Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Wireless Sensor Networksfor Energy Efficient Buildings

Cengiz Gezer

WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

18 October 2010

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

My research activity is performed in the framework of

eDIANA Project

within

WiLab at DEIS, University of Bologna

under the supervision of

Prof. Roberto VerdoneDott. Ing. Chiara BurattiDott. Ing. Alberto Zanella

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Outline1 Introduction2 eDIANA Project

Application3 IEEE 802.15.4

IEEE 802.15.4 PHY LayerIEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer

4 Capture EffectMeasurements

5 ZigBeeNetwork LayerApplication Layer

6 eDIANA Test BedTwo-Hop MeasurementsMesh Measurements

7 ConclusionCengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Motivation

Buildings in Europe consume 40% of the total energy which ismore than the energy demand of industry or transportation.

Simple affordable sensors can be used to monitor the energyconsumed by each appliance in the buildings in order to turnthem on/off when it is efficient in the use of energy.

The eDIANA (Embedded Systems for Energy EfficientBuildings) project, funded by the European Commissionthrough the ARTEMISIA framework, addresses the need ofenergy efficiency in buildings through innovative solutionsbased on networked embedded systems.

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

eDIANA Project

eDIANA Scenario

CDC

MCC

Cell

CDC

Cell

CDC

Cell

CDC

Cell

Internet

eDIANA Definitions

Cell can be a singlehouse, apartment orworking unit

Macro-Cell is agroup of Cells.

CDC: Cell DeviceConcentrator.

MCC: Macro-CellConcentrator.

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Application

Classification of Applications and Requirements

Monitoring:

The CDC gathers the datarelated to the power consumptionor the information about theambient conditions from nodes.(e.g., temperature).

Requirements:PER: less than 10%Delays: up to 60 seconds

Controlling:

The CDC gathers the datacoming from/going to thecontrollable devices (e.g.,intelligent plugs or domesticappliances).

Requirements:PER: less than 1%Delays: up to 5 seconds

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Application

Methodologies in Order to Implement Applications

Event-Driven (ED): An external event or an internal clockgenerates the data transmission.

Query-Based (QB): A query sent by the CDC generates thedata transmissions. If queries are transmitted periodically, thetraffic generated by nodes is periodic and synchronous.

Command: The CDC sends the commands to specificdevices.

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee Layers

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Layer

Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (O-QPSK)

−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 1010

−6

10−5

10−4

10−3

10−2

10−1

100

Eb/No

Err

or R

ate

BER SimulationSER SimulationBER TheoreticalSER Theoretical

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer

Operational Modes

Beacon-enabled Mode

Non Beacon-enabled Mode

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer

Channel Access - CSMA/CA

00:00 - 00:00

BEACON

00:00 - 00:00 00:00 - 00:00

BEACON

00:00 - 00:00

BEACON

00:00 - 00:00

BEACON

Beacon

00:00 - 00:00

BEACON

00:00 - 00:00

BEACON

BackoffBackoff

00:00 - 00:00

BackoffBackoff

backoff

stage

T D.T

Random number of

backoff slots delay

[ 0 - 2BE

]

CW slots of

sensing before

transmission

sec320

2

5

53maxmin

T

CW

NB

BEBEBE

802.15.4 MAC default values

Beacon Interval (BI)

Random number of

backoff slots delay

[ 0 - 2BE+1

]

SensingBackoff Backoff Backoff Sensing BeaconIdle

…

TransmitTransmitSensing

T

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Capture Effect

CUseful

Tx

Interferer

Tx1

Interferer

Tx2

Rx C

I>

C

I|min

C : Carrier signal strengthI =

∑Ii

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Measurements

Hardware Setup

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Measurements

Timing Diagram

3840 µs

CSMA-CA

BEmax=3, BEmin=3

8 backoff slots

2560 µs

3840 µs

00:00 - 00:00

BEACON

SO=BO=2

04:14 - 04:14

Packet

I1

16:56 - 16:56

Packet

C

09:52 - 09:52

Transmission

at the same time

BEmax=3, BEmin=0

04:14 - 00:00

BEACON

SO=BO=2

12:42 - 12:42

Packet

I2

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Measurements

Protection Ratio

−4 −3 −2 −1 0 2 3 4 5 6 71,30

0,1

0,3

0,7

0,9

1

0,5

C/I [dB]

Con

ditio

nal P

acke

t Cap

ture

Pro

babi

lity

1 Interferers2 Interferers3 Interferers4 InterferersAverageStep Function

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Zigbee Layers

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Network Layer

Zigbee Mesh Topology

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Application Layer

Zigbee Devices and Attributes

Endpoint 1 :

Device 1

Endpoint 2 :

Device 2

Endpoint 240 :

Device 240

Simple Decriptor 1

Simple Decriptor 2

Simple Decriptor

240

ZigBee Devices Simple Decriptors

Input (Server)

Cluster List

Output (Client)

Cluster List

A ZigBee Node

Clusters

Attribute

Attribute

Attribute

Command

Command

Command

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Application Layer

Zigbee Profiles

General Closures HVAC

Lighting Measurements ...

ZigBee Cluster Library (ZCL) ZigBee Application Profiles

Home

AutomationSmart Energy ...

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Binding

Metering Device &

Smart Appliance

(Washing Machine,

Dishwasher, TV, ...)

