 1-9

I–30

connector joint strength, 7-21tlocality of growth,nomenclature, 5-5tshock resistance, 1-9species, 1-9uses, 1-9

Tupelo, black:color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tmachining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Tupelo, swamp, moisture content, 3-6tTupelo, water:

color and figure, 3-3tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tmachining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tshrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tthermal conductivity, 3-19t

Tupelo, white, color and figure, 3-3t

Urea and dimethylol urea forplasticizing wood, 19-2Urea adhesives:

performance over time, 9-21 to 9-22,9-22figstructural performance, 9-11tuse with composite products, 10-4working and strength properties,and uses, 9-14t

Van der Waal’s forces, 9-2Varnish:

application and maintenance, 15-14tclear, 15-18use on boats, 15-22use on floors, 15-22

Veneer:and adhesion, 9-4 to 9-5, 10-8drying, 10-8grading, 10-9, 10-10tHPVA grade stamps, 10-8, 10-9figuse with plywood, 10-7 to 10-8

Veneered curved members, 19-3Ventilation and anobiids, 13-10Vertical-grained lumber. See Edge-grained lumberVessel:

definition, 1-2function, 2-3texture, 3-1 to 3-2

Vibration properties, 4-25Virola. See BanakVisual grades in the National GradingRule, 6-3tVisual grading:

deriving strength properties forsmall clear wood, 6-5 to 6-6, 6-6figderiving modulus of elasticity forsmall clear wood, 6-6, 6-7figin-grade procedures, 6-6 to 6-7sorting criteria, 6-3 to 6-4

Visual sorting criteria in lumber stressgrading:

checks and splits, 6-4decay, 6-5density, 6-5explanation, 6-3heartwood and sapwood, 6-5knots, 6-4pitch pockets, 6-5shakes, 6-4 to 6-5slope of grain, 6-4wane, 6-5

Waferboard, obsolescence, 10-5Waika. See ManniWalele. See IlombaWallaba:

characteristics, 1-33decay resistance, 3-18tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-32 to 1-33machinability, 1-33mechanical properties, 4-19t, 4-23tresistance to insects, 1-33shrinkage values, 3-10tuses, 1-33

Walnut, black:availability at retail yards, 5-16characteristics, 1-9characteristics for painting, 15-3tcolor and figure, 3-4tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2tkiln drying schedule, 12-11tlocality of growth, 1-9moisture content, 3-6tnomenclature, 5-5tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-9shrinkage values, 3-9tsize of pores, 15-31tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tuses, 1-1, 1-9workability, 1-9

Wane in lumber stress grading, 6-5Wapa. See WallabaWarp:

and finishing, 15-13and weathering, 15-7during drying, 12-7

Waterborne preservatives. SeePreservatives, waterborneWaterponding, effect on bendingstress, 8-7Water repellants (See also waterrepellant preservative):

application and maintenance, 15-14t, 15-20discussed, 15-10moisture-excluding coatings,different from, 15-11used as a finish, 15-18

Water-repellant preservatives:application and maintenance, 15-14t, 15-19 to 15-20as a first step in finishing, 15-11,15-20backpriming, 15-23 to 15-24caution in use, 15-18effect of use on window sash andframe, 15-17figon wood exposed to marineenvironments, 15-22paintability, 15-6, 15-16refinishing, 15-23used as a finish, 15-16use on edges of reconstituted woodproducts, 15-6use on end grain, 15-13

Wax in composite products, 10-4Weathering of wood:

effect on extractives, 15-6effect on lignin, 15-7effect on paint adhesion, 15-8 to15-9and mill glaze, 15-25artist’s rendition of, 15-7figas a natural finish, 15-16erosion rates for hardwoods andsoftwoods, 15-8tin marine environments, 15-22of finishes, 15-9process, 15-6warp, 15-8

Web stresses, glued members, 11-13Western redcedar, used for poles, 18-2,18-4t, 18-6White-cedar:

Atlantic. See Cedar, Atlantic whiteNorthern. See Cedar, Northernwhite

White rot, 13-5Willow, black:

characteristics, 1-9decay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8tlocality of growth, 1-9machining and related properties, 3-16tnomenclature, 5-5tpenetration, 14-16tshock resistance, 1-9shrinkage values, 3-9tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11ttoughness values, 4-24tuses, 1-9

Withdrawal resistance:of lag screws, 7-11 to 7-14of nails, 7-2 to 7-5of wood screws, 7-9 to 7-11

I–31

Wood buildings, consideration:moisture control:

effect on heat flow, 16-12mold, mildew, mites and health,16-12moisture control strategies, 16-12 to 16-13paint failure and appearanceproblems, 16-12structural failure, 16-12

sound control, 16-13, 16-13tstructural performance andservicability, 16-10 to 16-11thermal insulation and airinfiltration control, 16-11 to 16-12

Wood cells. See cells of woodWood cleaners and brighteners, 15-33Wood Components ManufacturersAssociation, 5-2, 5-4tWood fillers,15-30, 15-31Wood identification, 2-4Wood screws. See screws, woodWork to maximum load in bending, 4-3Working qualities of wood, 3-15

Yang. See KeruingYellow-cedar. See Cedar, yellowYellow-poplar:

characteristics, 1-9characteristics for painting, 15-3tcharring rate data, 17-11tcolor and figure, 3-4tconnector joint strength, 7-21tdecay resistance, 3-18tdimensional change coefficient, 12-16tease of bonding, 9-8telastic ratio, 4-2terosion of planed surfaces, 15-8tflame spread index, 17-3tfracture toughness, 4-26tlocality of growth, 1-9machining and related properties, 3-16tmoisture content, 3-6tpenetration, 14-16tplywood stiffness and strength, 10-11tPoisson ratio, 4-3tshock resistance, 1-9shrinkage values, 3-9tsize of pores, 15-31tstrength properties, 4-6t, 4-11tthermal conductivity, 3-19ttoughness values, 4-24tuses, 1-9

Zinc-coated nails, 7-4,Zinc naphthenate:

effectiveness, 14-8inappropriate uses, 14-8properties, 14-8