Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring

Wireless Sensor Networks

for Habitat MonitoringAlan Mainwaring, Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, and David Culler

Intel Research Lab. / UCBerkely

Seo, Dong Mahn

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ContentsIntroductionApplication RequirementsSystem ArchitectureDesign and Implementation StrategiesSensor Network ServicesCurrent ProgressAdditional materialsConclusion


Introduction Habitat and environmental monitoring Technical interests in these applications

developing an appropriate sensor network architecturesimple, concrete solutionsapplication-driven approach

actual problems from potential onesrelevant issues from irrelevant ones

collaboration with scientists in other fields


Introduction (cont.) Instrumentation of natural spaces with networked

sensors long-term data collection at scales localized measurementsdetailed information integration of on-board processing, local storage,

networkingcomplex filtering and triggering functionsapplication- and sensor-specific data compression

algorithms


Introduction (cont.) complete integration

produces smaller, low-power devices increased power efficiency flexibility low-power radios with well-designed protocol

A specific habitat monitoring application collection of requirements, constraints and guidelines basis for the resulting sensor network architecture in the real-w

orld hardware and sensor platforms patch gateways, basestations and databases design and implementation of the essential network services

power management, communications, retasking and node management


Application RequirementsA. Field Stations and Research Overviews

Great Duck Island (GDI) 44.09N, 68.15W, 237 acre, State of Maine focus on basic ecology, large breeding colonies of Leech’s Strom Petre

ls and other seabirds basic environmental parameters

light, temperature, humidity, pressure entrance/exit events

the James San Jacinoto Mountains Reserve (JMR) 33.48N, 116.46W, 29 acre, California NSF Center : sensing infrastructures, multimedia sensors monitoring ecosystems

response of vegetation to climate changes acoustical sensing of birds for identification, estimation populations


Application Requirements (cont.)

B. General application requirements1) Internet access2) Hierarchical network

Field stations need host Internet connectivity and database systems

Habitats are located up to several kilometers multiple patches of sensor networks 3 to 4 patches of 100 static (not mobile) nodes

3) Sensor network longevity run for 9 months from non-rechargeable power sources multiple field seasons



4) Operating off-the-grid operate with bounded energy supplies renewable energy

5) Management at-a-distance to monitor and manage sensor networks over the Internet except for installation and removal of nodes

6) Inconspicuous operation should not disrupt the natural processes or behaviors

7) System behavior SNs exhibit stable, predictable, and repeatable behavior



8) In-situ interactions Local interactions

initial deployment, maintenance tasks PDA

query a sensor, adjust operational parameters, or simply assist in location devices

9) Sensors and sampling light, temperature, infrared, relative humidity, barometric

pressure acceleration/vibration, weight, chemical vapors, gas

concentrations, pH, noise levels

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C. Data models Archiving sensor readings for offline data mining

and analysis logs to databases in the wired, powered infrastructure nodal data summaries, periodic health-and-status

monitoring

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System Architecture lowest lever of the sensing application

autonomous sensor nodes general purpose computational module

programmable unit computation, storage, bidirectional communication with analog and digital sensors 2 advantages from traditional data logging systems

can be retasked, can easily communicate application-specific sensing module

smaller and cheaper individual sensors higher robustness cooperation multihop network, forwarding each other’s messages in-network aggregation

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System Architecture (cont.) Sensor Gateway

each sensor patch communicate with the sensor network and provides commercial

WLAN AP is co-located with the base station additional computation and storage enough energy from a car battery

Base Station power, housing communicates with the sensor patch via WLAN WAN, persistent data storage “custody transfer” model : SMTP messages, bundles

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System Architecture (cont.) User interaction

access the replica of the base station databaseeasy integration with data analysis and mining tools

remote control of the networkPDA-sized device, gizmo

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System Architecture (cont.)

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System Architecture (cont.)

Transit Network

Basestation

Gateway

Sensor Patch

Patch Network

Base-Remote Link

Data Service

Internet

Client Data Browsingand Processing

Sensor Node

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Design and Implementation StrategiesA. Sensor Network Node

UC Berkely motes, MICA single channel, 916MHz ra

dio, 40kbps Atmel Atmega 103 microc

ontroller running at 4MHz 512KB nonvolatile storage 2 AA batteries, DC boost c

onverter

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Design and Implementation Strategies (cont.)

B. Sensor Board environmental monitoring sensor board Mica Weather Board barometric pressure module

0.1 mbar from 300 to 1100mbar humidity sensor

1 picofarad (±3% relative humidity) thermopile, passive infrared sensor photoresistor, temperature unique combination of sensors

variety of aggregate operations

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I2C analog to digital converter 8 by 8 power switch

interoperability 51 pin expansion connector

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C. Energy budget run for 9 months, 2 AA batteries 2200mAh at volts, 8,148 mAh per day sleep state

turning off sensors, radio, putting processor into sleep mode modify Mica motes with a Schottky diode

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D. Electro-mechanical Packaging to protect the device, weather-proofing

E. Patch Gateways CerfCube, StrongArm-based embedded system CompactFlash-based 802.11b Linux, IBM MicroDrive up to 1GB Solar panel

F. Base-station installation JMR : T1 line, GDI : two-way satellite connetion turnkey system

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G. Database Management System Postgres SQL database time-stamped reading from sensors health status of individual sensors network metadata

H. User Interfaces GIS systems, statistics and data analysis packages powerful interfaces to relational databases web based interface, gizmo