Clients:

Message

Price

Demand /

Load

Time

Servers:Simple

Metering

CDC – Energy

Service Portal Clients:Simple

Metering

Price

Servers:

Message

Price

Demand /

Load

Time

In- Premise Display

(Display Capable

non metering

appliances)

Clients:

Message

Price

Demand /

Load

Time

Simple

Metering

Servers:

Programmable

Communication

Thermostat

Servers:Simple

Metering

Clients:

Message

Price

Demand /

Load

Time

Load Control Device

(Non metering

no display

appliances)

Clients:

Price

Demand /

Load

Time

Servers:MCC

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Two-Hop Measurements

Topology

ST

SPEAr600ZC

ZR

ZED1

ZED0

CDC

ZED7

ZED2

Wireless Link

UART0

UA

RT

1

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Two-Hop Measurements

Query-Based Monitoring

1 2 3

20

40

60

0

Late

ncy(

ms)

0

20

40

PE

R(%

)

Read Attributes Command (Query)

PER

1 2 30

20

40

60

Late

ncy(

ms)

0

20

40

PE

R(%

)

Read Attributes Response

PER

Number of ZEDs

Number of ZEDs

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Two-Hop Measurements

Event-Driven Monitoring (T=200ms)

0 1 2 3 4

190

200

210

Late

ncy(

ms)

0

0.5

1

PE

R(%

)

Read Attributes Command (Query)

PER

0 1 2 3 4

8

10

12

14

16

Late

ncy(

ms)

0

0.5

1

PE

R(%

)

Read Attributes Response

PER

Number of Reporting ZEDs

Number of Reporting ZEDs

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Mesh Measurements

An Instance of Topology

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Mesh Measurements

Results

Query in Periodic Reporting (3s.) Group Query

50

100

150

200

Late

ncy(

ms)

0

10

20

30

40

PE

R(%

)

Read Attributes Command (Query)

PER

10

20

30

40

50

Late

ncy(

ms)

Query in Periodic Reporting (3s.) Group Query0

20

40

PE

R(%

)

Read Attributes Response

PER

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Mesh Measurements

Web Interface

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Future Work

Finalizing the test bed for down-scaled demonstration of theeDIANA scenario in WiLab through integration, testing andverification phases.

Theoretical and experimental activity about performance andinterference in 2.4 GHz ISM band.

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Collected Credits

Short-Range Positioning Systems: Fundamentals andAdvanced Research Results with Case Studies, Bologna(6 credits)

International Summer School on Software Engineering,Salerno (21 Credits)

Resource Optimization LS Course, Bologna (60 credits)

Italian Language Course (80 Credits)

In Total: 167 Credits

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Technical Documents 1/2

”D1.4-B Reference Scenarios”, deliverable for eDIANAProject, edited by Bas van den Heuvel, Jul. 31, 2010

”D2.3-B Communication Protocol Specification”,deliverable for eDIANA Project, edited by C. Buratti, Jul. 31,2010.

”D2.2-E Adapted Sensor Collaboration Middleware”deliverable for eDIANA Project, edited by M. J. Martinez, Jul.31, 2010.

”D3.2-A Intelligent Embedded Interface (iEi) - ConceptRelease”, deliverable for eDIANA Project, edited by J.U.Garcia, Apr. 1, 2010

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Technical Documents 2/2

”D2.3-A Network Topology and CommunicationsArchitecture Definition”, deliverable for eDIANA Project,edited by C. Buratti, Jan. 31, 2010.

”D2.2-B Software Tools for Run-Time Discovery ofServices and Devices” deliverable for eDIANA Project,edited by M. J. Martinez, Jan. 31, 2010.

”D2.1-B eDIANA Reference Architecture” deliverable foreDIANA Project, edited by R. Ukmar, Jan. 31, 2010

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Conference Papers and Demos 1/2

C. Gezer, M. Niccolini, and C. Buratti, An IEEE/ZigBeeBased Wireless Sensor Network for Energy Efficient Buildings,International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing,Networking and Communications, WiMob, 2010, Oct. 11-13,2010, Niagara Falls, Canada.

C. Gezer, C. Buratti, and R. Verdone, Capture Effect in IEEE802.15.4 Networks: Modelling andExperimentation,International Symposium on WirelessPervasive Computing, ISWPC 2010, May. 5-7, 2010, Modena,Italy.

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Conference Papers and Demos 2/2

F. Fabbri, C. Gezer, and R. Verdone, The Impact of RealisticFootprint Shapes on the Connectivity of Wireless SensorNetworks, in Proceedings of the 1st International Workshopon Performance Methodologies and Tools for Wireless SensorNetworks (WSNPerf), Oct. 23, 2009, Pisa, Italy.Flavio Fabbri, Chiara Buratti, Cengiz Gezer, Paolo Toppan,Andrea Toppan, Roberto Verdone, Enhancing Wi-Fi CoverageThrough ZigBee Mesh Network of Energy Scan Devices , 8thACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems,SenSys 2010, Nov. 3-5 2010, Zurich, Switzerland.C. Gezer; C. Buratti; A. Visconti; R. Ukmar; and R. Verdone,Zigbee-Based Platform for Energy Efficient Buildings, 7thEuropean Conference on Wireless Sensor Network, EWSN2010, Feb. 17-19 2010, Coimbra, Portugal.

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Introduction eDIANA Project IEEE 802.15.4 Capture Effect ZigBee eDIANA Test Bed Conclusion

Thanks

Thank you very much for your attention!

Cengiz Gezer WiLab, DEIS, University of Bologna

Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings