WJEC Biology BY1 Revision Checklist - thiacin.comthiacin.com/AS/BY1 revision checklist.pdf · 7.5. Can you draw a diagram to show facilitated diffusion occurring. Active Transport

Name:_____________________________ Option Group:__________________

Tyrone R. L. John

2014 – Version 1.0.

WJEC Biology BY1 Revision Checklist

Page 1 of 37 Tyrone. R. L. John

Instructions

Regular revision throughout the year is essential. It’s vital you keep a track of what you understand and what you

don’t understand. This booklet is designed to help you do this. Use the following key to note how well you

understand the work after your revision. Put the letter R, A or G in the table. If you place an R or an A then you

should make a note of what you are struggling with and the end of this book under the relevant section and seek help

with this.

Remember to use the resources on thiacin.com/home.php to help as well. This website will be undated through the

year.

Key R = Red. I am not confident about my knowledge and understanding of this topic A = Amber. I am fairly confident about my knowledge and understanding of this topic G = green. I am very confident about my knowledge and understanding of this topic


The following points are what you need to know, revise and answer questions on.

Place an R, A or G when you have revised and make notes of what you do not understand in the relevant section at the back of this booklet.

Biological Compounds

General Chemistry

1. Can you distinguish between the terms: atom, molecule, element, compound, organic and inorganic.

2. Can you describe the role of magnesium, iron, phosphate and calcium ions in cell metabolism.

Water

1. Can you draw the structure of a water molecule?

2. Can you state the name of the intermolecular bond that holds water molecules together and explain why water is a polar molecule.

3. Can you explain the biological importance of water in terms of its polarity, ability to form hydrogen bonds, surface tension, as a solvent, thermal properties and as a metabolite.

Carbohydrates

1. Can you name at least 4 Monosaccharides. Can you classify these monosaccharides based on their: number of carbon atoms and functional group.

2. Can you recognise the structure of these monosaccharides.

3. Can you state the functions, chemical and physical properties of these monosaccharides.


4. Can you state the general formula of a monosaccharide.

5. Can you define what an isomer is using glucose as an example.

6. Can you identify α and β glucose from molecular structure diagrams.

7. Do you know what elements make up a carbohydrate.

8 .Monosaccharides have both a structural formula that can be a ring or a straight chain structure.

9 Two monosaccharides can join together to form disaccharides. Can you name three disaccharides?

10. Can you name the two monosaccharides that make up each disaccharide.

11. Can you name the bond that joins the two monosaccharides together.

12. Can you name the reaction that occurs when monosaccharides join together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides. Can you state the products of this reaction. Can you describe this reaction with the aid of annotated diagrams.

13. Can you state the function of the three disaccharides and where each is found.

14. Can you state the names of 5 polysaccharides.

15. Can you describe the structure and function of these 5 polysaccharides.

16. Do you know the role of hydrogen bonds in polysaccharides.

17. Can you describe the biological test for a reducing and non-reducing sugar and for starch.

18. Do you understand the quantitative benedict’s test and the use of standard solutions to calibrate a colorimeter.


19. Can you determine the concentration of an unknown glucose solution from a calibration curve.

20. Do you understand why when measuring the percentage transmission of blue light through reduced benedict’s reagent produces a negative correlation on a graph of percentage transmission of blue light against glucose concentration.

20. Do you know the name of the reaction that can break the bond between monosaccharides in disaccharides and polysaccharides. Can you describe this reaction and show it occurring with an annotated diagram.

Lipids and Phospholipids

1. Can you name the elements that make up a lipid and a phospholipid.

2. Can you name the components (monomers) of a lipid and phospholipid.

3. Can you name the reaction by which these monomers are joined together. Can you draw an annotated diagram to show this reaction.

4. Can you state the name of the bond that joins the monomers of a lipid/phospholipid together.

5. Can you state the name of the reaction that will break the bonds between the monomers of a lipid/phospholipid. Can you state the products of this reaction. Can you draw an annotated diagram to show this reaction.

6. Can you describe the functions of lipids/phospholipids.

7. Can you explain the difference in a solid animal fat and a liquid plant oil in terms of the structure of the fatty acids.

8. Can you explain why an animal fat is solid at room temperature but a plant oil is a liquid.

9. Can you state the differences between lipids and phospholipids.

10. Can you state which type of fat when eaten in high amounts can course coronary heart disease.


11. Can you relate the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic to the structure of a lipid and phospholipid.

12. Can you describe the chemical test for a lipid.

13. Can you explain if a lipid is a polymer or not.

Proteins

1. Can you draw the structure of a general amino acid. Can you identify the functional groups of an amino acid.

2. Can you state the names of the 4 levels of protein folding/structure and give definitions for these structures.

3. Can you name the reactions that joins amino acids together and breaks amino acids apart. Can you draw an annotated diagram to show these reactions occurring.

