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Wonders of Natural Wonders of Natural Textile and Food Textile and Food Colourants Colourants Dr. Faqeer Mohammad Dr. Faqeer Mohammad (Senior Lecturer) (Senior Lecturer) Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia Central Jamia Millia Islamia Central University University New Delhi-110025 New Delhi-110025

Wonders of Natural Textile and Food Colourants

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Page 1: Wonders of Natural Textile and Food Colourants

Wonders of Natural Wonders of Natural Textile and Food Textile and Food

ColourantsColourantsDr. Faqeer MohammadDr. Faqeer Mohammad (Senior Lecturer)(Senior Lecturer)

Department of ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryJamia Millia Islamia Central Jamia Millia Islamia Central

UniversityUniversityNew Delhi-110025New Delhi-110025

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ABSTRACT Natural dyes are those which are obtained from nature without

chemical processing. It may be from animal, vegetable or mineral source. Animal dye includes cochineal, kermes (kirmiz) and lac red dye but here in India we have only lac red dye obtained from Laccifer lacca/Kerria lacca. We have plenty of vegetable dyes which are also used as Ayurvedic or Unani medicine. Mineral dyes which were used as natural colorants in the past are ceased to be used presently.

It has property of eco-friendliness i.e. does not create any environmental problem at the stage of production or use and maintains ecological balance. They are non-toxic and non-allergic. It has soothing effect and aesthetic value.

In vegetable dye waste products are also used such as onion peel, tea waste, tamarind seed kernel and lac wash.

It is revived almost after a century with the effort of (Late) Smt. Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay at the same time it was also revived in U.S.A., U.K., Japan, New Zealand, Australia and Turkey. In India serious efforts have been started in mid eighties. It generates employment especially to rural folk.

It has tremendous scope in the export of textiles (carpets, durries, knit wears, shawls, scarves , ties and sarees) and can be used in wool, silk, jute, linen, nylon, cotton and their blends and also in leather products successfully. It can also be used in food and drugs.

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INTRODUCTION Natural dyes are those which are derived form

nature without chemical processing. It may be derived from animal, vegetable or mineral source.

Natural dyes have been a part and parcel of men’s life since time immemorial. Relics from excavation at Mohanjodaro and Harappa (Indus Valley Civilization), Egyptian Mummies, Ajanta Caves Paintings and Mughal Paintings show the use of natural dyes such as Madder, Indigo and Henna. Indigo in India has been known almost about 4000 years, and in Northern Europe another dye woad (Isatis tinctoria) has been in use since the Bronze Age (2500-500 BC).

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Tyrian purple is extracted from Mediterranean shell fish of the genera Purpura and Murex. Phoenician towns of Tyre and Sidon (presently in Lebanon) were the centre of this industry around 800 BC and Greek dye factories existed all along the Mediterranean coast, it is probably the most expensive dye in the history of man kind.

India used to be the largest indigo exporter till synthetic dyes replaced the natural colorants in the last decade of the 19th century.

But natural dye was kept alive by artisans and craftsmen in limited pockets of our country like Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and North East.

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Serious efforts have been started with the inspiration of (Late) Smt. Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay in fifties an NHDC has taken keen interest under the leadership of Shri Q. M. Humayun the then MD NHDC and a state level seminar on natural dyes was organized in 1989 at Jaipur which followed International Dye Workshop on Natural Dyes was organized be NHDC at Suraj Kund near Delhi with the financial help from TCDC/UNDP.

FAO of UN has published a document on natural dyes “Non Wood Forest Products ‘4’, Natural Colourants and Dyestuffs” prepared by C. L. Green of UK ODA Natural Resources Institute (NRI) in 1995 and lastly in this series Convention on Natural Dyes held in December 1999 at IIT Delhi in which the participation was around 200 and people from almost all parts of country have attended this convention.

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Outside India especially in USA, UK, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa sincere efforts have been made by Hand weavers Guilds of these countries and most laudable role is played by Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York which has published 3 reports on Natural Dyes in its quarterly report “Plants & Gardens”

(1) Dye Plants and Dyeing, Vol. 20 No.3 (1964)

(2) Natural Plant Dyeing, Vol.29 No.2 (1973) (3)Dyes from nature, Vol.46 No.2(1990).

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There are number of books on natural dyes which have been published around the globe viz..

The author consolidates the lore of older dyers with his own first-hand experience to produce both a history of natural dyes and a practical manual for using pre-synthetic era processes on all the natural fibers. A general section on dyeing and mordanting and a glossary introduce the beginner to dye technology. Scores of recipes provide detailed instructions on how to collect ingredients, prepare the dye vat, troubleshoot, and achieve specific shades.

THE ART & CRAFT OF NATURAL DYEING Traditional Recipes for Modern Use by J. N. Liles

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THE ASHFORD BOOK OF DYEING Revised Edition by Ann Milner

From an outline of the basic principles, the author takes a step-by-step approach, describing fabrics, relevant dyes (both natural and chemical) and techniques. For the more experienced dyer, she also provides detailed recipes for named dyes, instructions for advanced techniques, and a clear discussion of percentage dyeing, a system which enables the dyer to recreate exactly a specific shade or color. The author shows how to achieve novelty effects with hot exhaust dyeing and how to use such novel heat sources as the sun and the microwave oven.

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This is at first glance, a beautiful book of detailed dye plant illustrations. The further study of this manual begins to reveal the beauty of the dye plants, and the strong ethic for conservation of endangered natural dye stuff of the authors. Each plant drawing gives a sense of the plant, and little color chips and symbols show its range of colors with the various mordants used in natural dyeing. The simplicity and depth of information makes this a great value.

DYE PLANTS AND DYEING by John & Margret Cannon

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An essential reference for anyone who wants to dye fabric or yarns, this accessible guide offers indispensable information on equipment and supplies, types of dye, safety procedures, and record keeping. Beginners will gain the confidence to add color to fiber while seasoned textile artisans will discover useful tips and hints. An eight-page color section with 100 skeins of yarn in a range of color gradations and an explanation of the fundamentals of color theory provide dyers with encouragement to explore their own dyeing variations.

THE DYER'S COMPANION by Dagmar Klos

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A DYER'S GARDEN by Rita Buchann

"Using dyes from plants is my way of saving colors...", states this author, and she helps you rediscover old techniques, research and create new ones and grow your own for more opportunity and greater reward. Photos and descriptions of 30 plants are supplied, related species, how to grow them and how to dye hundreds of colors. The author discusses which plants to grow or not to grow; she has included questions from seminar she teaches with answers. 112 pages in this indispensable little book.

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In this fascinating book, the authors have compiled extensive information to bring the techniques, plants, and lore of natural dyeing within every reader's reach. Chapters include discussions of color theory, dye equipment, dye process, mordants, and easy-to-follow instructions for processing plants and dyeing fabrics. The core of this book is an exhaustive reference to the hundreds of colors that can be obtained from 158 commonly encountered North American plant species.

DYES FROM AMERICAN NATIVE PLANTS A Practical Guide by Lynne Richards & Ronald Tyrl

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FABRIC DYEING & PRINTING by Kate Wells

Given the number of years that the author has worked with dyes, we would expect a reliable guide to the art and practice of transforming cloth into individual works of art. Here we have just such a guide and it is encyclopedic in scope. It begins with the basic steps to consider before any design can be applied. Handpainting is considered using dyes and textile paints applied directly on fabric, then printing with masks and stencils, monoprints, direct silk screening, printing with foils, and more.

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This exciting craft book on the art of indigo dyeing has an emphasis on natural fibers. Prideaux uses clear gradational photographs and well-researched information. Although the age-old art of indigo dyeing can be messy and potentially hazardous, careful guidance from the author calms any concerns with thorough assistance on safety and preparation. You will discover Japanese "Shibori fabric resist…" and its "…wonderful effects…produced by folding, stitching, binding and clamping…" Several projects include an Asian jacket, cushion, and scarf, in exceptionally rich blues.

A HANDBOOK OF INDIGO DYEING by Vivian Prideaux

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This workbook on controlled dyeing teaches you an easy method to obtain repeatable, predictable results with the use of commercial dyes. Sections include rules of controlled dyeing, equipment, mixing the dye stock solutions, fiber types, applying dye, color theory, color mixing, resist techniques, over dyeing for sets of harmonious colors, and over dyeing to subdue colors. Rewarding and simple projects give you practice in both dyeing and using your custom colored yarns and fabrics. 86 illustrations, 26 in color.

HANDS ON DYEING by Betsy Blumenthal & K. Kreider

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The author gives 3-day workshops and sets up a sample workshop in this book, having you produce 24 dyed skeins and samples. She uses 20+ traditional dyestuffs from renewable resources, minimal mordants, some in combination with others, and a creative approach to dye mixing to produce a stunning range from a few dyepots. Instructions and recipes, along with equipment, preparation, use of mordants, and more bring you everything but drab colors. It's a treasure.

INDIGO, MADDER & MARIGOLDS A Portfolio of Colors from Natural Dyes by Trudy Van Stralen

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Koekboya is a Turkish word. Literally translated it means root-dye. It is used in Turkey for all kinds of natural dyes, whether they are actually made from roots ... flowers, leaves tubers or seeds. Even insect dyes are included in the Turkish expression KoekboyaIn this book almost 100 dye plants from Turkey and around the world are introduced on a scientific basis: their botany, their qualities for dyeing, their cultural and historical importance, and - in light of the world-wide Renaissance of natural dyeing - aspects concerning their reintroduction for practical use or as a hobby

KOEKBOYABy Harald Bohmer

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For thousands of years, natural dyes have been celebrated for their subtlety and diversity—and, thanks to contemporary concerns about chemicals and toxins, their popularity is surging again. Fortunately, as this vibrant guide so elegantly shows, the craft is both easy and enjoyable to explore and requires no special equipment: just ordinary pots and pans. A thoroughly illustrated tutorial covers all the basics of hot and cool dyeing, and 30 colorful options to try, including roots and plants (madder, tumeric, henna), wood (cutch, fustic), flowers (safflower, dandelion, daffodil), leaves and stalks (tea, rhubarb, indigo), and fruits and vegetables (blackberry, wild cherry, avocado). From pale pinks and vibrant oranges to earthy browns and rich blues, a vast spectrum of hues awaits.

NATURAL DYEING by Jackie Crook

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NATURAL DYES AND HOME DYEING by Rita Adrosko

This is two books in one. The first documents the use of about 50 of the most common natural materials in the United States used for dyeing before the introduction of synthetic dyes. The second is a revised version of "Home Dyeing with Natural Dyes," an out-of-print U.S. Department of Agriculture publication first issued in 1935. The dye recipes in that publication still stand among the most thoroughly tested of those published in recent years.

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THE ROOT OF WILD MADDER Chasing the History, Mystery, and Lore of the Persian Carpet by Brian Murphy

Every Persian carpet has a story to tell -- from the remote villages of Afghanistan and Iran, down the ancient trade routes traveled for centuries, to the bazaars of Tehran and the markets of the Western world. Carpet-making is one of this tumultuous region's few constants, an art form that transcends religious and political turmoil. Part travelogue and part exploration into the meaning and worth of these mystical artifacts, The Root of Wild Madder presents practical information about carpets while exploring the artistic, religious, and cultural complexities of these enigmatic lands.

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This is a companion for any of the color picture books on natural dyeing. There is good introductory information for those new to dyeing with plantstuff, fiber preparation and mordanting. The core of this handbook is the abundance of anecdotes and facts about a wide range of plants. The book is a bit Eastern United States oriented as far as the plant names go, but is still very useful compendium of dye lore for the serious dyer.

