Wood Carving Handbook

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    )WOO iD I I CA :R V ING is 'ODIe, of d1JB I O l d Je st c ra ft s,and, tm s b o ol k r ]. ea ~ swith. aU aspects o l f ' 'thesubject in a m o de rn 'w ay " s o that t he b e gi ll l1 RJner can learn tbe ,e'teme-Ilr~31Ji' steps, andfoUow hi s own intierests as his, skilld e u.l&'mnn>~ ~ ' i i ! = ! i o 1 1 . . . .,a

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    II

    W '- & I~ FO " ' , v ' L ' o R t.rn!!! 1_ _ 'U! t li . I .0 .J. '.' [ i . 9 ~ , 1 2 , S C,HARING' CRIOS,S: llOADL , O " ' N " " D , O ' N - ' ; : : - w ' , - , ~ 'c ' " ! ! I_ I . ._ . ,r. . I _ ! ~

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    'CONTE,NT!. m" 8

    e 'W' . '& G'~,Foyle , L t d , " , 1'959Reprint1ed N O f l 1 ' e m ' b e r 1 ' 9 , 6 ' 9

    Cia,". l 'T:oQ,-,a nd , ' --1I1w" 1lds l .. ,~ ....' ~ .;. .'...- Chc dc e , o, f hl,~'b~IQUlIes,jl C ' h U e ' J , ~V b o a l s . . HandJefJ. , S~-,mgl " IGl~llilUtJfgl.S i t ' o l p , P i i m , g . W,Qoda , f ; o r I~ ' TYPlB a : w u _ ' ] , l e . .C fu J; pt el ~ , T ,011 Iw ulling ' .,~ ,~ , . ' .,~ ,I ,I ~ ~ ~ . ~ '2 2'W'ood, dia~tel~ :HtJ '~d, ~;Utfe., Mallt t StanGe" :HobAngId fcri jJei" C u tt in g . ,B '( lS ; IJ ln G 'in.Citapri 'eF 3 Smp'le ',eeol'aJ tioJ l " " ~h i '. ~., '2 9Wa c ,o n b e ve lJ m g. GOUI~ 'C~~I' ,Scmtm iSltooki' Cb~~ and tmf~dOODIa, t i !Q, I . . IChb) t aNiD~~W!hjU~ l iDg . ,!()ha,fer' ~, Incised. nrviQl: ~~ ," ' " ' ' " " " ~ e - ~ ~:Kn[fe ,a;ttcms,. ImtRnJa, W 1 0 l l i: t. C ~ : k D l ll ID r i n ,g . : f U D C b i m l g . and ,, g r , Q O l v r n g backgnnln li s . , [ncl~~d. '~~Eil1l.. P~emllg. Suimb~elaws"

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    rChapfer 5 : L o r w l - e 6 J e i leaniDg .,, .. " ~ .. ~'. ,i ,~ ~ ~ 47Ouflimng: . ~ tU l in o, _d OW ll b l~ kg r\O I u. md . Cuttfuli l ' in, ~P :G~ . ,, : ! Z h l l f i l O O toolin" Holtow ~tm'p,mnlt"~'f ferms, ConveDraonal~eaf elntngi Bmmlpl ,e ,s u tG lm mHe'Wm'~ ' p , r n O m l l p~:ltem.&,r.s, of, c~m~ B ord~[ '$~ICban'ay;; , l"O t\tJ\~II\Ii~RH- [ ! '! " c . .. . r.o lti ,-q-~'n:~ '~. I ' I I : . c "- -~-ir'-~! U L-1_IU~ ~_U Uu"~ "~ ~-I. iC-~. 'IJ~I ii~ iI~~ I!I I !I ;;JI.;)IA:p,ro&cbi . Na:mnJ IM,VCS! , Appmcii),tion lof'. dep,tIL ,A.eru l ' th~ ;~e~ r~ak. l-_f. a~ster"..A~pt ing ,Mt"W"3J lotia.p..HenlliWd:r.y"S[b; twdls ,Coat s of arms, H , @ b n e _ . S t n amms" Sc~rnU O _ w ; 'CUlkm,(:he. Lm.enfo~d desi\gM" - -Olllpfe ". Fip e' ,gBel Imning' .. ,. ,I i i ,.. ~ ~.'. i 6 r 9

    ,a~O[ce.1D.m'Mn;g. ,lfjo,ro:u altd, back~o:Uf;ld.. Doldneu., Pk t im , .Ana t omy ' . Obs~rq;lioDli C la y mod:e[ Cb :md 1 d e eom t icm ' ,. ,C ba pte r .; 'W~lU).sad '.ue ' 1 , i"I, ,i,,,', i .,. ~''''I' 73Sk,e~ibesi' Propoetions .. Cla:y mod'et Phst. ,C u ,1 . !m MUk~ :Illld,

    , p b i . q U ; e B ' ; j G r "O t . e sq U M . . Cb il d. 's t ru ~d ." aH:lD,.~esi'~,"" ri..... , if ""I I ., ..__,, :~ . 0 0 I I , . , . , , ., . . . . . ,: : , . . . . 7- , n'\..JHI,pUa~ ,.' '~T~g ,lUlu, I~H IJ ,UIlI1 Ig .'~~ i; " .. " . '. . . . ~F'hl[m~:an d IC!U,opm,J, Swi : ,gbt au dl blllIDibom Ull"lUnp. S~;m'~eaM~ Twi~t l~p" ,Sinfd;e and dOiub]~e tMsts. , Op!:n t - M ; S t .Chess , men, C!,br io~e '~Clp-Ckliptlll' 10 Ap , I ilicatiom of' carv iDgs ..0 ;0 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 9 0 1Dev!elopmeo,t ~~gmng,. ~. Cei .mml ' -[iwmi;tllme" Twistfurling B,ppUCl:LiQ_DS~Na'me bn~f,th~' Book r G ; ! 1 d s and kou._Bcxes , B ; e U D V f S , . Fin iBhing . p, loimimg.,

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    Printed in ' ,Gf'M',r lRltQi,i h"' T I C } , n b r i t $ g . e ,P.ltilir:etS ,Ltlj'.~T'f.:udiridge~ ,K., .n~'

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    PRE ACEWOOD ca rvmg is almost C}~rt-aj ' ru!~y'' the oldest _o f _tb e arts, Thelea :'ed craftsman ~hj,r ed "nod 'with, is plitUv" to o s:~, dcarviag has C' nuoued throua! i l t h e e e nt nr ie s '0 the present day.It Is f itHng 'th at w e as tWent j ,cth c e . m r t u r y ' wood , c arv er s shouldkeep alive - : - t h i s an" ien ~ -raft 'Woo" I,. arvlng 's beth an art and ,8, craft The carver who is' -rln1,ari.Y ~ n artist, 'will get, "1 ' pI'e oppc rtuni ies of expressingh im self : b ile ' " sh io nla g o bje cts in th round bu, 't il , carverw ho is more ~ terested in en f tsmanship " n ge t h is re s ardfrom the s,lOltd ezecutlon o f' a leaf or s cr ol l ~ Bot b . will fe e1 th elm n ie ns e s al ~fa " . 'o n 0' latrry]~gan o r i ,m ' , al i job th rough to its,roD .C ~usia - - - - - a , rarity in dlis highly specja1ied Industrial age . .- :' -" ., .~ , c ar v in g n ee d. D o t be expensive" The essential to ols arecom:p'Mali 'Ve.my few, and much ca n be done 'wl ith at ha l t -a -dozengouges, rO'vidiag 'I 'C right , -OQ, and designs are chosen ; no'g rea t s~f'en,gtb i s needed and can in ; , m : B . y be Idone by WOB1Cil l aswel l as men, !e I- ,'- , who is already an amate r or protessloaalwoodworker, 'wiU ,find 'm ca.t~'" g' ll a fur ther means 0 ." using hiss kiU a nd in ter, st in v ' 0' to ma te his products Dl 'Dl " 'C e om p le e .1bere are ~y aspects of canmg~s~mp~e laelslons, ]O'\~ lo rdeep re[ef', ork ' "hlp at ri '" , sculpture and mm.bi l l l ,ed carvingan d t uming., Each carve W , find the one w m c h b st suiltS ,1 - "s ,skU d temperament '[C ut a n (le e sional e 'cllrsioo into theocher bi _,ehes will provide interes and eLlarp h i s , seope,here is no other modern book: covering ' all aspects of woodcarving, and J, is hoped '[fiat tW " I i l _ l _ bo 'k w i J J satisfy a eed,, should like to lhIAk W,illiam A.hrples, c. Sens Ltd o fS, effi,el.dfor p l iov , i~mg details 0' Sa dud mzes an d sha ees 0~ ryin,g 'too~ a~d the. fol[,Q'!Utg , tw'o ~m~ f o ,- ," r, nv id m g I etailso the comb~ suon : [ 1 . . ' O r:, . hie_ ' tbey supply = F'hillips OmnipoolLt(k~ 406 E . sten Rd.1 .London, N.WJ; :,rix" td . . =OklBurlingt lD St. , London, ' ,. 1. P ., W .. BUND, OIm

    CHAPDR ITOOLS AND MATERIALS,

    ICARVING tools are wade In , a bewildedng ran .' 'a and,s iz e s, a n d the b e gi 'n ne t ma y ' be f o rg iv , en i' be w onders - _th ,rhe - eM afford to, take ,P cary wg , :ortunate:ly quite ~ smal lar -a'Yof ~ooIs ,~ .-ennit :_w te a large rang - f carving to betaekled, Many professm,ol! lals do the - u lk o t their wo 'k w"thvery :ew tools but ' they have Ir~uaUy buUt up the'" , k J t s " . ' ! , _ t ltooh 0 suit ' cheir needs, No on e is e-ver lltely to need a of t b . .c a rv " 'n ,g t ools availa ble, 'bllt the v 'I" ty is th ere .'1 0 ne - ~t a.ho i ~f f . , d" "' d 1 ' , J ; ; . . . . d'see, sumng ]]]1', .Vl,JjJa preterenees an', nee s,'The , 0 .1s are broadJy dl Ided i' to ".IOU' CS i, cl 'sds an d V', (Jol, , ,id1 ,~ few spec;,] tools u [ ' "'.e l L ) ' toe, ne eded by the, , . . g m n n e r . .AU t o o l s arc graded by widtb,. in sizes, f r o m n ' w . . to,- ,r .he 'carvers most importa to ols are h is go, ' gcsliGouges are made in a. range of curves . or le ac h wid l h ~Th , e lego fro-~~almost H It ILO,I very dee If-seetien, The degree ,o fc urv atu re is identified by a . number , Al w.idths, do fluj~t ha veth e same radius CU.[Vt\, bu t they have th e s me relati ve curve ,e.g, a No, 9 S' aight ,gouge has an, ,approximately semi circularcross-section, whate v er ~ts 'width ( F . ' "g~ 1A)., GoUD e s with th elow, ,r DUb~ s hal' e flatter curves a nd '"b"se w ith _ "gher nnm-bers have deeper CUr\'e5',h e co mm on go 1Iges ar e straight (F~g. IB ) but hey may alsobe . CUTVed (Fig. ]C)I : : r ,~oo n 'bit o r fron t bent (Fig. 1D~J) bw:kbe i~.t I I ~g. 1 0 ,) " _ .pads or 'ls11tail (F.g, ~F),.W hU ~ the begin ersbou' ld know' of these vana,lions,. be only n ,'. ' S ,I few straightgouges in his first kj ' co he va rying shap, , have dif:fef\en t 0' m-er .frorn he s' l ' (ugbt tools, c ,6 D ,um b~ , r- g iv 'e n . . lg, fA) referonly m s tn lmght tools. Ve r y small gO-'-iCS may also 'b e called"l uters' OF ' "veiners' t~Chisels are loss frequently needed, Tbey ar e Diormellly' grotmdon both si d es Ilk e a tu rn ID,g tool (Fig'., 10 ' to . '_ e end" 'y ....s qu are o r skew, a s s ho w n, C h is B ls a re a ls o made In . ; _ b e ' var ious,b m t sha;. es d e crlbed for gouges, As .. on-bit sk :w chisel III Ybe right or lef cornered. de erding OD ' w hi cb s d e- is fon est.V ' I ools, or par ~ngt oo l s, a re a . form 0' two - _ , - d e d chisel, Tbeyare av allab_e 'w ith - , -"0 d ill er en ' a m" I, b : _ ' _ " ceo th e s~d -~

    9

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    10 OOD CARVrr G'I

    'JOOLS - . MATmt1Al.S,A,p 'proximatclYJ 'he wid~r an.gIl~ made is ~O~,~'tbe narrower 60'~~The lat er (No" 39) sujts :woS' jo b.s '" 'i~ 1H) , . V t- Dis I r enormally straight .'Pi' . 1 )) bu t ' they a -0 obtWnal :_ curvedor spoon-e it. in , the same !, - y as louges~_ J,"' = " " ; _ J.~s;

    " ~ ..#. "~-~701 ,

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    ,- l_ '[d le s h av e to be 'bought s ep a r8 !' le J y c h oo se s to u t ones:fOl' th e to ols w hic h wW b e . hit an d :sJ~ooer o ne s fo r th e moredelicate tools i r d 1 3 . 1 1 d l e d only ' 0 1 ' " han d wOrrk~ The commonham - ~e sr-a es a re s 1 i , g ~ y - ~a ~lei - for - (Fig, II) OF' p' r , a D e l .._ig~ lK ~ Some work '[,8 preter to - v ie a H at planed 0[1[ the-...,)1 . ~d ' - ' f ~ ' - b -L_ d J . ~ , , - . 'TI..! a l l ' - t il ' ' ,' t - l ' . . ' - I -..- .: .U~IbU,ers~_ 0 a "an" 'e I. r 1 9 . . _ . , . J: . naB' _ rW -.' _.e .~OO. 1,0 at:pproac Ith e 0k [It ,I, f la 'L l:er angle ' \ blch is , an ad anlage m some',Iwkward ' si tum .i on s, a nd alsopre.v~, ts th _ tool ro ,I li n ' . '01 ~h ebench, There ,i s somethlng p s y c h o l Q g 1 c l l L l about t h e e q . u a l i J t y lo f ahand lett l m i c e . l y po li sh e d h a nd l e akes fo r better , e a , " ,m . g , ' - ,. -In dirlya,lg,ed IOD.C.. c ~,e I - __ -b en d 1 . b ~ _ '. _ C i ._ th e s a m . C 1 '

    F ittin g b an dl es is a ' .L_ ' igh t fo rwa :rd ~'ob~The i tn .p o na n t , -' I~-.:gis a s ka l,- h~ tight f lt, , ~, . le w handle m a 2 - have 8; , c e nt re m a r k ed l. ! r I I II!. l . iat he end ~ Drill into ~hi s with a twISt -_Jl~.a bou t th e sam e 's mzcas the small end of (be tang. G o n b s " fu l l , depth of e ta g..an..'h ,. " . n , . . . . 1 1 . . . , : , . . . . ' i I l . 'IL . . . ~ I:,.... ~bnave an assistant wat _-1llUJI,g to ,S;~ -~a,~ tn e no e IS m .M -, w t ,'.tl e hand l i e . '~y C : h e c t t i 'i','e a n : : e )I'OU hold the brace, " .:-~arge'the h o l e in s te ps , s o -_ _- _ f e tang of th - to ol c an ep : s h :. - ~rather III e than 'bal f w ay b~ y hand , . t ~0' 4 be a s -.' ye asle .~fitm box wood than in beeeh lo r ash in t It order, I up -

