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Wom
en in
Com
putin
g
Kath
erin
e D
eibe
lU
nive
rsity
of W
ashi
ngto
nde
ibel
@cs
.was
hing
ton.
eduH
isto
ry o
f Com
putin
gC
SE P
590A
(UW
)PP
190/
290-
3 (U
CB)
CSE
290
291
(D00
)
2
Phila
delp
hia
Inqu
irer,
"You
r Nei
ghbo
rs" a
rticl
e, 8
/13/
1957
An A
maz
ing
Phot
o
3
Div
ersi
ty C
risis
in C
ompu
ter S
cien
cePe
rcen
tage
of C
S/IS
Bac
helo
r Deg
rees
Aw
arde
d to
Wom
en
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter f
or E
duca
tion
Stat
istic
s, 2
001
4
Goa
ls o
f thi
s ta
lk!
Hig
hlig
ht th
e m
any
acco
mpl
ishm
ents
mad
e by
wom
en in
the
com
putin
g fie
ld!
Lear
n th
eir s
torie
s, b
oth
good
and
bad
5
Augu
sta
Ada
King
, Cou
ntes
s of
Lov
elac
e!
Tran
slat
ed a
nd e
xten
ded
Men
abre
a’s
artic
le o
n Ba
bbag
e’s
Anal
ytic
al E
ngin
e!
Pred
icte
d co
mpu
ters
cou
ld b
e us
ed fo
r mus
ic a
nd g
raph
ics
!W
rote
the
first
alg
orith
m—
how
to
com
pute
Ber
noul
li nu
mbe
rs!
Dev
elop
ed n
otio
ns o
f loo
ping
and
su
brou
tines
6
Gar
bage
In, G
arba
ge O
utTh
e An
alyt
ical
Eng
ine
has
no p
rete
nsio
ns
wha
teve
r to
orig
inat
e an
ythi
ng. I
t can
do
wha
teve
r we
know
how
to o
rder
it to
per
form
. It
can
follo
w a
naly
sis;
but
it h
as n
o po
wer
of
antic
ipat
ing
any
anal
ytic
al re
latio
ns o
r tru
ths.
—Ad
a Lo
vela
ce, N
ote
G
7
On
her g
eniu
s an
d in
sigh
tIf
you
are
as fa
stid
ious
abo
ut th
e ac
ts o
f you
r fri
ends
hip
as y
ou a
re a
bout
thos
e of
you
r pen
, I m
uch
fear
I sh
all e
qual
ly lo
se y
our f
riend
ship
and
you
r N
otes
. I a
m v
ery
relu
ctan
t to
retu
rn y
our a
dmira
ble
& ph
iloso
phic
'Not
e A.
' Pr
ay d
o no
t alte
r it…
Al
l thi
s w
as im
poss
ible
for y
ou to
kno
w b
y in
tuiti
on
and
the
mor
e I r
ead
your
not
es th
e m
ore
surp
rised
I am
at t
hem
and
regr
et n
ot h
avin
g ea
rlier
exp
lore
d so
ric
h a
vein
of t
he n
oble
st m
etal
.—
Cha
rles
Babb
age
8
Scie
nce
Publ
icat
ions
for V
icto
rian
Ladi
es!
Som
e jo
urna
ls a
ccep
ted
and
supp
orte
d sc
ienc
e pa
pers
from
wom
en a
utho
rs.
!Pe
riodi
cal l
ike
the
Edin
burg
h Re
view
and
La
dies
Dia
ry a
lso
prov
ided
opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r pu
blis
hing
am
ateu
r sch
olar
ly w
orks
.
9
Tim
elin
e
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
10
Hum
an C
ompu
ters
!M
anua
l cal
cula
tion
of d
iffer
entia
l equ
atio
ns fo
r gen
erat
ing
tabl
es to
be
used
on
the
battl
efie
ld (e
.g.,
traje
ctor
ies)
!Su
ppor
ted
thro
ugh
use
of m
echa
nica
l cal
cula
tors
!A
few
spe
cial
ized
in th
e us
e of
sin
gle-
purp
ose
hard
war
e (e
.g.,
diffe
rent
ial a
naly
zer)
!Al
tern
ativ
e to
a c
aree
r tea
chin
g m
athe
mat
ics
!W
omen
mor
e pr
omin
ent a
s co
mpu
ters
!La
rge
pool
of p
oten
tial e
mpl
oyee
s (b
oth
colle
ge a
nd
high
sch
ool g
radu
ates
)!
