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Wise Long Term Emission and Fenceline Monitoring
Ram Hashmonay, ScD+1 [email protected]
2
Shel Silverstein, Falling Up
3ORS Emission Monitoring ContinuumPrimary Objective: Annual Emissions [ton/yr]
Information on Individual Emission Sources (Time)Information on Individual Emission Sources (Time)
Number of Emissions Sources Surveyed (Space)Number of Emissions Sources Surveyed (Space)
DIAL – Detailed Short-Term Measurements
VRPM – Detailed Long-Term Measurements
Fenceline Hybrid – Permanent Installations
SOF/TAGA/Picarro-Mobile Screening
Airborne - ITT
LT Retro
OP- LT
DM Pairs
Tower
Dust Source
LT Retro
OP- LT
DM Pairs
Tower
Dust Source
4Optical Remote Sensing (ORS)
Open Path
Nonlocalized Emission Source
ORS Source/Detector (monostatic)
Retroreflector
Open-path instruments provide path-averaged concentration data
5
Open-Path Instruments
UV Diff. Optical Absorption Spectroscopy
Tunable Diode Laser (scanning)
Open Path Fourier Transform InfraRed (scanning)
6OP-FTIR: the ultimate petrochemical monitoring system (OTM-10 and fenceline ready) for VOCs, inorganics, and GHG
• Hundreds of compounds (organic and inorganic)
• High temporal resolution (concentration roses)
• Multiple path provides spatial information and allow measurement of flux (OTM-10)
• Traditionally considered to have moderate detection limits
• Can, with some investment, be automated to be a bullet proof fenceline and OTM-10 ready system
7
OP-FTIR Methods and Procedures
8Spectral Validation
9VOC Measurement in the North Direction
0
.02
.04
.06
.08
.1
2850 2900 2950 3000
Absorbance / Wavenumber (cm-1) Overlay X-Zoom CURSOR
File # 1 : ACHZBU 5/1/1992 11:14 AM Res=0.5 cm-1
Butane, 100 ppm-meters in 1 atm. N2; 25 C.
Blue: Run 5 M-3 F14Red: n-ButaneGreen: n-Octane
10VOC Measurement in the South DirectionBlue: Run 5 M-1 F14Red: n-ButaneGreen: n-Octane
0
.05
.1
.15
.2
2820 2840 2860 2880 2900 2920 2940 2960 2980 3000
Absorbance / Wavenumber (cm-1) Overlay Y-Zoom SCROLL
File # 1 : ACHZBU 5/1/1992 11:14 AM Res=0.5 cm-1
Butane, 100 ppm-meters in 1 atm. N2; 25 C.
Blue: Run 5 M-1 F14Red: n-ButaneGreen: n-Octane
11
Benefits of Fenceline Continuous Monitoring
Wise leak detection approach
Savings, one leak being fixed in hours may pay for the monitoring system
Workers Health and Safety
PR with neighbors
When correlated with any of the flux methodologies may provide information for representative annual emissions calculations
12
Site Specific CorrelationFlux-Concentraton Site Specific Correlation
y = 0.081x
R2 = 0.78
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Fenceline Path Avg Hourly Concentration (ppb)
Ho
url
y F
lux
(k
g/h
r)
y = 0.88xR2 = 0.49
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Fenceline Concentration [mg/m3]
Flu
x [
kg
/da
y]
13
VRPM to Measure Emissions Fluxes from Area or Fugitive Sources
Mean Wind Direction
X
YZ
PI-ORSInstrument
Fugitive Source/Area of Interest
Mean Wind Direction
PDCs
a
b
c
d
e
f
X
YZ
PI-ORSInstrument
Fugitive Source/Area of Interest
Mean Wind Direction
PDCs
a
b
c
d
e
f
PI-ORS Instrument
14
14
USEPA OTM-10http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/tmethods.html
15
Beyond OTM-10: Hybrid Point/Open-Path
LT Retro
OP- LT
DM Pairs
Tower
Dust Source
LT Retro
OP- LT
DM Pairs
Tower
Dust Source
16Vertical Radial Plume Mapping
EPA Other Technical Method 10 (“OTM-10) provides guidance on methodology. Only mass emission measurement test method for fugitive and area source emissions.
Has been used with OP- FTIR, UV-DOAS and TDLAS instruments.
Has been used to measure emissions from low-to-the-ground sources such as:
- Landfills- Confined animal feeding operations (3 weeks)- Superfund & Brownfield sites- Chlor-alkali plant (8 weeks)- Phosphate processing plant- Refueling stations- Petroleum refinery process units and tank farms- Chemical plants- Barges- Oil & gas production facilities- Iron & Steel coke ovens (7 weeks)
Can be installed to collect data over long periods of time.
17Four Corners Configuration
Wind
Surround the pond with four OTM 10 planes
18
Wind
4-Corners Technique is forgiving to wind direction changes
Set up and leave configuration for a long period of time
Four Corners Configuration
19OTM 10 For Produced Water Ponds
20
Site Source Average AM Flux [g/s]
Site 1 Evaporation Pond 0.18 ± 0.318 g/s
Site 1 Skim Pond 0.90 ± 0.572 g/s
Site 2 Evaporation Pond 0.07 ± 0.062 g/s
Summary of AM Emission Flux Results from Sites
Site Source AreaBenzene
(g/s)Toluene
(g/s)m-Xylene
(g/s)o-Xylene
(g/s)p-Xylene
(g/s)Methanol
(g/s)Methane
(g/s)
WilliamsEvaporation
Pond0.017 0.037 0.014 0.036 0.017 0.001 0.013
Williams Skim Pond 0.086 0.187 0.069 0.180 0.087 0.007 0.066
EncanaEvaporation
Pond0.062 0.022 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.005 0.010
Summary of VOC Emission Flux Results from Sites
21
21
N
W E
S
Cell Room
Prevailing wind
OTM 10 Plane
Lumex Roof Vents (Monitored)
50m Water Tower
Outside Sources
22
22
23
BistaticUV-DOASReceivers
Location of LUMEXMercury Analyzer
Cell Room
Bistatic UV-DOAS Sources (3)
18 m
28 m
37 m
53 m
Water Tower
VRPM Plume ReconstructionsChlor-Alkali Plant
24
25
Six Weeks to Six Months
Six weeks, 24/7 of 17 compounds, at Iron and Steel
Next, six months, 24/7, 2 OP-FTIR, 4-corner configuration, at a specific area of a refinery (confidential)
Longer terms, simplified fenceline monitoring is recommended correlated with at the site with any of the flux measuring methods
Flux-Concentraton Site Specific Correlation
y = 0.081x
R2 = 0.78
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Fenceline Path Avg Hourly Concentration (ppb)
Ho
urly
Flu
x (
kg
/hr)
y = 0.88xR2 = 0.49
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Fenceline Concentration [mg/m3]
Flu
x [k
g/d
ay]
26
Summary
Very good science is being done
All methodologies are important tools
Long term simplified fenceline monitoring is critical
Need to be correlated to short term flux measurement
This correlation is site specific
Moving toward the stated primary objective – better representation of relevant air toxics and GHG annual emissions calculations for various fugitive and area sources