Women empowerment

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

DR. RAGHAVENDRA HUCHCHANNAVARJUNIOR RESIDENTPGIMS, ROHTAK.

The origin of a child is a mother, a woman… she shows a man what sharing, caring, and loving is all about. That is the essence of a

woman.

Sushmita Sen, Miss Universe, 1994

CONTENTS

• Introduction • Current status of women

1. Economic participation2. Political empowerment3. Educational attainment4. Health and well-being5. Legislative measures

• Gender budgeting • Some bright spots

INTRODUCTION

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

•Article 1: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights…”

•Article 3: “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person”

INTRODUCTION

• According to the UN definition, women’s empowerment has five components:• Women's sense of self-worth;• Right to have and to determine choices;• Right to have access to opportunities and

resources;• Right to have the power to control their own

lives, both within and outside the home;• Ability to influence the direction of social

change to create more social and economic order, nationally and internationally.

• Vedic period: Scholars believe that in ancient India(1500-1000 BC), the women enjoyed equal status with men in all fields of life, had freedom to choose partners for marriage. Daughters were not considered as liability or unwelcomed guest in the family.

• However, later (approximately 500 B.C.), the status of women began to decline.

• Age of Manusmriti (500 – 200 BC): Women were not given freedom at any point of time in her life. Not marring a girl before the age of 14 years was a sin.

INTRODUCTION

Medieval PeriodSati system, child marriage,

purdah, devdasi, ban on widow remarriage

INTRODUCTION

19th century

Raja Ram Mohan RoySati practice abolished - 1829

Ishwar Chandra VidyasagarWidow Remarriage Act – 1856

INTRODUCTION

Annie Besant 1st female president of INC - 1917

Sarojini Naidu1st Indian female president of INC - 1925

Queen of Jhansi Indian Rebellion of 1857

INTRODUCTION

Indira Gandhi - 1966

Kalpana Chawla

Kiran Bedi - 1972

Mother Teresa - 1979 Kalpana Chawla - 1997

Dr B R Ambedkar

I measure the progress of

a community

by the degree of progress which women have

achieved

• According to International Labour Organisation (ILO) reports

• while women represent – 50 percent of the world adult population

and – a third of the official labour force,

• they perform – nearly two-third of all working hours, and– receive only a tenth of world income.

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT

43

29

8779

Employed Employed forcash

Women Men

Among the population age 15-49

• Men are 2 times as likely to be employed

• Men are 2.7 times as likely to be employed for cash

• Among the employed, 64% of women vs. 91% of men earn cash

• Female share of population employed for cash in non-agricultural occupations is 22%

Source: NFHS 3, India, 2005-06


HAVE A BANK OR SAVINGS ACCOUNT THAT THEY THEMSELVES USE

HAVE MONEY WHICH THEY CAN DECIDE HOW TO USE

HAVE TAKEN LOAN FROM MICROCREDIT PROGRAM

0 10 20 30 40 50

15

45

5

Percentage of women

Source: NFHS 3, India, 2005-06



• DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY:• covers aspects of Self Employment in rural areas

such as organization of the poor into self help groups, training, credit, technology, traditional industries, infrastructure and marketing.

• specifically earmarked for upliftment of certain target groups (SC/ST, women and disabled).

TRAINING

FINANCING

MARKETING

• Swayamsidha scheme; 2001 : Self Help Groups based programme with

emphasis on convergence activities. Objective is to ensure that Self Help Groups

members avail the benefit of all schemes and services in an integrated and holistic manner.

Involved in Income Generating Activities i.e. Food preservation, Vermi Compost, Embroidery, Beautician, Dari making, Gur patti making, Cutting & Tailoring etc.

Implemented in 6 districts of Haryana State (Ambala, Panchkula, Rewari, Hissar, Narnaul and Yamuna Nagar) under which 13 blocks have been sanctioned



• Haryana Women Development Corporation (HWDC); 1982 – Set up as Haryana Economically Weaker

Sections Kalyan Nigam Limited – Later it was named as HWDC– Micro Credit Scheme through HWDC: loans to

SHGs and the individual members.

HWDC District office, Rohtak

• H. No. 557-B, Kamal Colony, Tilak Nagar

• Phone No.: 01262-279701


• Rashtriya Mahila Kosh Scheme recognizes SMS as an eligible NGO for the purpose of promoting micro-credit and undertaken the responsibility of training members of SMS.

Skill Development training regarding Mushroom Cultivation, Tailoring ,Beauty Culture Training and Integrated Training programme on Diary productions have also been conducted respectively in District Sonipat.


• Support to Training and Employment Programme of Women (STEP) scheme under Ministry of WCD – with a view to help assetless and marginalised

women become economically self-reliant• Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana -

Development of Women & Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)

• Short stay home for Women and Girls (SSH)• Schemes of department of animal husbandary,

dairying, fisheries.• Promotion and strengthening of agricultural

mechanization through training, testing and demonstration.

• Marketing assistance scheme


• Scheme of fund for regeneration of traditional industries (SFURTI)

• National award scheme.• Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS)• Performance and credit rating scheme for small

industries• Rajiv Gandhi Udyami Mitra Yojana• Indira Awaas Yojana

POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT

• The global average of women holding parliamentary seats (18.6 percent) is far from the target of 30 percent set in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.

• Many factors hinder women’s political participation, such as – political parties being slow to respond to

Women’s interest, – under-investment in women’s campaigns, – cultural barriers, and – their domestic and social responsibilities.

• Proven means for supporting Women’s engagement in political competition: – Quotas such as reserved seats,


• 556 women candidates contested the polls in 2009

AS AGAINST

355 (2004) & 284 (1999)

1999 2004 20090

100

200

300

400

500

600

284

355

556

No. of women candidates contested in election

Year

No.

of

wom

en c

andid

ate

s

• Participation of women

in elections increased

over the years

• Proportion of women

turnout for voting

(2009) – 58.2%

Source: Election Commission of India

58.248.0


9.7 9.6 9.2 9.1

10.3

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

9.5

10

10.5

11

1991 1999 2004 2007 2009

• Proportion of women

in national parliament

dipped till year 2007

Pro

port

ion o

f w

om

en in n

ati

onal parl

iam

ent

Source : upsc.gov.in



2002 2006 2005 20060%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

89.6 88.1 95.6 95.3

10.4 11.9 4.4 4.7

WomenMen

IAS IPS

Women’s position in the administrative jobs (2009)

Source : upsc.gov.in


36.83

63.17

Panchayti raj in-stitutions

Women

Men

Parliament

10.3

89.7

Women

MenSource : upsc.gov.in

Women’s position in the administrative jobs (2009)


• The Constitution (108th Amendment) Bill, 2010 as approved by Rajya Sabha, seeks to reserve one third of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, and the state legislative assemblies including Delhi.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

The education and empowerment of women

throughout the world cannot fail to result in a more caring, tolerant,

and peaceful life for all.

- Aung San Suu Kyi General Secretary

National League for Democracy, Burma,Nobel Peace Prize in 1991


1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

0102030405060708090

100

5 6 7 1016 18

2835

4452

6574

Total

Total


1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

0102030405060708090

100

10 11 12 1624 27

4046

5664

80 82

5 6 7 1016 18

2835

4452

6574

MaleTotal


1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

0102030405060708090

100

10 11 12 1624 27

4046

5664

80 82

1 1 2 37 9

1522

29

39

54

66

5 6 7 1016 18

2835

4452

6574

MaleFemaleTotal

Female Literacy

Haryana – 66.7% Rohtak – 71%


Women

Men

41

18

23

27

14

20

22

35

Percent distribution of men and women age 15-49 by highest level of education

No ed-ucation

< 8 years complete

8-9 years complete

10 years complete and above


• Barriers to Female Education– Poverty: one-third of India’s population :

BPL– Social values and parental preferences– Inadequate school facilities– Shortage of female teachers: 29 %

(prim.) & 22% (univ.)– Lack of transport facilities– Lack of hostel facilities for girls– Sexual harassment in school

• Women with some formal education are more likely to – delay marriage and child birth, – ensure their children are immunized, – be better informed about their own and

their children nutritional requirements & – adopt birth spacing practices. As a result, their children have higher survival rates & tend to be healthier & better nourished.



• SARVA SIKSHA ABHIYAAN (SSA - 2000) aims to bridge social, regional and gender gaps, with the active participation of the community in the management of schools.

Goals of SSA :• Open new schools in areas which do not have them and

to expand existing school infrastructures and maintenance.

• Address inadequate teacher numbers, and provide training a development for existing teachers

• Provide quality elementary education including life skills with a special focus on the education of girls and children with special needs as well as computer education


• National Mission for Empowerment of Women: notified on 8th of March, 2010. The Mission aims at implementing the women centric programmes in a mission mode to achieve better coordination.

• The Mission has also been named Mission Poorna Shakti, implying a vision for holistic empowerment of women.


• The Poorna Shakti Kendra (PSK) • Focus areas of mission

– Access to health, – Drinking water, – Sanitation and hygiene facilities for women

coverage of all girls especially those belonging to vulnerable groups in schools from primary to class 12,

– Higher and Professional education for girls/women

– Skill development, – Micro credit,


– Vocational Training, – SHG development – Dissemination of information taking steps to

prevent crime against women and taking steps for a safe environment for women.


• Education Loan Scheme: – to encourage women/ girls belonging to

Haryana State to pursue higher education at Graduate/ PG/ Doctoral/ Post Doctoral level in the country and abroad. (HARYANA WOMEN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION)

– Integrated child protection scheme– Vocationalization of secondary education– Higher and technical education

• Swadhar – A scheme for women in difficult circumstances (destitute and deserted women, widows, women ex -prisoners, victims of sexual abuse)

• Sakshar mahila samooh


• Around 60 per cent of countries have achieved gender parity in primary education, 30 percent in secondary education and only 6 per cent in tertiary education.

Note: Countries are categorized according to GII scores into four quartiles, reflecting a relative grouping with 34-35 countries in each. GII – MMR, Adolescent preg %, seats occupied in parliament & women labour %

WOMEN’S HEALTH

• Maternal mortality ratio• Sex ratio• Malnutrition• Family planning• Institutional delivery• Domestic violence

WOMEN’S HEALTH

1982-1986

1992-1993

1997-1998

1999-2001

2001-2004

2004-2006

2007-2009

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

638

424 398327 301

254212

Years

MM

R (

mate

rnal d

eath

s/ 1

00

00

0 liv

e

bir

ths)

WOMEN’S HEALTH

153 HARYAN

A

INDIA SEX RATIO HARYANA SEX

RATIO

820

840

860

880

900

920

940

2001

2011

933

861

940

877

20012011

FEM

ALE

PER

TH

OU

SA

ND

MA

LEWOMEN’S HEALTH

Sex ratio of Rohtak - 868

INDIA CHILD SEX RATIO HARYANA CHILD

SEX RATIO

760

800

840

880

920

2001

2011

927

819

914

83020012011

FEM

ALE

PER

TH

OU

SA

ND

MA

LEWOMEN’S HEALTH

Child sex ratio of Rohtak - 807

WOMEN’S HEALTH

BMI below normal Overweight/Obese Anaemic

36

13

55

34

9

24

Women Men

Percent of women and men age 15-49

Institutional Delivery

41

34

NFHS-3NFHS-2

Delivery assisted by health personnel

49

42

NFHS-3NFHS-2

Percent

WOMEN’S HEALTH

• Population stabilization cannot be achieved by mere physical provisioning of contraception mix or emergency obstetric care. It is critical to involve people - and enable women in particular – to have a say in decisions relating to reproduction and livelihood.