Che
aper
than
hiri
ng m
en!
Moo
re S
choo
l of E
ngin
eerin
g, U
nive
rsity
of P
enns
ylva
nia
11
The
Wom
en o
f EN
IAC
!Si
x “c
ompu
ters” h
ired
to b
e th
e fir
st p
rogr
amm
ers
for t
he E
NIA
C p
roje
ct (1
945)
!W
omen
com
pris
ed a
larg
e pe
rcen
tage
of l
ater
pr
ogra
mm
ers
for E
NIA
C, i
nclu
ding
!H
omé
McA
lliste
r!
Mar
ie B
iers
tein
!W
illa W
yatt
Sigm
und
!M
arie
Bie
rste
in
12
Wor
king
on
the
ENIA
C!
Lear
ned
the
syst
em th
roug
h its
blu
eprin
ts a
nd
conv
ersa
tions
with
its
desi
gner
s!
Wor
ked
in p
airs
on
subp
roje
cts:
!C
alcu
latin
g an
d te
stin
g te
st tr
ajec
torie
s:M
arly
n M
eltz
er a
nd R
uth
Teite
lbau
m!
Dev
elop
ing
and
stre
amlin
ing
the
prog
ram
s:Fr
ance
s Sp
ence
and
Kat
hlee
n An
tone
lli !
Coo
rdin
atin
g th
e M
aste
r Pro
gram
mer
uni
t:Je
an B
artik
and
Bet
ty H
olbe
rton
!O
nly
grou
p to
pro
gram
EN
IAC
at t
he m
achi
ne le
vel
13
Afte
r EN
IAC
!R
uth
Teite
lbau
m!
Stay
ed w
ith E
NIA
C p
roje
ct th
e lo
nges
t!
Trai
ned
seco
nd g
ener
atio
n of
EN
IAC
pro
gram
mer
s!
Jean
Bar
tik!
Con
vers
ion
of E
NIA
C to
a s
tore
d-pr
ogra
m c
ompu
ter
!W
orke
d on
BIN
AC a
nd U
NIV
AC I
!Ka
thle
en A
nton
elli
!M
arrie
d Jo
hn M
auch
ly (1
948)
!So
ftwar
e de
sign
for t
he B
INAC
and
UN
IVAC
I!
Betty
Hol
berto
n!
Sugg
est g
rey
as th
e co
lor f
or U
NIV
AC I
!D
evel
oped
C-1
0 m
nem
onic
inst
ruct
ion
set f
or B
INAC
14
Dus
tbin
of h
isto
ry?
!Fo
r 50
year
s, th
eir i
nvol
vem
ent w
as m
ostly
fo
rgot
ten
and
igno
red:
!H
ardw
are
mor
e th
e fo
cus
than
the
softw
are
!N
ames
mis
spel
led
in o
ffici
al A
rmy
hist
ory
!So
me
prog
ram
mer
s m
arrie
d EN
IAC
eng
inee
rs!
Prog
ram
mer
s or
igin
ally
not
invi
ted
to 5
0th
anni
vers
ary
of E
NIA
C!
All s
ix p
rogr
amm
ers
indu
cted
into
the
Wom
en in
Tec
hnol
ogy
Inte
rnat
iona
l Hal
l of
Fam
e (1
997)
15
Gra
ce H
oppe
r (1
of 3
)!
Educ
atio
n!
Vass
er: B
.S. i
n M
athe
mat
ics
and
Phys
ics
!Ya
le: M
.S. a
nd P
h.D
. in
Mat
hem
atic
s
!N
aval
Car
eer
!Jo
ined
Nav
al R
eser
ves
(194
3)!
Assi
gned
to w
ork
with
How
ard
Aike
n
!H
arva
rd
!Fi
rst p
erso
n to
writ
e a
prog
ram
for t
he M
ark
I (a
rcta
ngen
t cal
cula
tions
)!
Mem
ber o
f the
Mar
k II
and
III d
evel
opm
ent t
eam
s
16
The
Infa
mou
s Bu
g!
Whi
le w
orki
ng o
n th
e M
ark
II, H
oppe
r di
scov
ered
a m
oth
stuc
k in
a re
lay.
!O
rigin
ated
the
term
“deb
uggi
ng”
17
Gra
ce H
oppe
r (2
of 3
)!
UN
IVAC
!In
vent
ed c
once
pt o
f com
pile
r:
ARIT
H-M
ATIC
, MAT
H-M
ATIC
and
FL
OW
-MAT
IC!
