WJCC School Closure Extended Learning

World History II

Dear WJCC Families, This packet contains activities, resources, and information to extend learning for your child during this extended school closure. Additional resources may be posted on Student VUE for this course and other classes on your child’s schedule. Students are encouraged to check Student VUE during this time. Thank you for your partnership and support of WJCC Schools. Sincerely, WJCC Staff

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Directions: Begin at the topic you most recently covered in your World History II class. Complete ONE topic for EVERY OTHER day we are out of school. Additionally, complete the SOL review material for the units you have already studied in class. Work on the SOL review on the days you are not working on the topic readings.

Readings and Questions: World History II

Topic 1: The Scientific Revolution

Many important individuals advanced the field of science during the Scientific Revolution.

The Enlightenment

During the Enlightenment, many philosophers sought to use the ideas of the Scientific Revolution to better the world by applying reason and scientific knowledge to all fields of life. Some of these thinkers started applying reason and logic to government and law. The ideas that they developed were radical for the time period. They began to question commonly held ideas, such as the divine right of kings. Collectively, these thinkers that questioned and examined politics, as well as the rights of people, were known as political philosophers.

These political philosophers promoted ideas that had a profound effect on the way that people thought about the role of government.

1. What topics were reason and logic first applied to? 2. What were the thinkers who questioned and examined politics called?

Cultural and Technological Changes of the Enlightenment

European art and music changed greatly during the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment brought a new emphasis on order and balance to the fine arts and artists borrowed heavily from the styles and subjects of classical Greece and Rome. Paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people as portraits. Often, the artists personified ideas in their works. For example, they painted liberty as a woman, or they represented justice as a woman holding scales.

In the area of music, the Baroque period lasted roughly from the early 1600s until 1750. Music from the Baroque period followed the music of the Renaissance and preceded the music of the Classical period. Baroque music was very complex and ornate. Baroque musicians introduced many of the musical concepts that are in use today. The Classical period of music then lasted from about 1750 until 1830. Like the painters of this time, composers were also heavily influenced by classical forms, which emphasized order, hierarchy, and clearer divisions within the music. Many of the best known music was written during this era by composers such as Ludwig van Beethoven and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The symphony, as a musical form, was developed, as well as the modern symphonic instrumentation.

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Concurrent with an increase in the use of reading materials, writers developed new styles of writing during the Enlightenment. Some of these styles are still in use today. A book written during this time, Don Quixote, is considered by many to be the first example of the modern novel.

3. What images were commonly depicted in paintings during the Enlightenment? 4. Who were some of the composers during the Baroque period of music?

Technology During the Enlightenment

The Age of Reason also witnessed inventions and innovations in technology that stimulated trade and transportation. This is all a precursor to the Industrial Revolution!

Several new technologies developed in Europe during the Enlightenment that would have an effect on the world. Trade was one area that benefited from new technologies. Better roads were developed that could withstand all forms of weather. Better ships were also developed that could travel faster across the ocean. Both of these innovations lowered the cost of transport.

In the 1700s, there were a number of advancements in farming tools and techniques that increased agricultural production. These farming developments began in Britain and are sometimes collectively referred to as the British Agricultural Revolution. In England, a farmer by the name of Jethro Tull developed a seed drill which mechanically laid seeds at a set depth in the soil. Also, better ploughs were developed that were made from more durable materials. Inventors created a new threshing machine that reduced the number of people required to farm the land.

While these technological advancements increased the productivity of farms, landholders required fewer workers on their farms. Many of the poor had to leave the farms and seek work in the newly developing factories in Europe’s cities. In this way, the British Agricultural Revolution laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution of the late 1700s and 1800s.

5. What effects did new technologies have on trade? 6. Where did advancements in farming tools and technology originate?

Topic 2: The French Revolution

The ideas promoted by Enlightenment thinkers and the recent events of the American Revolution had a profound impact on the French government. When King Louis XVI was forced to call up the long dormant Estates General in order to try and raise funds for his government's debts, he set in motion a chain of events that ended with his overthrow and execution.

1. Who was King Louis XVI forced to call upon to raise funds for his government’s debts? 2. What was the outcome of the Estates General being called up?

Latin American Colonialism Spain and Portugal held almost all of the colonies in Latin America. There were many similarities in their

ruling styles, and in the impact they had on the long term development of these regions. The Monroe

Doctrine was issued in 1823 by the United States of America, alerting European powers that the American

continents should not be considered for any future colonization. This ultimately led to revolutions in

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various Latin American nations. Newly independent nations in Latin America had the challenge of

coordinating their political and social systems.

3. Who controlled most of the colonies in Latin America? 4. How did the Monroe Doctrine help with Latin American Independence?

Latin American Independence

The colonial experiences of Latin America left a legacy of a rigid class system and dictatorial rule in the region. Throughout the 20th century, several Latin American dictators, like Alberto Fujimori of Peru and Augusto Pinochet of Chile, seized political power and committed human rights violations in the name of improving their countries. While they captured and sometimes killed political prisoners, they saw themselves as protectors of their nations against international interference. Recently, Venezuela's president, Hugo Chavez, has compared himself to Simon Bolivar as a political tool to recall nationalistic feelings of independence and pride. Professing anti-imperialistic ideals, he has been critical of United States foreign policy and U.S. interference in Latin American politics.

5. What are some examples of Latin American dictators? 6. How did the dictators in Latin America view themselves?

Topic 3: The Napoleonic Era and the Congress of Vienna

The French Revolution had a profound impact on France, and many countries around the world. It also created a power vacuum after the excesses of the Reign of Terror and Robespierre's execution. Enter Napoleon Bonaparte, a brilliant military tactician and ambitious military officer who had a grandiose vision of ruling over all of Europe. The French Revolution and Napoleon brought 20 years of war to Europe. Ultimately, Napoleon was unable to achieve his dream of unifying Europe under French domination. On a positive note, he did leave France with his Napoleonic Code which gave citizens more rights. He also awakened feelings of nationalism in those areas of Europe which opposed his domination. By 1814, the people of Europe were tired of war. Leaders from many European nations met in Vienna, Austria to try and work out boundaries that would achieve some level of peace. This meeting was called the Congress of Vienna and lasted from 1814 to 1815. Most of these leaders thought that the best way to achieve peace would come by returning to the forms of government and social orders that existed before the French Revolution. One such leader was Klemens von Metternich, an Austrian who was against the ideas of the French Revolution. He thought the French ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity would bring more wars to Europe. Instead, he believed that only strong kings could keep peace and that they should be responsible for creating all of the laws. People, on the other hand, should not be equal before the Law, and they should have fewer freedoms. Metternich represented the new conservatives who resisted change and wanted power to remain with kings and nobility. Other people called liberals embraced the social changes and freedoms of the French Revolution. Many of the leaders at the Congress of Vienna agreed with Metternich's ideas and began to remove the freedoms that common people won after the French Revolution. Most European nations were ruled by kings before the French Revolution. As Napoleon conquered much of Europe, he put new rulers in the conquered nations. The Congress restored many of the monarchs that had been removed by Napoleon to their former thrones. In addition, the leaders of the Congress of Vienna changed the size of some nations in order to achieve a balance of power among the European countries. Some nations grew larger, and others smaller. France lost all of the land that Napoleon had conquered. The Congress wanted to be sure that there would be no more revolutions. Four

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countries agreed to work together in this effort and were called the Quadruple Alliance: England, Austria, Russia and Prussia. Later, England left and France took its place. Many secret police worked for the Alliance. They searched out people who opposed kings and might start revolutions. After the Congress of Vienna, thousands were sent to prison.

The Congress of Vienna had one positive impact: no large-scale wars were fought in Europe for almost forty years. However, the Congress of Vienna could not make people forget the ideas of the French Revolution. Europe now had an educated and wealthy commercial class who still wanted greater freedoms and representation in government. By 1820, some groups started new revolutions. National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism. In Spain and Italy, the first revolutions were stopped by the Quadruple Alliance. People in Latin America also started revolutions against Spain. By 1826, most of the Latin American colonies had gained their freedom. The Quadruple Alliance wanted to crush the Latin American Revolutions and restore colonial rule, but England and the United States would not allow these nations to recolonize Latin America. In 1830, Belgian people living in southern provinces of the Netherlands successfully revolted and established their own kingdom. In 1848, the French people started another revolution. They forced their king to leave, and started the Second French Republic, voting in Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew Louis Napoleon as its leader. In 1848, there were more revolutions in many parts of Europe, including Italy and the German states. In Austria, where Metternich lived, some people who wanted the king to have less power began to fight for freedom. Metternich fled Austria to England, losing any political power he had gained through the Alliance. Shortly thereafter, the Quadruple Alliance fell apart. Although many of these revolutions were unsuccessful, they increased nationalistic tensions. In contrast to continental Europe, the United Kingdom expanded political rights through legislative means and made slavery illegal in the British Empire. As a result, no major revolts happened in the country. The Congress of Vienna had tried to turn back the clock to the days of kings and limited rights, but it could not stop revolution in Europe. The growth of democracy in England and America inspired people in the years to come, as more people fought for freedom and equality.

1. What legacy did Napoleon leave in France? 2. What was a positive impact of the Congress of Vienna?

Topic 4: Nationalism and Revolutions

There were differences between the structures of most major European powers of the 18th and 19th centuries, including those of Germany and Italy. Unlike the United Kingdom, France, and Spain, Germany and Italy did not exist as unified nations, so they were not very powerful and did not have any colonies.

1. Which two nations did not exist as unified nations? 2. What were the impacts of not existing as a unified nation?

. Resources and Technological Advances

The changes that occurred during the Industrial Revolution encompass a wide variety of events, people, and places.

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Impact of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution had a dramatic impact on the lives of most Europeans. As improved agricultural techniques increased the amount of food that was produced, the population exploded during the late 1700s and throughout the 1800s. With more people and less land to farm, people moved to the cities in search of work in the factories. Women and children competed against men for work working long hours for low pay. Home life for many was not much better in the slums of the expanding cities. Not all of the effects of the Industrial Revolution were bad. The middle class grew and educational opportunities expanded as a result of reforms.

3. Why did people move to cities? 4. What were some positive effects of the Industrial Revolution?

Capitalism and its Discontents: Economic Theories and the Rise of Labor Unions

The Industrial Revolution was fueled by the capitalistic economies in the world. There were some people who developed alternative economic theories in response to the growing divide between the wealthy and the poor. Also, some workers looked to increase their bargaining power in order to improve their wages and work conditions.

5. What fueled the Industrial Revolution?

Topic 5: The Age of Imperialism

In the late 1800s, the industrialized nations of Europe pursued imperialist policies with the goal of dominating as much of the world as possible. As you can see from the map, Britain had so many territories under its control and influence that the phrase “The sun never sets on the British Empire” became popular. European powers expanded as they looked for new territories as well as the prestige that a large empire brought. The immediate need, however, came from the Industrial Revolution: countries needed access to raw materials for their factories, and they wanted new markets for their finished goods. Imperialism solved both of these issues. During the latter part of the nineteenth century, and the beginning of the twentieth century, the industrialized countries of Europe and Asia competed for control of different parts of the world. The policy of controlling foreign territories either directly by conquering them, or indirectly through some other means is known as imperialism. The main powers of that era believed that an imperialist foreign policy was important in order to have a strong economy and become a world power. If you think imperialism sounds something like colonialism, you are right. Think of colonialism, the direct control of a territory by a foreign country, as part of the practice of an imperialist foreign policy. All acts of colonization are imperialist, but not all imperialist actions involve colonies. The European powers adopted imperialist policies for a number of reasons. As Europe continued to industrialize, its factories needed new sources of cheap and plentiful raw materials like copper and rubber. Some of these products, such as rubber, only grew in more tropical regions. Europe conquered territories and established plantations to satisfy its growing needs. Businesses wanted new markets to sell more products. By extending control over different regions, a country could sell more products to these regions and prevent other countries from selling their goods. Often, the imperialist powers would restrict a region that it controlled from making the same products or buying them from another country. Nationalism, or pride in one’s country, also motivated politicians to expand their territories in an attempt to build empires. The more territories a country had, the greater its prestige or so many believed. Many people thought that their country was superior to others. They felt as if this gave their country the right to take over foreign