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Mica2-EPRB#2

IBM laptop #1DB

Web power strip

Axis 2130 PTZ South Wireless bridge

4-port VPN router and

16-port Ethernet switch

Power over LAN midspan

DBIBM laptop #2

Mica2-EPRB#2

WWW power strip

Southern WAP

Satellite router

Sensor Patch

916 MHz

Power over LAN Midspan

IR Burrow Camera #1

IR Burrow Camera #2

IR Burrow Camera #3)

IR Burrow Camera #4

IR Burrow Camera #5

IR Burrow Camera #6

IR Burrow Camera #7

IR Burrow Camera #8

Axis 2401 Video Server

12VDC, 0.9A

network

Burrow Camera Configuration

Northern WAP

Ethernet switch

Wireless bridge

12V PoLActive Splitter

110VAC service

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Sensor Network ServicesA. Data sampling and collection

cost of data processing and compression against cost of data transmission

each packet 25bytes

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Sensor Network Services (cont.)B. Communications

hardware and a set of routing and media access algorithms

GAF (Geographic Adaptive Fidelity), SPAN

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Sensor Network Services (cont.)

proposed approaches for scheduled communicationinitial routing tree set each mote’s lever form gateway

schedule nodes sleep state following level is awaken and packets are relayed until completed entire network return to sleep mode

path or subtree low power MAC protocol

S-MAC, Alohaturning off radio during idle periods

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Sensor Network Services (cont.)C. Network Retasking

to adjust the functionality of individual nodes duty cycle, sampling rates …

tiny virtual machine, Maté

D. Health and Status Monitoring monitoring the mote’s health and the health of neigh

boring motes Health and monitoring messages sent to the gateway not reliable transport, low latency, infrequently

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Current Progress deployed

two small scale sensor networks in JMR and GDI all core architecture components

plan to add an intermediate tier of WLAN need calibration or auto-calibration procedure current focus

energy efficient strategies for multihop routing will evaluate

intention to develop and package a habitat monitoring kit will be completed in 6 months goal is to tackle the technical problems and to meet the applicati

on requirements set

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Additional Materials Node architecture advances

Problems observed in previous deployment Size – motes were too large to fit in many burrows Packaging – did not provide adequate protection for electronics or

proper conditions for sensors Reliability – last retreat talk; high rate of node loss, lack of scientifically

meaningful environmental data Power consumption – boost converter a minimal return at a high price

New generation of motes to address most of these concerns Platform based on mica2dot Primarily calibrated, digital sensors Multiple application-specific packaging, power, and sensing options

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Additional Materials (cont)

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Additional Materials (cont) Miniature weather station

Sensor suite Sensirion humidity + temperature se

nsor Intersema pressure + temperature sen

sor TAOS total solar radiation sensor Hamamatsu PAR sensor Radiation sensors measure both dire

ct and diffuse radiation Power supply

SAFT LiS02 battery, ~1 Ah @ 2.8V Packaging

HDPE tube with coated sensor boards on both ends of the tube

Additional PVC skirt to provide extra shade and protection against the rain

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Additional Materials (cont) Burrow occupancy detector

Sensor suite Sensirion humidity + temperature sensor Melexis passive IR sensor + conditioning

circuitry Power supply

GreatBatch lithium thionyl chloride 1 Ah battery

Maxim 5V boost converter for Melexis circuitry

Packaging Sealed HDPE tube, emphasis on small siz

e

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Additional Materials (cont) Software architecture advances

Bi-directional communication with low-power listenting 0.1% duty cycle Parameter adjustment and query Sample rate changes, sensor status queries

Improved power management scheme Fine granularity through StdControl interface 20 uA sleep mode

Multihop deployment planned for July What it isn’t: GSK

Emphasis on simplicity and reliability, rather than generality Compatible with most GSK server-side interfaces

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Additional Materials (cont) Application status

Sensor network 26 burrow motes deployed 12 weather station motes deployed (+2 for monitoring the insides of the

base station case) Another 14 are awaiting deployment within days

Redundant database setup online 2 base stations logging packets to 2 database servers Replication to Berkeley

Verification infrastructure Overview cameras in place Burrow cameras temporarily offline, wireless bridge problem Video logging still needs to be synchronized with the mote data service

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Additional Materials (cont) Packaging evaluation

We observed what happens to motes when packaging fails Battery venting, H2SO3 corroding the entire mote Need to assemble the package correctly – we failed to create proper indi

cation os a good seal Majority of packages survived severe weather!

Still awaiting evaluation whether the package creates an environment suitable for sensing

Convective heating, etc.

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Additional Materials (cont) http://www.jamesreserve.edu/

http://www.jamesreserve.edu/



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Additional Materials (cont) http://www.greatduckisland.net/

http://www.greatduckisland.net/



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Conclusion Habitat and environmental monitoring

important class of sensor network applications collaborating with

College of the Atlantic and the James Reserve low-level energy constraints of the sensor nodes data delivery requirements energy budget Tight energy bounds and the need for predictable

operation guide the development of application architecture and services.

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Reference http://www.jamesreserve.edu/ http://www.greatduckisland.net/ Robert Szewczyk, Joe Polastre, Alan Mainwaring, “Fresh from the

boat: Great Duck Island habitat monitoring”, June 18, 2003 Alan Mainwaring, Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk, David Culle

r, John Anderson, “Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring”, ACM WSNA’02, September 28, 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Joseph Robert Polastre, “Design and Implementation ofWireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring”

Kemal Akkaya, Mohamed Younis, “A Survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks”

Wei Hong, “Overview of the Generic Sensor Kit (GSK)” Robert Szewczyk, “Application-driven research on TinyOS platfor

m”

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Documents

Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring