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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
World Nuclear UniversitySummer Institute 2008
Transport of Radioactive Materials
Michel HartensteinTN International (AREVA group)
Ottawa, July 18, 2008
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Warning and Take-away
• Presentation not for specialists• Not complete : exposure only
1. Transport is vital and must remain available2. Transport within the current, stringent
regulations is safe as can be3. Transport organisation is for specialists4. Security is an issue : there are no fences
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : where (everywhere)
• mines and mills• conversion• enrichment• fuel• power reactors• reprocessing• recycling• waste storage
and also...• research reactors• hospitals• factories• building sites• homes
No nuclear without transport"Nuclear renaissance" means more transports
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport
• the number of parcels is guestimated at 20 million per year worldwide
• definition : package, transport, shipment...
• estimate for France : 400,000 packages/year
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
StorageWaste
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Front End transports
– 4 to 6,000 transports/year– yellow cake, U3O8, natural and depleted UF6,
enriched UF6, fresh fuel– ∼50,000 UF6 cylinders worldwide– Thousands of fresh fuel casks– (! UF6 is also corrosive)
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Sweden
FranceSpain
United States
Russia and former USSR Republics
Germany
Belgium
Japan
Great Britain
Netherlands
naturalUF6
enrichedUF6
The Front End
UO2 fuel assemblyyellow cake
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Back End transports
• Mostly linked to reprocessing/recycling, some to storage– More than 200 transports per year of spent fuel (France,
Europe, Japan) and vitrified residues (Europe and Japan)– More than 200 Pu and MOX fuel transports (Europe)– Domestic transports to fuel storage sites (Sweden,
Japan, Switzerland, Germany, China...)– Since 1971, over 20,000 shipments of used fuel and
HLW (>50,000 tons, >30 million km) without any release
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Back End transports
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Research Reactors and Laboratories Transports
• Materials transported:– Low-enriched and high-enriched Uranium– Fresh MTR and Triga fuel elements– Irradiated MTR and Triga fuel elements– Sources, fresh and irradiated samples,…
• On-going retrieval of HEU fuel by the USA and Russia ("gap material")
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Research Reactors
USA
Canada
Mexico
Venezuela
Peru
Chile
Japan
Uruguay
South Africa
Philippines
Indonesia
Finland
Sweden
Portugal
Spain
Greece
Thailand
Malaysia
Brazil
South Korea
Argentina
ColumbiaZaire
Taiwan
Iran
Pakistan
United Kingdom
AustriaItaly
France
Belgium
NetherlandsRomania
Russian Federation
Kazakhstan
Vietnam
China
Hungary
Libya
Egypt
FormerYugoslavia
Belarus Ukraine
Bulgaria
Latvia
Poland
Morocco
Algeria
Jamaica
Jordan
Czech RepublicSlovenia
Turkey
Switzerland
Germany
North Korea
India
Australia
DenmarkFinland
Ghana
Indonesia
Bangladesh
Congo
Syria
Uzbekistan
Iraq
Nigeria
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport
medical• radioisotopes : large numbers,
short half-life, urgent transport by air and road
• sources for sterilization or radiotherapy
• many small incidents and cases of denial, delay
industry• radiography of welds,
measurement...• ... smoke detectors...
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
A Stringent Regulatory Framework
• UN Orange Book deals with transport of Dangerous Goods, in the form of model regulations; radioactive materials is Class 7, out of 9.
• IAEA is in charge of issuing specific regulations for Class 7• modal regulations are derived for each mode of transport :
road, rail, air, sea, inland waterways. These generally cover all classes.
• regulations must be implemented/enforced in national laws
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Regulatory development process
RECOMMENDATIONS
CODES, RECOMMANDATIONS
INTE
RN
ATI
ON
AL
OR
GA
NIS
ATI
ON
S
INTE
RN
ATI
ON
AL
AN
D M
OD
AL
OR
GA
NIS
ATI
ON
S
INTERNAL LAW
STA
TES
REGULATIONS,AGREEMENTS,
CONVENTIONS..
Legal value :Compulsory text
Legal value : optional text
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
A Stringent Regulatory Framework
• modal regulations are prepared by international Bodies : International Maritime Organisation, ICAO/IATA (air), RID (rail in Europe), ADR (road in Europe)...
• States are member to those Bodies out of expediency more than any other consideration or affiliation. Some countries stand alone (US, Japan...)
• IAEA performs audits to verify implementation in volontarymember States. Such TranSAS missions in Panama, Brazil, Turkey, United Kingdom, France, Japan have shown high levels of excellence.
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
A Stringent Regulatory Framework
• The « Safety in Depth » principle results from a consensus reached by the international community within IAEA's 144 Member States : package performance, compliance to requirements, emergency response
• Whenever possible, multiple barriers are engineered between the material and the environment
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
A Stringent Regulatory Framework
• Additional rules apply against proliferation (IAEA’s INFCIRC 225 rev. 4, as enforced by national/regional laws)
• Maritime transport has specifics such as the INF Code• Radiation protection rules apply for workers and for the
general public• Further restrictions may apply, such as the European
Directive for the transport of radioactive waste• Usual transport regulations also apply• There are segregation rules for storage and transport with
other dangerous goods, also for passengers, films... • Any changes can be costly
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
contamination checks4 Bq/cm² βγ
dose rate measurement2mSv at the surface
0,1 mSv at 2 m
RAM Transport : inspection beforedeparture, in transit and on arrival
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : package types(packaging aka. cask aka. flask = the'box' ;package = includes contents)
• According to the nature, activity, physical state of the radioactive material, its fissile nature, several types of package are prescribed by IAEA regulations :– excepted (typical: medical isotopes through the post) – industrial (typical: natural U3O8 and UF6)– type A (typical: fresh UO2 fuel)– type B (typical: spent fuel, high-level waste)– type C (intended for air, no known concept)
(additional regs
for fissile materials)
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : TI and CSI; segregation
• Packages have to be segregated from other packages, from other dangerous goods, from undeveloped films, from passengers... (Check with a specialist !)
• Transport Index (TI) is used to prevent radiation exposure; it appears on a label affixed to the package (or the container)
• Criticality Safety Index is used to prevent any unsafe accumulation of fissile packages. It appears on a label affixed to the package (or the container).
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Labels 7C and 7E (details)
7C / category III - yellow
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CRITICALITY SAFETY INDEX
FISSILE
7E / fissile :label to affix next to 7A (or 7B or 7C) on the sides of the pakage
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Orange placards front and rear ends(UN number added if single number applies
and exclusive use)(side placards may be required)
7D placards on both sides and rear end
Placarding of vehicles
N.B. : no placards if all packages are excepted
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : packaging functions
– Containment of material, even after accident
– Prevention of criticality– Biological protection– Thermal dissipation
and of course– maximum payload– mass and dimensions
compatible withinstallations and conveyances
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Safety in depth : type B package tests
fire test
drop tests
200 meters
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Safety in depth : meeting regulations, and more
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : conveyances
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Safety in depth: purpose-built ships
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Safety in Depth: Permanent tracking of Sensitive Materials Transports
Transport Company
GroundStation
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM transport : strictly reserved to specialists
Shipping RAM will entail inter alia:– planning with shipper and consignee– securing the right packaging, checking/obtaining its approval
and validations, checking maintenance status and ancillary equipment
– finding a route and carriers, checking lifting/transfer means, making bookings, arranging port etc. assistance, escorts...
– obtaining all clearances, insurance, customs... for the planned dates, notifying all official bodies in due time
– managing all disturbancesBut you can help ! or you will be sorry :
– design installations with doors, cranes, space, roads...
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Crisis management: appropriate resources mobilisation
• Emergency preparedness is a requirement of the regulations: plans/procedures, organisation, technical means
• This is usually country-specific; responsibilities for response vary (State taking over the incident site and response, or industry tasked to recovery and reinstatement...)
• Nation-wide crisis exercises essential
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : liability and insurance
• International Conventions (Vienna, Paris, and Brussels for maritime transport), but also Price Anderson Act etc.
• Channeling of strict 'no fault' liability to the Nuclear Operator
• Generally no nuclear liability for the carrier• For transports under the Paris Convention, liability is
limited to ~23 M€, soon to become a minimum of 80M€• In spot cases, higher insurance may be imposed• (Claims are always possible under civil laws)
• ? do such high amounts reassure or frighten carriers?• ? is the insurance capacity enough for the renaissance?
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : opposition
Opponents to nuclear have identified RAM transport as Achilles' heel of nuclear– transport is the blood system of the fuel cycle :
stop transport, and everything grinds to a halt– transport comes close to the public : fears are
easy to create, with security the latest scarecrow
– there are no fences : transport is fairly easy to block
– image: floating Chernobyl, Chernobyl on wheels
– easy target ? Much depends on Authorities... who will/can help only a flawless transport industry
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : opposition
• Coastal States– as opposed to Shipping States– sometimes grouped in regional associations – express concerns about shipments passing off their
coastline, claiming risks for fishing, tourism– many possess a nuclear research reactor and are also
Shipping States...– nonetheless, these States' concerns are to be addressed
(Japan-Europe transports, San Onofre reactor vessel), directly or in fora
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : lobbying
• WNTI (www.wnti.co.uk)– created in 1998, 44 members– dedicated exclusively to the safe, efficient and reliable
transport of RAM– observer status at IAEA, IMO– publishes information brochures on RAM transport– very active ad-hoc working groups– visits of nuclear sites for officials– input, cooperation much valued by major Competent
Authorities• FORATOM (transport task force) for the EU• WNA (transport task force)
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : Global Acceptance, industry actions
• «Keep the routes open» : enable transports to be completed without opposition from States, media or the public, by implementing a transport Global Acceptance policy
• Coordinate government and industry information actions
• Prepare language and documents to counter disinformation actions
• Present transports to selected stakeholders the world over, organise site visits... Make contact, inform, reassure and demystify
• Manage the communication in a crisis context
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
Information missions implemented in Coastal States
Portugal
Australia
Afriquedu Sud
Canal de Panama
Bahamas
Jamaique
République DominicainePorto-Rico
AntiguaSainte Lucie
Barbade
Guyana
Chili Argentine
Espagne
Australie
États Fédérés deMicronésie
NauruVanuatu
Papouasie Nouvelle Guinée
Nouvelle Zélande
Iles Salomon
Trinité & Tobago
République desÎles Marshall
Nouvelle CalédonieFiji
Uruguay
Brésil
25 countries visited, plus repeats
Fruitful contacts with most of the coastal States and regional organisations
Equateur
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : current issues
• denial and delay of shipment (WNTI action)– low volumes, high complications, perception of risks– who decides: dock workers, railwaymen, unions; facilities'
and carriers' managers?– airline pilots– waivers / preferential treatment for medical– database collated– IAEA established a Steering Committee, with WNTI as a
member
– is information given by industry useful or scaring?– is competition in nuclear transport a risk?
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : current issues
• security– security vs transport (complexity, payload...)– security and safety (mixed regulations) – security vs transparency– heightened security vs carriers' anxiety– megaport initiative
• legal action by opponents– France (foreign spent fuel, waste), US (Eurofab, YM)
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : current issues
• stability of regulations (WNTI action)– regulations are revised for no real benefit to safety– IAEA 'revision cycle' now changed to 'review cycle'
• harmonisation of regulations (WNTI action)– countries add their own requirements beyond international
agreements– competent authorities have different approaches to package
approval study– validations/additional approvals are required even for
'unilateral' approvals– hope: mutual recognition of major competent authorities, as
started by France, UK and Germany, US and Canada
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
RAM Transport : impending issues
• Yucca Mountain (report from the National Academies)– social acceptance is the biggest issue– second is the response to security, to long-duration fires
• the case for dedicated vessels, aircrafts– key to mobility or easy targets?
• volumes will augment with the "nuclear renaissance", with the opening of repositories, with the revival of reprocessing. – Socially sustainable?– Renewed activist actions?
• No other option than perfection
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WORLD NUCLEAR TRANSPORT INSTITUTE
This is the end
Thank you for your attention