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territories and establish overseas colonies. Closely related to this idea was the racist belief that many Europeans held -- that they were superior to other races. They pointed to the technical innovations of the Industrial Revolution as proof that they were more advanced than the rest of the world. In particular, this attitude extended to certain people they considered “primitive.” Many Europeans believed they held a responsibility to uplift these people. They sent missionaries to Africa and Asia to convert people to Christianity. As part of this effort, they often built schools. Some doctors also traveled to the colonies, bringing more modern medical techniques and establishing hospitals. Finally, it made strategic sense for countries to establish territories and spheres of influence throughout the world. With the development of the steamship, ships could go much farther much faster. Military and commercial ships needed ports where they could stock up on supplies and fuel for the long voyages. Politically, some nations competed for dominance, and some nations believed it was their destiny to rule the world as a result of their "greatness."

One reason that European powers were successful in their conquests was because the Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, and Qing Dynasty were all in decline compared to the height of their empires. The Ottomans had recently lost territory, and the Mughal Empire, which was Muslim, was losing ground to the Hindus in India. China faced internal and external pressure to open its borders to trade with the Europeans. China had restricted Europeans to certain trade zones at one time. Finally, Europe had superior military technology at the time. Their new weapons and ships made it hard for Africans and Asians to resist Europe’s imperialist agenda. Great Britain, which was the leading industrialized nation at the time, stood as the leading imperialist power. Britain started to pursue imperialist policies during the 1600s, establishing colonies in the New World. By the 1700s, the country had built a trade network in Asia and India. By the late 1800s, Britain gave some of its colonies, such as Canada and Australia, self-rule over internal affairs, but tightened its control over other areas. Britain also faced severe competition to its position as the world’s largest economy from other industrialized countries, but in the mid-1800s, it remained the largest industrialized economy.

As Europe sought to exert its military and industrial dominance over the entire world, the Age of Imperialism played out on the world stage. Eventually, people living in the territories that the Europeans and Japanese controlled would react to their situation and gain independence.

1. What is the definition of imperialism? 2. What country was the leading imperialist power?

Topic 6: Major Causes and Events of World War I

Take a look at the major events that led to World War I, the major alliances, as well as the outcome of this

bloody conflict. World War I (1914-1918) was caused by competition among industrial nations in Europe

and a failure of diplomacy. Causes of World War I: Alliances that divided Europe into competing camps,

Nationalistic feelings, Diplomatic failure, Imperialism, Competition over colonies, Militarism Major

events: Assassination of Austria’s Archduke Ferdinand, United States enters the war, Russia leaves the

war Major leaders: Woodrow Wilson, Kaiser Wilhelm II

1. What were the major causes of WWI?

2. Who were the major leaders?

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New Weapons Technology

World War I featured new technologies such as machine guns. This made engaging the enemy in an open field very bloody. Instead, each side dug trenches for their men to take cover. A large percentage of the war was fought with both sides battling from trenches. Military units would lose thousands of men battling for the few hundred yards of territory between trenches often referred to as "no man's land."

Armies also used poison gas and tanks to attack one another. Germany was particularly successful using its submarines called U-boats to attack the Allied Powers navies and supply ships to prevent them from sending goods and military equipment to the front lines.