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    t.~port th e tool ~0, the v ice, so U 1at 1.- Ie shoulder rests 00 the top C )' th e j aw s " l mod tap I-Ie handle OD~ ExaD1 i ; e U fo r s t m i . g i :J l D , e s s ,'efOf'C' d r i v W ; , : . ~nyh eme , W h _ n p art ly i n, j rn a Y ' be pols$~blle10,p .' _it '.,~.g h i ' lo r fa pack th e h o le i nt o lin . with a sh a i n : . " . ,Is ing ' a '~ ~_ rv in g, . ,- I hich ba s it~handle c ut o f ' l in e wil tb th eblade ':0 .' dlscenee I " '" and ma ]! re se t - bad wo k, So ew ork ers d o no " r ive .h e andle fuUy h ome 'to the s ho u d el' o ,fthe to ol w h en r rstfit 'tIng ~ t - - - -. - a 'b o 1 J ~ I\' ofthe tang is l e f _ ex -posed to a ll ow ' ror '__in g U' I Iny s~bJckn s w h ic h mla.y d " c v e I D o pI ller. Tools which ar e requenUy used w i , h a maUe t m ay hav e aOO i er v '. h er slippe d ov ar th tang before ilt is drivea .m '~o,thehandle. . hi s may - be . - o rd inary ta .. 1 washer, It becomess ueeze b tw,OOfi th e .Sboldd,e-r an the e n - 0 th e handle I.' j .I ',' c ,-- ..onjng so me 0 ,-' dte eJfe.ct 0_ tile b o w s ,0.11the tool~._~be.,~ ,._ar,~ .w o ~mul,~- ,purpo\~e too~~which , _ c o : -I, ~e ~ef'f' cs:.~ulm tUm,g th e place of ,s om e o f the s~aDld .ard ,tools m , lightcan" ".' hese are the .MLl~U:r.-dt!l~ and. "Trix-Exacto' teols,: - . conslst Q hand les . It- , . itb chc,- ' ,j into wbi.ch v, [lety0- CI isels, knives , g u ge s e tc , u n locked; The. blades areche;tp and supplied ;already sharpened, so that duplicate toolscan be ".p _ and chan r; ,olVer;_sharpenmg bem,g , P O S I , po -edu nt i l s . e ve -a I Deed a t te n tJ i" oO J, SlIa r p e m U D , g eq u ipmen t is d.ealt'wi th ] 3 , ' 1 . - r m 'his chap ter, .Much ca -~ g is dODe~y hand pre sure am y , but fo r he vycuts, a nUlUt ~, 'I eeded ~ '__ o r c li n a, ry c a rpen te r s malle 'tan beused, b, . '1- carv er fav ours s 8 p e e m a J OD. -_~;. a rO'~'I'd h .d1( 1 i:,., l"."-.igbing '_ -UI tw o pounds ..B,~" ' h is, t e USUI] 'woodf or m a lle s,'V:adous 11o']diol devkes \vi' 'b e needed, -,Ies e are d . . c ri be din Chapter 2. R '. SP~t files an d .punches are oceaslonally eede -~Of course I carving is' sua y part of so e 'ucture, for w :rc:-th e gene al ' ~ oo : wo r k iD , g tools M U be 1 1 _ ulred,Secondhand C O . " ; tg tO o ' J 1 ; , ar e o ft en a v ,a iJ ' b eo Common snse' w iD b e ' fhe best g ; L l m d e 10 ,as sessi Q g : th eir v alu e to 'th e, pun iC" la rcar: er, but tbl8. ar a a .few O~D.ts '-0 wat h ." ,DeOimm } n , c u e sJI d shapes re nail m uch u se, u nless ,be tools a re c he ap land thecarver alr dy , as th e c .. one,r bas~c tools an d l i s , s.killl' -0extend hl - " " r ~ The conditio I f' ha-d'~es. is .not im . ..o -tant, :asthese are easW~y re . laced There j 's s m e Idv ,ml l .ge in aviug avariety 01 1 hand[esSIi ~s tb at ' eJ ps in lb . id " t m c a . t i o D l 0 , ( l o l s , - o n

    SHAltPE '.0c e ma.in enance of . he fiuest -0' i.e cutting edge 'OB. his;tools is I P ' , baldy more important tal a. w oo d c a~ ~er tl_. :to l ,alli._other e ri ' t sma n in wood . lis 'I here O1'\e essential to master t~eno -too . .d ifficullt process .. ' of tool sharpening ~ d ro ca .ef~yapply ' I b~m w l e D , e : v e r necessary, The 'w e rk produced b. ' a du .too- - -Qe5 , not have the "r hness and clean .,p lpea . - c' I,. r a00-, edge ~r od uc es , a nd it will . --vay be obvious to at J othe-rw,oo w a r r- = - ' ev,en j1 ' net t ..' :ry aym ao.. _ ."aood quMil, '1 30~fI mad .. from f he c or re ct ~glrad~'o f, steel,a~(?ura:teIy' hardened arn t r e n 1 p e r o o " , Will keep its edge IOD.~~than a n l af er lo r tool, or, tunately, nere is net a mass-market~. r carvin", took. as , :L h r . is fo r '0 elyp ....f g el' eral 'to ls , ~-.It til ma nu fa er ur er s o - : e qu lpm en ~ fo r te carv er . ire mosdyspec~ lIS, f irm s o fte lm g ,: _Dod-quali ty pro_.uets, t, ls, h o c '~~~rg o I - : I 1 ! L " 1- 0 ~J.ways ,b~~ ~a"mg tools fro n a 8 ~ O p speeializ-l ng ~ n t oo ' . ' an d to bu y th - best that ,0 e QlD,~af foEd~ 'i, , ,~T a ~ )J s h arpen in g is ~videel 'mto tw o 'maw par t~~gr tnd_] ~&' w h ~ c ' h p . duces 'fu~ b e v , e 1 by th e , .I e m , ? , v al _ o f the b ~ U c o ~ .~~ .metal: and sharpenl~,' -.~-OpCf,'mch IS the prod 'Ichon O : ' ~ t_~ken I L 1.' - g edg e _ur iDdiD. is , ,I - n~ed a; co'mpa'~(lV~ ylong interv Js, and it is p asslble ~ o h a v e ~.s: ,!on.e.'f'~fe'sio~Uy~but . the keen w orker us _ - a U , , , wlsbes, tit) have complete leo trolo v e r ' the treatment of h i s tools, as the be e . l !ground by someoneelse n 1 . B . : , ' no t be 6 . X a c , i J ' y as .,lreq uU-ed~. _ .Grlndin of wo odw o rk in ,8 o ol s IS be t -'one OD .~ s an ds to :'.'wheel, T h i s n e e d Do t b e ]a~say .' eJve lnches d -itm .te r a n _ ! 1 _two '. ches wide~onn.' cd in a trough .or : f i ; ; I. to ~~... nch. " I faccess. h) a , m ~ rge "' .ork .hop type g riu . : tO D_ C, - is possibl e th a t IS:~of course.. ia SO t sw.tab~.e., The stOD.C :!dlO'U~d be tu _ dlo~_',aWfly fl'io ]1 th e '~oolH,old tbe tool w id both hands,~ ODe ,on U le

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    1 4 , " .- "ODD CAR \r IN Gbandle maintainins th e ,a nS le a nd U :w eo th er lover 'th e b la de. p p l_ . 0 : ' ~g the . - : f e s s - ~ r , e " 0 , a v lQ id l ~verheating an d to _ i [' eV,e l !1 lt . :_.C.Sion e l o J~ :~ it m.L I. b e , k ~ p 't lubricate. r ith W' ter, This canbe from a diippillS can .a t b ov e th e: stone, 0.[ from water in the't rough , I a n; 'ea se th e troug h sh ou l . ' be' empt ied a fte r u se toSl'voj,~.,softenmg' , o , t t h e stoneT,-.~angle a nd le n. ' .tb lof [he b ) v e l d.epends on the Ie.pedenee _.d preferenee of the Itar1tet,. .....long thin bevel takies 1 fineI. - lge but Jt .Ill be ~ !i! I. soon blunted, At the _other'e xtr em e a , 'to ol s ha rp en ed wdb a 'v ery ob tuse Ill' le i 'in. [ .TObUSJ l bu no SO l een, Someth ing 'between the two is usu m J l y

    . .. . .. , .. .. il ' , ;} .. d - 1 - be .....1'_ f L ,. 1- 1r :'-Ulr,w WlW .. tendency ' t own ' S ong eveis or ~o'~manl~yon 'so ~ \ " 'OOOS and a tendency t owards short bever.s ~or theMId r w oo s , A gri .di log angle o f a ~Qut20 is a gc .' av -l ial,e~, _be Img th . of the: bevel Is ti leD. abo ut ., in,"_ .

    _ 01 ,! vo i'l , u n ev en 'W e al' on the stone the to ol s ho uld . b e. m ov e dfrom sidle to side ~C f iOSS th e curved s u rf a ce . . T o ol s w i " - : f Ia,~edge ' sh ou ld ' , e h el ;stea.y' ,~ bu t gouges SbOldd b e ro lled at 'th e.. __. tlm e ,as ". e .y ar e ~la ed across 'the gr lnds tone to . eep . '0e ve n b ev d (Fi,g. 2A )~ A ft er ' th e corree _'bevel has been 0 t a ~ _ed,th e bac ()f the bevel shou ld be rounded 1 [ 1 0 1 b lenr~ i n to the lineo f' th e to ol , S O l that there is 00 sudden dian ge 0." a _ . n g l e . ,..any amateu woodwo rke r D,aw usc a smaU eng ineer s .~peof . .bib," 'speed grmdmg whee l , e ith er p ow er or hand driven" Iti s p ( J ss ib .~e :to grind ca , vin,g to ol s o n, this. bUI 'Y 'e- g re at e arle ~ ""eede , to .'vo id o - v e h e at i , g . , - _ - e stu ' e turns towa I' s the 00 0 11a' t a b i,gh . ~eed, and 'the,dlJn stleel edge can quiet ly overheat tothe pom ;t _ b ee dle te rn .,' . is drawn, lea ing the tool S6"t Ifeolou -s a pp ea r n ea r th e edge jit is i;! s i g J E l Um t t his ; b a s Itappe~~p. . _.d. otbin .g can be . 'ODe , a , . ' ' out it~ cc eept gri d pa: ' the: r it(,J" th e c ol ou rs , If on e lo t these -rmdin,g 'w'h~e~,ba s to be u:SOO,ltb e t ol s mus t be ' Y . r y ' frequently F ' o v ed . .f 'om the ' w be e1 a nddj~ped in w 9 J l e r, .After . "oding. tb to ols are sh arpened o n an O~I_t t u B _ ~ Tw o,gr3d~ ,a r, m ~.ll . -ODie faul)r ' coarse, such a' S 'Ca b onmch lw 'or ~ "Inm an and another Mer one. , . - C , ' d craftsmm. have. ' [mere C:. ' 'for s ecial oils, but Le L L g h . t e . - - s t machine oil o rpaIaf f f in wilt be ' found suitable,. -f a s to ne b ec om e s e l o , g g e d w~'th;" ' o r , ]1 i _oil, it 'CRn be freed by 80m J in r & f f l . n . Bes idesf l a , I SOD.es:about e . i . g t in c bu. m (U l g ' i a few sJps . : i , g . . B , areeede for th e Dsid,e surf ces of sh a ed tools, A sU p w'ith itedges, sh a ped to Itwo d i. --e.renr C U I fv es w ill d ea l w ~ th th e first {te.tl

    t:'\[~

    IF~G;;2

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    16 Woo))1 ,CAltV]NGA ite l' . reatment on the c oa rs e s to ne , the , P !O~SS ,Is ~pea '~on U te fine s to ne .. C u rv ed . '~ ols a re tr~~ed in the S;aI~U~,way~except that 'w 'be~ deaJ l liug '\~itb " an IO \J I ,t8 iJ ~eC ; U fV ~ an~~ f t a , ! S t lORC[h e ,G ou ge should be ro~~., It ~ a ,b ~ l _ beld,~m .~ ..w~~~ , . ~~estone and rolled from side 1 tO side 'whi le being pus:h~, ,back-wards and f " H ~ \ v a . r - d s , . aldl,QU,lh some 'I 'a.rk,ers l?i ]r~er to bold. tb e,g,oug~at an rulgb~~:~ tbe s~~,ne~, , : b e , l 1 . '\ifle;w~: .fro~, .&.bo~~e~,80:th~t it is rubbed "~ a mHm ,g ' a en on a l , o D S th e s ~ , o . l ! l , e . ~ou,~esand 'V tech sbou~d , be sh a rpened on ~9 two .grades .o f stonein , the same w ay a s d .e sc ~b ~ ,~ or e~ is e1 s~~but,h e~ bu rr ' m u st b eremoved by l ubbm,g OR the inside w m U l s tumble sJlp~:i' ,~_S b ar pemD ,g o n i s lOD , C i s thi~ final t~atmeJl,. mprepa~,~o ' [d~ o , ~ uy woodwork i ng tools , b ~t !~ nrm s;, tools ,ar~, ~s~,~"

    b r ough t 'to an even f iner' OOi~ l ] b l~ ' ,st [o !pprnDg~,~ e. s ~o _P , m "8 :,piece of '~.thc:(rSlu"ed~[0~,as tr ip ,o f' 'w~~,~ ~'ts_S[JIrf~~ ~treat~w i ~h ,a ' lin e a br as iv e , P um i ce p ow d .~ o r' ,~ th e, fi _ rr n ie s t _ 'e : . ery p g f ~ Y d . e l r ~mixed 'wi th vaseline ca n be wo: rkioo_llnto ' th e l ea th e r, Cr'oco,spowde r prodt rces an e~ n finer , f i~8~, t:o st~ ~ ~ t~_O~j" . 1bo~s ;d es a re drnwD, several t imes , ov ~ r t !l .e l e a th e ' .A cUfV,ed edge tot he s tro p ( ]p ig . olD) will go msidi6 'mo.st , g O I , g e s . , ' . ' , . 'Once a too] has b~ brough t 't o I, i D , e , ledge It tift be m am -ta ~n,ed ,or s ome t ime 'b y men~~yrepeat ing, tlle last sta.ges, m '"use ,'~_;~t duDness w i _ s~o~ ,.be , S ~ l l ' S ~ ~ ='.O : F _the _~st .fe w t~~this can usuJaUy be ]lIghted, by a , fi:w rubs on the s~,opl. ~ t ~ _ rIItreatment on, the Me ot~stun.e: toDowed by ' 'strropp.mg', 'w~ beneeded, ,Afh~f a ,long m,tervi l ,i t '9liU 'b e necessary 'to gO I b !CK_ toth e coarse o,as~:one , s t a , g e ; l ] an d a 'v .rry [ODg , i lD : t - e r v a l s , f~,g rmcU_l lg'\1Iill be n.OO~~1 ~ ~ .' " ~- '.'There are a ' f . ' ew s~ecial poi n ts in th e s h a r p e t U l U l , g !of ca:rvu:rugto ols 'w hich shouJd, be n,oted.~ p a . r t i, ' C l m l f l r ~ . y by thos~ ,alreadlyexperienced In d ea Jm " g w i tb g ea er al w n odwor lt in ,G , tools ~

    III C ' I i . . ' I ] " ' ! L " \O '~ ! I " ! W ' !11~!Ii"[,.,a,1!" square 0[' skew,- ! D o u l :d , :h a :v e stmlft j 'h,tw . ~ . . ' w -~ ~-IJI#.I~il .. 1!t 1 ; ;L1J~, l..-:!!1 IUQ, ~ ,\ , _ ~ ,11 , ~.JtCuttiu;g - , e d g e s . , ' They may hav,e bevels both _sid~" 1J~eiisha;~peni lDgbevel t 1 ! s : u a l l y ' blends, illto tn,e' g r m m n , g , bevel , wlllcb ln ~ ti~abmen~ into th e b~ek o:f' t he tool, & 0 that ' there: ar e ,DO dls' t .mctehsnges ,o f amgle as in fimlCf cwsels",2 . Gouges s 'h o u] d ~ e '~ lh lr pm e d l s o t ha t (ll~Yar e : s .q:~arei!C~SSthe e;nd 'i i excep ' t perha"ps ,!(),I_ a very small r()u~dlrn,g 1 0 1 Ith~eomers . A , 'gouge p J ' i e B s e d 'Su.,aigbt d,OiM), o n 'to D , pttooe IO f ,w,oodsluntld J ! e f t v e itsshape evenly pressed into the -surfaceli S i m f f i 1 a d y . ,

    "tOOLS AND MATmUAl.S 11t he ~two , s f d J t s ala V' tool s r u J i U -d 'b e s ha rp en ed e qu aJ ly a nd \ ' Y , w , t hthetr ledges leve l ,

    . 3 1 0_ . S ~ ~ , ~ I ~ ca,rvers rub ~w,aJ.~~ : in ! idJe5 of :gouges so that asecond bevel 'IS formed 'I here. Tills ,s ] g i ! j J t l y mer-eases th e m e ofthe cu~~veof the end and , ( lUIJ" ~e diggmg in whm thegouge 1S used 'w~ilhth e I C O a n J v ex sid e o uts id cs1 but far nOnIl:a]\vork. 'it d oes not make 'DUlCb diIf,enmce~ H the inside is to beb:eveUed:~ it mvolves- considerable r ubbing wi th sllps i as the : i J l l . -side cannot be, g ro un d ~_4~ Fluters and the, deeper gO ' L ) : g e s ; (NOI" 10 and 11 ) are U'~shaped, instead, , , ) ' f parts o f ' r egula r CU'rY'6S li D ICl'\[),ss-~ectioo~The :bot om ha s ,I; q [urick e :~ ' rv e j, bu t ' h e s id e s ar e t \lm'OS,t straight,When grinding o r '~arpenj g 1 'Ute r o l l i n g of' the edge to K I C C , P 'the w ea r even s ho uld be ! c o O O n , o o , te at halE lo f the curve st ,R'~mn3:~~Or 'the bol~t.om CUMf,e ,ma;y be dealt with fir.st, lo,nowcd "b y

    ' 1 1 " ' 1 , . . ii"IiI sides eDp.'!2; T"~ 'I~ oly -ILJJ.~ ~ w ' ., ' ~~ ~~ ~ P:.I. I" bV - ' I_ ' :' ~_ 5,. S~roplping th e i n s id . ie , o f t he sm ;a Jl Ie s~ g O I U , g e s , is dimcu'tO ne w a~ : is to d , r a , w th e ,g ou ge aloEg the ledge-of the learhersevera l ~,tlm,les ~D that on e p a m _ rests ' D , v e r ' t he ' I~ ,g e and theleather r s compressed to fit inslde ' t l 1 C toot _.

    o . ,A V t oo l i s, s ha rp en ed 'On tl1e l 'm s i d ! e wi tb a knife-edgeds!i:p~ but the mos t d if fi ,c rr u1tpart ls at th e point 'w h er e tb .e t W o~lde.~_meet, This needs to be mtJ.l]ll and wi tbou , burr, otherwiseit ~ : m ~ _= cu t ~~e~y~ bu~,vdlI ' t 'ea~r' t l~,ewood , ]Ithe poiat of , ' h _ eVi b~0f!~~ ,sp, iky (~_e 'p~~tU, ro.J~~jn,g ; fo~~~ IO~'the Clftti~gl ed ,g ~ '~ t hi s c an be . [ O O , U c O O by r oundm,g ; th e junenon between the,t~o bev~~ls,n the outs lde'l and working ca,refully' on the insideM.Ul a slip..

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    TO 'USETbe ddB , oo.t1st be mounted as shown m th e U.hls~rn.Honabove l N i t h the- buR ,010 tlftC dgh. tl S O l that th e t o : P I o f' the D : u . w f f 'rotates towards ' th e ope ra t o : r : ~ _'Hold.in:g t he to ()l ~y ' w i U l . bo th . h and ,s as shown g~ntly~b~'"gtbe, I cu tt in g be ve l ,a.ga.insl~Ulf:'revo]ving buft, a D tb 6 U'1, 'd , (1T sld~. ,'WbIOO t1l1e.buS bas, had . some use and be come weU saturated' W ! ~ ,~ b r . , a : s l ~ , v ecO~p?un~J this ' ~ m n . ~par~ : a . , b~~i~~t pollsh, and.win eav e th e Icultllg' ,edge smnQf.~l.and :ra:zor sha rp "M O f , o o V ' , e r the 'w ax i n the compound 'will. r ema in on i tb.etool an d ;S I a g ood ru s t i Mh i bim r'. _ _Thi s , edge has a . long life, :i infinitely supe~~ol,ro t ha t 10 b t a i r n , e t I ,

    W];tl It g o m . m g : es U p a n d needs onl ly ,3; ' t o u c h o n the , butt to recondlt lon.\V,AaNfNGRemetr ber to :' 0 d tb e tO l l,m . tOO t ~1eu'1:(j 'erslde IO l 1 1 y ,o f the'burft wllC;f,e: the w heel, is ~Jl1venm.g ,~lVtzy:1 from yolUl~ othe rwlsea, n un p m . e a J SB'Ilt a oc id en t r na y re su lt, -O'bvio 'U~ly'~ tools _ - t o O l wmch so much ~ft~e is gI~n H I sba'~p~=' m , g must have their l e d , c e s p ro te cte d d V ln ng 'stor,ag~ ~O\v.ingti()~efher m a d ' l i a . w ' e r vrlU S:OOD. damage edges , A baize, orcanv .~u; ,~r oU" 'w it h a poeket for each to.o'~,ca n be used, 1 1 ) 1 ' " t~ey"ca n be fitted into nicks inside a cupboard. It 1 8 W(ut l l w'hlle:

    a : r. r, an , gm t lc .f o r t he edges to be visi:ble" S IO 'Ilat. they ca n easily beseleeted ['or use . ' \Vb .en. stored ia r some Il~methe s teel partsshould be coated ' \~ifll.oil OF ' one 01 the' rust lBhlbltmg lujd~.WOODS FOl CARV' : '0,Any wood m,ay be C3JrVed. wiLk 'varyinlg results, bu '.nod is a,Ollu taJ p : r. od .t tct and eharacterls t lcs 'wtry be tw~n the ' woods ofdifferent trees and even be tween d i E f o c , e n t mem b a r s 1 0 th e RUletree famlly." Wood - for C I t " V , m o g . ~h.oluldumaUy be of UDi fQ rm reyen graln free frem large knots or v i o le n t i oo tr as t, s, in lbel ~ p' pC a r a ]lC e o ~ t~e grain, Somet~~;s a p r O Il IO lu m r e d grain mark -Ulg: m l a y be u sed _ b y ,3 clever craftsman, to enbanC6 the a pp ea r ..anee of 2 , piece of worki, but [lo:rwall;y an , mcoDIsp i cuou~ gainl Ispreferred,_ Them are G ~ t . h , e I ~h~racte:rdUcs,to consider.. Base of workfm.gis Important, but ':he ' ve ry e S L s y workm g w ood s h av e n o , g re a C ,s r nn ~tll o r d~ '~abj ] it y ~ so (hat in :01 (l'st eases ' they :Ifie only suit-:~ lb l .e 'fO.f, p ra c - ~ !t e work, The type 0 ' carvin~: should be con-s id e r ed ' . Som,e wood s ar e mOE~ sui able ,~OI 6 ne dolicate 'wo,rkllw hile o th ers lend them se lves better [~O broad robus~trea tmeat.S~lm,e woods 'wiD Ro t last long H . esposed to the eleaients,' w h il e o th e rs O O l l ta : iD o at 'r-d o ils w hieb p ro t,a ct U u~ m agamst th ewea'~be-f ';,~ M~. 'wo~dl us00 , f ~ n " lca~"g ,8~o'tdd. be plroper '~y seasoned,'_ es t w o o ds s ea so n best if fel led m th e autumn" S ea so uin g ( th e,[hying ou t . o f ' a proportton of ' f- e m o is tu re H I t i 'h e 'wond ) . takes' iln i lDY' years if done na~urally~ 'but. modem methods reduee 'thist ime _ ,~ oa m atter o f w eeks , Arljfici~Uys ea so ne d w o od is I quUe[~~jsfalcCory. U nseasoned w oo ' \viU Icm,~kMd. \~arp'~E ' v enseaso ned w oo d [ I l 1 . 3 b ,Y crack or 'wa rp if subjected to vlo',leJntCM~~. of temperature or h"umi i. di ty ; "" " ""S lomeWOOOI more than1 0u ' uns . .S om e w eed S , ma y d ev e lo p ' l ' sMke~ -II(~ralc~~)aurIDg 'woddDg~,asnew surfaces are u nc ov e re d ' . The intemal stresses in thewood II ~ a us il ri lg t h es e c ra c ks , are usually m ore pronounced in~8Lfgepieces _han small, It is sometimes possible- ' 'to reduce thecftect iv~ b~lk of a" carved piece, A so lid model ca n imv le a ~Irp:hole dr j]Jed lip some 'way f r om ! ' the base, A plaque can ' h ave thebQJek bOlm~alw,d~B oth m ethods reliev e strain and. mimtiiDl,ize ' the'risk ' o , f wa.:rp,ing and , e r a c ] o i1 ! , g ; o - - - -_I f~ cmck ,s ; develo~p w:hlJe wCl[kj~g liley ~ay clcfe .u P :~tilmasthe J ob progresses, II is 'Unwj '~e tO I t t :Y 'tOI 61 . them with 'wood , a s

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    r t I ' O . . 'lIili],onD- III"",UID;V iii ~ G "~ Y P f . -. 'U t .. l..,..61.~. J IJ .:" .thls m ay c au se them ~('J s pr oo .d ."B ee .s ~x c a n b e:_~ _ se d: .wbil ,c thewo rk : progresses, T,rus protects the edges f rom splint~m,g d unng,cutjtm,~ and as itneve r s e t s , hard it ca n squeeze out If .be;erackc l O i i O O : If .R crack a i ppca rs t o be permanent, lt can 00 J i l l l c d 'wIthp la st ic .wo e d , Natuml cracks , s b . Q 1w d l no t '~fteD .pr~'Vie trouble-s om e , ' [b ut if ' t h e : y do appear they are no t Iilcdy '~.Odetract from. b e e ff ec t . of 't he 'Ii n '~ished,o b i ! .Since the 'waF ' hundreds of new' t imbers have 'COU1'~' into thiscQ~n'[ry'l mostly bDm ~e :Smpi[e:,. ~.hese '~,rekn'o~ loos~y' as!i~Em,p r l re b ar dw e od s ~~ , M O ; 5 t (Dme in. small quannues and mayDo t be seen, ~.i!lli' so tllat i~Is .d~cul t ' to ' c1 a , ss i fy ' them" O'lheresseem [0 have considerable pol$sibi ities ~t'o:rt]~eca r v e r~Ther~: ar ecert am ' tr - ad1 tion3J wocds~,w'hkh ha ve b een found by c:x ,p~,nence

    ,. ,... -.If! . ..;11 i l ' 1 . . . eb '.. "-'.. " b .' '. ' ,d!', Is.... , . ; I , toto be suitable tor carving; ana 'W& 1- ogmne r rs nesr a'liJv_~~, 'e'confine his '~odt to them,lal, first, then H he is , offered, a. strangewoo . he maybe able ' to a s se s s its O J. u all tle s l ro m ~ ts I.ppearanoeo r by . ' tes~G~a piece an d comp , ! oo , g it wi h, til b~t~eI'-,kno\mw e ~ _ ~~~ e a llo w in g a I" ; the , n am 1 e $ , o f s0Jtll~'.o lf . th e mo '~eo usual '~radl-'~'~ona~oods, 'wUh a " f , e w notes [Inheir c~,eteru;[u:s :Oak~ Mo st c ar el ng in ' this , country _bas ~ o on d o ne in..e a k . .t is , durable, strong' and it ~! as a tt ra c ti v e c olo ur a nd . g r 1 1 ' ] 1 1 " , ~ ' ~is m,!ost 'smta.Dle It).r ' bold treatment. AD oaks, are mther '~olW;;gbt o m"~Eilll.gllsl~ oat blng .pruticu~~~rlyso.. A.u:std~IDl o a k ,basstrcaighter grain ..Am eric an is b est avoided," ' : ( l II J t lt '~ There are several walnuts, ,M:os~:have even, closeSJIllin and are suitable fOI'mrvitDig~, Appearance .is good , and lh6wood is no t so rough as oa k to ' ' W lWV l \S Q ; d ' n ' u , a l n : u t . . This is not a. true walnut. t bas ,2 paJe browncolour \~~th D t 1 ' great contrast in. the grain, It Is an ea.s:y wood .to work and! is uitable 0:1: early exercises, ,]:t hasa ' t, e o d e m : . c y '[,0

    Wllrp rong rdter it h as beea wa dc~~ _~ . ~ , " ..Pine. This is a . so tt 'w o od , , 'f is light 10 c ol ou r a nd on e olE~eeasiest woods to cut, t i . s , suitable ~r:or'practice work, but dulltool's w L D be f . o u n d to , c ru sh a nd t , e a : r i t . . . _M l u l n l 'g t m , r ., ' The name cov'~rn ,8, ~af,gefa~llr o f trees Mostare suitable for Icarvm~ ' w i t h . q ua Hti.a _si~ to wWo .ut ~African . m a : h o , g a : n , y is no t F'nl~mtl1' as Sitlit~.ble as 'that fromH o .c dnras, -JL .

    8YC-a t l ~OT:e : i l: im e an d ' p ea '" .. _A:ll tbree a re l lg fut~eo,~"ouredwoods:w i th close grain. suitable for deliea te 'w~rk'" _ ,Birch~, Tbis, is; medium hard and p : ~ ~ 1 l _ t to work, but it is"Iat very dnrable,

    TOOlS AND MATERULS 2 : -~ rl~,!~~,.,_ts _w ,o (r kin s' .qUi~u.l~' are similar 1 :0 oak, ~ltho1J.Cll] i t , Iq.Ulc!dy blunts. , too~s.., It . 1 . S ' the best wo ed for oWltdoor' \ "CU! 'k~Jq,,:f(ih.~ ' T h i s is a . r - O O .Australian weed, swta,ble ', or a u t d a o rwo rk , I~carves evenl y , , ,

    , IE O ( ) ' 1 . ) 1 , and ' l l: g nun :, : v ita : .These a re e xt rem e ly ha rd w oo d s .J le ~a't_t.ef~b e ~ : n s . tbe .heav~est kn .O 'Wf iwo od, T h , e r y are carved b ythe experts, bu t alie U:DStl uable for those less ,eltp,erienced"

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    '2 3

    T'O-QL HANDL lNGMgma the 1 : 018 , car r y out yo'u, ' 'w',~lu;;s is largely a maUe r , C ! f :e xp er ie nc e g ai ne d by pra.ctde., IOnc~_,th~ too~~que ~,.~agt'~f~~one ca n reach a stage wlie:r,; the: !e~ecb.oman d ba~ndling ,o f thetools I c a D s , for 5 0 Ii 'tle tho'L!l,gh't ' t h a t . most of the , a t t ' e n t J i , o D . ea n beg L v e _ _n to ' t h e a . rt is tm c s ld le o f ' - t b e . w ( )] ', k .. C a r e in u s _ ~ g d I D , e , tools in[b e right way ,and f@f' their co rre ct jo b is im po rtm .t ~ ' 'the start,S IO as , to m y m e r lgh t : f o u n d m . t i D u s l . , An intelligent If!rppreciati,onof t b _ , e ' 00 , aviour of th e w o o d under the, 'tools is , e s s e n . t i a l . Learnbl y your 'mis ta ik ,es-= -i f a n , Y t h r u n , g g o e s wrong~,'think out 'the c a u s eof the trouble,W o od , is a flb ro us . m o . 't e r i a J t. W ~tb th e f i b r e s , laid more or less, h ~ ; J 1 g t h w i s e , "H all o f [these : 6 . b r e s ar e c o n s i d e r e d , tOI be loose, 'thee f I , e c t o f" th e too) , C~, 'b e 'm;de,l~stood , T he re is ' 1 l S l l J a U y on e I d~ : r , e c : .tion in , 'which the- tools cut in , 'the, c~eanest'way" ICutt ing theopposlte w ay produces ,3 rough Slld"3.~e. If ' the toel d ma d e i~OIcu t d i a , g Q n I L U y alan,g m e fibres mhey 'wi ll p a rt s m o o ltW y [Pig , 3 A),",, J " it . is entered the ,o:JlPos~~ ' ~~~y , tl~ey ~wij l . ~~oh in. ' t f u :e,tooledge and, tear U,~I (Flg~ .3B, )~ ,The dwecOOl1 o f' th e gram canUSt~ia,ny be obse rved and its. reac~ ioo . to! a cut f u ! t t l C a I : s t , b 1 l l J t grmi s , o , ft ,e : 1 ll fill: f r o m , u r , a : r u g h t an d an"Lb ing d o u b t f u l : !ihould, 'be~a.clded~wuily to ,avoid spl] t lin g. A gouge is a m JJ t( [eo ol ' t t l a m achisel, pa.rlttcuhu'ly i E it is en: ered 3..CfiJSS the ,pain" Do'tn , l o c e s s a r U y at nih r a l l, g 'l , e -s : . Its curved e d , I e 8 , c u t t h e 6br.esba'Olt-eJthe I,ower;p.ort of the b lade bas ,1 1 chance of get t: it 'l g mIoder. 'th em and, l e ; Y ' le r m g ' ' th em , u p . . if th e p , am . h app en s te 'b e a ; w l t . . . .ward,

    m9a:r.ving '~ools. 3 :Y ' b e : u~~, , . : w i t h '~~d. l? ' res~~:~:~ ~OEb y mti~~'wi lb 13 1 'maUe t In th,e preb~,a,fJ ~bosung-m" ~l.ei' knockio,gin,to s b a , p e i J by eu ling : awa .: y th e bulk .o f the UrIw8:uted 'w 'Ood -mos t 10 1 the w c rr k is done with a large g O ' u g -~ an d, a m alle t. Th etoo' . ' : 8 , held, ~n the l e f~ hand, wi th I t b e fiilg,ersl :ar-oood t f f i l ,e handleand ' (he thumb a ] l Q 1 f l g : i: t at tbe end , aw a y 'f ro m , the b:~adle , ( F i g .3C)~,Th e stance s 10uldbe ea:s~-it is a mis take to hold yourseHrigi',d, when ,carving. The weig'bt o f: 'blo'fs wWld,ep~nd ('i[lj 'the:,m i t 'w r ia l ,~ but , I ) ,ormaU, th e m iG e t s ho uld o n]" . be lifted a few'~,4;,,_

    ,

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    to wmch , it Is ma:t The: l ,ong threaded portlen tben, passest h r o U g h 2 1 hole in the bench an d ,R locked by ,3, large ' w I D , S :nutan d 'WUb6l,. A, s imi la r idea rna,y be : Improvised w , R h an - ,ordm'arybolt, which, is passed throe gh ,3 baseboard befon~~t J s m,e(! 'tot he ' w or k, (F~, ,46).., . __ _ ..II is un i N m s e to attem pt a d " 6 $ \ i i , g m , fur ,achl01. U ' S ' C 11 until. someexperience has ' b e e n gained in toed b_andlimg~At :fus :, odd piecesof wood should be cut in various ' w , n y s so that wlm: t ,R ' toed, ean . . .not d,QI[I as wel l as 'what it can do, is d:mcoverted,. Make cuts byhand and ~ v ~ l h a, mallet. across and in line w i I l h , 'the gmin..Praetise c.ontroUml the depth of the eut, by ,rlising 1 0 , 1 ' low,erm,~

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    26th e an g 'l,e o f a pp ro _ cb o lf the , tool Loom t, o t , l k , e , s w e e . p .m ~ . cuts ,so a s to foh lQ lw a rClmn~, ' w h i le lA~ep .m , h e depth [~!~~;p o , . ', ~ sw i h the ,gouge ' and the V ' to ,~ O Jilln e a s ha pe w ith the V toolo r [ -.. .e p ,~ . u g c ' . aD ! ,t. a o v e , - [ 'e was ' e w i'L ll1 ~ g O ug e'M ' i1 i ' '., . 'cuts,d ia go - - _Uy a ver' '~caJJy to! the surface o f' 'the w oodl~ _ .Mucb ..~.tu ng w ith go ges an' I.~ --sels in h av e to b,',' aJght-forward .pushin,g, or . ru ttin g - u t 'w h a:e th e elreemsrances aDC}W jthe. tool m a y be b a ' D 1 U e d l w i : - 9, sticlng , 3 c 't io _ . ' I t w ,W t - I o r - c u teleaner, wit,~ l e s s . t e n d , [ e n c y 't o t e O J I " o u t ' the ' g r a I l ! ] . " T: . . . .-, ~ '0-reJlcein , a c lo r is . 100 1 J p a r a b = t o , cu tt in g . D. pleee 'o f st ju g w"f- -I"'fe

    : .- : 1 ,1 .. 1,... ~f ..] b l , . A ..,- ,.' - 'II-n me xm e is sn I Y pus 100 mto ~ L _ strtng it,nuty ,,' 'en ll)1 Ycu t i: . r ; [ 1 1 ' ~cn t fen ~ . is ap - Ii = . - " , ~ ul I f ' It .~ ,' :s $ee d ac [OSS '~estri g m ue " , , , ,s ~ ft[o . C' i l l . 'I e req u ir~ ., . ~r ', ',g B eQ .Susually 'oss1Lbl l ,e w~l th th e Hat t[ e f , go[uges 'workmg 0,1l a. broad.snr&oe o r' b ae kg re na d, : " m c t i S l t m~lking ' slich],g cuts , bot [.honowmg: a -. 4 eXrema] rounding., , sually the ' ,rist of the re-sua~ ' ..ban should r ," a.aml l 't he : w or k o ' the bench,It is v e . '00 venient ,0 ee ab le to use '00 s in 'ejtlle' -,and ,B oth . m ds a re : _usu ' 1 1 on the '0.01 in a n ,,' , ase, bll l_t l _'~ r ight-h dad ,,u 'iI ' l i d , , 1 ' . . 'I:" . . .: 1 1 1 1 ~ L ' : . . b 'an J .- : ' . . man - , Ul , a l t W 3 ' Y wac t to OJ] : ' i t u _ .naDi.ue 1 I l l ! illS, nglJtb a n ' r 'blle U l , e l C 'f t - , ; . ' - r a i n s , . No caner i s likel.y [ to Deco'~-~1 . . . 0 1 , . :~ . . .. , . .. . f. -h ., 'I: L .,.. .I .f ': "r uJ lw i l~ " r ou s 't o t ne point w nere ne uo es no t rav our one ItP imOfB til _ - a.nOl_~er : bu ' t h e . .abllit.y to [ ~ 'b ange h ands ,I S so ', aI u ab e as ,0 be v onh pra ctisiDg from t h e . ' start.:... .'" c ut ,0. ' " , ' . - : t ' ' ' 'ben completed ith on e g tr o, -~ . W"i,"hC l l M l , g W = curves, tll~S,D l a y ' D ot e e p os s~ . bl e! a n d in any ease th eb e g in n er t en d s tO I ake s m all b ite s a t 'be wood, 'Even when ' iestof' - a . boUo\v is dug OU.t IJmjdlym, ' t h i s : ' \v a y ~ a . .fio~~.cut .in 0, esw e e p s h ou l d be taken t o f in .~ s :_ ,t. oftA ~ ; q ll i' . . , ,- , g :ouge to le "on . wi th a . sharp ICtITV,atu~. in '",-s,s e e -

    "'~in.'1~can cut ~o.re. deet!~y .}lI~n ;;a. tter gouge . ' ~ o : U l . cc - . ,. ,resomenmes described as B a' ~ , T 1 l : I i s IS' elative term and d > :ot mean t I tile g ou .g e . .5 , absoiu~el,_ - tn "t ~,(as ' [ ' . 001', '9 chisel ~ It is a name ,~hr to the gouges wi'll l ' t b : s j .ghtestleurvature " , 0 :5 ~ 3 :m d. 4 )" A carver u su all y - ..v ou rs a :691it gouge

    [-0', wor .where he ~Ol l o r o r c ab in etm a ke r w o ul d u se a. c h d s d . ,In am i i- g a g round th '~ eg ta- sba.pe may be 0 . tUned wi, . R.' k l' .':h ii 1 1 ' h b u B t of 1 1 l .1 ' . - , . j - I _ . I" I . ! I I" . , '. . _-C e , ' " gOu.ge, ]IC ..' l en u s, to ' rem oy ,e [ e . [ . " '. ,a , te.( i F -? " S . ) . , - - , .0s is r - o n . '~ed: y ,I8 ", go u g e to .pliod ce the: .I a l ..-..d'..... f h b db' '" di _,...t', ,,I~s~li;Ice 0 t -.' , .a c " "" -g 1 !o u n. ' ,, / cut W.g : ( - agouany ,aero, S, 'UJegrain. A~tl1ough U te DT h B . l bnek.ground 'win b. ~i'unDorm. depth~ll:s s u r f a c a 'will be I c o ' v e r - e d w i th t he : :ht ,g ou~ m r k , s i t ,an',

    I'

    ' no th in g [ s do " 0 f 1em .o lJ ' t h em , 1- ,e ,' s ' i' [ " . eharaeteris t lc carver's'finish an d i~t sh e Id Do t be fuft er lev Ued '. y work : wi'tb a,router, as a c a b i n e tm a k e r may' [ O O ; Itempted '(0 do~ R . e t " ) c s ; s m n g imthis 'way occurs in muc . carv ing , and th e p.FOC.CSg should! bepract ised,Wh . be tiog",m,. to r emove w aste ", ~tb _.m " et and a larg ,gou ;ge~ cuts a:re u s'u aU y m a d ~ diagpnaDy Itc - [he gral ...:ro ' "'v "d in g fh e: p in ts o f th e c ' -t tm g l ed g e ar e ept abov e J f t e su n ceof 'be w oo' t qu ite h eav y cu ts can be ta ke n w ith I J t U , e fe ar o J._ 'spl[ ' tting: U m , . ' w ood. Practise on serap w ood, to d ! sc o" ,e r t Il emos t e J fi c i- . ,- ,t w a . y of remov ing waste b~o re be s ti ng . .n IJ'Daetna] job" -"esi~s are lsualty " leu ' 1 Jln - so tha ' th eir ed ges slope 0' t~w ards ~ , a backg roen ' i, - , ",8).. Th ls is d one mainly ' 'o rstrength, The reverseis c aD e d- -u nd ere ut ti n' . I .J'. SC) :a;ndisern..,!oyed'wham ' the desi.gn is to a p pe a .' to _sla~ndou t p r~m inend yabov e "he low er part, "der-c ' ttmg m akes the depitlll appearm o re ',- in cr ea sin g the; s ra ._OW~ Cuttln in shou ld be d on e ,- . " f h .to ols : --Iu.c~.approximate to be outline, '9 Ivoi: ,~~ reakm!,g ou tof the "".ala cuts. sh ou ld .0: ,m 11'~Y'lt th g r a m 1 J ] i to 'acrossth e grain' :1l0 , . :u:e ve -sa..lCutt . i 'n. ' illl small c fr e le s f o r t he e ea tr es [o f '6,10",-" o r . -,~ :ds on:1 . 'mould -ng , can be done by pn~~!singhe cr-d ofa g o u g e . S U 8 ' ' ' g ' h tdow n an d rotat ing lt , Each g oug e w iM c ut a circle o f one si:ze(Fig,. ID ' I;, and th e depth can e i-reased D " r - _ '~ er rc ta ~ na n d pt,~" 1 1 l 1 :L t . h e g()U~r. ' : " i t h h is , - im : 't o o r e qw p i m e n t t h _ _'_: :nncr 'hol lld t - 1 o o p ' a r e c o r d of tbe, ui_,'ines f b is .. . . : , 1 $ land the:cilr 'c1e s t he ', ' 'will e n - , lSO that d .e s ig n s c a - I_.ad apted I,,~t t ' b_:n~lls ,avai:a 'I e. Pressing th e too~s, into cl:roa,rd 0_ pl 0 ~_ isone: w,ay of m~dtm)g tb e r c c o l r ( L W llere . 'ools dlo ot Iconfor~ '_

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    28exactly ~oa ,Sbatptli the cunilt(g. , m , 'CM be corrected bY ' ,sliWlg' w , ~ l t b .ill s kew ' cmse l, or Imife~Tty o u t V _ a r i O I ' L l S woods , A lth ou gh tim e t~hrniqu!e; m a . y be thesame in princi.plell it C : b i i D , g C , fro m ,~ oft tQ I , l l l - r d . wood. ca n bed ec ep tiv e a nd may i,earl to dMla.g~ work " i f : unprepared, (1I~~'to k no w all Ictf y o u . 1 L tOOi],S. Learn nOl\v m u c h p re ss ure to atppJyo u vario u S 'woods,., Learn, a l s e , , h o , \ v 'c o m e l e D t ify' lbcfi,rs,t S l i g a : sof dullness: f u t O ' W ' the cut l os es i ts ' Iri[eaI1ne~s an d th e '~OOll.js: du ef " b,.... ,~~o r ~ t ro lp lp m g ,o:rs~rp-enmg~

    ~'J.,~, I ~ U - -C'L ~~~~. : _ ,

    '.......,..", ,'LE DECORADONM A N Y : r ea de rs o f' U n s ' [ b o o ; ' , 'wili a i l r w , d , Y ' be 'woodwork ' e r s~ ,oot..Eg t o ' ca .: rv 1 ng a s : some th in g 01 11 _ ~;bieh 't-ofurthu prae " :8 th~fb:n d ~ b 11~U...~'" ," ...~I kssn I anr IIS:;1 means or em,- e~w.m.!Dg t ,mf OODstrUC' llOOu WOf~-'iiiTh e iJt 'ems in this ch;a,pter: are DlOt ci 'rvm,g m its , o st a lD :b itio uss en se, bm t - a re i nt en d ed to Stipp]:, i d, Q ls : 1 .0 1 'a .piywl cmmngme thod s t- o th e s ~ ' m . p l l e d ! o o o r a : u , o f l , of lor-din~n:y- 'woodw,ortmgprojects .. Most o f the work e a n b e . done wj- , k D i v , e a , aDdoldiu3JE}' \ \ ;r ,ood~ork~g I c m s e 1 ' s and lou,ges if pro per carv ing' to o ls a re n o - ,~ 'V ,a :M _ a Jc .,The old-tlme w h e e ' l W , r i g h t I ' d om ~ mOis t lo f ws woik wid! adraw knife, sougbt relief from th e heavy const ruc ti ona l 'work b ,yu sw g the s am e , - ' 1 0 0 1 ' 0 , n l 'c t , p a t te r n s ,in th e e a s e s of : par ts .o f S ,'W"g~l'LTh i s, f o rm of d ' o c a r j ) , t r n , o n is ,-ow gener a' ll y c al l! ed ~'~wagonb C V ' l e J W m , ( ( I' ljand ,i t c a n be deve :~oped to w e ;a I llmsrung eft :ec~ e nsueb tlU~gs as S . t i ? D ~ and ~bl!e legs, Apar t , f rom, a n r y deeerarivevalue ' in _~Itis:e]]f~t h as lin e e f t 1 o c ' t of UghtemUftg th e appm r an e e o i' ,I.Eleces8:~:r~]ystout part of ' the !ttuc~ur,e,w . h 1 1 o u t Wta~keniD,g ,~t, .' h e ~ im ,p ~ e s, t , ag o - , b e v , e , B m , g ha s a long pamI Ie l ,c lmmf ;e r red ,edge ; sto -, ' Pi ll g : In a "rIa_nlld~n~'ut I' . ig~, 1 5 A ) , . Pencil gu ide linesare dr,a'~ ~ then the, end s cut and th e , c h D r w ' f e r ca mrrtlly' paredlh lm[h a c hi se l, Th,e

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    32 WllOD CARViNGbead, a re a .v , ai ]] ab le , ' ~he '~,I ' 1 D a y be done on a, C l l . r v e f t s 'm. .' f a . c e t o produce anothe-r a:ftmcuVic 'cilect (Fig~ 16G)~ Bal I s : I . l n d ,ova l s em , b e 'b u ll t into 'Dlau,y p a . u [ c m s [ IO D b ea ds , T b is ~type l u f ,decoration, ' w I D , relieve the, s e v er l~ y o f mod e rn d eS ig ns ,~ 'worked.~ong the :[tl~rerl e d g e s o 'f r , a i l s , u r o d e : r table tops m.~nds~ely es,. ~An aitema,t lve, to a m o u ld in g; ,p1m ~,~twQ[ [ ] dng . b~d;s, . ~m dother shapes is, cal led at '~,8Crlltc~ , sb : x i k ' t . ' ~ (Fig., 6'H)~ [ T ~s , IS ,.il,form. o f. scraper w,bicn ~volkl'We_D ,CUi, '- [ il ,M w [ o o d s . T~e b h l d l , g , i s ,a .p ie c,e o f' 10001 ~ t ! e e 1 . ([~~ioutl , a c : k .,~p~iin~w ~ ] ~ ,~O~I_ ! V ' i ! h _ j , ~ s ~ ~g)[ound to the 'reqru~l[OOshape, Sl '~ngle 1 I l , d doub l l~ b _ ~ d : s . , areco m mo n fo rm s. G' rmd ing can be done op , t.,llu;:;ome r o f a ,gn i lul . . .stone, an d 'i s done sitnl~ght 3 D C f . ' I O S S tb c thickness: ltd tbe e n d l , m _ t J J l .no attempt "0 sham'peft W the ,olrd.i?a,fJ' W~!LY: . ,_ I t , _is the burr [o n the.sq ua re d e dg e, 'whie'b. d oe s d ie ; c u rlIn g , T h e blade ea~ be c lam , p~dlbetween the split s i d , c , s i of a" m ~ : r k i D g g,3,~"o r 'lb etw c ~ n tW10shaped pieees of wood, It is used ' w i l t b . ttl :fllbbing action, the topof ' t h , e blade : S :~ o l p m , ~ ! o W 'a I .d s the direction of [he cut! n ~ b ~same w ay as a. marking g au ge , O ne , e d w m t a ; , g e _o f t h e scratchs tad e o ve r the 'mou ld ing : p l ane i s I lf u J a 'I ~ ,eads ta n be stopped be -fo re re ac hin g th e e dg e, - wh iJ] ,e :8: mo uld in g p la ne , 'wiD o , m , , ' cu t iftak en 'righ t th rough from edge to , edge , _C h ise ls a nd ,k rii\'c s[ can, a lso b e, u se d 00 1 m$l{e [edge d e eo ra . .tio ns, Th e u .p rl 'g h t [ cu ts ' sb.ould. lagain be sli,ghQy l O f t reg vertical,fO'r strength a n d , appearance, and theY' shoald be m~dem s t . _ Thewas te is r emoved ' b y ' paring to'w:3:rd_s the upd,ght cuts~A depth[of l: in~is us u ; a J l f ' enough. Ch i s e l cuts _a,~ 'mos t le~ee'~ive o nb or iz on ia 1l m e mb ers , s ec h ,3 s edges of t ab~e tops, dlel V'e5 1 0 rc a b i n e t tops, In , :most C ~ l I H S e s ,he effect is imp ro v ,o o i f the. c ut s a rem n a d e in , ~ " sha l low ' rebate, p ~ ~ F J J 1 ~ rM ! do a s to le a v e _ : 8 . ,naIrOiW O l v e r . . .: u _ m J g at d1 6 to,[p~ M , o r - e d,e-tilled, ' m 8 1 r k i n g out Is advi~b! l eJ ' asl lCCU racy ~smore DOOC SS l . fY in s tr a j, gb t ' li ne d ] , e c O I , l 'a i L W . o ! . D . 'Ulan with .[c un es . . 1 D m . u m e r , a b ' le 'Y,~Fil:1ttODlS '\"ill 8 ! W , g g C S t tbemse:lve5I. ' Simple:g eom et ric al f or ms a ,f \~most eftectiv [s. _, _, In the first e x a m . p r u e (Flg. 1'A)' JI0 e d g e is decorated wifb[ ll tl lr da r r CQ ' u u ga ,U , oms , Pene i l Iines ma r k the rid ge s ~a,nd , h , o U o w s litben ' the bOlJOiWS a lie'cnt stJ1lligbt in , 'to fUR depth 'w~~tha t.n.ne 0,[Icbisel and th e waste pared a,w ny t owards this, cut, Varle(y ca nb e o c ta ,i nc d b y v a ry m ,g ' I tf J e s ~ 7 J eo f ' t h e c o r r u g a t i o n s (Fig, , , 7]3:) ormak rD g' 'thci:r , s t O l p e S : uneven .M eJIe.ct lV\B w,~ ' y o f ca lt fu ii ng ' t h e Ugh t is to GUt. g t 'OO 'V '6S ,_n tothe edge at intervals", Tbese taper ' in, depth mo d _ ~ a y IIlJlVSparaUe:l Of' 't !p er[ ui s id es ( F1 "g . 7C ) .. T k L . e ; y ma , y be at rlght angles

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    :~o th e ed,g~,of s l o p m g l on e [ or ' b o t h , 'w a y s (Fig., 7D)" ,A ft ie r ma rk -lq OM't~ :tb:f cuts a.C11"OSS die lpam are made mst f oUow'oo 'b ythe cut ma'f~hlg the deeper e n d , of we hcUawr. tben the W3lste 15pared ou t" A, tapered ~g ; roove is e as ie r to clean out than apa rwl l e l one , ' w h U e , s l lolM,g gruoves wil]J D e e d , a k nne in th e acutecorners,Do g ' too'tbi deoor-ation w i l l _ be found , in m a m y ' eld churCbes. , 'Itwas ; a fav outife :m etbod. 0:1 th e okt-,tUne stone wo.rk:e;rs~ The~ort _ftl3.y he l Ione on , [a , O f t ! _ edge j _oodler a reb ate, or on a , r s l i , g b tc o o m m r ~ as sb o'W n ( F il ~' 1 E )~ 'u : die &Mpes, are set o ut 80 diat' th e ' ~n lt J' m at i to ' fL , ' lnt - f" th e - ,." '~ ~h ' ~I h ~'ftl:..- " -" ,~ \~ e ~L, _I~ue porn,-,10 ' ' 1 l l e , [CU~IS ,Bug' uy m o ' r e ,t ~an a ~t ..: an~ ,e a n o rd in a ry Ic ru se ] c an be MS e d , bu t 'ij jt ,'" I l e s S ~ , :8. skewchlsd, will be needed to rem ov e the waste, ]J q tIlj9) a-nd mos trepetition d e c e J l f a t i o , D . it l i s , ' b e . s ! t , to t rea . . tbe stdp as I ' w h o : l e l d o -lug the la m e: c ut . to each paitenl in tu m, T his will ensure I:lmore Ulliiof'm result ' t luul 'if' each, pattem is c om p e t o o , in~dividuam l,y~ " '

    D

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    ~ ' ' ' O O ' '0 rF" lj, 'lii;lI.r:rt.fl"ii! I'" ,. ,~ , ' ! I I ' JJ-;VAfi ler ICOtltin,g a : r ,QW o - ~ ' single ,~o,g}..t oodl . t r ian ,g ) ,e li. thl~ recesses

    leaD be t reated . i in the same 'Wilry again, ( F i , g . , 1F)., D 9 n ot ,m ~ ~'ethe f irst cuts too '~,'ee,plor this_ p a tt er n, D ' og - :[ !o ~ ~ W ! ? .r ~ e d ,from hoti l side-s wUil l produce dm n ~ ,~ n d s . (;F'l;g~11~) o~ . a L z ;~g ;.m,I'(fig. 1',H)", 'which cam, : a J S 9 1 ~ e foun d. In ol d ch~~~;, W h e n ' , _ cu t . .tln g th e d ia m on ds ItIs sa fe r to leav e a sm all Ha , t b~m~:eent h em .Thi s is stronger an d ' r u J j~ r u an y ' easier 'to cut _ , _,A V , a r . i a tl l O O of the mst pat tern can b e w o . r . k , e d bc-t';~ml,parallel sid es .' :i,g.71), . ,This , c a n , '~ e [ R O O , on , 'v~rtrucal'ed,~j; ~wi~the , I I O : o . S : . s lo pe s l lI pwm r ds :J, ~etl ,~ l,e na:r~'w S]OIPes make ~Ddsimdluws., an d do not ca tch . I EU 3 '. 'ust, A, s imple w a y of wQ " r l i d n , 1dus p;aU,em 'I s to c u t in [he :~id~ ~firs twith. a , I ( :utou,g' S~ul l e ' t l~ ~le:m n d 'pt. ' .o f' the groOVICS. The , shor t ,d opes, a re t he n c ut and th ewaste p,a,nx~.OW,Brds '~:m., , ... . ,_..' . ,,_ '. .',Auotrhe'f ' 'pattern; ,glv~ g oo pra!C'ltl~.m c~e1, c o D , m ~ _ l ~s ~ r n . J ~ t ~ 'tm g squ a. l' \e b u tt on s , wbE ic h .may be upright I~~g. 7 J) ~ ':~~aD{~~~fashion (Pi,g. 1K) ; ; Squares are drawn to suit the 'mdth of t, ,0c h is e l ~wblch ls then pressed v ~ i : i l ? ~ f n ' y .m all ro un d; E ac h b utto n,",-t~~'- - ... .. .. .' I t ! I ' l ! ' ; tL th e ,"-"5I,~6 c h l s e l ,1t-l"Iiim ,;I.~O li"i-~oiil;"Ii~' ' o [ J i J " I ~ i l ' J r , l ; ' [ d ,I ! ' l~s 'ueu pih,' lOU.ri ,~.u . '! i;;I! ,~,,,",,' """', 1~i!i,;iJiJ!l. ll'.....,., _ 1 : . J i 1 ! ! i . J ! ! ! J- I ;. , ;u!J,.~ !I ; !; ! . ' . ,~ fta_ '.:I'Iem tiu,g th e f~oes ~ _i tb ~ ~~ ,grain 'first ,S iml!B! t){P~ buttons ~a,yh av e :fi e o r s ix , s id es , 'They can b e plac ed . d l {Vld , ' u l l y or Ina..senes.. h ere m ~ y be ,3 1 temptation j :n g o a , F an d , o w B e r w o rk '~ to uc.hup inaccuracies ~'r .[OU~ parts 'wmt~ glas~p'lpe,r or I,,~,e~bll!~U~s. s h o l l J . l ' be m J /O l i de d , a s I;O,Y ' f \ o o o d i n , g of comets , rm , :spoll thecThlarllc~eritle c le a n . .cut appearance that diHtD3w.shcs, it, from . h e'mieri.(lf ma c h in e-ma d e d e co ra ti o ns ,

    fo oi- ' u ns tb ~ basic cuts can be cen sid ere ~ 'to b e three-sided,There are n.OI flat - bonomed recesses, Nearly aD 'of the wo:m i~dtl(fl:e w id1 a knife t , a' thou,gh cb1s.e_~I,md gO f u \ g [ e . s , ca n be usede . . ' T e e t i ' l e J y ,OIl s ome 1 0 3 nems, The ko ife m ay - b e uf . he 'pocket Il ri ,e t, o r ,3 , marklng Jknife pattern. \ \ W i t h th e cutting e d , g e , elV3 C f ' , O ; S S , th e lend. In any ' ease 'th e ed,gc sbo uld be fine an d kept~l 1afP . ,P m e i d s e , 00, s cra p 'w o od .]' CUUhlg th e ty,p, ica l recesses, o r" po ck ets ", D ra 'w ,2 triangular OiU'Clhle~ 'wl'th Umes 1 m to mct j . at. " b e , centre (Fj,c:~ S A ) . 'Cut talOf:l,g t hese centre Iines w I D t h E ll :knifeheld ve:rdta.ny,~ the. c ut ta pe ;ring fre m a. O O U t ID~ d,ce])1at. thecentre to Do tWng at 'I 'b e comers (Fl~, : 8 1 3 ) . . Nftxt" remove the'\Vl,ste;, ' t~,per in,g each ~,idJe;down tO I 'the centre, b y' :~i l ! rJn,g:ivltb :1 .knife or chisel, D l a , s e ri e s o f ~ ]J ce S . '1 f 'e n 1 m . o 'V i n -l Jchips ,of w o o d .I i L , : r , h ~l., ~~ Q C i l .J.:: 'IL..... J j i .L,,_..rrem 'W,PlC~, m e p ro ce ss g e ' ~ s ,It s name ' ~ ; A . . ~ g . , "'/11 ' untu t~ tnree' o o y ' ; e l s meet a t tb e centre (Fig'; , S D ) . ,'W ,h ere a pock et h as ,euNed , s l d e s ! i ' 'the centre cu ts m ust alsocu rv e u pw ard s fro.m ~ he' centre 'to 'Ute corners, 'Tfuj.sj:~.b es t d on eb y , cu tt in g from 'uc.h end, in tUmIl li i nc rea smg ' the Pf}CS\S. trf IO to -w a rd s th e c en tr e ( Fi g. , 8 :E ) l O Th e direction o f' t he grain, m ust 'b e-0 -" .. J - - . . . : a I L . '~ ,~ " , : ' i l ' i I i O l ! ' 0 I ," - - -I ; i t. - b "" b j I , 'l k . ~ . . . . P i l ! ! l J ' i " 1 1 i ' I i i ' I i ' : ' . ' 1 l ' , . , ' 11 . . di,o .u s~uere!lJ l . W . u C _ D l S l ! lJ ' Ii il r '! ! .! ! !~ ' tJ , : " I I .!I I 'L W " ' ~ S l r . , e l , j ; lU i . . . W e r e : ~I ' ;II.";li~,IILIl.. iI! .L!~o>1l't w~curved sidles o . f ' th e p oc ke t should b e sliced from opposite ends.,f", 'aI,g'~-'FI! 'I" I ~ '1\ei i P ! ' ri I . . . . . . . . . . A t . . . . .A. 3 ' _. - , ,. ,' ;" ', ,~o_j p~ ;fiut 'l;UjII '!,., ~ ifi,L- 'rp ' 1 ! . . '~ . i . l I I _ . ; ! I I p~ : Y ! ! i ;, I ', , *, , !l , cues a.i'!;;i' ,iIIJII!~1I;U ,n , m e ; .J~~fL ~,IIl,''Ii1.11oIUlJl, ~ P l . ! o i i < 1 U ! I : t .1 , , ' OJAAU"""!hOtdd leav e a cl.etm. a cc ur at e s ur ta ce as it takes of f ;~M lasts l t a r v i D g i " The ,kn i f , t c a n . be u~cd in o n e h a n d ." w ' b iI e the otberholds, and turns the 'wood to th e best : P O S . i t i O D . but c ar e s h ,o u td ,b e ta ke n to neve r cut to wa rd s th e other hand" I_ is , pnlba'blyw is er' to use the, knife l 'w- '~!a .nd0Ct a s , dmc r i bed for the ca;FVb~gtools wIth OD,e hand p [ i e 3 . s m g ; ,and tb0 othe r guidln,g' and re . .S!tmini.ng" -De5'~,gElsO I , 1 " c~m,pcanin,g ar e 1]sually geometric. They ~'bonl ,dL ~'I~ed ] ~ ] di I I! .. ' . '" . .iIJ ma fA:', out eomp ete 'J~me:u ng' lu~_centre cu..3~ usmgpmci ll ru le , squ are and ICOmpl's.&-=-eitller direct ly lOO_ th e 'w oo do r on ' P a L p er fo r- tmc ing tb rou ,g iL _ ,_ .Va:riations ' 011 a ,s tar form, with :rama.ting p o ' m t s , like am_arlncr"',s c om p as s, a ile the 'bas is o f 'm any , c b J J p airviDg desism s(fll ,g~, SF) . , ~ternlg ' rh e points to curves : produce.s a con-veiil..t~gn~ izoo floral pattern (Flg , ,8 0)" C o rn er s can be t reated by'PUFUOf1S of ' :these desl,~s (Fi~ 8FJI)~Tij'an.~I~,C3 :n be buil t '~p,mrto ma n~l ' ber de r d es ig n s (F~g. 8 n ~ Repe non e ,f a 00 Pad);",~"~ely' s l m p , I 'e pattern is 'usu aU y m l o z e eftective tbm ,I lUI-Vil l IlI&Q[' co m,p , ica t 10 ]1. , jU]"ovler ~ltner,ns caD be m edror' :sm aI~-

    I

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    W O OD I C AR " ','G

    l~

    . . -- - . - - ~ - - - __ - - -~- - :- -- ._-=- - . _._ - .- ;-

    SWl?' " D eo. TI 'ON 37panels Of c e nt re p il e ce s ~Again, simpfic i ty ' .i s best (F ig . S J ) ~ Fro - -these basic patterns and f I ,e i : r ' VmiatlIDn_S~; ': . ,orat j'oD '~_I' beb E i L t ~ -P to suit part icular jobs ..W'ood, vith an even gram. is b est ro r chip carv ing, ,A PI,Wi'"nounced grain- M -I, ' va iy in g d e, gJ je C SJ'of hardn,," s ms.y . eneth a blade of. the k- ;', J ev en m .o r ' dum j' wou ld AI Ro u e, , . ' 1 : e or chisel, - ueh oak is too na r sh fo r chip 1 __ I , ,i g,al though it l oo ks a tt ra c ' ' ve if success Is a ch ie v ed . . --m e o r a mildvarriety- of 'mahogany ;8 re easier to cW,p carve ,

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    S,fMP'LB ,DECORATION 3 9 'th~ (P j g : ~ . , .9 'D) .~ foDcnvcd b : } t ~r,efnU:'y ' \ : v ' l l J t t o o g m'lh O J f iD e . ,'po~~ed ~~~ , ., C ll ea n , o f f fibres still c H ng in g a s :the parts sepa rate,TI1e ~ :r ]m k Dta(y be : , 0 0 . a ' ] l y shaped at this, !Itage, or it ,C~ 00Ie!t u ;o ti l ; aU of ' the finks l or e ~ . , Sha,pmg of th e Hnks ' 1 0 1 a,r o u nd c ro ss -s ec tio n is dODJeJ wi th a knife ha v i n , 1 ; a ~OLl,g taperedblade. Care _mneeded where there is shnrt grain at _ he e nd ofC$ ch l in k. . Dn the inside the kn~-e should c'ut 'from the ' B O L d , tor ' i tC slde, 'but o n 'th e outside it should cu t fro- the ,ide _0 thee : m d , (F]~ 9,E)..

    .(i\\V

    - .- -: ': _ - _ . - -= =: .. .. ... =- _ - - :- -.: .. :: :. .. ... _ - - = = - . . . . . . : . . . = . : : . . : . ~

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    @ I~,olJ~!ifV,:~ ~ ~ ~

    I N " ' , ~ C " S ' , . , J ' C " D I cA 1 : i I i ' ~ 1 J I ' G " " - ' ,_. J) . i~ ". '," ~YJ1Ji:""IJ fW P ~ r;.gCd1J Id-b l _'D r-SUCCESS in 'CI ' rv ing d e pe nd s ' "e ll lugely on iexact t o o ' : ~ control,and it Is as 'w'el l to spend s o m e time 1 0 . 1 1 o o m . p u _ a 't iv e ~ b ~ s implej o b s wbieh ' p o o I V i d e , practise in tcol M1;ld l img; ! , wi~Ollt_ ~ak(ngtoo g rea t dem ands on ski lL W : o t .: k am he s e l e c t e d ,vhicib p v e s ,'s1lt rns fy :il ng r es ult s, ' ye t i s \ iVitbin the range of ,3 . 1begm:ner~:sability"This, is ' fa r b et te r ' than . p ~ ' L m s m s iOta ;1 dlfficun d~i~.,wbich'may only Iead to d is ap po in tm e nt , T h e gou ge cuts and ,edgedeeora t iOD:S." described. in th e ] a s : t chapter: j - l if e In, th e ~ w r m o o j . .,lUe clm,sl~Another "~yp ,eof ' wo r k with poss:t'bililies for. dec o r . .atmg actual art lcles, :is, ncised ea .rvm g';,' . .m C 1 S j e d carving r u ~ , bas1CaiUy 'h~ cltdng in ,of a pa t te r n . e uhe r'wi th :1, knle or . 9 . , 'V ' toot This m ; a " y be elaborated b y ICal'OllIinl'a nd pu nc h in g : b a ck g r ou nd s, One 'D f ' th e k n lv 1t s6 'u in .g th e ' "" ul ti . .eraft to I ' Trlx- Exac t 0 handles is co n ' Y e m e n , ! :for this w u l r . k ~A'Oothel" ' :k:~e" not origina1ly m o , ' tl o o d ,o o f O ir e ar vl ng , ' bu t wru ,~b hive ry ' oon,veI l~entand, 'eI.~yto t-0'[1trol, Is a . l ino l eum kn: i i fei 'Wlthone o r both hands ou i't~ the, lo w M,g le of the . h! nd le m a k es ite a s y ' t o f o ll o w ' m i n es , { F ig . ' ]O A l .I n 1 t t sm _ g ' wiU] a t, knife is a little more difficult U l a n a 'V 't o at ,bu t the (\e~~~tlisneater, If a V tool it s used, th e aeute-aagled lOne( N ' D , . , 41) m s ,most suitable. ' W ' : i U l a . knife:~the o b j e c ~ u to make. Halto]! ' 1 - . ~ , . . '_CA.~~ i l l ' " ,tl dtwo s~'by s O~.I'euts so I, S' t o , f, ema , ', ve3. . smau s~~ve : rQ.( 'WOO',b etw e en th em ( F i . , g - " lOB). , G : r e a t de h is , n ot so im po rta nt ,3,Sc ), e m m , es s , o f cut, so the po ln of ' the, I l m J f ' e should 'b e ,kept i n :per:feCit _CODdition~ S itF , a i g b t lin es D ULY be cut with the to ~'~:e ,galmt

    at r IJ~It:;. It ~sb e s t to : ! J w a : y s , wo rk aW,R ,Y 'r om tb c j U 1 D . ' c n o n , lo f tw ol in es , t o m ia im ie e the 'risk O lr over- jfuDnm gr. -Sitmigbt CU~, C~U be made wi th one Ulld OD t he k Il if e :andlthe other on,the rule 0,' s ' l r - a i g l 1 t yed,ge. Curv :e8 are cu t wlth barth:ba.nds on the k nife, as 'w i f ' , - I , other C 3 i . r v m g too ls , While ,thepressure needed will cause s ome t e l l l s i o n i n g 'o f dl.e mu sc le s, th ehands ' a n d , arms should, be kept IS leose and, free as , posslbl~ tof oU ow c ur ve s w ' r u t h a s"yeep~rather ' 1 h a ; D \ with a je:rkmg mouon.~

    ' I . .. : , h :1 1 d ." ~ '" . J I I f f , ! j ;11 I' W U J i C J ', \ l - V lJ : pro~ute m m D u . t e z ~g a {m g s ms~~u o r a ' r lee~,u.OIWlngcurve,IOe(J'metrie p a t t e - I U S em be w , ' o r : k , e d O~llt on pa .. e r (Fi'g. 1nC )

    1 4 0

    ~~

    r:\~

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    :42 WOOD C " v ' . Gan tn I ,sfetf,ed] tDI ' .. e w o a d, 'N it b ea r I'on papct~ Borders a reparticularly a ~.proplrmm~Formal ' ewers and friffillp can bedmwn ( F iB . , 1 0 I)~Ja all of these pa tems vlc . ryacute jon.coomsb etw -. ~ l in ' , sbould be avoided es far as possjbl I I m , - case th e'wood crumbles ~herl_"Incising patterns or plcmes and, colou ring t-s s~aces, _ iskno" , as ;t..', ' rsia' I or ~tarso" work~ The e f t : e c t i~ath er lIC e,v eDL _r in g 0 .[ m a rq ueh 'Y '~except tba,t ~he co l ou r is a p l p H e d to th eone pleee of' wood, i - . tead of' being buil u .p from separateW 'O '. c is o f dHfe~en i ' colou rs, F or this w o , r k ' the design chosenshould . ha ve : bold outlines to th e Wri,OUS parts I' -. i ,g~1O~ '" A . 0t h e . lines a re Jncis ~d_, and care taken to see 't~ha! 'tt hey ar e freefrom dust 0. shavings , S" I that w e . an is com ple te ly surded b I I .......,.! ,~ . t.., h l:roun cu, ,'y a, : .anne I ~ J J . J t b IS .ml,portant :1'. tne c~anne . p r e - - .v ents [m e. c o lou rs , ro oni ng , W l L d ,8. pard u.ncut O( f a e'b2 l l loelb lo c'k ed . m a y p ro v id e a. path for the colour to eass over in , 0 th eI e xt :. [I. . be . c olo u rs a re a pp ' ~ , e das 'wasbes a U o ve r the Ql[1eR I w i 1 J a , DO lattem pt to shade each area b e in g c o :mp l et e~ y ' c o v er ed by , O D , C !1001 ur. 'e typ o f colo _I us depends to 18 c er ta ie e xt en t ODthe . a d, In any case, the 'CO~OUfS should no t no rm ally " -6 50opt ue as to obscure t- -0 g ra . e ntir ely .. W a .te r' c ol!o \u m a y b eu sed o n a m i g ; h t . .coloured s:of[~.oo d, b ut a m ore penetrating stainor dye ~s' bet te r on harder -oods, Oil stains are rat C l e f lowdrymg and m ay ~ree,p 3 .\ 'o r- 08 ~ ehannel. Water sta' iDs may .Cbous hr as powde r s , wbich a re t U s s a lv ~d in vAlter," Spuit s : tl iu 's ~' n O l l \ ' h J t r ea d y -p re pa re ~ Of as , powders for d:issol\l '~'-- 'in methy-lated spirit, are qnlck c ' r y ing ; Anili~e dyes will ,produce intense00 (DIU (S" A, eo n vmen form o 'f dy,e i- s the .- ' tJ4andar in" ser ies o fcoloured wate r 1- fIQO! draw ing :ilIa,.When the colourlng is dEY- the surface shoul~. be rubbed, '- v h l l a ,vax '-- C ~ h~~tbelt beeswax, or OD'C of th e .Prepared,f urn itu re -'o jsb csc. h is ~ h o . 1 J I 'd b e 'w eU w or ed ln, Jn illdlree-dons I so _ la t a ll of the .incisions are '~led ' - ! th w a x, .,, :- s te p nl. ' _ h e r til ' simply i l - - C W S l O , ' Is 't o prepare a 00 trastlngba c ground to s :h o,w n p th e i n ci s ed pa .' (t em. .. .. h e g r o t _ pd is no tcu t a a y btl is. . roughened to . m ak e a contrast M lb the pattern,T he sim p est w a y to ro ug hen th e . a ck griO u_ d D , to ' P'UIl th ,,tSteel punches can 'b e bough t with the ends cu t i n v ~ a' ri ou s's Ip ple d p atte r s, Alten ~a t i '' I l 'e lI grooves cal l 'b e m.d across theen d 0 a 8 ou t nail or iro n ro d ( F ' " . g . . lOF)..Aft~;r t h .e - at 'em j' siW J 1 c i s' , ~ t h e 'b a c k g r o u n d i s s , b l m . : ~e d , IdO\VD a m o v e r " The punch

    lNCJ'SI ID C' R: . 1: : 0. s b i o u l d be moved ab ou l and tum ed _ ound ~ so tha the - - . r,g ro und is IB , mass of dots, w l t l f ] ; _ o u _ an y i3::Ppal ea t pa : I tern,Punching is particularly 8 '_ " :t ab l : .for .intrieato patterns , btl thes e o~ UflOO'6&," cam g.is: __ '~ u su alh c on sld e ed .d.-~-~~a~sbi~.~.i b~tt~ to a ch ie v e a ~j~ ar effec: by ,.cutt~ggroovesmtth, V foot Tl '-'l' 1 : t , Y b.__ to the sam e . _ D 10 th e , t 0 1 can be n oved i. " d i re c ti on s . . ' an y cas~ '.- IC Sneed oDl y be 'q uiJbi~ s h al !l ow , b u t t-'. should '6: v ery .Io_e to-getfJtel'. and I 8 . k ! e n just np "0 0 the bO l r o l e . r i D . g in lsed limes 1 m ' tv _y,~--,anee ,

    j .__attern with a ' ( " ,001-- o r p un ch ed ba ' ouad Is ,st,.",0.00,I t b . e f .io ug ib !eu ed a ro un d 'w ill. a bso rb m ore sta in a n d appeerds.rk,c=- se t tm ' , ott the dora o n ra th er l i J ' : l a s ll bc uet te= -i nf oo ,s ~_ '_ ~o u- .e s s ho I-I !. - be t e p ~ . . mind w _ en -_epadng d e s I g r n _ S, o r . h is ! t~ '~ erl t (Fi" Io q ) r ~Nia~e b O f U i 1 d . ' S , :a n~ . .ouse num _~ sar e m J 0 ' sW' la .b le subjects OF" Ibis w o k: (F' "' lOH) Colouringwill g iv e p rom i .enee w h ere n eded ..,'" d i' ' Isr ; . .nt m e'th oo of' m aJd ng n a : ~ e 'b oard s ~ s . () Inc ise th eI m u ~ r i n . g ; - ( F i g ~ ].1)" .A , clean oak board , v i t h a n am e in cis ed .1hasa dij~ i ty,ana. charm 0 ~ it s 0\1 II.. Howeve r , th v e r - - y s impU ity. ,o fth e I I, "g n c Us for th e choice o f tb . tkil- alphabet '~ ;ge, ther'M Jtb .' a w le ss w o . r k ln an s - I.Pi '1- th e d esied t , e f t l c c t is ' E O I bea c b i c : v o o . A .'nod Roman a . l. .p hab t. ._ o u 1 , . . . : _ 'chosen. Se.Y'eral1 .- , ': -- dm lentall\ayo ts shau1 be m : _ - on paper Th,e S}la;cin,g 01J c : 't e ' . . s h o u d a p p e a r v e n ' : ls do' . no t m _ - ~ I D t b a _ t hey a r e intact the same msta l l lcJ ' apart, Letters wi'tb s~opmgsldes ne toI : . ' c lo se r . ~ r : e i r ' D.:." bbours t. let e s w . '" th . _ertlcal sides., Th elclt

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    ,4 16 ' WOC ID i CAR . 'V [N' (j 'so t ha t Ihey ' can be guid.oo ,Hound eornees Illil CUNes.,A holeis d 'dlled~ jl L its a closed sbBpejJ and tb e S8'W tbJleaded thn;Ji~~, . e c ho ic e o f sa w d ep en ds m a J n l , Y Oft ' d ie , , -' .icbess aad bard-ness 1 0 1 the wood beifig ' w o rk e d ~ For w ood 'U p to abou t f in,thick I. fretsa,w or j J g s a : w ca n b e u se d, F n~ rs aw _b la ,d ~ e. s, regraded by numbee , th e coarsest bem,g' No . '6~ The ' b l \ade H ~p t~m.sionoo, by ;31;SP':Dllg, steel ,fnLme~m o o w,hich it' Is f i t t : e d , ~itb Its' te~th pointiflg t OW I I J r - d s , th e lmn dl c" ,A ' u e t : S 2 ! ' w is . sed,_wbi~ e ' B i t :'~ , w lth t h e w : o~ [ '~s uppo r t ed ' QD _a y...at in, ~ sa~ iD,g board(F:~g~12B)~A smal l e r v'e~sion_o ~' d ie H a me , adjustab e to tat'ev ar io us le ng th s o f b la de ., is c a n e d apierom,:g :s~,w~ , _ _Where, tJ:u~ 'wcod h , to o tou,g-b. o r th ick _ Q 1 . r e n t t J D B _ 'w itb ~fr let5a~~ 'i 'he sligb:tly OOilI,er IC op jla g A ,W (P i'g , l 2 C ) is used .ThJJS is proba'bly th e m o s _ t u se fu l ~ aw ' in the s er ie s f ,o c, ~vo~dcarvers in an y QS~ I } I . w p m " m ; sa w blade ~ so f _ !t hes ame ' tY.P~as af [ l e u : ~ a n " " j but it j s tmck,er a n d ev a r se r " I t 'w.i'~] cu t t m c k l e ; r an dharder 'wood~ ' b ut c a nno t. b e 'used f , o r sucb 'llltricab: w o . .r k as afretsaw, The edge lef~ by a fretsaw is usual y quite clean, butd ie l e d g e Jeft by ,3 , c o p m g !~W may' n e e d , c ' h ~ a n m , g ' [U J , p ~It cop ingsa .w m ay b e, u se d in ' th e s am e 'way as a f te t s' lW II, or tb e bmlde ca nb e r ev e rs ed ,1 0 a s , 'to ca t '011 th e p t l i s h stroke, a n d t h e , work ,held've,rt~lly &C.~K th e worker , in a vice ,U~ oo d : tJIicker than :about 1 i nc h 'ms, 'to l I > e sha:ped~ th e toolto us e is , ' t h e , bow sa.w (Fig. 1 2D ), B la de s; a r e , , a : b o u t '9 1 m c h . e s]OD,g an d 1m ch , : Y - i d , e ~ 'Conseq u: en t I y " a ~' l 'bo~gb , t h e : y ' W i D cu tthicker wood, 'they are mruD~yo f use in 'waInio. ' !DUt. a shapew , h io h , i s later ' w o r l : e d , to "'he e sa c iQ U 1 1 l i . o eby ' othe f 'kulIs.. T heb~3deshou ld, be kept Wl,der- a stron,1 ten s;,o,o-by 'the '-eyer (F18~,12E) o r s cr ew at th e to p"T h ' d ' ~ ,- ' Ib " ' I b . ' [ , . , .. . .d .. ~e amateur w oo 'W OT lL !e .r W,DLO na s J:nt, , s om e e xp en ea ce otfret \~ork. w r n , find iWat combin ing m r vm " g 'with i' carries the joba stage fu th e r, A piece of . 'fr,e~wnrkalone se em s 'f la t a nd UO~f in is :b l -=ar t ist ica1 l:y not s at is fy in g. l d; an "Y &etwOF ' des igol in..clade leaves and BomJ decora t ion , These ca n be i m p ~ O V I O O , 'bythe' u se o, f al IV in ,g ' t o o l l S , . Edges CI lD . be chramr feNed (A,I:- '1'2F)~,Outl ines c a n be l c . a : r r l 1 e d tbrou.,Ih where the design ,bas -t o :8 t , o ps ho rtt b oo a ~u se of COM trlmctional o o o : s i d , e r 3 l : u o I t s (Fig,. 1 20 ) ~V ein s ,m " alybe~'pulm l e a v e s (FIg~ 128 ) a n d _ a !ugge8lion of de~~ _ , , : : i I , . , m : ~r .,;Il.. - , .. .e! V~' . ' I i - !iii~ grv :m 'W i Iinw,ers Iv,} w e u se , lJJ. a , '((lOll!. Of mnaru got l,ge,E'y,entuaUy Pi o .f oour~e 1 d t _ e cmit&mam w iD find ' that " W i t h tbe,greater ; s e n , p c o f C3 .r v .m : g~t thc ffeltwork ' b ec ome s subsl d ia fy ' t o ' ' U I Bwork w~th carving tools., :and DO t ' v ice versa.,

    I~,VLOW' RELmF ' CARV ING

    f f i ,Y'EN'G, r ea ched ' tb is , f al i: a n d miS'tefed Un ! carving ,to-o~' wi th s,,lair degree O il c on tr ol, th e b eg in ne r wil l be fee ling the urg e tom.c.tlre something with 'm ore s ha pe a d . needing t rea tment wiU ]a gtltaittr 'Y aD ,et" 0 ' tO Dls~ G'OI~:~li ' H I .~ ,arl~t, of :m~l~dlS W e . e r p . 3 ; 1 l a re 'the m o st u se fu l adruUoi l l ~ ,to ' I t b , e , basle ew '~oo1s .,One[ 0 [ [ " tw o ,8 P oo n 'bit gtJ'I llJl'eB are u seful fo~ r' w l o r k i m g l in F ' e c e .s : ~ ,. . a swhe~ levelling baCkI~ -01 l lndswhieh a re . su ' ro u nd 'e tl l. by rug ~er.pa'ds;, W h ile alm ost a n : y s h a . . p e am , . ' b e earved \ridl_ 've:I)" f :ey .vg\Juga~1 it i s, e a s ie r ' to Q;~ l ta f fi .n good '6njs,~ M'. ' !bo~ce ' ~ 'r o m _ a] a rg&J i ' , e1ec ij ,on , ,, A fa.irl,' flat ICUN'e 'w.or ln~d '~j'th :3 0 ta o ..s; ~.utige w~l ,mevi ta~11e : uflev'e~i''t~mlS oofls.i!de,mlb~e ' 9 L ~ ~,a!l~',p~tie: i lce is e xp el ld m o n, ~~t,,blr~ ~JLth a...gou~l~ ,of ~he ' . ',n~;t SIZe,a ID J f t cu rv atu re a go od resu lt .w , easm~yand qwckI:V ob tained , _ _Pa' lrems , s m n l U a . r 'tOI 'those d e sc ri be d f or ' i n a i s m ,g ca n 'h e w'or.kedm,tb, a baekgro un d more deep~y recessed 'b y '~e ' l . ] l s e ,of a . ~ o u g e ' "T h e p ft i'[ [, em is o u : t l m ' o o ,yI th. a V t~ol., o r I t eM: ib eI QI [o w .e d1.,00:000 Yrith ,3 ,gouge ha,v ing a qui:ck curve (_Fig. 13IA)~ ~An~ l l m t ive j~ 't 'OI' c u t around a little d i ; s ' t a f t , C i e , f r - O . m ' fh c l in e ,, J e a < v m g the :~ J c o t t w n , g : '[01 s h a , p e , _ l ! m . t i l a.f;~~~~me , o . f 'tile '~IC~". ~ d - m . " ;a l t ff t ,, , . .. . ~ r S 1 m ' e ; " ? J i " " " _ , , . 'I ' "1!"'I1..;di. ob ~~ , : " " ,i I , j ;1 L . , ~ ; ,, , " i I ' : , u p , e . [o f ,car'lW'" IS,groun .iIf_","! I U"",,,,,,,.u ,~I! ! !o"_ il!;;!rl QH ,JLJ11,.... u ~~ U IIJ . ~ s . .0'to tb.rnw tbe p a t r e r n Into , I l [[ o m i n , e n c e 'b : y , c r v [ U i n , g : laway ~'b.e'back-~l1[1 ld to a f air' depth, ~ea:Ving: i ts su .r face usul lJ;y ,1 lOugh, hi com,.'liP t- 4 !- 0 '" N ! - . ' I i ; l I i ; , d . i lM"" .am! . J j , I . S i ' , 1 I l. ' ' . me ,~,I : t ; " L ",After cutting a r o u n d 'the O ' u 1 1 in e I th e background ,m s ~ut d 9 WDw i ' fl l , a ,gouge h av fu ,g ' a f ' aw]y quiCk curve. A go uge 'V ii~ a deepG8rve 'jls u n l i k ! e l y to tea r ou t ' C h r ew ood as ,its col~ers wil be ,, 'ept:~bo've the, surface, A s ha llo w gouge may ,get its comers 'belowhe surface and start I, I D U t . I C u , W n , g ' I.w,a.y th e ' b a l e k g r o U D d l~~u].~.~e:~ o n ~ s y~~~ 'ma t i~ f~y~s i n g : , C O l ~ p 8 I a t_ i v e ~ : y~~~I~ ~~,~5\V1 i the gouge l ( F m g " 13IB,). !,These _shou ld . . b e of uniiorm depth. ,.but ' U . 1 . e resul t s h a u ~ d " not be of t o - o 'U - 'ffonn ,Ip~rm,te, Noat~empt m o w d be m . a d e . to , g e t ,8 \ pedec r' - y ' B a t rOOesm~How eYer~,If the ~eptb is , a11Ou~,t hl. ,a t ODe p a . r t _ it ' is w r o ru g '0 be d , o u b ~ e_ : h i I .t ana' i 'e r l l iU1" The ,h oUow s , left f n . U D I - e gou ,g ,e .shou [ d . .all,be 'o,fa.'bout t he ' SaIne s ize-so ' I:hit .- 0 p ar t of the: ' b~ c k gr omd i s,o l , e r i " ,e o l l s p i c u O : U l l t a n d , ' t h e ], a r t~oodun,, ! B , frJc'U:~d o n . ' the pa tern.

    ,41

    ......-.-_-::---.=-- __ ' - _- ',.--- - - -..: p

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    5' , , ' , 0 1_ W OOD , '-_ '_'v r Gs t A p 1 1 : 1 E O r ' I OU" '~ , ~ ~ '. 'I bcfOI.re w o r ' : 1 1 _ : -S the ~ov .e l l I J . . th e _pit-_ - _ ' _" '~Irt 1 e edge of a ~i~lo f W!OOd ,1 tn e _ "~ ", 1 1 _ ' g~from f~e, ed,pcan b e o ut1 lm ed " a n d , the , g r o W ! Idwork caned to b le nd ..intol thes,_ f a c e . . T he g ro u: d wo rk . inS:i~ th e _ sh ap es n ee d .DDt be I~ nta 'w ay very de ,,~Iy,bu it shu -d be of an , ~e n de.p' t, It sbnpl le .d '_"rh gauge , 0 0 "",sUog ,alf ,3, m a , l t c h s t l C . k s l iding m a ~olle m a ,blo~-. 0' '00,-.' m g . ' -SL); Is useful ~Of' compar im depths,Much relief 1 C 8 ' r v m g ]5 based 00 le d m r m s . . ,Quite often ' the,[ esign is_'o uv - tio- afized to ~--ctl ,a.n.extent that _~e leaned leafdoes not S . - '~;M 'to hi V el much m common ' 1 J i ' i: the: natUtMarticle, ~ut that is t p.i ilege 0 t~ h artist ,. " ,0 "d "0 W e esomethm,g and adapt it to slli~ . I~ S particular medium." Them l ple ' ~ e a I, ""g~ 1 4 , .,A) . " a s m l': , " - . e ; : _U , e n U y u s e d and m o , , : _ d i f i e '. ,. . ' " "lidin ' ,- II ';;, I to -II 1 ., ." .. - ,10. 'u . , W : ~ ' , . ,g U I. I " ' 1 . I I l " ' ~ ' an c ca.:rvmg -8 10 J liO ' ' .re 'OJlIS a" g o . "JntrodwcttOD. to this sort o f c arv in g, L ea ve sfro m OtU~; tree innatUfje co rorm o & 1 I I U y s - : , but I iJft'e.r , m dlswl In th es me way leaves in a carved d~:sjgD Diced, not 'be a , [ b s o J ' u t e ! y, a : l ~ , e ' , - b u t ' U 1 e y Shol,I' I D d . '2f-ee in tb e D U - C ; b e , r of jpOlmJ: 'b etc,To (i ,e rv e ,R sample eaf', choose ;ii block: o f ' ~eod ~

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    ~",,!.i~

    '~'!I:r,:oo. r;;. I C - ~ ' " V ' 'fi:i"~,'n.' .- .' .h JI ! . _ " I~' U-..uTile next s tage is , to smoo th o u t the C U I V , e d , g O ' u , g e ~l i1ts; "to ' , g i : v e :(be surface its smooth 'bu:~undulating appea ranee, ' n u s j~,done\v ,mth var ious ogouges,il CU~tiDS d l a g , O l J l l l _ U y ' o~ Wil~~,.t~e ;y,a~Ii~'TI1!~hollows should not remain a . S J p ar ts o f p erl ;l Ct , I c m , ~ ' c l e . ~ 1 1 u t s bo ul dtake I., natural 1:ontl on esch lobe o f' th e I'Mf (Fig" . l4D~._The. leaf ,may be l~ t It this sms,~ ' b , U ' t it w ill ~ook ,~orenatura if veins are g i v e n to the 11 1 a _ t o lobes, These sholl.~d_hed r awn i: n t hen ou~] j fn 'OOl 'w I th a SDU ,U deep , g c r u , g e . . called ,8," v ei n e r' ~'c1 , r u f P { ] S S l ble, IOUlCnvise I I I 5 ( ; ; a V tool, Th e vem mouldd ie ou t i n , i t O ,D-otlirllf lg at ' the en d (F,ig, 14E) . , It. 'w~hav ' ,e squareedges which should be found!ed Q , f f and 'the _,outsnJe of the eateased oE f :m' to l the smface of , t he , l ea f' . ',0 , o o J s h 01 th e , j D l b , ,th,~,outslde o lf 'th e .~)~&fshould be g i v e D . a ~lery_.sl ~ 'C chamfer ap ,

    I01Utd.., Thls s h o u l d 'b e ver.y '~maU~nd , hardly , B , P P a f C Q , t . . but d'reduces the r is k o f p arts c n.ru nib Un gOf' c,mpp i~ jS 'off..Example s of low ' relief ca,rvw.g can be found in mUS l ~U [WS !a m on gs t d om e sric um w '[u [e 011 s om e S O D years ago , The ctn~otryc rai tsmaO I w ith 'h i.s limited eq w,pm,en it , an d c o m _ p a ; [3 ! t iv e l ynarrow experieulcs d .[ ew ' o n t he desrgns he &'l'W in cburches andthe larger houses, and sim.ptied them to s 1 1 I i t his ' tools , :lnd"a b w m ~ L y ~ The : f o ; U , o w m g carv ings are on . a :D oak , cu pbo ard , o fabout ' ISOO t in ~beV . tc tb r~ a a nd , AJbert MtmS eWD " London, Theycan 'be 'worked 'wi:~hwo Or r three gouges, an d ean be ada. pted to. . . . . :I , , .s,~u ,~nouc:m ]p .leces., _ _To o doors a te 'p ie rc ed ~ to vmtr:iltl' te. the _ill~erior'~usmg: a d'esignbased io n a popular shape of cbu rch \vjndo~ (F i ,g~, l2F),., Thedoors are alse de co sa te d b ~1 'C-8lV' ings enclosed in squares, TW'Q idesigns are used-s-a .goomelrl 'c on e (Fig" 14F) and ;1 1 eonven -tio nal ~ ow e~ (F:ig.. 1.41)., Th e geometric design is se t ou t with .compasses. The hollow s tm,ppmg is w'orked 'witb ;8 . gouge, asd~f~bed, e a r l i e r E n , lm s ch~pter~n ,3, eleele it J. 8 p a , [ ti , c w a r m , y 'nec es sa :r y t o I tut a t'wa y t he waste 2 J l ' ~ the, centre o f' ' the~g roove ,t he n tr im each side t o 't il e: line, to suit, the d:~rocdioo,of t h , e , grain.Wbere the s :t rap 'pm\p meet , th e CDt8 sDowd, be o~ f e veD Ide ., p dlr und tbei ru )Uaws= s'h6uJd :make ,a eJao. m i h ' :, e (Fig:. 140) , . The ,otb.e:r h o ll ow , s a ir po~kets ~['e cut ' QUt . " b y Ichip, , car~_~ .g metbods"T', ,0 c en tr al ' bu tt oQ , :5:hot1~d be l'0ft. staD,dm~ '~rilh.: s . l l i jgb ' t J ,Y convex, s w d e s (Fig., 1 4 1 0 ~ ~TIl~, i!I '] . . ,"" ~,I:""'I d 'i .= . . . . . . . :m ; I i . . thue iiC)Iid._ paU:em is, "f~,~'1 1 lQ a very Sawwlar wa! l ' d) _ em l ~ p ' m e . :leaf ex ,a ;mpla 'In dmwm l g : thh;~ I~:r an y otb.er pa' t ternw h i c h consisits of a motif r e p tO O t e d , a ro !~wnd ,I, c e n : t r e l oruy' a partnitro be d-ra;wD ()lm p a p 8 r jj t h l e J 1 moved arouDd wh en tra.msferrm,~'

    53'III'',if'Ij,\'II,l'. 'Qi 'lE!!lI' 'II~'~ , .... kQ,.j IIIiii..1i"ilJLY j~ ~~IbiiIJ.nr ~ '" r.WJl"lUit ' to " th e w~Dd . , .G u kle . U ne s s ho ul d, b e p.enciUed first. 10 t his e as e , qu a rr el' dtawmgl ' ' W i l l . b e . sUm;tienl~ although w i m h su ch a 5 i 'm p l B11 1utl.m e a, h ru I d ra w in g gives a better idea of 1be fiD ihed' appea r ane e, " Wbe r e tb .~ , c a , r y e . _ r i s u nc er ta in < [ l , f h e fin,al ap e a r . . .ante, and is u na ble to v is u al lz e t he f ,e su lt ,of h is cuts it is a go neilp . ~ ~ D ! 'to take a hint Irosn the s c t r u 1 _ p , t o r and make ' 1 " prle~mun.arylill]l('JdeI in, P , 'l a 's t ic ine o r o the r modelllng c l lY~ T his can be donef ' ( i l .~ a s m m .p m eR at r l i e f ~rvin,g if d , es iv e d~"bu t i t is , - en more~~a.bl~ W : hC J I D s ~ a . rt m g the , ta 'n V i n .g o f anlmal or human figur~s~The ~ . owe r i s o u t6 ne d lVi tb suitable g ou ge s an d ' C h i s e l S I . Cut .m~ros\s, .,ke ,graJn. be1br'e cutting th e U n e s , , L a y in ! 'w ith , th e g ra in .. .~eIle m D{]I need to ,g o ~er'y d~H' ~D~s plenty aD a . patt,emS~ in ch es _ sq ua re , , a re th e b ac kg Fo Md I 'W ~ Y 'with ,gouge cntssloping d ow n ' from I[~ surface me v : e L Oud li n c ' t he central buito n'~ ith, i ! ! [ , _ s u j ; t a b l e : 8 a ' u a ' e ~ to a depth o ,f ,about im l! 1 0 , preparln,lthese ~es;i 'gns it ]s: a , g oo _ planto have me stock o f g(llJ~, byyou w'~elil ,mak ing th e d raw ing , T hea such t l1Wnp;s jhe curvegf the button and dl~:OnOlw o utlin e o f the: p eta l c an , 'b e madeto , ,~uit '~ e nearest gouge ' y ( n . t possess"~ ut. . m , (b e s ha 1?e of the PCl:ll . s ~ 1 E f a c e : 'b y parmg to wa rd s 'C be1 0 0 0 0 ' t r a Jbu~ ' t o . D . . beina c a r e f ~ ] t o r es tr a ' r n n tb~Pj01J-1~p ' ! ! i i I Cii ~ j t f, r e a e h es- _ . l w ~I -~ :,,~ - ,e '. _"U " ~I~ _~ ' __ " " Ct ..-~v ~!a! . i l L , . ~ . . ~1 1t_ he e nd o f the cu t ( Fi g, . 1 4 ]) , Curve _he o lf C tdd e c rJ Ude.flowero o w n t owards t he ba ck ,g r ,QUDcLTrim, th e OI!l:UO:ll to a" u:ni~[),rm,~~~~,The berder ' ! S , a . h o ll o 'J I s tr appm ,g w 1 r h c' ruP"C!I-:VleQirn~;da;Fto ' th e geometric pattern, .~Another l ( jonven,uo \ rn l ] ftorall d~~~ has, the petals eult withsmg~e . _hellow .surfaces, 'T o ;3'Y'(}id I l h i m . e d , g e s . , w bich :m i,g ht~ble\- to o edges af petals are left w lth ia 1 l 1 a r r o w f t a l l l t ,sur face( F i g . ~ ,4K)~Each p e t a J s l b o 'U l d 'b e h e l l e w e d , g r . . a d u aU y " ' t : b ,e :o .~ll~.mted._OU,~ '~O the. l~Mj;S'h,~ ,~ha"pe 'with ODe ~,weep 'o f the ,It)iUI~l,"I t s s b e s t to p r a c t i s e d ru s , c u r t o n scrap w o o d " The g , Q < u , g e m s~e~~ :nea,dy ' verucaU,Y' M,d, ~hebands dipped a s the greetest' y ,l d fb , R reached, F ur th er d lp pm ,S reduces both tbe deptb , ,and.w'id'Jl o f th e C ru l t . . Trials cuts w~~show '~ . 'hehape o f' ho l low m O I S t,~t :~j~,ble~or'a , p a I ic tl lI ar , go ug e ~a nd th e WQ, [ k , w i ll ' be ~ lmp li fi er Jif t h l s 'i s u se d ~ s 'U l. e 'b a silt sba.pe m ( li re p f L ri n ,g , a , d e s l ,g D , .O ld oak chests of th e M1ddJe A ge s 'w e re often tbe am " sub~, IU m U a J , P O s g e s ' s :i o n _ o f a f~unny .1and[ ' {~, S O l ~ U U i Y ' p i e c e , m' f~m t d . .tUJC I e n t _ ~. tsGl f ' I l ~ o deoc;"ration by ~'~m,g. An e x a . 1 l l , p l e . -f[l(lm th e1m r ]637', . 'bas pa8,el~ I~rvedl with ~IOWCI'S ol f th e ~ pe justd _ ~L ~" i l /1I !.., "'~:L '1 """.. I ~ , I ' ~ _~~1LhjeU ~ ' ~ r , o g : e I ~ J h l i e rW~'wI' ~ ~e s It a rv~, m ,I very s m il la [ way(Fig'~] 4L ) . . Th e w l lo .l e panel is a bo ut ],2 m ,~X ' '9 in"

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    54 W100D CARV IN'h e Ie av es a re .ro ug hly outlined, 'but 'witluJ_ut th e , d : O O P I i ' ' ,' -d}6Dtiltion,s., T he , , , elns a re cu I au d l 1 t ~ , sid_s of the Ia '~ buUowedsliB h'l1 y-'o wsrd th e v eins b y [ , e .owls -, [weep', of' a [goug@[( F ig l,M " 'T he ou~n,es are '. -l~ cut bac~ I~ O the l i D : : ~ " , , em slMt 'v !n I_'a p ro n ,o u ~c ed s lope, This results m a V of I~hip,c Ij~~fann in __ leaf ,. ,CI:~ - , m U o D ' I - ' ,~g llN)~ he bac'kgrolD I ,',s un k a bo ut ,1 ."[ ,~ and ,ltD,hed all over"Another U t i l ~ . g &eq um!ly ' . _ ,P I J W : r m " I , OB~old chests is at piltemSll_,,\esled~y le~rs 0 om . In i ts [ si m ,pest ~orm 'J~ o~ e 0 ,[ 'the,ea ~ Is eu ' d the su r fa ce , ca r ved _ 0 1 a low cu rve I, ,~gil 141,0) , .Djago,n3J . l ines a re 'W , rked a c rC lS s , ' ,~ :'widtl- \'ri~b a" 'V t~__ , mboth d ir ec t io ,W 1 S ' s o [IS 'n o le a,e s ma lll dla'wen,ds ( F ig '. t P) ~ These,diamo ds arc then s ha pe d ito fu'" curved , knobs r~p,res:," , t iDg

    the grams. of ' COrD,' lB . I4I',~;; Ora:-- does no t \]5 B y -Y'!':,',str3iigl1Jl l in e s, I n both d ir ee t lo n s, [ al 't l~ u~p th e r -o 'ws~are 'm!lfelite y to be : sttai;&ht in ~,e .,jIb ithe 81talk d u m ~r"()SsWl;se.so '1 L ta . J tem ativ e way , to SlID, IIat e 00,( ,51, IOlf I~18m IS to ICU'[, g ro o , esle n t hw is e. 'b em ., cane die. 00bs ind~v iduaUy alon,g the ' I" '9"a '~ o id ' -g parallel V.'ws c I O B s , w i & e ( ,F j , g . , 14. ))i- On. S 'O~~ of th e' o l l d chest" th , Itt ' ! _ _ is , '_ wed , o (n [ Eh eC :~ I' _ ; , s o t ha t l in es _ a l( l ca vo ided in both I U-ectloos.,. To do tW s, each kno bOil g r a " . asto be ca N ,m iadiv lduall1 ,y ~ ..P at ..,m s [. _rn t be buil t from ,"- ' ter[ac'.g; straps comb i ied with1 m'V '1 '" Borders le a n , , , - madeby [i,,=-e~tion, p a l e ems , Lett~:~ !h estrap broad . , n . lnto a three ..pa rt lea. is . I C 0 m I m ; , O t m , a nd efi[ectryed " ig n i ( F ~ ; g , . ,-ll~ In I~,y"g ,out these d!~,~gt.1I th - Ie i ,emlP'fO"-.-Q ' " t O O S shotll l ldl be . indicated by 'ee-,Ho' m g curves , beforet he . ._t lt ll il s a IC put in~ , ..'Til le s b "'t lp ,p in g b ro a de n s a s it rQc~e:s t he , ~ea ves b~: t th ~ d , e p 1 t hr lemams ,3bout th ame, :0 , do this, 'the cross ..secuo chan, c esfro part ofa c U I - 1 I ., 0 more Q I Y 3 l l, . ' T o l ge' ,1 t~. j~~ct.tb~ ~tt,omof the CUII iV,e mS cut \Vi -, a ',at~er'goug. e . ,han the: S 1des (P~;g~3N).The 'arts, 0 : tbe leaf ar-e. . o l l 1 o w , e d [ in the same \\1,3.,:1 j the centreof th e brose Ie r p a rt s be lag a lmos t ft t The - :.hould be a borderall 'QUId the' l ea v e s , I ~ , ca n be II. t Bt l t, b ~ t,i. 10oks better if. itis ,g iv en a s U g h t t au, twa r.d c ba ' ,~ 'er w i t h a . e " I ' ! s d or ' fb.t go ga

    CHAP'IER VICO,NVE'NTlON,AL R .'H LIE , . ' " "" "' 1 - I G '' ' ', I . "

    C1,.vmG1 djftlcrs, from mos t '"orms of ar ti s tic expression in . 10 ' .lug 'the 'wlork 'to be thnls..diimensio, t instead of tw odh aensio ;.. Old,'" A ' fI!at d ra v t og ',- . I. ngth and bread h ~ bot. 0 1 ' t h i s c a . r v i t " J , g ,ad ds ' eptb . A t first n nla_. be . . . cuI ' f o ,r an ,y. ..o n e n ew~ y' i m t ro d .u : ce d to c ar vl ng to aP!Pm::i ate: _ I as the 'work ... "..,JI :r.l Il.....I ::; ' -.,.., ii, 1 l i - 1 1. . .. _ . . . : L d' h .''''is Y1Jewou W,J..W 8. , "lwO"udnensllon~ alllu~ , '0 ~'O carvm,gtae 'kled as a icture on a flat su - aee , O f c -u : 1 [ " . much, carringcan be described lin th is . ay .d m:any of m e projects so fadescribed :m U 1 i ' : $ book hav e l~ tde d e _p tb . . so that the 1iesl i t~ iss tm c om p a ra t f. v _ l . y ftl:tICarvm', lo f ori,giina~ fi,gures lo r anim als in d re p r - el ie f cal ls . f .,I,dim e la 'il U t : y , . , and he appreciat lon o f shapes i t he s ol ld Oncethe , two~,dl ime:n[ . lolrnd atttiuJde is abandoned '!here is considerablesa: tisfacHon is 'c arv ing j'n d ee p . ~. c: IL fSom of the mos. s_ ~ce.ssf-_d,oed carvers favour' a b I~t rea tment cutting away l:-g e pieces

    ".Jj..t." i.. .' Ii. ,."' ~ 1 ' 1 " ' . . . . ] I _ . , . d ~' ..LWlw, OOICU. cut, nS~'~D,gan oeeaaona DUst ziE \ .'~a n c a rg u n , [ thatoolly' m this way ,CSII t:be desired el'iect, 'I.~., preduced, ; , robablysome DlO . - iO n c a t i o of t hi s, ~ _e tb ' '" is advisable, a .t ]east a_ firsi:jJb tl, it is a fa ,c t, that th e ' too-cautious nibbl ing o f ;on:y~ha,vmgs . : i s~nore lik'el,y t o ,p ro d . u ,ce " ha t [~m'oun'tst o, .a l ow r e l i e f carving.,- '. 'evler ' m uc h t he b ac kg ro u nd s c ut ;a--fty.,N ot. e v er y. c arv er is 3! skiUe.d [ a rt is t. W h i le , a r ti s ti c a b i U , ' L Y ' isneeessa ry ' t o c,onsiste.-Dtly p r - q d ! , t l C e the bes t 0,i-,"] w , o r k ~ - 'thet es s a rt is ti c c a n' . J' , ,. :~lho is nevertheless sldlJed a t : h an d ll n; t oo ls. r prod pe e some very sa l1 sl y "n ' w ork w i - rather diff,er:entm ethods, W h ere th e artist dep e nd s a lm 0 6t, e ntit le 1 y o n, ,M e ) ' y e ' ,- 1 : " 1 $ less 81i_"'St1C col l eague will D~ C ' tern:J I r es an d m l ea su rmg . in ,, rem en ts to en su re fa i l tb fu l epr-ducti,loo o f hi draw ings , cia.A '~ "" ....1 11 W h .,IL ~, ~,.~ 1 , 1 . .. . L~:moU, [Ior OFlgJ 1 ! l { J L I examp,~e, . ' e e l e me artist w . JJ prleJl\e[ mm lUo gcis: s towlng ' scenes and figu.res as he mu,Jiz[6S them, thecra:Etsman will p r~ e- =- -w ork o f [a m ore con, cn~nal I cham [ r e.rWhere 'he arUst I ,amen. : " wil l be 0- d. .:ign; t b . craftmtan willCOD ,ct:flJtmt'~un ex,o:;;ul i,on,. AU . lcaners s ~ou ' Id lila v ie a irno\vl[ed,gleof ce r ta in, conventional, forms in . any C8S- ~L ea ;v es a re fr,eq ue ) ! ] [ f l . y ' ( lserl l j ,an ~ ._ey ' provl,' c . i d , . . :xampJ . . .' fo ', prac: 't ise,. A pa.rt f. ~'m t h L ~ ' \l'lery con Y e n t i O i f t' a l l f o rms men--

    55

  • 8/6/2019 Wood Carving Handbook

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    56 WOOD IO\I.VINO' t m . o n e d J in , th e :lis:t ICbapwt~_l , e a " v _ & s , ~ "b e gi! 'ml , _ a t m~~n~e,a : ~ J . U : a l ,arppeauoce 'wn:ruo t,be ,llmib of the 'mate~at Th~:s~:pJe ,_fo~m,sho\W. (F1,g. ' l ! J ;A)~ Is m,ten,~ed Ito have ~~Be ,~ft loot C ? f a , lm,~eftgxibl,e. leIf \ ' V 2 l , v i m J : in H Ie breeze, ~O l t hi s emd* d~ tai ls , ,a f _ v e m a ,and ' s U ' r J f a o c mark ings are almost ignored and th e acceat i~ 1putloa the undu la : t i ons - . :wb icb , neednot, of C. 'OUISe ; . be: 'CDcUy asshnw,f lj, E, "fact if: the fo,rm.is, used ' f or r a , ,group ,o f leaves ' tb e so -face c u rv e s s hou ld dift:er between, ,1 1 = 'Y le s ~ _Cut in [he outline and .~inthe baekgrouad in , the ~su3:1wa:y'~Ulelll mate b o m d , gou,ge cuts ,BiC['O\$S the rsutla~wbe[l) ' t I~e,d l e e p e shol lows are to cO,me '(F'''g" :ISB)..T~~l~Y'~oul d m ,Ua~~ e,&~m ~mlth e stern as the ribs o f th e I m f s titH :m ],t , m tb,t direction I'Rdd . e e p , 'C