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8/6/2019 WIRELESS Operating & Basics
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wireless-operating-basics 1/50
Wireless - Theory of Operations & Basics
Jagadeesh.D
8/6/2019 WIRELESS Operating & Basics
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 2
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Waves have different wavelengths
When you listen to the radio , watch TV , or cook dinner in a microwave
oven , you are using electromagnetic waves.
Radio waves have the longest
wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.
These waves can be longer than a football field or as short as a
football. Radio waves do more than just bring music to your radio. They also carry signals for your television and cellular
phones.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 3
Wireless architecture
A wireless solution uses radio waves instead of physical wires as the communication medium. A
radio and antenna convert electronic signals from the measurement transmitter into radio waves,
and another antenna and radio at the host convert the waves back into usable information.
2.4 GHz is accepted around the globe as part of the Wi-Fi standard,
and can be used for wireless Ethernet communications. Other non-
Ethernet devices can also communicate in this frequency band.
Because it is a band rather than a single fixed frequency, it also allows
the use of spread-spectrum techniques to increase network
reliability.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 4
Different types of wireless
GSM/GPRS
widely used in cellular networks
900-MHz and 2.4-GHz radiosuseful for monitoring and SCADA applications in oil and gas fields
Self-organizing networksoffer high network reliability for in-plant applications
Wi-Fiexcellent backbone for data concentration and networking.
Satellite
very remote operations
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 5
Smart Wireless Self-organising Field Network
Self-organising Networks have demonstrated high reliability in thefield
Use IEEE 802.15.4 radio with added channel hopping andTime Synchronised Mesh Protocol (TSMP)
Robust/tolerant to almost all interference and coexists with other wirelessnetworks
Demonstrated > 99% field reliability
Robust security is designed in.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 6
Smart Wireless Solutions Utilize Robust Self-Organizing Technology
Self-Organizing NetworksRedundant data pathways eliminatesingle points of failure
Automatic reconfiguration, No userintervention is required
Robust and tolerant to all types ofinterference
Coexists with other wireless networks
Additional Technical Details
Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol(TSMP)
IEEE 802.15.4 radio withadded channel hopping
System is scalable to 100,000+nodes
Real world installations
consistently demonstrate >99% data reliability
IEC 62591
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 7
DCS DCS
Industrial Applications
Enter- prise
Hard To Reach,Unmanned Sites
In Plant Near-Plant Global
Remote Assets
Incremental Measurements
Distributed Inventory
‘Stranded’
Diagnostics
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 8
Suitable Applications: Monitoring
Non-critical monitoring
Control
New Existing
Basic monitoring
I m p o r t a n
c e o f d a
t a
Plant infrastructure
Wireless
HART Fieldbus
Fieldbus or HART
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 9
Topology: Star
A star topology is a point-to-point architecture whereindividual wireless devices,
or nodes, communicatedirectly with a central "hub”or gateway.
Devices in a star topology
communicate only with thegateway – not with eachother.
The gateway then transmitsthe data to a centralcollection point, such as acontrol room – eitherdirectly, or by connecting toanother network.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 10
Topology: Star
In a star topology,communication can beinterrupted if something
disrupts the line-of-sighttransmission pathbetween device andgateway.
Obstruction such asphysical structures suchas vessels, piping, and
equipmentEnvironmental factor suchas rain, fog, and humidity.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 11
Topology: Mesh
The devices in a meshtopology can alsocommunicate with other
nodes in the network.A message can "hop"from node to node to
node until it reaches theassigned gateway
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 12
What is TDMA?
Time Division Multiple Access is a preferred method forsynchronizing messages to avoid collisions. It is a digitaltransmission technology that allows a number of users to access asingle RF channel without interference by allocating unique time slots
(superframes) to each user within each channel
• A critical component of any TDMA system is time synchronization.•All nodes must share a common sense of time so that they know precisely when to talk, listen, or sleep.
TSMP does not begin each frame with a synchronization beacon.• TSMP nodes maintain a precise sense of time and exchange offset
information with neighbors to ensure alignment.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 13
What is DSSS ?
It stands for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
- a redundant bit pattern called the chipping code is generated foreach data bit that is to be tranmitted.
DSSS functions by dividing the data into several pieces &SIMULTANEOUSLY sending the pieces on as many differentfrequencies as possible.
To an unintended receiver, DSSS appears as low-power wideband
noise and is rejected(ignored) by most narrowband receivers.