WANT NATURAL COLOUR? A "How To" Guide for Natural Dyes on Protein Fibers, with Tips, Techniques, Mordanting and Afterbath Processes by Jeanie Reagan

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THE YARN LOVER’S GUIDE TO HAND DYEING Beautiful Color and Simple Knits by Linda LaBelle

For all knitters and crocheters who want to take their craft to the next level by creating their own unique, handpainted yarns comes a practical primer for the kitchen-sink dyeing, plus 50 patters and tips from well-known artisans. Fiber artist, weaver, and teacher Linda LaBelle combines simple techniques for hand dyeing at home with easy yet sophisticated knit and crochet patterns for everything from ponchos to scarves and hats to arm warmers that are designed to show off the rich hues and quirky patterns of hand-dyed yarns.

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YARNS TO DYE FOR Creating Self-Patterning Knitting Yarns by Kathleen Taylor

Beginning and veteran knitters alike can learn how to produce homemade self-patterning yarns with this easy, step-by-step guide. Instructions are provided for choosing materials and equipment, skeining and preparing yarn, and painting and dyeing the yarn—all with materials that are found in most grocery and craft stores. Twenty-five quick projects, each presented with dyeing and knitting instructions, will help develop the reader's technique and produce exciting, colorful garments, including gloves, mittens, scarves, and even a summer shell. Guidelines for modifying projects, tips on embellishing, and ideas for leftover yarn are also included.

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People are also taking interest in Japan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, Mexico, Indonesia, Malaysia, Turkey, Morocco, France, Korea, Venezuela, Israel, Uzbekistan, United Kingdom, USA, New Zealand, Norway, Finland, Malaysia, Australia, El Salvador, Madagascar, Germany, Kuwait , Iran, Poland, Argentina, Spain, Italy, Germany, China, Brazil, Pakistan and Canada.

I have identified 25 dyes of Indian origin which can be used as dyestuff for all types shades. Out of 3 animal dyes Cochineal, Kermes (Kirmiz), and Lac red dye, in India we have only lac red dye (Laccifer lacca/Kerria lacca/Coccus lacca) which is normally available in Bihar and MP.

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CH2CH2NHCOCH3

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OCOOH

HOOC

CH2CH2OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OCOOH

HOOC

CH2CH(NH2)COOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OCOOH

HOOC

Laccaic Acid A Laccaic Acid B

Laccaic Acid C

Page 27: Wonders of Natural Textile and Food Colourants

CH2CH2NH2

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

OCOOH

HOOC

Laccaic Acid D

Laccaic Acid E

OH

OH

OH

O

OCH3

HOOC

Page 28: Wonders of Natural Textile and Food Colourants

Vegetable Sources Rheum emodi (Indian Rhubarb/Dolu/Revandchini) Punica granatum (Pomegranate/Anar) Mallotus philippinensis (Kamala/Kamila/Kapila) Terminalia chebula (Harar/Harda/Chebulic

myrobalan) Terminalia bellerica (Bahera/Helleric myrobalan) Tagetes erecta (French Marigold/Genda) Emblica officinalis or Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) Lawsonia alba (Henna/Mehdi) Berberis aristata (Berberry/Daruhaldi) Artocarpus integrifolia (Jackfruit/Kathal) Curcuma longa (Turmeric/Haldi) Allium cepa (Onion peel/pyaz)

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Butea frondosa (Fire of Jungle/Palas/Tesu) Accacia catechu (Cutch/Katha) Accacia arabica (Gum Arabic/Babool/Keekar) Juglans regia (Walnut/Akhrot) Cassia fistula (Amaltas) Quercus infectoria (Gallnut/Majuphal) Onosma echioides (Ratanjot) Rubia cordifolia (Madder/Manjeet/Majith) Indigofera tinctoria (Indigo/Neel) Caesalpinia sappan (Sappan wood) Azadirachta indica or Melia azadirachta (Neem) Bixa orellana (Annato/Latkan)

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Accacia arabica (Gum Arabic/Babool/Keekar)

Anthocyanidine

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Accacia catechu (Cutch/Katha)

Catechin

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Allium cepa (Onion peel/pyaz)

Quercetin

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Artocarpus integrifolia (Jackfruit/Kathal)

Morin

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Azadirachta indica or Melia azadirachta (Neem)

Azadirachtin

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Berberis aristata (Berberry/Daruhaldi)

Berberine

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Bixa orellana (Annato/Latkan)

