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7/27/2019 Wolfe Coal Combustion by-Products
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Rehabilitation of Failed Asphalt Pavements
am o e, arun t uta a, aro a er
Alexis Semach, James Howdyshell, Rachael Pasini
The Ohio State University
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iviv
Demonstrate effective use of Class F flDemonstrate effective use of Class F fl
ash in combination with lime or limeash in combination with lime or lime
kiln dust LKD in Full De thkiln dust LKD in Full De thReclamation of asphalt pavements.Reclamation of asphalt pavements.
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Full Depth Reclamation (FDR)
FDR is a flexible pavement reclamation process. The full pavement section(wearing surface, base / subbase, and a pre-determined portion of
underlying soil) is uniformly pulverized, blended with chemical additives(e.g. cement, fly ash, lime, emulsion) and compacted to construct a newstabilized base. An asphalt overlay can then be placed.
or o conven ona re-cons
ruc on, s ony cos -e ec ve pavemenrehabilitation procedure that corrects base and subbase problems.
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Coal Use FactsNationally:
52% of Electricity is Generated by Combustion of Coal
1.1 Billion Tons were consumed in 2005.
State of Ohio:
90% of Ohios Electricity is Generated by Combustion of Coal
Coal Use: 30 Million Tons/Yr. (Ohio Coal)
30 Million Tons/Yr. (Non-Ohio Coal)
1.5 Tons of Coal Combustion By-products generated in Ohio /
Person / Yr.
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
25 mile radius
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Fly ash provides Silica and Alumina needed for
,
stiffness, and durability of stabilized base layer.
Fly ash act as mineral fillerto fill the voids in the
granular pulverized pavement mix, thus reducing
permeability of the FDR stabilized layer.
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Section Line Rd. Station Layout
e aware oun y
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Delaware County Pavement Sections
(4.1 miles)Nine sections constructed using the following six mixes:Nine sections constructed using the following six mixes:
.. ,,stabilization depth (0.3 mile)stabilization depth (0.3 mile)
Station 2:Station 2: 5%5% CementCement, 12 inch stabilization depth (0.8 mile), 12 inch stabilization depth (0.8 mile)
Station 3:Station 3: 3%3% Lime Kiln DustLime Kiln Dust with 1.4 gallons per square yardwith 1.4 gallons per square yard emulsionemulsion,,8 inch stabilization depth (0.7 mile)8 inch stabilization depth (0.7 mile)
a on :a on : ncnc anan wo . m e sec ons a e nor anwo . m e sec ons a e nor ansouth ends of the project, and a 0.7 mile as well as 0.1 mile sectionssouth ends of the project, and a 0.7 mile as well as 0.1 mile sectionsnear the middle of the project)near the middle of the project)
:: uu ww yy , z, z(0.6 mile)(0.6 mile)
Station 6:Station 6: 4%4% LimeLime with 6%with 6% Fly AshFly Ash, 8 inch stabilization depth (0.7 mile), 8 inch stabilization depth (0.7 mile)
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Long Spurling Rd. Station Layout
N
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Warren County Pavement Sections (0.4 miles)
Station 1:Station 1: 5 inch5 inch Mill and FillMill and Fill (0.08 mile)(0.08 mile)
Station 2:Station 2: 4%4% LimeLime with 6%with 6% Fly AshFly Ash, 12 inch stabilization depth (0.32 mile), 12 inch stabilization depth (0.32 mile)
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Pavement Instrumentation Plan
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Asphalt overlaying on South bound lanes of Section Line Road
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Delaware Pavements February 12, 2009
Section 1:
Cement + Emulsion
Section 2:
Cement
Section 3:
LKD + Emulsion
Section 4:Control (Mill & Fill)
Section 5:Fly Ash + LKD
Section 6:Fly Ash + Lime
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Delaware Pavements February 12, 2009
Section 1:
Cement + Emulsion
Section 2:
Cement
Section 3:
LKD + Emulsion
Section 4:
Control (Mill & Fill)
Section 5:
Fly Ash + LKD
Section 6:
Fly Ash + Lime
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Fallin Wei ht Deflectometer FWD Testin b Ohio DOT
Delaware site before FDR
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) Testing Dates
. J uly 10, 2006 Pre-Reclamation October 26, 2006 April 25, 2007 J ul 30, 2007 October 22, 2007
April 9, 2008 J uly 21, 2008 September 25, 2008
Warren County Long Spurling Rd. , - September 5, 2006 November 21, 2006 April 17, 2007 ul 3 2007
October 16, 2007 April 8, 2008 J uly 22, 2008 September 16, 2008
Introduction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Sensor Data Collection Dates Delaware County Section Line Rd.
November, 2006 December, 2006 J anuary, 2007 March, 2007 May, 2007 J une, 2007
J uly, 2007 October, 2007 April, 2008 J uly, 2008 September, 2008
Warren Count Lon S urlin Rd. December, 2006 J anuary, 2007 March, 2007 April, 2007 June 2007
J uly, 2007 October, 2007 April, 2008 J uly, 2008 Se tember 2008
Introduction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Average Backcalculated Moduli of FDR Layer from FWD Testing
1400
160007/06 - Before FDR
10/06 - 3 Weeks
04/07 - 7 Months
1000
1200
layer(ks
i)07/07 - 10 Months
10/07 - 13 Months
04/08 - 19 Months
07/08 - 22 Months
09/08 - 24 Months
Open graded cementstabilized aggregate
600
800
lus
ofbase
Soil cement
200
400
lasticMod
Lime stabilized soils orunstabilized dense
0
S1, Cement +Emulsion
S2, Cement S3, LKD + Emulsion S4, Control S5, LKD + fly ash S6, Lime + f ly ash
Typical Resilient Modulus values (Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide 2004, FHWA)
Outlying data points removed
ec on
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Average Backcalculated Moduli of FDR Layer from FWD Testing
(Warren County)
1400
1600
(ksi)
07/06 - Before FDR
09/06 - 3 Weeks after FDR
11/06 -3 Months
04/07 - 8 Months
1000
1200
baselaye
-
10/07 - 14 Months
04/08 - 20 Months07/08 - 23 Months
09/08 - 25 Months
Open graded cement
stabilized aggregate
600
Mo
duluso
Soil cement
0
200Elastic Lime stabilized soils or unstabilized dense graded
aggregate
S2, fly ash and lime S1, control
Section
Typical Resilient Modulus values (Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide 2004, FHWA)
Outlying data points were removed
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Longitudinal Strain Data from Delaware County 12/06 45 mph
0.00008Station 1 - Cement &Emulsion
Station 2 -Cement
0.00005
0.00006
.Station 3 - LKD & Emulsion
Station 4 - Control
Station 5 - LKD & Fly Ash
0.00003
0.00004
tudinalStrain
-
0.00001
0.00002Longi
-0.00001
0
0 850
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
me - sec
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Transverse Strain Data from Delaware County 12/06 45 mph
0.00009Station 1 - Cement & Emulsion
Station 2 - Cement
0.00005
0.00007Station 3 - LKD & Emulsion
Station 4 - ControlStation 5 - LKD & Fly Ash
Station 6 - Lime & Fly Ash
0.00003
sve
rseStrain
-0.00001
0.00001
0 700
Tra
-0.00003
Time (10-2 sec)
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Structural Layer Coefficients
e aware oun y - ec on ne .
Section
1 2 3 4 5 6Cement & Emulsion Cement LKD & Emulsion Mill & Fill LKD & Fly Ash Lime & Fly Ash
07/06
Before FDR10/06
3 Weeks04/07
0.09 0.12
0.270.35
0.13 0.11
0.18 205,180
0.10
0.32
0.08
0.41
17,785
0.28
14,174
61,306
9,029
477,772
5,900
755,692
22,598
251,896
10,173
364,033
7 months07/07
10 months
10/07
13 months
0.41
0.47
.
0.44
0.42
..
0.43 0.35 1,154,670
,. .
767,85711,5590.28
.
948,722
,
0.10
0.18
,
810,037
,
247,354
,
0.44
,
188,288 922,125
375,183 886,315 459,375 58,785
0.26
0.32
19 months07/08
22 months09/08
24 months0.42 1,014,972 0.45834,750309,406 0.30 1,232,625 0.48 310,292 0.31 70,803 0.19
0.37
0.430.14 0.36
0.40699,1520.44
0.44 0.26
0.32 536,025
187,438 935,938 194,027 27,529 517,047 854,833
0.29
0.26
0.17272,050 937,500 343,125 51,809
AASHTO: ai = 0.14*(MR/30,000)1/3
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Structural Layer Coefficients
Source: Pavement Analysis and Design, 2nd ed., Yang H. Huang
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Structural Layer Coefficients
Warren County - Long Spurling Rd.
1 2
Section
Mill & Fill Lime & Fly Ash
Date MR (psi) ai MR (psi) ai
07/06Before FDR
09/060.36
0.07
4,966 0.08 494,545
3,1247,408 0.09
11/06
3 months
04/07
8 months AASHTO: ai = 0.14*(MR/30,000)1/30.27
0.41
0.12
24,063
16,725
744,513
223,695
0.13
07/07
11 months
10/07
14 months
04/08
0.54
0.370.08
0.08
4,827
6,331 1,742,470
564,059
20 months07/08
23 months
09/08
25 months
.
0.09
0.12 0.43
0.37
.
17,416 898,196
, ,
7,789 546,037
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Delaware County - Structural Layer Coefficients
0.5
0.4
ient(ai)
-0.3
La
yerCoeffi
.
Sec. 2 - Cement
Sec. 3 - LKD & Emulsion
Sec. 4 - Mill & Fill
Sec. 5 - LKD & Fly Ash
0.1
.
Structural
Sec. 6 - Lime & Fly Ash
0
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
Months After Construction
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Warren County - Structural Layer Coefficients
0.6
0.4
0.5
ient(ai)
0.3
La
yerCoeffi
Sec. 1 - Mill & Fill
Sec. 2 - Lime & Fly Ash
0.2
Structura
0
.
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
Months After Construction
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Environmental Ob ectives
Demonstrate CCPs can be incorporated into FDR mixes in.
Characterize environmental properties for various mixes Elemental composition
TCLP/SPLP Leachate
Field Monitoring Warren County
Delaware County
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Anal sis Techni ues Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emissions Spectrometry
(ICP)
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Sr, S, Zn Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS)
,
Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CVAAS)
Analyte: Hg Ion Chromatography IC
Analytes: SO42-, Cl- and NO3
-
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure Data
Warren County Delaware County
Analyte CCP Control Section 1 Section 3 Section 5 Section 6
Arsenic
(Limit=5.0 mg/L) 0.015 0.002 0.003 0.014 0.004 0.006
Cadmium
m = . mg BDL BDL
Chromium(Limit=5.0 mg/L) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL
(Limit=5.0 mg/L) 0.028 0.045 ND ND ND ND
Mercury
(Limit=0.2 mg/L)
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Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure Data
Warren County Delaware County
Analyte CCP Control Section 1 Section 6
Arsenic
(Limit=5.0 mg/L)
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Field Sampling Results
Site Samples Obtained Trips
arren on ro
Warren CCP Section 1 12
Delaware #1 3 13
Delaware #2 0 7
Delaware #3 3 13
Delaware #4 2 13
Delaware #5 0 7
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Warren County Sampling Data
Analyte EPA MCL CCP Section Control
Arsenic 0.010 0.002
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Delaware County Sampling Data
Analyte EPA MCL Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6
Arsenic 0.010 0.020 - 0.003
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Runoff Data: Warren/Delaware CountyWarren County Delaware County
Anal te EPA MCL CCP Control Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6
Arsenic 0.010 - 0.001 - - 0.001
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Pavement sections stabilized with fly ash (+LKD/lime)showed comparable stiffness and strength to the cement
stabilized sections after 2 years of monitoring.
The use of fly ash (with LKD or lime) as substitute for
as well as additional significant environmental benefits
Fly ash can be easily mixed and compacted using
Longer-term testing data are still necessary
Introduction Construction Instrumentation Monitoring Conclusions
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Acknowledgements
Ohio Coal Development Office / Ohio Air Quality Development Authority
e aware oun y ng neer s ce
Warren County Engineer's Office
Ohio DOT
Base Construction
Fly Ash Direct
Carmeuse NA
Mintek Resources
EDP Consultants
Asphalt Recycling and Reclamation Association