Amplitude (amount of
Power)
amplitude
f f
Narrow Band signal at a fixed frequency Spread Spectrum Signal
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 14
Security
5 layers of securityEncryption
• alter or “scramble”data in a message,making itunreadable toanyone other thanthe receiving deviceor system
Authentication
• it proves that adevicecommunicating onthe network is theauthorized nodethat its messagessay it is.
Verification
• verify that amessage hasn'tbeen changedduring transmissionis by time stamp toensure the“freshness” of the
message.
Anti-jamming
• 16 differentchannels from2.4000 GHz to2.4835 GHz
• Direct SequenceSpread Spectrum
Key
Management• Password to access
the gateway.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 15
Integrated, Best-In-Class Security Protects Your Networks from Outside Threats The ability to Encrypt the data
– Protects your valuable information
The ability to Authenticate sender and receiver
– Verifies “good” communication within the network
The ability to Verify that the data has not been changed
– Ensures data integrity as it is communicated back to the gateway
Effective Anti-Jamming technology
– Channel hopping is employed to avoid interference and increase reliability Reliable Key Management
– Automatic key rotation further protects your network from unauthorized access
Emerson’s security approach is validated and tested by customers and wireless experts
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 16
Self Organizing Network
Based on industrial standard, WirelessHART
Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol network.
Dynamically manage their own configurationand communications to ensure messagesreach their destinations.
Each device in the network also acts as arouter for other neighboring devices.
No requirement for direct line-of-site pathsbetween source and destination.
Automatic path configuration
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 17
Advantages of Self Organizing Network
• Over 99% data reliability• Transmitters in network serves as repeater to provide
additional paths.High Reliability
• No physical check to identify clear, line-of-sight paths for
communicationNo site survey
• LCD is turned off when transmitter is idle• When not transmitting messages, they go into a “sleep”
modeEnergy efficiency
• Mesh network• No programming, routes planning requiredSelf-reorganizing
• Same process connection
• No special training requiredEasy installation
• Health of a device or a process.• Counter measure suggestions.Diagnostics
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 18
How does a Wireless Device join a network?
Typical Join Time Less than 5minutes
Up to 32 NeighborsBandwidth Allocation includesneighbors
Uses all 16 channels in 2.4 GHz
spectrum
ListensNeighbor Advertisements
Network ID + Time
HearsCorrect Network ID +Schedule
SynchronizesCommunicates with
Advertising Neighbor atadvertised schedule
ValidatesJoin Key approved bygateway
Bandwidth Allocated
Repeat
Listen for Unique Network ID 123456
Send Unique Join Keys for Network Access A3DC9E2D-7F3A1ED4-B4FWA2A1-CDA82FDB
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 19
RF in the surrounding
Absorption example - rain, glass, wood, foliage
Reflection example - Concrete (moderately)
-Metal (completely)
Diffraction
- Bending of waves around corners
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 20
Signal attenuation for different materials
MaterialAttenuation
(db)Glass window 2.3
Brick wall 2Metal frame glass gall into building 6
Office wall 6
Metal door in office wall 6
Cinder block wall 4
Metal door in brick wall 12
Brick wall next to metal door 3
Drywall 5-8Six inch thick solid-core wall 15-20Human body 3Plasterboard wall 3
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 21
Standard Gateway Antenna
Vertical Beam Width
60 Degrees for legacyP-t-P wirelessengineering
Self-Organizing
leverages much morein practice
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 22
Remote Gateway Antenna
Vertical Beam Width
30 Degrees for legacyP-t-P wirelessengineering
Self-Organizing
leverages much morein practice
Remote Antenna
Cable negatesRemote Antenna Gain
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 23
Long Range Antenna
Vertical Beam Width
60 Degrees for legacyP-t-P wirelessengineering
Self-Organizing
leverages much morein practice
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 24
Extended Range Antenna
Vertical Beam Width
40 Degrees for legacyP-t-P wirelessengineering
Self-Organizing
leverages much morein practice
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 25
Specified Effective Range = 250 m
LOS = Line of Sight = No Obstructions
Control 6 ft
750 ft
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 26
Installation Practices
Transmitter
Should be1m away from any structure.
Gateway
Should be 1 m away from the side of the building, or
Should be 2 m above the roof of the building, or
If the transmitters are near the ground, the gateway must be 4 to
8 m from the ground.
Remote Antenna
Should be 1m from side of building and 4 to 8 m above ground.
Should be 2m above the roof
Should be 4 to 8 m above ground.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 27
Wireless Basics
How Wireless Works? – In Summary
Uses Self Organising Mesh Network Technology - which manages their ownconfiguration & communications automatically to look for the most efficientpath.
Self Organising Mesh Network Technology delivers high data reliability inDynamic plant environments.
Self Organising Networks offer flexibility to expand into additionalapplications.
Integrated Best-in-class security is simple to use - IEEE 802.15.4 radios with2.4 GHz frequency ISM band & total of 16 channels to hob around.
No Wireless expertise required, devices automatically finds the bestcommunication paths.
Network continuously monitors paths for degradation and repairs itself.
Adaptive behaviour provides reliable, hands-off operation and simplifiesnetwork deployments, expansion and reconfiguration.
Self healing Network - automatically finds an alternate path if there is anobstruction.
Seamless integration to existing host with same control system applications.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 28
Wireless - Benefits
Physical Cablings or Wirings are not required.
Installation & Configuration is simple and easy.
Multiplexers & Marshalling cabinets space are not required to install &communicate with the devices.
Installation/planning for cables/wiring labor cost is very much eliminated - Up to90% Installation cost reduction.
Minimal ongoing Maintenance.
Faster commissioning and startup.
On the Platform/SKID applications, where the Platform/SKID is moving around the
plant.Current devices installed in the field are less utilized for their diagnostic featuresbuilt-in. With WirelessHART THUM, they can extract/utilize all the features.
Measurement of Process Variables can be done only when need therebymaximizing operational efficiency.
In essence they are the same as monitoring applications. Wireless opens the doorto providing new monitoring and control points in areas previously inaccessible.Systems previously controlled open loop or through a purely manual process canbe automated without the need for wiring new I/O (input/output) points.
Wireless delivers benefits beyond installation savings.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 29
Easy to InstallFamiliar instrument practicesfor field networks
Self-organizing networks
minimize configurationNo site surveys for fieldnetworks
Seamless integration
between wired & wireless
Easy Installation
Easy to MaintainEasily add field devices,gateways, access points
Asset and Network
Management Software:Monitors health of devices
Monitors health ofcommunications betweendevices.
Quickly identifies faults.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 30
Wireless Basics
Where WIRELESS Products are currently used
Currently used for Monitoring and Non-critical controlapplication.
Can be used for closed loop application, if theprocess is not so critical.
WirelessHART is designed for control applications. Itis up to the user to decide whether or not wirelessshould be used for control.
WirelessHART Communication has the advantage ofproviding a simple, reliable and secure solution,whether wired or wireless.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 31
You Can’t Improve What You Can’t See
Most HART instrumentation points in the plants areunder-utilized.
HART devices are equipped with rich diagnostics andprocess information, yet this valuable information goesunused….Why?
Older legacy systems are not equipped to receive HARTcommunications.
Too expensive and too complicated to enable thiscapability through traditional wired means.
Now, there’s an easy and cost-effective wayto “see/get” the valuable diagnostic and process
information in your devices
See More with the Smart Wireless
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 32
See More with the Smart Wireless THUM Adapter
Enable enhanced valve capabilities
Gain access to advanced instrument diagnostics
Remotely manage devices and monitor device health
Efficiently gather data from multivariable devices
Make any HART device wireless to enable new measurement points
Extend predictive intelligence to areas
not possible before due to technical or economic reasons
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 33
Smart Wireless THUM Adapter?
A device you can retrofit on any existing twoor four-wire device.
Consists of a radio transmitter, receiver,
microprocessor and an antenna.
Allows you to wirelessly transmit HART measurementand diagnostic information that was previously not
available.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 34
Smart Wireless THUM
Provides a simple cost-effective way to wirelessly access
HART device information
Enable enhanced valve capabilities
Gain access to advanced instrument diagnosticsRemotely manage devices and monitor health
Efficiently gather data from multivariable devices
Make any HART device wireless to enable new
measurement points2 or 4 Wire HART Devices
HART 5.0 or newer
Does not impact connected device approvals
Intrinsically Safe & Explosion ProofTHUM is available with same approvals
SmartPower™Scavenges power from existing source
No batteries
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 35
Attaches to any 2-wire or 4-wire HART device and uses WirelessHART to
transmit measurement and/or diagnostic information
Does not impact wiring to existing control system
HART data passes through self-organizing
network to Smart Wireless
Gateway
WIRELESS NETWORK UNLEASHES MEASUREMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC
INFORMATION
How Does the THUM Work?