Bixin

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Butea frondosa (Fire of Jungle/Palas/Tesu)

Butin

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Caesalpinia sappan (Sappan wood)

Brazilin

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Cassia fistula (Amaltas)

Rhein

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Curcuma longa (Turmeric/Haldi)

Curcumin

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Emblica officinalis or Phyllanthus emblica (Amla)

Gallic acid

Digallic acidEllagic acid

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Indigofera tinctoria (Indigo/Neel)

Indirubin

Indican

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Juglans regia (Walnut/Akhrot)

Juglone

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Lawsonia alba (Henna/Mehdi)

Lawsone

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Mallotus philippinensis (Kamala/Kamila/Kapila)

Rottlerin

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Onosma echioides (Ratanjot)

Alkanin

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Punica granatum (Pomegranate/Anar)

Ellagic acid

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Quercus infectoria (Gallnut/Majuphal)

Gallic acid Ellagic Acid

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Rheum emodi (Indian Rhubarb/Dolu/Revandchini)

Rhein Emodin

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Rubia cordifolia (Madder/Manjeet/Majith)

purpurin

Xanthopurpurin

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Tagetes erecta (French Marigold/Genda)

Lutein

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Terminalia bellerica (Bahera/Helleric myrobalan)

Ellagic Acid

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Terminalia chebula (Harar/Harda/Chebulic myrobalan)

Chebulinic Acid

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For red colour from vegetable source in earlier days we were having 3 dyes, Al (Morinda citrifolia), Chay Root/chayavar (Oldenlandia umbella) and Majith (Rubia cordifolia), above two dyes which were available from Coromandel coast in Orissa to Malabar coast in Kerala almost 2000 Km. long stretch of coastal land are almost at the stage of extinction, efforts should be made for its revival and third dye Madder which is the only from vegetable source is currently in use in India, Turkey, Iran and countries of former Russian Turkistan.

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Presently the dyeing system is more scientific, clean and efficient, in earlier days people were using mix colours but now by using single dye and with the help of mordants (Alum, Iron and Tin) and by their permutation and combination one can make more than 2000 shades without the help of computer.

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Since natural dye has number of active principles in a single dye, so, the shades developed by natural dye is composite one which can be developed in synthetic dye by using number of dyes in combination.

Natural dyes are pH dependent.

Alkali AcidRedder side Neutral yellower side

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Especially for cotton cloth one should develop machine washfast shades so after washing with detergents of 8.5-9.5 pH shades of clothing’s should not be changed but in case of wool and silk any type of shade is recommended, since for washing of wool and silk neutral soap is used.

Third is mineral dye which was in use in olden days like Raw sienna, Chrome yellow, Iron buff, Prussian blue, Ultramarine blue, Manganese brown and Mineral khaki, its use has been seized presently.

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Advantage

India is being one of the country, which possesses the natural wealth in the form of plantation in plenty. This has provided relatively better opportunity for the development of this industry in the country. The following are the major advantage for the use of vegetable dyes.

The raw material for production of vegetable dyes are plentifully available and renewable.

Vegetable dyes do not cause any harm to human skin and no hazards are anticipate in their manufacturing, rather some of the dyes act as health cure.

The chemical reaction is almost absent in the manufacture of vegetable dyes and no pollution problem.

All these dyes are harmonized with nature.

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Limitations In spite of inherent advantages, the vegetable dye

industry has also some limitation which leads some bottelkness in the development.

The yield of colour from vegetable dye plants is very. The research shows that yield of coloring matter varies from 0.3% to 4% in the plant.

The process of dyeing is complicated mainly dye to non availability of technical know how and trained personnel.

The non-reproduction of some shades is one of the drawback of these dyes dye to variation in coloring matter present in the plants.

The problem of blending of dyes to get secondary colours is main drawback to restrict versatile use. Only few dyes can be blended.

Due to use of heavy metals in the form of mordants, the discharge from the unit is enriched with heavy metals and huge amount of organic contents causing pollution and disposal problems.

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Due to environmental awareness now we are using only ecofriendly mordants like Alum, Ferrous Sulphate and Tin Chloride. The use of Copper Sulphate and Potassium Dichromate which are toxic is totally abandoned to be used as metal mordants

The shades developed with natural dye has its own specialty, it has soothing effect and medicinal value, non carcinogenic and presently has select market.

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Natural food colorants

Natural dyes are also used in food and beverages. Currently, 43 colorants are authorized as food additives by the Council of the European Union, and have been assigned an E number’. Sixteen of these are of plant origin. Juices or extracts from some fruit and vegetables are also used for coloring purposes. In the USA, two categories of colorants are permitted: ‘certified color additives’3 and ‘colorants exempt from certification’4. Considering the regulatory policy, both in the European Union (EU) and in the USA, and recent court decisions in Germany, this situation is not likely to change in the near future.

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The current consumer preference for naturally derived colorants is associated with their image of being healthy and of good quality.

Natural colorants have become increasingly popular with consumers because synthetic colorants tend to be perceived as undesirable and harmful; some are considered to be responsible for allergenic and intolerance reactions.

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Table 1 : Natural colours (and colours of natural origin) permitted in food and drinks in the USA by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and exempt from certification

Annatto Extract ậ-apo-8’-carotenal ậ-Carotene beet Powder Canthazanthin Caramel Carrot oil Cochineal/carmine Cottonseed flour, toasted Fruit juice Grape color extract Grape skin extract Paprika and paprika oleoresin Saffron Riboflavin and turmeric oleoresin

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Table 2: Natural colours/colours of natural origin listed as permitted for foods by the European Community

E100 Curcumin E101 Riboflavin E120 Cochineal/carminic acid/carmines E140 Chlorophyll E141 Copper complexes of chlorophyll and chlorophyllins E150 Caramel E153 Vegetable carbon E160

(a) ả-,ậ-,ặ-carotene (b) Annatto extracts, (c) capsanthin, (d) Capsorubin (e) Lycopene

(f) ậ-apo-8’-carotenal (C30) E161

(a) Flavoxanthin (b) Lutein (c) Cryptoxanthin (d) Rubixanthin (e) Violaxanthin (f) Rhodoxanthin (g) Canthanthin

E162 Beetroot red, Betanin E163 Anthocyanins

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Table 3: Recognized ingredient classification in the European Community for natural materials and extracts with a coloring power but not presently approved for the “E” list of natural colors.

Product Category

Santalin (red sandal)Spice extract blends

Spice extracts

AlfalfaMarigold

CrocinSaffron

SafflowerHibiscus

Natural (vegetable) extracts

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The natural sources of some currently permitted natural food colorants

Anthocyanins (E163) are a chemical class of red to blue pigments that are commonly found in mature fruit (e.g. strawberry, blueberries, cherries, grapes), vegetables (e.g. onions, cabbages), seeds (e.g. purple sunflower) and flowers

Betanin (E162) is the predominant pigment in red beets (beetroots)

Caramel color (E150), which is equivalent to caramelized sugar, is obtained by careful heating of food-grade carbohydrates in the presence of catalysts.

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Carminic acid or carmine (E 120) is an extract of the female cochineal insect; cochineal is commonly cultivated in Peru, Ecuador and the Canary Islands. Approximately 70000 insects are required to produce 500 g of 50% carminic acid lake.

Carotenoids (E 160) are a chemical class of pigments, which are widely distributed in nature (the annual production by nature has been estimated at 100 million tons)

ß-carotene (E160a) exists abundantly in nature; however, several companies now manufacture synthetic &carotene and the annual output exceeds 500 tons.

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Bixin, norbixin or annatto extract (E160b) is an extract from a seed (Bixa orellana) that grows in South America, East Africa and the Caribbean.

Lycopene {E160d) is a pigment found in a variety of fruit (e.g. tomatoes, watermelons, pink grapefruit); not listed in the USA as a color additive.

Lutein (xanthophyll) (E 161 b)

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Canthaxanthin (El61g) can be synthetically prepared, but occurs naturally in salmon, shrimp and flamingos.