1. What was the land between trenches called? 2. What were some weapons that were developed during World War I?

Colonial Soldiers

Europeans weren’t the only ones fighting the war. World War I even extended to the colonial possessions around the world as battles were fought in Africa and in Asia. Many people in the colonies believed that by fighting for the mother country’s army they would prove that they were equals of the Europeans and gain more rights, or perhaps even independence.

The majority of these colonial soldiers fought in Europe for the colonial powers against their enemies. Well over 100,000 colonial subjects died fighting for the European nations including almost 75,000 from India alone.

Although they fought bravely and many were killed for a war which had little to do with them, none of these colonies were made independent for their efforts. German colonial possessions were merely parceled out amongst the victors as part of the spoils of war. This does not mean that the colonial subjects gave up their dreams of independence; many organized early nationalist movements to push for freedom that would pay off later.

3. Why did people in colonies fight for their mother country? 4. How many colonial subjects died fighting for European nations?

WWI Outcomes and Global Effects

The terms of the peace were settled when the winners of the war met at Versailles to draw up the treaty. Although the goal was to end the war, many of the terms created conditions that laid the groundwork for World War II.

5. Where did the winners of the war meet to create their treaty? 6. What did the terms of the meeting eventually lead to?

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Topic 7: Russian Revolution

World War I set into motion a series of events that brought down the Russian Empire, which had been ruled by the Romanov family since the 1600s. In its place, the revolution installed the world's first communist regime, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Contrary to what Karl Marx had predicted, the revolution did not take place in the most advanced industrial countries of Europe, such as Britain, or Germany. Instead, it happened in Russia, which had little industry and a large peasantry that lived in the countryside working the land.

1. What was the name of the world’s first communist regime? 2. Where did this communist revolution take place?

Economic Depression

For many countries, but especially the United States, the 1920s saw economic growth and prosperity. Although not everyone enjoyed these good economic times, many did buy the latest technological marvels or play their latest hot tip on the stock market. When the market crashed in 1929, it set into motion a number of events that resulted in the Great Depression. It would take more than a decade for the world's economy to rebound. By then, a number of radical governments had appeared that threatened the existence of the Western democracies.

3. In what year did the stock market crash? 4. What happened to governments around the world in the time that it took for the world’s economy

to rebound?

Rise of Totalitarian Leaders

As the twenties and thirties progressed, the flawed Treaty of Versailles worsened political and economic conditions in Europe. In combination with the Great Depression, which gripped much of the industrialized world, this created unstable political conditions that were ripe for exploitation by leaders who promised to fix problems and return countries to greatness. These leaders consolidated power under militaristic regimes based on extreme nationalist ideologies.

5. What created unstable political conditions? 6. What did leaders do in order to exploit their power?

Problems with the Treaty of Versailles

The terms of the Treaty of Versailles had some basic flaws that angered many people in Europe. Germans resented the treaty for a number of reasons. The country was forced to take blame for the war and pay reparations to the winners. As extreme inflation hit followed by the Great Depression, Germany had difficulty paying its war debts and the people suffered economic hardship. In turn, this hurt the economies of England and France since they were counting on the reparations to help them pay war debts to the United States.

The treaty also required that Germany limit the size of its military and restrict these operations in the Rhineland border area. Germany was also forced to give up territories which many of its people felt

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belonged to the country. The region of Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, and large parts of the eastern portion of the country were annexed by Poland. These areas still had large numbers of German-speaking people whom Hitler looked to return to rule under his empire. Lastly, Germany had to give up its colonies in Africa and the Pacific leaving it a shell of its former glory.

Many Italians were also angered by the treaty which they felt did not reward them sufficiently for their sacrifice in the war. Mussolini would use this resentment to fuel anger towards France and England as he built his fascist regime.

7. What effect did the inflation following the Great Depression have on Germany? 8. What region was returned to France through the Treaty of Versailles? 9.

Rise of Dictators

By the end of the 1930s, dictatorial governments had solidified power over Germany, Italy, Japan and the Soviet Union. Although there were some significant differences among these nations, they all established and maintained power through similar methods.