Wk _ 09 Hazardous Waste

8/13/2019 Wk _ 09 Hazardous Waste

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Lectures ( 23 & 24)

Week # 09 ( 4th

8thApril 2011)

Instructor: Erum Aamir Office: # 104 IESE Building, Ground Floor Office Hours: 9.00 to 4.00 Phone: 051-90854357

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Topics

Hazardous wastesSources and effectsCharacterization

Characterization logic diagram

Sampling Preservationand Handling

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A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial orpotential threats to public health or the environment.According to the U.S. environmental laws (ResourceConservation and Recovery Act) hazardous wastes fall intotwo major categories: characteristic wastes and listedwastes. [1]

Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are

known or tested to exhibit a hazardous trait such as: ignitability(i.e., flammable) reactivity corrosivity toxicity

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Hazardous wastes are present throughout the world as by-products of growthand development and include:

pesticides from agricultural landsgasoline leakage from service stationsheavy metals from plating solutions,medical wastes from hospitals andradioactive wastes from nuclear power plants.

These waste products pose unreasonable risks to human health and safety,property values and utilization, and all other components of the environment.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations define hazardous wastesby inclusion of specific lists and by characteristics of ignitability, corrosion,reactivity, and toxicity.

Household wastes, domestic sewage, and certain other wastes are excludedfrom these regulations.

Hazardous wastes
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Hospital and clinical waste

Leaking oil barrel

Silk industry oilfuel
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The technology for treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes is the mostrapidly developing area of environmental engineering.

A significant portion of this technology is refinement and/or adaptation ofproven practices in air quality control, wastewater treatment, and solid waste

management. Also, the environmental engineer must learn more abouthydrogeology to assess the subsurface disposition of hazardous wastes.

Hazardous waste treatment is characterized as liquid waste treatment solidwaste treatment solidification and stabilization thermal destruction and landdisposal.At a hazardous waste treatment or disposal site, the environmental engineermust obstruct the routes of the waste into the environment.Principal routes include:Groundwater contamination via leaks or leachateSurface water contamination via runoff or overflowsAir contamination via open burning evaporation and wind erosion

Fire and explosionPoisoning via the food chainHuman contact


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In the United States, hazardous wastes regulations are very stringent. They include requirements for a manifest system for tracking wastes

from generation through

storage,

transport,

treatment, and

disposal.

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In addition to treatment and disposal, theenvironmental engineer helps management

address means to satisfy these regulatory controls as well as achieving

pollution prevention by reducing waste andthrough process changes, including recovery and

reuse.

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Energies,battery andrecycling


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Hazardous waste is used as a broad term to denote

industrial by-products and waste materialsdiscarded from commercial establishments, andinstitutions that pose an unreasonable risk tohuman health and safety, property, and the

environment. Most notable is the w stes potenti l c use of or

contribution to increased mortality or an increasein serious irreversible or incapacitating reversibleillness.

9Toxic waste from industry


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Effects of Hazardous WastesThe effects of hazardous wastes vary considerably

with respect to Human health and safety Property and the environment.

Sources of wastes are so numerousthat site andwaste characteristics are needed to define thetiming and severity of local impacts.

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Health: Hazardous wastes may cause health effects byentering the body through inhalation skin absorptioningestion or puncture wounds.

Temporary effects include dizziness, headaches, andnausea;

Permanent effects include cancer, disability, and death.These effects may be evident immediately, or they may

not be apparent for months or even years. The impact on health is also dependent on the amount

and duration of hazardous waste exposure.

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Safety: Knowledge of proper safety attire andprocedures is essential for personnel involvedin cleanups and day-to-day hazardous wastehandling activities.

A site safety plan is needed to establishpolicies and

procedures to protect workers and the public

from potential hazards

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i d bli d h
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Damage : to private and public property and thephysical environment is most likely to result from

fires and explosions at hazardous waste sites.

In addition to creating hazards through intense heat

and smoke , open flames, and flying debris, firesandexplosions may emit hazardous substances to theatmosphere.

Most often, fires and explosions result from

investigative or remedial activities, such asaccidentally mixing incompatible contents of drums,or from introduction of an ignition source, such assparks from equipment.

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Environment. The potential adverse effects on the air water andland environment are as varied as the numbers of hazardouswastes. In addition to environmental consequences of improper handling

of hazardous waste, there is almost always an associated risk tohuman health.

Guidelines for hazardous waste handling facility performancewith respect to human health and the air, water, and landenvironment are prepared and published by the EPA for newlandfills, surface impoundments, land treatment facilities, andunderground

injection wells. The risks of environmental damage from hazardous wastes

obviously can be lessened by the reduction or elimination ofwaste generation. Waste reduction is a critical and promising technological

challenge to develop practices of product substitution processmodification source segregation and recycle recovery and reuse. In some cases, government action is used to stop the production

of particularly hazardous substances.


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Hazardous wastes can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. The characterization of a hazardous wastes can range

from a simple review of a list published by the EPA to adetailed chemical analysis.Reasons for characterizing hazardous wastes are to

1. Classify the waste (i.e., hazardous or nonhazardous) 2. Define the nature of the waste to determine the best

method for handling, treatment, storage, and/or disposal 3. Determine the nature of the waste to assess compatibilit

with other wastes

4. Assess potential environmental and/or public healthimpacts of the waste 5. Delist a hazardous waste.

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A simplified logic diagram showing the steps necessary to

determine whether a waste is hazardous is presented in Figure9.3 Next slide. The key to applying the diagram is knowing the source and

nature of the waste material. The EPA has listed specific hazardous wastes according to the

following criteria : 1. F Series: Hazardous waste from nonspecific sources (e.g.,

halogenated solvents used in degreasing and spentelectroplating bath solutions)

2. K Series: Hazardous waste from specific sources (e.g., APIseparator sludge and tank bottoms from leaded petroleumrefining)

3. P Series: Acutely hazardous waste of specific commercialchemical products, including discarded products, off-specification products, containers, and spill residuals

4. U Series: Toxic hazardous wastes that are commercialchemical products, including discarded products,

off-specification products, containers, and spill residuals 16


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Once a material has been deemed a hazardous waste,

the properties of this waste must be determined. This information can be used to evaluate the healtheffects; to determine the best method of handling;and to evaluate methods for storage treatment ordisposal. Key items of interest include: Physical characteristics Permissible exposure limits (PELs) in the air Toxicity in water Incompatibilities

Toxicology Safety precautions Disposal methods

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scientistmixing

hazardous chemicals
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The EPA has provided a mechanism for delisting ofa listed hazardous waste. This process covershazardous wastefrom nonspecific sources (FSeries, 40 CFR 261.31) and from specific sources

(K Series, 40 CFR 261.32) (1). The generator of the listed hazardous waste must

submit a formal petition to the EPA or The applicable state regulatory agency to receive a

delisting. Table 9.6 presents the elements thatmust be included in a delisting application.

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The two major concerns when sampling hazardouswaste are representativeness and safety.

If the source and nature of the hazardous waste areknown, then the personnel performing the samplingshould research the properties of the material todetermine necessary safety precautions, such as Protective clothing Equipment for protection from inhalation of fumes or dust Special handling precautions

In a case where the nature of the hazardous waste isunknown, such as at an abandoned waste disposal

site, then the sampling personnel should takeadditional precautions to protect themselves fromdirect contact with the waste material.

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Hazardous and solid waste amendment of RCRA ,emphasis

is on the development and use of alternative and innovativetreatment technologies that result in permanent destructionof waste or a reduction in toxicity , and volume.

Treatment technology is based on the nature,characteristics, properties and state of hazardous waste.

Some of the treatment processes will be discussed here thatwill be applicable applicable to treatment

Liquid Gaseous and Solid hazardous waste

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Absorption, adsorption, and flaring are three primarymethods of gaseous waste treatment. Thermal destructionis a fourth and is discussed in a subsequent section withrespect to liquid, gas, and solid waste streams. Absorption. Adsorption.

Absorption. Generally, absorption systems pass gasesthrough water and are most widely used for control ofinorganic emissions. The variety of approaches availablenecessitates case-by-case evaluation.

Adsorption. Granular activated carbon adsorption isgenerally accepted for use by industry for air pollution andodor control. The system is most effective in removal oforganic emissions. Many systems are commercially availableand suitable for site adaptation.

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Flaring. Flares use open flames during normal and/oremergency operations to combust hazardous gases. Thesystem has no special features to control temperature or timeof combustion; however, supplemental fuel may be required to

sustain the combustion. Flares have been used to dispose ofwaste gases in the oil and gas industry and at wastewatertreatment plants having anaerobic digesters.

Regulations for thermal destruction of hazardous wastes limitthe practical use of flaring to combustion of relatively simple

hydrocarbons, such as methane from digesters or landfill gascollection systems-

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The liquid waste treatment methods mostcommonly applied and discussed in this section are

Activated carbon Ion exchange Air stripping Neutralization Biological processes Oxidationreduction

Chemical precipitation Reverse osmosis Filtration Gravity separation

Activated Carbon : Using the technology developedfor water and wastewater treatment , activatedcarbon is well suited for removal of hazardousorganics, such as aromatics, halocarbons, pesticidesand phenols.

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Air stripping : In an air stripping system, acontaminated water stream is mixed withclean air, and intimate contact causes a masstransfer process by which volatile

contaminants are transferred to gas. Biological Processes: In most applications,

aerobic biological treatment processes areused for removal of hazardous organicmatter.

27Hazardous liquid container

Independently or in


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Chemical Precipitation: Independently or incombination with oxidationreduction reactions,chemical precipitation and sedimentation arewidely practiced for the removal of metals.Common precipitation reagents are lime,caustic, and sulfide.

Filtration: When removal of low levels ofsuspended solids is required, filtration is aproven, reliable, and effective technology.

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Gravity separation For two-phase liquid waste streams, such as mixtures

of water with gasoline or oils, gravity separators areused. Chemical additions are necessary if emulsionsare present. The greater the difference in water andwaste specific gravity, the more effective gravityseparation will be.

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Solids Separation:The methods used to separate and/or classifysolids are waste- and site-specific. The separation process isused to concentrate solids and, thus, reduce the volume of thewaste stream requiring dewatering and treatment.

Dewatering. The objectives of dewatering processes includereduction of moisture content for an associated decrease involume and reduction of costs for sub sequent treatment anddisposal. The established technology base for wastewater sludgedewatering has application for hazardous waste streamscontaining contaminated soils or sediments .

Numerous mechanical and evaporation/percolation dewateringprocesses are available. The most prevalent processes are Centrifuges: basket and solid bowl

Filtration: vacuum, belt, and pressure Drying beds Lagoons

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Land Disposal : Liquid and/or solid hazardouswastes may be disposed of using the land via

landfills, surface impoundments , land application,or underground (deep-well) injection.

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Liquefaction. Liquefaction is the thermo-chemical treatment of hydroc-arbonaceous materials to produce a liquid fuelsynthetic oil.

Wet Oxidation. Wet oxidation involves the oxidation of organic wastes inthe absence of air but in the presence of water. The process uses elevatedtemperatures in the range of 400 to 650F (200 to 350C) and highpressures of 1200 to 1800 lb/in2 (8300 to 12,400 kN/m2) for oxidation ofthe organics without vaporization of the water.

Sorptive Resins. On a case-by-case basis sorptive resins are used forremoval of a wide range of polar and non-polar organics. A goodapplication is in response to a spill or other short-term treatmentrequirement.


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Atomic Energy Act : Regulates nuclear energyproduction. and nuclear waste disposal.

Clean Air Act:Regulates the emission of hazardous airpollutants.

Clean Water Act:Regulates the discharge of hazardouspollutants into the nations surface water.

Toxic Substances Control Act: Regulates themanufacturing , use and disposal of hazardouschemical

Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries :Regulateswaste disposal at sea

Occupational Safety and health Act:Regulates, hazardin work place, including worker exposure to hazardoussubstances.

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http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/disposal-hazardous-waste.html

http://www.cseindia.org/dte-supplement/WASTES.PDF

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Wk _ 09 Hazardous Waste