CO
BOL
was
par
tially
an
exte
nsio
n of
FLO
W-M
ATIC
!St
anda
rds
!Ad
voca
ted
and
pion
eere
d de
velo
pmen
t of s
tand
ards
for t
estin
g co
mpu
ter s
yste
ms
and
lang
uage
s.
18
Gra
ce H
oppe
r (3
of 3
)!
Nav
al C
aree
r!
Ret
ired
thre
e tim
es!
Prom
oted
to R
ear A
dmira
l by
spec
ial P
resi
dent
ial a
ppoi
ntm
ent
(198
3)!
Def
ense
Dis
tingu
ishe
d Se
rvic
e M
edal
reci
pien
t (19
86)
!D
igita
l Equ
ipm
ent C
orpo
ratio
n!
Seni
or C
onsu
ltant
and
Goo
dwill
Amba
ssad
or (1
986 –
1992
)
19
Nan
osec
onds
!To
dem
onst
rate
the
cost
of
com
putin
g tim
e, H
oppe
r wou
ld
hand
out
pie
ces
of w
ire.
!D
ista
nce
elec
trons
trav
el:
!1
nano
seco
nd ≈
12 in
ches
!1
mic
rose
cond≈
1000
feet
!1
milli
seco
nd ≈
189
mile
s!
1 se
cond
≈
189,
000
mile
s
20
Tim
elin
e
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
21
Judi
th L
even
son
Cla
pp!
MIT
Whi
rlwin
d Pr
ojec
t (19
50s)
!O
nly
wom
an o
n th
e ai
r def
ense
sy
stem
sub
proj
ect
!So
ftwar
e En
gine
erin
g!
Pion
eere
d de
velo
pmen
t of
softw
are
man
agem
ent t
ools
for
larg
e sy
stem
s!“V
irtua
l” fo
unde
r of t
he fi
eld
22
Early
Wom
en P
rogr
amm
ers
Whe
n co
mpu
ter p
rogr
amm
ing
was
bec
omin
g a
field
, the
re w
as
a be
lief t
hat i
t was
wom
en’s
wor
k be
caus
e [w
omen
] wer
e ne
at,
orga
nize
d, e
tc. P
rogr
amm
ing
paid
m
ore
than
oth
er jo
bs th
at w
omen
ha
d du
ring
that
per
iod,
and
we
knew
we
wer
e co
ntrib
utin
g so
met
hing
and
we
liked
that
.Sm
ith A
lum
nae
Qua
rter,
Sum
mer
200
5
23
Thel
ma
Estri
n!
WEI
ZAC
(195
1 –
1955
)!
One
of t
he in
itial
two
engi
neer
s to
w
ork
on th
e fir
st la
rge-
scal
e el
ectro
nic
com
pute
r bui
lt ou
tsid
e th
e U
nite
dSt
ates
and
Wes
tern
Eur
ope
!Bi
omed
ical
Eng
inee
ring
!C
ompu
ter s
yste
ms
for a
naly
zing
and
capt
urin
g ne
uron
firin
g!
Early
adv
ocat
e fo
r med
ical
info
rmat
ics
!Fi
rst r
ecip
ient
of t
he A
ssoc
iatio
n of
Wom
en in
C
ompu
ting’
sAu
gust
a Ad
a Lo
vela
ce A
war
d (1
982)
24
Tim
elin
e
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
25
Sist
er M
ary
Kenn
eth
Kelle
r!
Firs
t wom
an to
ear
n a
PhD
in
com
pute
r sci
ence
(Uni
vers
ity o
f W
isco
nsin
-Mad
ison
)!
At D
artm
outh
, bro
ke th
e “m
en
only” r
ule
and
help
ed d
evel
op
BASI
C.
!Fa
culty
at C
lark
e C
olle
ge (I
owa)
:!
Foun
ded
the
com
pute
r sci
ence
de
partm
ent
!Es
tabl
ishe
d a
mas
ters
pro
gram
for
com
pute
r app
licat
ions
in e
duca
tion.
26
The
Firs
t PhD
s in
Com
pute
r Sci
ence
?!
The
first
PhD
s de
sign
ated
as
"Com
pute
r Sc
ienc
e" w
ere
awar
ded
by th
e U
nive
rsity
of
Penn
sylv
ania
:!
Ric
hard
Wex
elbl
at (D
ecem
ber,
1965
)!
Andr
ies
van
Dam
, (M
ay, 1
966)
!Ke
ller e
arne
d he
r PhD
in M
ay, 1
965
from
th
e U
nive
rsity
of W
isco
nsin
-Mad
ison
27
Lynn
Con
way
!Be
fore
199
9, L
ynn
Con
way
was
al
read
y w
ell r
espe
cted
for h
er m
any
acco
mpl
ishm
ents
: !
VLSI
wor
k at
Xer
ox P
ARC
!D
ARPA
/ St
rate
gic
Def
ense
Initi
ativ
e!
In 1
999,
she
dis
clos
ed th
at s
he w
as
a tra
nsse
xual
wom
en.
!Pr
ior t
o he
r tra
nsiti
on, h
er w
ork
at
IBM
incl
uded
the
inve
ntio
n of
a
fund
amen
tal c
ompo
nent
of t
oday’s
m
oder
n su
pers
cala
r com
pute
rs.
28
“Rob
ert’s” C
aree
r at I
BM!
The
secr
et A
CS-
1 Su
perc
ompu
ter P
roje
ct!
Goa
l: D
evel
op a
hig
h-pe
rform
ance
sup
erco
mpu
ter
!M
any
grea
t min
ds o
n th
is p
roje
ct:
Her
b Sc
horr,
Fra
n Al
len,
Jim
Bea
tty, E
d Su
ssen
guth
, D
on R
ozen
berg
, Cha
rlie
Frei
man
, and
Joh
n C
ocke
!Po
sitio
n:!
Dev
elop
er o
f a m
icro
arch
itect
ural
tim
ing
sim
ulat
or!
Invo
lved
in m
any
arch
itect
ural
dis
cuss
ions
!Jo
hn C
ocke’s
crit
ical
que
stio
n:H
ow c
an th
e m
achi
ne e
xecu
te m
ore
that
one
in
stru
ctio
n pe
r mac
hine
cyc
le, o
n av
erag
e?
29
Dyn
amic
Inst
ruct
ion
Sche
dulin
g!
The
Show
er In
sigh
t: !
Use
a s
peci
al q
ueue
to is
sue
mul
tiple
inst
ruct
ions
out
of
orde
r bas
ed o
n ce
rtain
inde
pend
ence
con
stra
ints
!M
atric
es o
f man
y tra
nsis
tors
eva
luat
e in
depe
nden
ce
!D
IS ra
pidl
y in
tegr
ated
into
the
ACS
arch
itect
ure
30
Lega
cy o
f Dyn
amic
Inst
ruct
ion
Sche
dulin
g
!W
ithin
IBM
:!
ACS-
1 pr
ojec
t can
celle
d (1
968)
!Kn
owle
dge
spre
ad s
low
ly in
and
out
side
of I
BM!
Crit
ical
com
pone
nt o
f all
mod
ern
supe
rsca
lar c
ompu
ters
!Pa
tent
sta
tus:
!Fo
r “R
ober
t”: D
IS v
iew
ed a
s on
ly a
sof
twar
e id
ea!
IBM
pat
ente
d as
pect
s of
DIS
with
the
ACS-
360
!C
laim
of i
nven
tion:
!M
ultip
le c
laim
ants
in th
e 19
80s
!H
isto
rical
inve
stig
atio
n by
Dr.
Mar
k Sm
othe
rman
and
C
onw
ay’s
arc
hive
est
ablis
h he
r as
the
orig
inal
inno
vato
r
31
Tran
sitio
n, F
iring
, and
Sta
rting
Ove
r!
Con
way
ann
ounc
es tr
ansi
tion
to IB
M m
anag
emen
t!
ACS
proj
ect t
eam
sup
ports
her
con
tinui
ng a
t IBM
!M
anag
emen
t fire
s C
onw
ay!
Tran
sitio
n an
d ge
nder
reas
sign
men
t sur
gery
!St
artin
g ov
er:
!IB
M c
olle
ague
s un
able
to o
ffer j
obs
or h
elp
!C
onw
ay w
ithhe
ld b
eing
tran
ssex
ual o
nly
afte
r a jo
b of
fer
was
giv
en!
Man
y of
fers
resc
inde
d af
ter b
eing
giv
en th
is k
now
ledg
e!
Res
tarte
d he
r car
eer a
s a
cont
ract
pro
gram
mer
32
PAR
C a
nd th
e St
art o
f VLS
I!
Con
way
join
s Xe
rox
PAR
C (1
973)
!W
ith D
oug
Fairb
airn
and
Car
ver M
ead,
es
tabl
ishe
s th
e “L
SI S
yste
ms
Area”
!C
onw
ay re
cogn
izes
nee
d to
des
ign
the
desi
gn p
roce
ss fo
r tra
nsis
tor l
ayou
t
!M
ead-
Con
way
text
book
dev
elop
ed!
Des
ign
cour
se te
sted
at M
IT (1
978)
!Te
sted
at m
ultip
le u
nive
rsiti
es w
ith
ARPA
NET
sup
port
for c
olla
bora
tion
(197
9)!
Succ
ess
and
adop
tion
of V
LSI m
etho
ds
33
DAR
PA a
nd B
eyon
d!
DAR
PA!
Con
way
join
s D
ARPA
(198
2)!
Tech
nica
l Arc
hite
ct, S
trate
gic
Com
putin
g In
itiat
ive
!El
ecte
d to
Nat
iona
l Aca
dem
y of
Eng
inee
ring
(198
9)!
Uni
vers
ity o
f Mic
higa
n!
Join
ed U
of M
(198
5) a
s As
soci
ate
Dea
n of
Eng
inee
ring
!Em
eritu
s st
atus
(199
9)!
Tran
sgen
der A
dvoc
acy
!Si
nce
reve
alin
g he
r pas
t in
1999
, Con
way
has
bec
ome
a st
rong
voi
ce in
def
endi
ng th
e rig
hts
for b
oth
the
trans
gend
er a
nd G
LB c
omm
uniti
es
34
Tim
elin
e
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
35
Anita
Jone
s!
PhD
from
Car
negi
e-M
ello
n (1
973)
!Fo
unde
d Ta
rtan
Labo
rato
ries
with
Bi
ll W
ulf (
1981
)!
Fede
ral D
irect
or o
f Def
ense
R
esea
rch
and
Engi
neer
ing
(1
993-
1997
)!
Hig
hest
pos
ition
eve
r hel
d by
a
wom
an in
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Def
ense
36
Rad
ia P
erlm
an!
MIT
Log
o La
b (1
970s
)!
Inve
nted
tang
ible
com
putin
g
!BB
N T
echn
olog
ies
(197
6-19
80)
!D
igita
l Equ
ipm
ent (
1980
-199
3)!
Dev
elop
ed D
ECN
et ro
utin
g pr
otoc
ols
!N
ovel
l (19
93-1
997)
!SU
N M
icro
syst
ems
(199
7-Pr
esen
t)!
Wom
en o
f Inn
ovat
ion
Awar
d (2
005)
37
Mot
her o
f the
Inte
rnet
!Sp
anni
ng T
ree
Net
wor
k Pr
otoc
ol!
Net
wor
k La
yer P
roto
cols
with
By
zant
ine
Rob
ustn
ess
!80
pat
ents
for v
ario
us n
uanc
es
of n
etw
ork
syst
ems
tech
nolo
gy
Man
y cl
aim
to b
e th
e Fa
ther
of t
he In
tern
et, b
ut th
ere
is o
nly
one ‘M
othe
r,’ a
nd th
at is
Rad
ia P
erlm
an.
—G
reg
Papa
dopo
ulos
, CTO
Sun
Mic
rosy
stem
s
38
Tim
elin
e
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
39
Anita
Bor
g!
Xero
x PA
RC
:M
ECC
A C
omm
unic
atio
ns a
nd In
form
atio
n Sy
stem
s pr
ojec
t!
Pres
iden
tial C
omm
issi
on o
n th
e Ad
vanc
emen
t of
Wom
en a
nd M
inor
ities
in S
cien
ce,
Engi
neer
ing,
and
Tec
hnol
ogy
(199
9)!
Foun
ded
the
Inst
itute
of W
omen
in T
echn
olog
y:!
Brin
g no
n-te
chni
cal w
omen
into
the
desi
gn p
roce
ss
!En
cour
age
mor
e w
omen
to b
ecom
e sc
ient
ists
!
Hel
p th
e in
dust
ry, a
cade
mia
, and
the
gove
rnm
ent
acce
lera
te th
ese
chan
ges
40
Mar
ia K
law
e!
ACM
Pre
side
nt (2
002-
2004
)!
Uni
vers
ity o
f Brit
ish
Col
umbi
a:!