Chlorophyll and chlorophyllin (E 140 and E 141): chlorophyll is the natural green pigment participating in the photosynthetic process (1 billion tons are naturally degraded each year); chlorophyllin is a water-soluble derivative.

Curcumin (E l00), the major pigment of turmeric, is an extract of a plant rhizome (Curcuma longa) that grows predominantly in India.

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Malt extracts (no E number) are dark-brown liquids or powders that are obtained by the processing of barley malts; used as flavors and not permitted for use solely as a color additive.

Monascus (no E number) is a pigment that is produced by a type of fungus (Monascus spp.) that was originally grown on steamed rice; it is commercially produced in China and Japan, but it is not permitted as a colorant in either the USA or Europe

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Some of the Important Natural Manufacturers in India

M/s. ALPS Industries Ltd.(100% EOU)57/2, Site-4, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Gaziabad-201010

M/s. Prerena Reg. Office 5th Floor Sanam Chamber-I 5, Park Road, Lucknow

M/s. Gupta Brothers(Shellac) P.O. BinduRanchi, Jharkhand.

Presently natural dyes are sold through internet in USA but here in India we have

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Mr. M. C. JainSam Veg. Colours Pvt. Ltd. B-90 Gandhinagar, Moradabad-244001

Sh. Yawar Alisha, (Director) AMA Herbal Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Corp. Office: 352/116-G, Talktora Road, P.O. Rajajipuram Lucknow 226017

Rohini Herbal Pvt. Ltd.220A, Bansi Trade Centre581/51, M.G. Road, Indore

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Padmavati Group

IInd floor , 13,

Dr. Thirumoorthy Nagar

1, Street Nungambabbam

Chennai-600034

M/s. Delux India Pvt. Ltd.

No. 2/C Kula Sekara,

Perumal Street,

Sripirumbudur-602105

Kanchipuram(T.N.)

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References Natural Dyes and their Application to Textiles, ed.

M.L.Gulrajani and Deepti Gupta, IIT Delhi, pub. 1992

M.L. Gulrajani et al, Some studies on Natural Yellow and Dyeing with Red Natural Dyes; Indian Textile Journal, 50, Jan 1992, 78, Feb1992, 75, March 1992, 78, July 1992, 86, Aug 1992 and 90, May 1993.

International Newsletter for Natural Dyes , NHDC Lucknow, Vol. II, No. 1, 1992 and Vol. III, No. 1, 1993.

Chart of Indian Indigenous Dyes for use in Dyeing Wool, International Wool Secretariat, Delhi.

Natural Dyes for Spinners and Weavers, ed. Hetty Wickens, pub. B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, 1983.

Compendium, Inter-Regional Workshop on Natural Dyes, NHDC, Lucknow, 1995.

Proceedings, Workshop on Natural Dyes, Anna University, Madras, 1995.

D. J. Hill, Rev. Prog. Colouration , 18, 27, 1997.

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Natural Colourants and Dyestuffs, FAO, UN, ed. C. L. Green, 1995.

Convention on Natural Dyes, Ed. M.L. Gulrajani and Deepti Gupta, IIT Delhi, 1999.

Council of the European Union (1994) ‘List of Permitted Food Colours’ in Off. J. Eur. Co,,. No. L237/17

Henary, B.S. (1996) ‘Natural Food Colourants’ in Natural Food Colorants (2nd edn) (Henary, G.A.F. and Houghton, J.D., eds), pp. 40-79, Blackie).

U. Wissgott and K. Bortlik, Prospects for new Natural Food Colorants; Trends in Food Science and Technology, 298, Vol. 7, Sep 1996.

International symposium/Workshop on Natural Dyes sponsored by UNESCO held at Hyderabad (India) from 5-12 Nov. 2006.

International Symposium and Exhibition on Natural Dyes sponsored by UNESCO held at Daegu (South Korea) from 22-27 Sep. 2008

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This presentation is prepared by my Research students group.

MOHD IBRAHIM KHAN

SHAFAT AHMAD KHAN

MOHD YUSUF

MOHD SHAHID

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THANK YOU