4. Can you name and identify the bond that joins amino acids together.

5. Can you state how many different amino acids there are and explain how they are different.

6. Can you identify a dipeptide from a diagram.

7. Can you state the names of the bonds that hold the protein structure together.

8. Can you distinguish these bonds on the basis of: (i) Which level of protein folding they are found in. (ii) Details of how they are formed.

9. Can compare the structure and functions of haemoglobin with that of collagen.

10. Can you name several different proteins, state there function and classify them as either globular or fibrous proteins.


11. Can you describe the chemical test for a protein.

Cell Structure and Organisation

Ultra Structure of Cells

1. Can you identify the following organelles from an electron micrograph and a drawing of a cell:

Mitochondria, chloroplast, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, ribosome, vacuole, plasma (cell) membrane, centrioles, cilia, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, lysosomes, plasmodesmata and vesicles.

2. Can you state the functions of all the organelles in point 1.

3. Do you know the relative sizes of the organelles in point 1.

4. Do you understand the term: “organelles provide membrane bound compartments within the cell”.

5. Can you draw a fully labelled diagram of a mitochondria and a chloroplast.

6. Can you state the similarities and differences between a chloroplast and a mitochondrion.

7. Can you explain why mitochondria can look different when seen under the electron micrograph or in diagrams.

8. Can you explain why all organelles , with the exception of the nucleus and chloroplast, can only be seen by an electron microscope.

9. Can you compare the structure of a plant cell with that of an animal cell.

10. Can you fully describe the fate of amino acids from when they enter the cell to when they leave the cell as proteins. You must be able to describe the functions of the: nucleus, nucleolus, ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body and cell membrane. Link to membrane structure and transport with regard to endocytosis and exocytosis.


Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

1. Can you compare and contrast a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell.

2. Can you recognise a prokaryotic cell from a diagram and electronmicrograph.

3. Can you draw and fully label a prokaryotic cell.

Tissues and Organs

1. Can you define a tissue and an organ.

2. Can you name several different tissues and organs.

3. Can you describe the function of several tissues in relation to their structure.

4. Can you recognise tissues from a diagram.

Viruses

1. Can you describe the basic structure of a virus

2. Can you describe the basic life cycle of a virus.

Cell Membrane and Transport

Cell Membrane Structure

1. Can you draw and fully label the cell membrane as shown by the fluid mosaic model.

2. Can you explain why the cell membrane is described as the fluid mosaic model.


3. Do you know the thickness of the cell membrane.

4. Can you explain the functions of all the components of the cell membrane.

5. Can you describe the function of the cell membrane.

6. Can you name the scientists that first described the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure.

Membrane Transport

1. Can you define: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport and Osmosis.

2. Can you relate the structure of the cell membrane to the transport of polar and non-polar substances.

3. Can you name specific substances that are polar and non-polar.

4. Can you state other names that mean polar and non-polar.

5. Can you calculate rate and the percentage change of rate from a graph.

Diffusion

6.1. Can you state the factors that affect the rate of diffusion.

6.2. Can you relate the structure of the cell membrane to the size and lipid solubility of the substances passing through the cell membrane to the rate of diffusion.

6.3. Can you recognise a graph that shows diffusion occurring.

Facilitated Diffusion

7.1. Can you state the factors that affect the rate of facilitated diffusion.

7.2. Can you relate the structure of the cell membrane to the facilitated diffusion.


7.3. Can you recognise a graph showing facilitated diffusion.

7.4. Do you understand the term saturation effect and where this occurs on a graph.

7.5. Can you draw a diagram to show facilitated diffusion occurring.

Active Transport

8.1. Can you state the conditions needed for active transport to occur.

8.2. Can you relate the structure of the cell membrane to active transport.

8.3. Can you recognise a graph showing active transport.

8.4. Can you recognise the keys in a question that tells you it’s about active transport.

8.5. Can you recognise a graph showing active transport.

8.6. Can you draw a diagram showing active transport.

8.7. Do you know how the Na+/K+ pump works and its importance to cellular function.

Osmosis

9.1. Do you understand the terms: Water Potential, Solute Potential and Pressure Potential.

9.2. Can you use the equation: ψw = ψs + ψp

9.3. Do you understand the terms: Isotonic, Hypotonic and hypertonic.

9.4. Can you describe and explain the effects of osmosis on animal cells, e.g. a red blood cell.

9.5. Can you use the terms in point 9.3 in relation to osmosis in animal cells.


9.6. Can you draw a red blood cell to show the effects of an isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solution.

9.7. Do you know what haemolysis and crenation is in animal cells. Do you know other words that could be used instead of crenation.

