A Seminar Report

on

Wireless Irrigation System

By

Mr. Chapole Atul Bapurao

Mr. Gaikwad Akshay Balasaheb

Mr. Ganyarpawar Vinit Vilasrao

Under the guidance of

Prof. G.R.Patil HOD (E&TC)

In partial fulfillment of BE (E&TC)

Degree of University of Pune

[2010-2011]

Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering JSPM’S

Rajarshi Shahu college of engineering Pune-411033

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled

Wireless Irrigation System

By

Mr. Chapole Atul Bapurao [B3373018]

Mr.Gaikwad Akshay Balasaheb [B3373032]

Mr. Ganyarpawar Vinit Vilasrao [B3373033]

is record of bonafide work carried out by them, in Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, under my guidance in partial fulfillment for award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering of University of Pune.

Prof. G.R.Patil HOD (E&TC)

(Project guide)

Prof. G.R.Patil Prof. Dr. D.S.Bormane . HOD (E&TC) Principal

JSPM’S Rajarshi shahu college of engineering

Pune-411033

Acknowledgement

We take this opportunity to thank the teachers and senior authorities whose constant encouragement made it possible for us to take up a challenge of doing this project. We express our deepest thanks to our head of dept. Prof.G.R.Patil for allowing us to use the college resources and constant encouragement for this project.

We are grateful to Prof.G.R.Patil for his technical support, valuable guidance, encouragement and consistent help without which it would have been difficult to work on this

project. He has been a constant source of inspiration to us. We consider ourselves fortunate to come across such an eminent personality.

We are very grateful Prof.R.R.Itkarkar for her constant enthusiasm and encouragement for our project.

Last but not least we are thankful to entire staff of Electronics and Telecommunication Dept. for providing time to time help and their guidance.

Yours sincerely

Chapole Atul

Gaikwad Akshay

Ganyarpawar Vinit

Contents

1. Abstract 2. Chapter 1

Introduction 3. Chapter 2 Literature survey

4. Chapter 3 Methodology (block diagram representation) 5. Chapter 4 Design and implementation 6. Chapter 5 Future scope

7. Bibliography 8. Datasheets

Abstract:-

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consist of spatially distributed autonomous sensor to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutant. The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. They are now used in many industrial and civilian application areas including industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring environment and habitat monitoring, home automation and traffic control. Wireless sensor network is a kind of self organization wireless network which taking the data as center. According to the fact of rural district and characteristic of wireless

sensor, a feasible wireless sensor network system used in farmland area was designed, which solved the practical application problems of network structure, such as node localization, route search and energy supervision. There have not been any significant technological advancements being made in agricultural sector as compared to other sectors. Irrigation system needs to be monitored on a regular basis. The first aim of the project is to reduce the wastage by automating the entire irrigation system. The water or moisture sensor is placed in the field which continuously senses the moisture content in the field. The output of the sensor is transmitted wirelessly using a wireless

module. Another wireless module at the receiving end receives these transmitted signals and gives it as an input to the main micro-controller which is the control unit, then the microcontroller performs the motoring action. Generally, crop in a greenhouse environment is extremely sensitive and responds negatively to even the slightest of climatic changes. As such, an automated system of irrigation is ideal. Deployed effectively, intelligent wireless sensors can efficiently control the environment and irrigate as necessary. Smart wireless sensors provide an avenue to dynamically control the environment with little or no human intervention.

In this project, we introduce a wireless networked sensor system, which intends to make crop irrigation efficient and labor un-intensive. It effectively monitors the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture of a certain crop and its surroundings. If desired, sensors can monitor every plant in the greenhouse far more rapidly than traditional techniques, namely, human labor. In addition, each sensor can be calibrated to the specifications of a certain crop making the system universally useful. Such a system promotes highly accurate inventories, simple species location, and the elimination of pot bar codes. More specifically, this project provides a portable autonomous irrigation system. In fact, this system consistently out-performed regular greenhouse plant life. It perhaps becomes

most beneficial when there is a shortage of water or chemical fertilizer as this system relies upon a more efficient model than the traditional professional and decreases fertilizer use.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

There have not been any significant technological advancements being made in agricultural sector as compared to other sectors. Irrigation system needs to be monitored on a regular basis. The aim of this project is to reduce the wastage of water by automating the entire irrigation system. Efficient water management is the major concern in many cropping systems. Sensor based irrigation system offers a potential solution to support site-specific irrigation management that helps in water saving.

Field environmental conditions such as temperature, PH, humidity, etc. are checked and according to that water supply to the crops are controlled. In this project we are controlling sprinklers according to humidity conditions of field.

Information about the humidity conditions and sprinkler situation will be sent to mobile of user using GSM network.

An irrigation system for controlling a no. of control valves is disclosed. The valves control flow of water in a corresponding branch pipe leading from a common supply pipe. The system uses wireless transmission of control signals to operate the corresponding valve.

Agricultural systems are susceptible to dynamic environmental changes which need to be carefully monitored to insure the health of the crop. In general, crops require sunlight, nutrient rich soil and water for survival, all of which can be controlled within a greenhouse. However, fine-grain control of environmental factors in a modern greenhouse requires both physical labor and expensive monitoring systems. For example, a grower in a medium size

greenhouse (about 5 acres) can spend between 4-10 hours irrigating crops every day, even with the assistance from an automated system.In current greenhouse applications human interaction is necessary to setup the irrigation system and may be required to initiate the irrigation cycle each time. The aim of this project is to present an irrigation system which reduces human interaction significantly. Intelligent sensors can be programmed to monitor the environment and irrigate crops when needed. This automated irrigation is ideal for a greenhouse application. By introducing smart wireless sensors into a greenhouse environment, the growth of the plants can be controlled with very little human intervention. This project is a portable autonomous irrigation system that has the

ability to monitor a minimal set of environmental elements and irrigate a group of plants depending on environmental conditions. This project has two main benefits: it reduces the amount of water given to the crop and reduces, labor costs required to irrigate crops, thereby reducing a large cost factor in the production of most plants. This project allows the system to more accurately control crop irrigation eliminating under- and over-watering. This method of continuously limiting the quantity of water available to the plant is very effective under climatic conditions that foster slow drying. Watering in this manner effectively regulates growth rates but requires intensive grower management in modern systems. It can eliminate this expense since it manages the irrigation autonomously.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Benjamin Beckmann et al. [1] explained

Generally, crop in a greenhouse environment is extremely sensitive and responds negatively to even the slightest of climatic changes. As such, an automated system of irrigation is ideal. Deployed effectively, intelligent wireless sensors can efficiently control the environment and irrigate as necessary. Smart wireless sensors provide an avenue to dynamically control the environment with little or no human intervention. In this paper, we introduce a wireless networked sensor system, PANSY, which intends to make crop irrigation efficient and labor un-intensive. PANSY effectively monitors the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture of a certain crop and its surroundings. If desired, sensors can monitor every plant in the greenhouse far more rapidly than traditional techniques,

namely, human labor. In addition, each sensor can be calibrated to the specifications of a certain crop making the system universally useful. Such a system promotes highly accurate inventories, simple species location, and the elimination of pot bar codes.

Tao chi et al. [2] explained In recent years, the modern large-scale greenhouse has been widely used in the precision agriculture. The large-scale greenhouse always occupies several hundred square

meters and must be adapt to different plant species in different seasons. Greenhouse reusability requires that the sensor location often needs to be moved and a traditional wire layout will cost a great deal of time and energy in order to resolve the changeable wiring problems. The paper introduces a kind of new wireless sensor network, which depends on the closely distributed sensor nodes to collect the environmental information and then sends the information to clustering nodes by wireless data link. Wireless sensor network is a kind of self-organization wireless network which taking the data as center. The node in network is intensive, huge quantity and covering a large area, the energy efficiency is one of the most

decisive factors of designing node. The new technology aims to reduce the cost and effort of the integrated wiring and to enhance the flexibility and mobility of the surveillance point set.

Andy Norby et al. [3] explained

Irrigation, or artificial watering of land to sustain plant growth, is an integral part of farming in all areas of the world. Irrigation systems have been used supply water in all where rainfall does not provide enough water for adequate ground moisture. In some areas irrigation

is used continually to maintain crops, while it may be used as needed in other areas to sustain crops. Irrigation has greatly expanded farming to lands that prior could not support farming, thus increasing food supply throughout the world.