• This brings in the issues of reproductive rights of women and of the larger conceptual issues of gender equality and of empowerment of women within and outside the household.

WOMEN’S HEALTH

Any ANC increased by 11 percentage points and 3+ ANC visits by 7 percentage points between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3

Still, less than half of women get ANC in the first trimester and get 3+ ANC visits

Institutional deliveries increased by 7 percentage points between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3

Nonetheless, more than half the deliveries still take place at home; half are not assisted by health personnel

WOMEN’S HEALTH

Percentage point change between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3 States

Remained unchanged (2 states)

Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland

Increased less than 7 percentage point (7 states)

Assam, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Jharkhand, Tripura, West Bengal

Increased by 7-14 percentage points(10 states)

Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh , Mizoram

Increased by 15 or more percentage points (10 states)

Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttaranchal

Trends in Institutional Deliveries by State

4137

27

4 2 1 2

4843

34

2 2 3

56

49

37

15

22 3

NFHS-1 NFHS-2 NFHS-3

Percent of currently married women age 15-49

WOMEN’S HEALTH

908372

8876

66 61

4737

NFHS-1 NFHS-2 NFHS-3

2 sons 1 son and 1 daughter 2 daughters

Percent

Desire for No More Children among Women with 2 Children

WOMEN’S HEALTH

• SABLA scheme (Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent girls – RGSEAG)

• The SABLA scheme aims at empowering Adolescent Girls of 11-18 years by improving their nutritional and health status, upgradation of home skills, life skills and vocational skills. The girls will be equipped with information on health and family welfare, hygiene and guidance on existing public services.

• The scheme would be implemented using the platform of ICDS and AWCs would be the focal point for the delivery of services. However, where infrastructure and other facilities are inadequate in AWCs, then alternative arrangements will have to be made in schools/ Panchayat Community buildings.

WOMEN’S HEALTH

• New schemes for well being of mother and new born care - Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK), launched on 1st June, 2011, entitles all pregnant women delivering in public health institutions to absolutely free and no expense delivery including Caesarean section. The initiative stipulates free drugs, diagnostics, blood and diet, besides free transport from home to institution, between facilities in case of a referral and drop back home.

WOMEN’S HEALTH

• Reproductive and Child Health (RCH)• Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)• NRHM• Janani suraksha yojana• Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana• Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme• Kishori Shakti Yojana• Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana

WOMEN’S HEALTH

“Domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to

women, more than car accidents, mugging, or

rapes combined.”

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

37 35

1016

2724

21

711

40

Physical,sexual, oremotionalviolence

Physical orsexual violence

Physicalviolence

Sexualviolence

Emotionalviolence

Ever In the past 12 months

Percent of ever-married women age 15-49

Spousal Violence: The most common form of violence against married women

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

40

36

9

7

2

Any of these injuries

Cuts, bruises, or aches

Eye injuries, sprains,dislocations, or burns

Wounds, broken bones/teeth,other serious injury

Severe burns

Percent of women who have experienced spousal violence who had:

• National Mission for Empowerment of Women-Ministry of Women and Child Development.

Partner Ministries & Departments for programmes related to empowerment of women facilitated by NMEW:

– Ministry of Human Resource Development– Ministry of Finance– Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation– Ministry of Rural Development– Ministry of Panchayati Raj– Department of Agriculture and Cooperation

– Ministry of Health & Family Welfare– Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises– Ministry of Law & Justice– Ministry of Environment & Forests– Ministry of Labour & Employment– Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment

NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN (2001)

• Government had declared 2001 as the year of Women’s Empowerment by adopting a National Policy to offer “Swashakti” to women.

• Goal - The goal of this Policy is to bring about the advancement, development and empowerment of women.• The objectives of this policy include

– Creating an environment through positive economic and social policies for full development of women.

NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN (2001)

– Enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedom by women on equal basis with men in all spheres.

– Equal access to participation and decision making, health care.

– Strengthening legal system, elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence against women and girl child

– Building and strengthening partnerships with civil society, particularly women’s organisations.

LEGAL EMPOWERMENT• There are several laws specially for women &

their constitutional safe guards- - The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 - The Factory Act 1948 - The Plantation Labor Act 1951 - The Mines Act 1951 - Hindu Marriage Act 1955 - Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956 - The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 - The Maternity Benefit Act 1961 - MTP Act 1971

- The Equal Remuneration Act 1976

LEGAL EMPOWERMENT

– The Indecent Representation of Women [Prohibition] Act 1986

– Constitutional amendments for reservation of seats in the local bodies of Panchayat and Municipalities 1993

– Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT) act 1994

– Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005

GENDER BUDGETING

is a budget that acknowledges the gender patterns in society and allocates money to implement policies and programmes that will change these patterns in a way that moves towards a more gender equal society.

GENDER BUDGETING

Aims of Gender Budgeting• Close gaps/improve links between policy

pronouncements, resource allocation and outcomes on gender equality

• Key tool for sensitisation of various stakeholders

• Govts-tool for effective policy implementation• Committee for Gender mainstreaming:

monitors beneficiary oriented schemes of Ministries

GENDER BUDGETING

Categorisation• Category I: schemes explicitly mentioned

as women specific schemes in budget allocation of concerned Ministries

• Category II: schemes not completely focused on women but schemes with components on women (GOI calls it pro-women schemes)

• Category III: Ministries, with no explicit listing of women specific schemes & no women components

SOME BRIGHT SPOTS• Women in Uttar Pradesh have

joined hands and have formed an association called as Gulabi gang.

• The gang is fighting against all the big people in power who think they can exploit the women as they are physically and emotionally weak.

• Till the date they have aided a lot of women in the respective area. No matter what the problem is. Let it be domestic violence, rape, dowry you name it the gang is there to help.

SOME BRIGHT SPOTS

• India’s President, Speaker of the Lok Sabha (Lower House of Parliament), Leader of the ruling Congress Party and Leader of the Opposition are all women.

• India is also the very first country to send an all female police contingent to participate in a UN peace keeping mission.

The women power we have..

ANM

ASHA

AWWWomen

empowerment

by community

participation

Health system

0.75 million

0.19 million

1.2 million

• I have only one request.I do not ask for moneyAlthough I have need of it,I do not ask for meat . . .

• I have only one request,And all I ask isThat you removeThe road blockFrom my path.

REFERENCES

• District Rural Development Agency, http://www.haryanarural.gov.in/DRDA.

• National Family Health Survey 2005-06 (NFHS-3) • Empowering Women: Promoting Gender Equaility:

UNFPA• Women’s Empowerment Through Gender

Budgeting - Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, November 2005.

• Mission National Mission for Empowerment of Women-Ministry of Women & Child development - nmew.gov.in

• UNIFEM - unifem.org

REFERENCES

• Human Development Report 2010, Human Development Report Office, UNDP.

• UN Women’s Strategic Plan 2012 – 2013.• National Policy for the Empowerment of Women

2001.• Report - Strategies for Empowerment of Women,

Development of Children and Issues for Adolescents, National Commission on Population, GoI.

• Haryana Women Development Corporation • United Nations Department of Public Information.

www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/humanrights/index.asp

REFERENCES

• Department of Women and Child Development , govt. of Haryana, wcdhry.gov.in/SWAYAMSIDHA.

• Women in India – Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_India

• indiacurrentaffairs.org/reservation-for-women-in-legislative-houses-towards-women empowerment.

• www.indiastand.com/articles/the-power-of-pink

THANKS

Documents

Women empowerment