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 36
The THUM is Easy to Install and Use
No need to install costly MultiplexersEliminates constraints of limited rack room space and costlyengineering and wiring
Attaches to standard electrical conduit portNo special power requirementsSmart Power loop scavenging
No battery required
The THUM can connect to any deviceThere are some considerations for certain hazardous areaapprovals
Self-organizing WirelessHART network offers >99% datareliabilityAMS Wireless SNAP-ON application makes it easy to planand validate the wireless network
Smart Wireless THUM Adapter
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 37
Enables Enhanced Valve Capabilities
Currently 75% of valves areunnecessarily removed fromservice for maintenance
The Smart Wireless THUMadapter with AMS ValveLinksoftware works with FIELDVUEdigital valves to deliver moreinsight
Complete maintenance on and as
needed basisLearn about impending problemsbefore they impact the plant
Avoid pulling valves from serviceunnecessarily for maintenance
• Online, in-service valve testing • Monitor alerts such as travel deviation, supply pressure and electronics health
• Trend actual valve positions
THUM Adapter BENEFITS
Smart Wireless THUM Adapter
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 38
Gain Access to Advanced Diagnostics
Smart WirelessTHUM adapterretrieves digital
information fromHART devices
Take action before
potential problemsimpact process
Online Configuration
and Diagnostics
pH Probe Monitoring
In-situ Meter Verification
Plugged Line
Detection
THUM Adapter BENEFITS
Remotely Manage Devices andSmart Wireless THUM Adapter
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 39
Smart Wireless THUM adapter withAMS Suite allows you to troubleshootHART devices from your desktop
Avoid unnecessary trips to the fieldOptimize maintenance and minimizedowntime
Obtain a universal window into yourHART devices
Online access to diagnostics
Automated documentation
Calibration managementDevice configuration
Remotely Manage Devices and Monitor Health
THUM Adapter BENEFITS
S Wi l THUM Ad
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 40
Smart Wireless THUM Adapter for Valve Diagnostics
You can’t improve what you can’t seeLegacy host system unable to read HARTdiagnostic data from FIELDVUE Instruments todetect valve assembly problems
Dirty air supply can increase maintenance
requirements on instruments or for an unplannedshutdown.
Normal wear and tear on the valve can increasethe likelihood of an unplanned shutdown
Smart Wireless THUM Adapter SolutionTHUM adapter attaches to an existing HARTdigital valve controller (e.g. DVC6000 orDVC2000) allowing valuable HART informationto be integrated with legacy systems
Valve Alerts
Valve Diagnostic Tests
ResultsImproved maintenance efficiency
Increased visibility into equipment health for
improved operations
Any images
available for plugged line detection?
Status screen showing active alerts and the result of the last One Button Sweep diagnostic test.
S t Wi l THUM Ad t
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 41
Smart Wireless THUM Adapter for Valve Position Feedback
You can’t improve what you can’t seeLegacy host system unable to read valvetravel feedback via HART communication
Valve position variable is available with
FIELDVUE instrumentsSmart Wireless THUM Adapter Solution
THUM adapter attaches to an existingHART digital valve controller (e.g.DVC6000 or DVC2000) allowing HART
variables to be integrated into legacysystems
Confirm that the valve has reached its setpoint position
Trend valve position over time
ResultsIncreased visibility into the performance ofthe valve
Improved troubleshooting tools
Any images
available for plugged line detection?
Status screen showing valve travel feedback.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 42
Wireless Basics Summary
Why the customer need to go for Wireless
Cost saving: remove wiring cost, installation cost and shortencommissioning time.
If there is no more room to add more wirings with existinginfrastructure.
Free up space in panel for more important applications or any otherapplications.
How the WIRELESS can help them in their day today operation?
Operation manpower can be utilized in more meaningful job instead of
clipboard rounds especially where areas are not accessible & remote .Improve accuracy of data - human error is totally eliminated.
Improved Operational efficiency.
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 43
Wireless Major Applications
Difficult Process Monitoring
Where operator access is limited
Rotating Equipment
Environmental
Auxiliary Systems
Safety System Status
Operator Safety
Mobile Assets
On/Off Valve Position
Process Startup
Temporary Installations
Wired Alternative
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 44
1420 Gateway
WIRED To DCS via
OPC or Modbus
Control Valve with
4320 Position Transmitter
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 45
4-20mAHardwired Control
1420 Gateway
WIRED To DCS via OPC or Modbus
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 46
Wireless Connection to DeltaV11
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 47
Wireless Connection to DeltaV11
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[File Name or Event]Emerson Confidential27-Jun-01, Slide 48
Wireless Connection to DeltaV11
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Thank you. For
more Wireless Solutionsplease visitwww.emersonprocess.co
m/Smartwireless/
4-20mAHardwired Control
To DCS via OPC or Modbus