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A Project Report on User Defined Project Computer operated wireless Robot Using RF raysAs Submitted to Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering For the partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering Electronics and Communication Engineering BY “PATEL PALAK S.” Enrollment No. : 090143111002 “JOSHI RONAK N.” Enrollment No. : 080140111016 Guided By: Internal Guide: PROF. K. H. GAVIT Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Government Engineering College Bharuch

Wireless Robot

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A Project Report on User Defined Project

“Computer operated wireless Robot Using RF rays” As Submitted to

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

For the partial fulfillment of the degree

of

Bachelor of Engineering

Electronics and Communication Engineering

BY

“PATEL PALAK S.”

Enrollment No. : 090143111002

“JOSHI RONAK N.”

Enrollment No. : 080140111016

Guided By:

Internal Guide: PROF. K. H. GAVIT

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Government Engineering College

Bharuch

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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BHARUCH

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project report entitled “Computer operated wireless Robot Using RF rays” submitted by Mr. JOSHI RONAK N. (Enrollment No. : 080140111016) towards the partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (E.C.) of Government Engineering College is the work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision. The work submitted, in my opinion, has reached to a level required for being accepted for the examination.

Guided By:

Internal Guide: Head of EC

PROF. K. H. GAVIT Department

Date of Submission :________

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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BHARUCH

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project report entitled “Computer operated wireless Robot Using RF rays” submitted by Mr. PATEL PALAK S. (Enrollment No.: 090143111002) towards the partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (E.C.) of Government Engineering College is the work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision. The work submitted, in my opinion, has reached to a level required for being accepted for the examination.

Guided By:

Internal Guide: Head of EC

PROF. K. H. GAVIT Department

Date of Submission: ______

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my B.E to the government engineering college of Bharuch for providing me opportunity to make my B.E in Electronics and communication engineering. It is time for me to acknowledge my obligations to all those who have extended their co-operation all among my study of dissertation work

It is honor and pleasure to express my heartfelt gratitude to those who helped me and also contributed towards the preparation of this seminar. I am indebted to my guide Prof. K.H.GAVIT, whose invaluable guidance and timely suggestion and constructive encouragement inspired me to complete the project in the present form. I express my thanks to the Library of Government Engineering College Bharuch which is a source of such invaluable information and of course the Internet Facility of the same. I would like to thank to the entire team of B.E. Staff whose direct and indirect suggestion helped me creating this project. I would like to pay a special thanks to my parents for the sparing their invaluable time and inspiring me. Although there remain some names but none are remain un-thanked.

JOSHI RONAK N (080140111016)

PATEL PALAK S( 090143111002)

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ABTRACT

A robot is a mechanical or virtual, artificial agent. It is usually an electromechanical system, which, by its appearance or movements, conveys a sense that it has intent or agency of its own. Still discussion about which machines qualify as robots is unknown.

Properties of robot are…..

• It is not 'natural' i.e. artificially created • It can sense its environment, and manipulate or interact with things in it • It has some degree of intelligence or ability to make choices based on the environment, often

using automatic control or a preprogrammed sequence • It is programmable • It moves with one or more axes of rotation or translation • It makes dexterous coordinated movements • It appears to have intent or agency

They have started to be ubiquitous, there are around 800,000 industrial robots in the world (mostly of them in Japan, Germany and North America), and you can count millions of robot kits for entertainment and education. The most important reason to use robots today is that Robotics is a newborn baby, and the important point is not what does for us today but what COULD do for us in the future, which is unlimited

• What about a robot which reaches the destination which you want it to reach following the directions which you give it while comfortably sitting on your computer terminal! That surely would be some relief to you.

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List of tables

1) Pin selection table of Encoder HT12E…………………..16 2) Pin description of Encoder HT12E………………………17 3) RF transmitter……………………………………………21 4) RF receiver………………………………………………21 5) Pin selection table of Decoder HT12D………………….25 6) Pin description of Decoder HT12D……………………..26

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List of figures

1) Block diagram of transmitter …………………….11 2) Block diagram of Receiver side………………….12 3) USB to USART…………………………………..13 4) Atmel ATmega16 Microcontroller……………….15 5) HT12E ENCODER……………………………….18 6) Transmitting Antenna…………………………….22 7) RF module……………………………………..…23 8) Receiving Antenna……………………………….25 9) HT12D DECODER………………………………26 10) Motor Driver IC-L293D………………………….30 11) Transmitting side photo…………………………..34 12) Receiving side photo……………………………..35 13) AVR Robokit…………………………………….39

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………10

2: Block diagram…………………….………….…………………………….11

2.1: Block diagram of Transmitting side …………………………….11

2.2: Block diagram of Receiver side………………………………….12

3: Hardware description of transmitter side ………………………………….13

3.1: USB to USART…………………………………………………..13

3.2: Atmel ATmega16 Microcontroller……………………………….15

3.3: HT12E ENCODER………………………………………………18

3.4: Transmitting Antenna ……………………………………………22

3.5: RF module………………………………………………………...23

4: Hardware description of Receiving Side……………………………………25

4.1: Receiving Antenna………………………………………………..25

4.2: HT12D DECODER………………………………………………26

4.3: Motor Driver IC-L293D………………………………………….30

4.5: D.C Motor………………………………………………………...32

5.procedure……………………………………………………………………33

6: Project photos………………………………………………………………34

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7: Software…………………………………………………………………..36

7.1 : BASCOM-AVR………………………………………………..36

7.2 : AVR Robokit…………………………………………………..39.

8: Advantages……………………………………………………………….41

9: Application………………………………………………………………...42

10: Project Component Costing…………………………………………….43

11: Conclusion……………………………………………………………….46

12: Selected References……………………………………………………..47

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1. INTRODUCTION

We are making a robot which is operated by the computer.

1. Using this we can operate from the distance without using any wire as a communication channel.

2. It is used for remote areas in which persons cannot go for doing a work.

3. Additional advantage is that it can work with constant efficiency without decrease in pace of the work.

4. Due to no physical wire connections there is no chance of any short circuit or physical damage in the communication channel.

5. For ex: The remote places can be coal mines ,

In automation technology

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2. Block diagram

2.1 Block diagram of transmitter

As per the above circuit diagram the computer sends the co-ordinates to the ATMEGA16 microcontroller from which it is transmitted by the transmitter antenna.

While we press the key in the computer the ASCII value of the key is send the value to the microcontroller via serial convertor. Now at the transmitter the input is digital but the output of the microcontroller is analog so in between microcontroller and transmitter the analog to digital convertor is used.

This is the circuit diagram so in it we just show that what is actually happen at the transmitter side.

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2.2 Block diagram of Receiver side

Here the receiver gets the signal for receiving antenna and decode it thereby providing the co-ordinates send by the transmitter to the motor driver IC-L293D.

Now in detail we can say that at the receiver side the code which is send by the transmitter is received at the receiver and is decoded with the help of decoder HT12D

The decoded signal is given by the decoder to the microcontroller ATMEGA16. After that with the use of motor driver IC-L293D, the code for the dc motor operation is given to the dc motor and dc motor functions according to the code given to the motor driver IC-L293D.

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3. Hardware description of transmitter side

3.1 USB to USART

• The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) takes bytes of data and transmits the individual bits in a sequential fashion.

• At the destination, a second UART re-assembles the bits into complete bytes.

• Each UART contains a shift register which is the fundamental method of conversion between serial and parallel forms.

• Serial transmission of digital information (bits) through a single wire or other medium is much more cost effective than parallel transmission through multiple wires

• The UART usually does not directly generate or receive the external signals used between different items of equipment.

• Separate interface devices are used to convert the logic level signals of the UART to and from the external signalling levels.

• External signals may be of many different forms. Examples of such are optical fiber, IrDA (infrared), and (wireless) Bluetooth in its Serial Port Profile (SPP). Some signalling schemes use modulation of a carrier signal (with or without wires).

• The UART to USB Interface module is designed to simplify interfacing serial based devices to USB host computer systems. This USB--‐powered module can be interfaced to atmga16 microcontroller and other serial devices running at logic levels from 2V up to 5V.

• The module simplifies interfacing as it removes the need for traditional RS--‐232 level converters. Its small footprints designed to fit easily in existing robotics and/or RC projects and are available with or without the USB connector.

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• The VCC pin can be used to power micro--‐controllers and other electronics directly from the USB bus with no additional power sources. With the wireless UART link it is possible to connect a / AVR /atmega16 us wirelessly to a PC.

• On the PC, the wireless UART is a standard COM port which you can use in your software, just like any other COM port. Any data written to the COM port will be wirelessly transmitted to the receiver PCB. There it is available for the receiving / AVR / us. Any response data is send back to the PC in the same way and can be read from the COM port by the software.

• The wireless UART uses the license free 433 MHz band and has an outdoor range of up to 300 meter. Actual values can differ, depending on local conditions. Indoor range is generally more than enough to have the modules anywhere in the house and still has reliable communication.

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3.2 Atmel ATmega16 Microcontroller

• A microcontroller often serves as the “brain” of a mechatronic system. Like a mini, self-

contained computer, it can be programmed to interact with both the hardware of the system and the user. Even the most basic microcontroller can perform simple math operations, control digital outputs, and monitor digital inputs. As the computer industry has evolved, so has the technology associated with microcontrollers? Newer microcontrollers are much faster, have more memory, and have a host of input and output features that dwarf the ability of earlier models. Most modern controllers have analogy-to-digital converters, high-speed timers and counters, interrupt capabilities, outputs that can be pulse-width modulated, serial communication ports, etc.

The ATmega16 microcontroller used in this lab is a 40-pin wide DIP (Dual In Line) package chip. This same microcontroller is available in a surface mount package, about the size of a dime. Surface mount devices are more useful for circuit boards built for mass production. Figure 1 below shows the ‘pin-out’ diagram of the ATmega16. This diagram is very useful, because it tells you where power and ground should be connected, which pins tie to which functional hardware, etc.

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Pin diagram Description

VCC: Digital supply voltage.

GND: Ground. Port A (PA7..PA0) : Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can

provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

Port B (PB7..PB0): Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected

for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

Port C (PC7..PC0): Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected

for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.

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Port D (PD7..PD0): Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected

for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

RESET: Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate

a reset, even if the clock is not running.

XTAL1: Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2: Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

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3.3 HT12E ENCODER:

Features Operating voltage 2.4V~5V for the HT12A 2.4V~12V for the HT12E Low power and high noise immunity CMOS

Technology Low standby current: 0.1_A (typ.) at

VDD=5V HT12A with a 38kHz carrier for infrared

Transmission medium Minimum transmission word Four words for the HT12E One word for the HT12A Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Data code has positive polarity Minimal external components HT12A/E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

Applications Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones Other remote control systems

General Description

The 212 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12_N data bits. Each address/ data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE trigger on the HT12E or a DATA trigger on the HT12A further enhances the application flexibility of the 212 series of encoders. The HT12A additionally provides a 38 kHz carrier for infrared systems.

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PIN LAYOUT OF HT12E ENCODER

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Functional Description Operation The 212 series of encoders begin a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable (TE for the HT12E or D8~D11 for the HT12A, active low). This cycle will repeat itself as long as the transmission enable (TE or D8~D11) is held low. Once the transmission enable returns high the encoder output completes its final cycle and then STOP as shown below. Information word If L/MB=1 the device is in the latch mode (for use with the latch type of data decoders). When the transmission enable is removed during a transmission, the DOUT pin outputs a complete word and then stops. On the other hand, if L/MB=0 the device is in the momentary mode (for use with the momentary type of data decoders). When the transmission enable is removed during a transmission, the DOUT outputs a complete word and then adds 7 words all with the _1_ data code.An information word consists of 4 periods as illustrated below.

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Address/data waveform Each programmable address/data pin can be externally set to one of the following two logic states asshown below.

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3.4: Transmitting Antenna

ASK Transmitter Module ST-TX01-ASK (Saw Type) General Description: The ST-TX01-ASK is an ASK Hybrid transmitter module. ST-TX01-ASK are designed by the Saw Resonator, with an effective low cost, small size, and simple-to-use for designing. Frequency Range: 315 / 433.92 MHZ. Supply Voltage: 3~12V. Output Power: 4~16dBm Circuit Shape: Saw

Applications *Wireless security systems *Car Alarm systems *Remote controls. *Sensor reporting

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3.5 RF module: Radio Frequency (RF) is the use of radio signals to communicate real-time data from the warehouse floor to the WMS database and back to the floor. This expedites processing in the warehouse. Scanners collect the data and transmit it via radio frequency to antennas located throughout the warehouse.

From the antennas, The signal proceeds to an access point that communicates with the warehouse management system. This process reduces paper, data entry time delays, cycle count processing, out of stock quantities, typing errors.

The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The corresponding frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of modulation is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).

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Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons. Firstly, signals through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission is more strong and reliable than IR transmission. RF communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting sources.

This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter.

The RF module is often used along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a decoder. HT12E-HT12D, HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder pair ICs.

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4. Hardware description of Receiving Side 4.1: Receiving Antenna

ASK Super Regenerative Receiver ST-RX02-ASK Receiver 315/434 MHz ASK RECEIVER General Description: The ST-RX02-ASK is an ASK Hybrid receiver module. A effective low cost solution for using at 315/433.92 MHZ. The circuit shape of ST-RX02-ASK is L/C. Receiver Frequency: 315 / 433.92 MHZ Typical sensitivity: -105dBm Supply Current: 3.5mA IF Frequency: 1MHz Applications

Car security system Wireless security systems Sensor reporting Automation system Remote Keyless entry

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4.2 HT12D DECODER Features

Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V Low power and high noise immunity CMOS Technology Low standby current Capable of decoding 12 bits of information Binary address setting Received codes are checked 3 times Address/Data number combination HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits HT12F: 12 address bits only Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Valid transmission indicator Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission Medium Minimal external components Pair with Holtek_s 212 series of encoders 18-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP package

Applications

Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones

General Description The 212 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications. They are paired with Holtek_s 212 series of encoders (refer to the encoder/decoder cross reference table). For proper operation, apiary of encoder/decoder with the same number of addresses and data format should be chosen. The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a programmed 212 series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium. They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their local addresses. If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are encoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission. The 212 series of decoders are capable of decoding information that consists of N bits of address and 12_N bits of data. Of this series, the HT12D is arranged to provide 8 address bits and 4 data bits, and HT12F is used to decode 12 bits of address information

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PIN LAYOUT OF HT12D DECODER

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Functional Description Operation The 212 of addresses and data pins in different packages so as to pair with the 212 series of encoders. The decoders receive data that are transmitted by an encoder and interpret the first N bits of code period as addresses and the last 12_N bits as data, where N is the address code number. A signal on the DIN pin activates the oscillator The 212 series of decoders provides various combinations which in turn decodes the incoming address and data. The decoders will then check the received address three times continuously. If the received address codes all match the contents of the decoders local address, the 12_N bits of data are decoded to activate the output pins and the VT pin is set high to indicate a valid transmission. This will last unless the address code is incorrect or no signal is received. The output of the VT pin is high only when the transmission is valid. Otherwise it is always low. Output type Of the 212 series of decoders, the HT12F has no data output pin but its VT pin can be used as a momentary data output. The HT12D, on the other hand, provides 4 latch type data pins whose data remain unchanged until new data are received.

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4.3 Motor Driver IC-L293D

1 - Suspiciously small red printed circuit board (PCB). 1 - L293D motor driver chip (the star of our show!). 2 - LEDs. Light-emitting diodes. Cool, small ones. 1 - 1k current - limiting resistor. (Brown / Black / Red / Gold). 1 - Length of 5 conductor ribbon cable

One of the first realizations in robotics is that making something move is an easy task. Something to convince the motor to do things the way we want it to be done. There are many ways to strengthen (”buffer”) a signal so it’s strong enough to drive a large load like a motor. Transistor H Bridges circuit, buffer chips, and dedicated motor driving chips are all suitable candidates, with their own benefits and limitations. , we wanted something that would take standard TTL (well, CMOS too) inputs and make a standard DC our slave, standard servos use a “Pulse Width Modulated” (”PWM”) signal to tell a servo where to rotate to. PWM works by sending a rapid train of high/low signals to the motor’s regular driver, and depending on how different the high signal is from the low signal, the motor moves to the According position. PWM is great if you don’t want to rotate much more than 180°, which is fine for actuators, but not for driving wheels. This is more useful - a small, compact, powerful gear motor! It’ll be something we can use very simple input signals to control its Rotation. We’ll even throw in a 5V regulator hack if you want to clamp the voltage right at the motor.

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Run the ribbon cable the other way off the driver PCB through the motor hole (for stress relief), and glue the top of the L293D IC to the gear motor case. Use short lengths of wire to connect the output pads of the motor driver to the motor contacts, and you’re in business! In the case of the dog-leg inline GM2 motor, you might want to trim off one of the motor retainer clamps so you have a convenient flat mounting location.

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4.5 D.C Motor

We use the dc motor of 24 volts because they are economic & easily available in the market. Except we also can use 24 v AC motor but they are very costlier than DC motor & for our general

purpose this motors are perfect for the use . We are moving the robot in all directions so motors were operated forward or reversed

directions.

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5. Procedures

We are trying to make a wireless robot which can be operated by the computer.

In which from the four keys of computer we are trying to move the robot in all directions.

The transmitting signal from the transmitter to the receiver is by using an radio frequency. The commands will be sent from the transmitter that is interfaced to the computer terminal to the receiver on the robot. The receiver module outputs a low-level TTL compatible signal whenever it receives a pulse of led light. Therefore, whenever any button of computer is pressed, the receiver module outputs a serial bit-stream unique to that particular button. The receiver module then feeds the bit stream to micro-controller input. Then this input informs the micro-controller what action to take.

The transmitter we are going to use for this design will generate RF rays Pulses at a frequency of 434-MHz. From taking the ASCII (American Standard Code Information Interchange) value of the keys(A,S,D,F) ,transmitter and receiver will decode the signal and drive the dc motor as output.

As shown in figure:

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6 Project photos

Receiving side

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Transmitting side

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7 SOFTWARE

7.1 BASCOM-AVR BASCOM is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that supports the 8051 family of microcontroller and some derivatives as well as Atmel’s AVR micro-controllers. Two products are available for the various microcontrollers- BASCOM-8051 and BASCOM-AVR. In a micro-controller project one need to know the hardware base, i.e. the micro-controller with internal and connected peripherals, and the software used, i.e. IDE handling programming and debugging. Bascom-avr is not only a BASIC complier, but also a comfortable Integrated Development Environment (IDE) running under windows95 and Windows NT.Such a development environment supports the whole process from coding and testing a program to programming the used micro-controller.

File open With this option you can load an existing program from disk. BASCOM saves files in standard ASCII format. Therefore, if you want to load a file that was made with another editor be sure that it is saved as ASCII file. File open shortcut: CTRL+O

File close Close the current program. The current editor window will be closed. When you have

made changes to the program, you will be asked to save the program first. You can then decide to save, cancel or not to save changes you have made.

File save With this option, you save your current program to disk under the same file name. The

file name is visible in windows caption of the edit window. If the program was created with the file new option, you will be asked to name the file first. Use the file saves as option to give the file another name. File save shortcut: CTRL+S.

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Running BASCOM-AVR

After you have installed BASCOM, you will find a program entry under MCS Electronics\BASCOM-AVR Double-click the BASCOM-AVR icon to run BASCOM. The following window will appear. The most-recently opened file will be loaded automatically. There is a menu and a toolbar. The toolbar can be customized. To do this, place the mouse cursor right beside the 'Help' menu. Then right-click. You can turn on/off the toolbars or you can choose 'Customize'.

Program Compile

With this option, you compile your current program. Your program will be saved automatically before being compiled. The following files will be created depending on the Option Compiler Settings.

It is needed File Description

xxx.BIN Binary file which can be programmed into the microprocessor. xxx.DBG Debug file that is needed by the simulator. xxx.OBJ Object file for simulating using AVR Studio.

Also needed by the internal simulator. xxx.HEX Intel hexadecimal file, which by some programmers. xxx.ERR Error file. Only created when errors are found. xxx.RPT Report file.

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xxx.EEP EEPROM image file

If a serious error occurs, you will receive an error message in a dialog box and the compilation will end.

When you click on the line with the error info, you will jump to the line that contains the error. The margin will also display the sign.

At the next compilation, the error window will disappear or reappear if there are still errors.

See also 'Syntax Check' for further explanation of the Error window.

Program compile shortcut: , F7

The example of the above short note is given below by one screenshot.

You can double click the error line to go to the place where the errors is found. Some errors point to a line zero that does not exist. These errors are caused by references to the assembler library and are the result of other errors.

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7.2 AVR Robokit

This device is specially designed to work with Laptops/Notebooks which doesn’t have Parallel or serial port. At full clock speed of 16MHz of the microcontroller it can program the flash at very high speed mode. This programmer is supported in Human Interface Device (HID) mode. It is supported on all versions of Windows, including Windows XP, 2000, Vista, 7 and 8 as well as on Linux.

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Features • Compatible to Atmel's STK500V2 with implemented USB to Serial converter. • Compatible with AVR Studio, AVRDUDE and compilers having support for STK500V2 protocol. • Supports 2 modes, STK500 and USB-HID for compatibility. • Adjustable ISP clock allows flashing of devices clocked at very low rate, e.g. 32 kHz. • High Speed Programming: Programs 32 KB flash in just 15 seconds at full speed of Microcontroller. • ISP clock can be lowered with a jumper (if the programmer software does not support Setting the ISP clock) for slow speed crystals such as 32.768 MHz • Uses USB power supply, no external supply required. • Supported on Windows 98, XP, Vista, 7 and Linux.

MOST advance feathers

Robokits AVR USB programmer assigns a serial port which has to be taken care of. In AVRStudio auto detect function does not need the previous task to be done. It automatically connects to the programmer. Click on the icon where the cursor is pointing. It will Auto connect the programmer without specifying any COM port settings if the programmer is present at USB port.

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8 ADVANTAGES

When considering the introduction of wireless technology into manufacturing plants, different aspects must be considered:

Costs. The first reason justifying wireless deployment is always cost saving due to wire replacement; the industrial case is particularly critical due to the high costs of industrial wiring.

Resiliency and Safety. The impact of a link failure event over system safety must be minimized: wireless is vulnerable to noise, temporary interferences, fading. A receiver can be “jammed” quite easily. Usually, these are the first objections to wireless: anyway there are several possible solutions preventing such problems and, don’t forget it, wires can be cut (and hard to repair) and wired devices (switches, hubs, repeaters) break!

Priority. Safety requirements involve the use of a protocol which is reliable and offers real-time guarantees for the most important signals. Not all the protocols are suitable for this. Consider that if, on one hand, you can ensure safety by a simple approach which interrupts processes whenever messages get lost, on the other hand you cannot afford too many interruptions if you do not want to cut down the efficiency of your process.

Security. Another threat concerns wireless vulnerability. Anyway this can be considered a thing of the past: several solutions exist to improve security and privacy of wireless transmissions.

Mobility. Wireless means mobility. Freedom from wires brings several benefits: you can move around your plant without disrupting connectivity; in case of frequent reconfiguration of your plant involving assembly lines, You do not have to deal with cable bonds. In most cases, an industrial application requires more a nomadic rather than a true mobile solution: this means that you work in quasi-static scenarios on which wireless is particularly effective.

Scalability.

Intuitively, a wireless solution is more efficient if it allows for an increase of the number of users connected to the same device (overcoming the paradigm of a point-to-point connection), number of active networks, and capability to automatic configuration. This will be further discussed in next section.

Protocols Inter-operation. Several different industrial communication standards compete and cannot inter-work each other. A wireless protocol can behave as a bridging protocol among them.

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Fabric-to-Office Integration. A wireless protocol can efficiently transport also office-related and internet-oriented traffic. This would allow to carrying on the evolution started by industrial Ethernet, optimizing network maintenance costs and always-on connection to the office. The integration with the office (the so called “global networking”) enables, in perspective, added valued industrial management (automated asset management, supply chain management, customer relationship management).

Dynamic Chain Configuration. On the other hand, fabric-to-office integration enables to draw an improved production environment, flexible and dynamically re-configurable according to highly differentiated customer requests recalling data (for instance orders) stored on other systems.

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9 APPLICATIONS

Boring and monotonous jobs: Welding and painting in productions lines, cleaning houses and offices. Dangerous jobs: cleaning radioactive waste or manipulating explosive material, military applications. Jobs which require a superhuman speed and accuracy (in order to make it inexpensive): Assembly of electronic devices like cell phones and computers. Jobs in inaccessible places: exploring another planet or the bottom of sea. For entertainment, research and education: Toy robots, many universities use robotics to teach a lot of aspects of science, hobby robotics is very popular today.

Automatic machinery and equipment Automated and remotely controlled devices and equipment Milling Polishing Robotic Coating Thermal Spray Water jet

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10 PROJECT COMPONENTS COSTING

SR.NO COMPONENTS SUB

COMPONENT

QUANTITY AMOUNT

1. Transformer 2 300

2. IC HT12E

HL12E

L293D

1

1

2

25

25

50

3. Microcontroller ATMEGA16 2 300

4. LED 8 8

5. Diodes 8 16

6. Transistor NPN 15

7. Resistors 8 8

8. Motor 4 600

9. Sockets 6 25

10. Buck strip 7 21

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11. CONCLUSION

The RF Module offers Simple port Interconnect allowing flexible peripheral configuration with the minimum hardware adaption. The RF Module is easy to Use, while its wireless data delivery is reliable and transparent to users. Both are Elements enhance the seamless implementation of the Wireless Robot Control. Computer operated robot has improved our lives due to a great extent and has allowed to decrease the cost of production of many ubiquitous items like computers and cell phones making them accessible for many more people.

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12. SELECTED REFERENCE

www.holtek.com.tw www.extremeelectronics.co.in www.engineersgarage.com www.summitek.com.tw www.wikipedia.com www.technologystudents.com