Dep
artm
ent C
hair
(198
8-19
95)
!Vi
ce P
resi
dent
of S
tude
nt a
nd
Acad
emic
Ser
vice
s (1
995-
1998
)!
Dea
n of
Sci
ence
(199
8-20
02)
!Pr
ince
ton
Uni
vers
ity!
Dea
n of
Eng
inee
ring
and
Appl
ied
Scie
nces
(200
2-20
06)
!H
arve
y M
udd
Col
lege
:!
Pres
iden
t (20
06-p
rese
nt)
41
Plen
ty o
f oth
ers
to m
entio
n!
Susa
n Eg
gers
!N
ell D
ale
!Je
an S
amm
et!
Barb
ara
Lisk
ov!
Hen
riette
Avr
am!
Leno
re B
lum
!Fr
an B
erm
an!
Evel
yn B
oyd
Gra
nville
!Irm
a W
yman
!Ba
rbar
a Si
mon
s!
Fran
Alle
n!
Irene
Grie
f!
Adel
e G
oldb
erg
!So
phie
Wils
on!
Judy
Est
rin!
Any
man
y m
ore…
42
So…
her
e w
e ar
e…Pe
rcen
tage
of C
S/IS
Bac
helo
r Deg
rees
Aw
arde
d to
Wom
en
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter f
or E
duca
tion
Stat
istic
s, 2
001
43
The
past
was
not
so
rosy
!D
espi
te th
e ac
hiev
emen
ts o
f the
wom
en
pres
ente
d he
re, t
he p
ast 6
0 ye
ars
of
com
putin
g w
as n
ot g
ende
r-equ
al:
!Pa
y di
spar
ities
!W
omen
onl
y in
low
er-le
vel p
ositi
ons,
not
m
anag
emen
t!
Fam
ily v
ersu
s ca
reer
con
flict
s!
Bein
g ou
trigh
t ign
ored
44
Fact
ors
of s
ucce
ss fo
r the
se w
omen
!O
ppor
tuni
ty!
Enco
urag
emen
t!
Appl
icat
ion
!In
tere
st
45
Hur
dles
to O
verc
ome
!N
egat
ive
ster
eoty
pes
of c
ompu
ter s
cien
ce!
Bias
es a
nd la
ck o
f sup
port
for f
amily
pl
anni
ng in
car
eer d
ecis
ions
!La
ck o
f enc
oura
gem
ent f
or w
omen
to
purs
ue c
aree
rs in
man
y of
the
scie
nces
!M
isog
ynis
m
46
Effo
rts: P
ast,
Pres
ent,
and
Futu
re!
K-12
Out
reac
h!“U
nloc
king
the
Clu
bhou
se: W
omen
in
Com
putin
g” b
y M
argo
lis a
nd F
ishe
r!
Syst
ers
!AC
M-W
!G
race
Hop
per C
onfe
renc
e!
And
man
y ot
her e
fforts…
47
Som
e fin
al p
oint
s!
Div
ersi
ty is
not
just
abo
ut w
omen
.!
Rac
e, e
thni
city
, exp
erie
nces
, etc
. als
o m
atte
r.!
Men
are
min
oriti
es in
cer
tain
fiel
ds (e
.g.,
nurs
ing)
.
!D
iver
sity
is a
pip
elin
e is
sue.
!
Soci
al is
sues
nee
d al
l of u
s to
be
invo
lved
.!
Cha
nge
will
not c
ome
inst
antly
.
48
A fin
al q
uote
Rec
ently
a re
crui
ter f
or a
com
pany
sen
t me
e-m
ail s
ayin
g "W
e ar
e pa
rticu
larly
inte
rest
ed
in y
ou a
s a
fem
ale
thou
ght l
eade
r." I
didn
't re
ply,
bec
ause
I w
asn'
t int
eres
ted
in a
job,
bu
t I fa
ntas
ized
repl
ying
: "Th
ank
you
for
your
inte
rest
. Alth
ough
my
cred
entia
ls a
s a
thou
ght l
eade
r are
impe
ccab
le, I
mus
t war
n yo
u th
at I
am n
ot th
at q
ualif
ied
as a
fem
ale.
I c
an't
wal
k in
hee
ls, I
hav
e no
clo
thin
g se
nse,
and
I'm
not
par
ticul
arly
dec
orat
ive.
W
hat a
spec
ts o
f bei
ng fe
mal
e ar
e im
porta
nt
for t
his
posi
tion?
" —
Rad
ia P
erlm
an