9.8. Can you describe the effects of an isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solution in plant cells.

9.9. Do you understand the terms: turgid, plasmolysed and incipient plasmolysis in relation to plant cells.

9.9.1. Do you know the important relationships between ψw, ψs and ψp when a plant cell is plasmolysed, turgid and in incipient plasmolysis.

9.9.2. Can you use/plot a graph to explain the percentage change in mass that occurs in plant cells during osmosis when the external sugar concentration is increased.

9.9.3. From the graph in 9.9.2 can you determine the sugar concentration that would produce no net movement of osmosis.

9.9.4. Can you use/plot a graph to explain the percentage plasmolysed plant cells that occur when the external sugar concentration is increased. From this graph can you determine the solute potential of the plant cell.

9.9.5. Do you understand the importance of 50% plasmolysed cells from the graph in point 9.9.4.

9.9.6. Do you understand these important relationship in plant osmosiss: 1 ψp = 0 so ψs= ψw. 2 ψw = 0 so ψs= ψp

Endocytosis and exocytosis

10.1. Can you draw diagrams to show endocytosis and exocytosis.

10.2. Can you link the function of the lysosome with endocytosis.

Enzymes

1. Can you describe the structure of an enzyme.


2. Can you describe the lock and key hypothesis and the induce fit model of enzyme action.

3. Can you accurately describe the shape of a substrate compared to the shape of the active site.

4. Can you describe and give examples of an anabolic and a catabolic reaction.

5. Do you understand the term: Activation Energy.

6. Can you explain how enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.

7. Can you draw an energy graph to show the progress of a chemical reaction with and without an enzyme.

8. Can you state the factors that affect the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction.

9. Can you draw a graph to show the effects of these factors from point 8 on the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction.

10. Can you explain these graphs from point 9.

11. Can you distinguish between the structure and the mode of action of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.

12. Do you know which inhibitor is affected by an increase in substrate concentration.

13. Can you explain how an increase in substrate concentration can affect the inhibitor in point 12.

14. Can you calculate the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction from a graph.

Medical and Industrial Applications of Enzymes

1. Can you define what an immobilised enzyme is.


2. Can you describe several ways in which enzymes are immobilised.

3. Can you distinguish between a qualitative and a quantitative biosensor.

4. Can you describe the functions of the various components of a quantitative (digital) biosensor.

5. Can you list the advantages of a digital biosensor. 6. Can you describe a medical use of a biosensor.

7. Can you describe the industrial production of lactose free milk using immobilised enzymes.

8. Can you explain the effects of bead size and flow rate on how much product is formed during the industrial use of immobilised enzymes.

9. Can you list the advantages of using immobilised enzymes in industrial processes.

10. Can you explain the effect of increasing temperature on immobilised enzymes and compare this to non-immobilised enzymes.

Nucleic Acids

1. Can you list the components of a nucleotide.

2. Can you draw and recognise a nucleotide.

3. Can you state the name of the bond formed between nucleotides.

4. Do you know the names of the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA.

5. Can you place the 4 nitrogenous bases into purines and pyrimidines.

6. Do you know the base pairing rule.


7. Can you fully describe the structure of DNA.

8. Can you compare the structure of DNA with that of RNA.

9. Can you state the functions of DNA.

10. Can you state the function of tRNA, mRNA and ribosomes in protein synthesis.

Cell Division

Mitosis

1. Can you describe the stages of the cell cycle.

2. Can you recognise the cell cycle as shown as a pie graph and an X-Y graph.

3. Can you state the stages of mitosis in the correct order.

4. Can you describe what occurs during the stages of the cell cycle.

5. Can you recognise a cell in each of the stages of the cell cycle from a drawing, prepared slides and microscope images.

6. Do you know the significance of mitosis.

Meiosis

1. Do you know the significance of meiosis.

2. Do you know how genetic variation occurs during meiosis.

3. Can you compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.


Notes Use the following pages to make notes on things you are not sure about. Come and see me for clarification.

Biological Molecules

General Chemistry


Water


Carbohydrates


Lipids


Proteins


Cell Structure and Organisation

Organelles


Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells


Tissues


Cell Membrane

Membrane Structure


Membrane Transport

Diffusion


Facilitated Diffusion


Active Transport


Osmosis in Animal Cells


Osmosis in Plant Cells


Endocytosis and Exocytosis


Enzymes

General enzyme theory, e.g., enzyme structure, lock and key hypothesis.


Competitive Inhibitors


Non-Competitive Inhibitors


Medical and Industrial uses of Enzymes

Medical Uses of Immobilised Enzymes


Industrial Uses of Immobilised Enzymes


Nucleic acids

DNA


RNA


Cell Division

Mitosis


Meiosis

Documents

WJEC Biology BY1 Revision Checklist - thiacin.comthiacin.com/AS/BY1 revision checklist.pdf · 7.5. Can you draw a diagram to show facilitated diffusion occurring. Active Transport