PRANAVAMOORTHY B. et al. [4] explained

There have not been any significant technological advancements being made in agricultural sector as compared to other sectors. Irrigation system needs to be monitored on a regular basis. The first aim of the project is to reduce the wastage by automating the entire

irrigation system. The three-phase supply system in now available worldwide, except perhaps in some rural areas where only a single phase supply is available. The second aim of our project is to tackle this issue, thereby enabling the operation of these pumps even in the absence of three phase supply.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY [BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION]

CHAPTER 4

DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION

1. PIC

The PIC18F4520 Microcontroller includes 2 Mb of program memory, self programming,

32kb of internal flash Program Memory, together with a large RAM area and an internal 256

bytes of EEPROM, 2 additional timers, 2 capture/compare/PWM functions, the synchronous

serial port can be configured as either 3-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) or the 3-wire

Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) bus and a Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

(USART). A 13-channel 10-bit A/D convertor is also included within the microcontroller,

making it ideal for real-time systems and monitoring applications. All port connectors are

brought out to standard headers for easy connect and disconnect. In-Circuit program

download is also provided, enabling the board to be easily updated with new code and

modified as required, without the need to remove the microcontroller.

All the necessary support components are included, together with a Power and

Programming LED for easy status indication. Plus a reset switch for program execution and a

RS232 connection for data transfer to and from a standard RS232 port, available on most

computers.

The new PIC18F4520 Controller is the ideal solution for use as a standard controller in many

applications. The small compact size combined with easy program updates and

modifications make it ideal for use in machinery and control systems, such as alarms, card

readers, real-time monitoring applications and much more. This board is ideal as the brains

of your robot or at the center of your home-monitoring system). All of these features make

it ideal for more advanced level A/D applications in automotive, industrial, appliances and

consumer applications.

2. ULN 2803:

A ULN2803 is an Integrated Circuit (IC) chip with a High Voltage/High Current Darlington Transistor

Array. It allows you to interface TTL signals with higher voltage/current loads. In English, the chip takes

low level signals (TLL, CMOS, PMOS, NMOS - which operate at low voltages and low currents) and acts as

a relay of sorts itself, switching on or off a higher level signal on the opposite side.

A TTL signal operates from 0-5V, with everything between 0.0 and 0.8V considered "low" or off, and 2.2

to 5.0V being considered "high" or on. The maximum power available on a TTL signal depends on the

type, but generally does not exceed 25mW (~5mA @ 5V), so it is not useful for providing power to

something like a relay coil. Computers and other electronic devices frequently generate TTL signals. On

the output side the ULN2803 is generally rated at 50V/500mA, so if can operate small loads directly.

Alternatively, it is frequently used to power the coil of one or more relays, which in turn allow even

higher voltages/currents to be controlled by the low level signal. In electrical terms, the ULN2803 uses

the low level (TTL) signal to switch on/turn off the higher voltage/current signal on the output side.

The ULN2803 comes in an 18-pin IC configuration and includes eight (8) transistors. Pins 1-8 receive the

low level signals, pin 9 is grounded (for the low level signal reference). Pin 10 is the common on the high

side and would generally be connected to the positive of the voltage you are applying to the relay coil.

Pins 11-18 are the outputs (Pin 1 drives Pin 18, Pin 2 drives 17, etc.).

3. LCD:

LCD’s can add a lot to your application in terms of providing a useful interface for the user, debugging an

application or just providing it a ”professional” look.

Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is connected

to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While most

Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there are a few which don't. Therefore by

incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider

range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors. We make no effort to

place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire the R/W line of the LCD panel,

into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data lines. As a result we cannot read

back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished

processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our

program. The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As

with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench power supply set to 5v

or use a onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling capacitors, especially if you have

trouble with the circuit working properly.

4. The MAX232:

The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary drivers (two) and

receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it

just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V)

internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no longer need to design and

build a power supply with three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just provide one +5V

power supply, e.g. with the help of a simple 78x05 voltage converter.

The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs are almost identical, however, the

MAX232A is much more often used (and easier to get) than the original MAX232, and the

MAX232A only needs external capacitors 1/10th the capacity of what the original MAX232

needs.

It should be noted that the MAX232(A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the

necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS-

232 signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to convert signal voltage

levels. Generating serial data with the right timing and decoding serial data has to be done by

additional circuitry, e.g. by a 16550 UART or one of these small micro controllers (e.g. Atmel

AVR, Microchip PIC) getting more and more popular.

The MAX232 and MAX232A were once rather expensive ICs, but today they are cheap. It has

also helped that many companies now produce clones (ie. Sipex). These clones sometimes need

different external circuitry, e.g. the capacities of the external capacitors vary. It is recommended

to check the data sheet of the particular manufacturer of an IC instead of relying on Maxim's

original data sheet.

The original manufacturer (and now some clone manufacturers, too) offers a large series of

similar ICs, with different numbers of receivers and drivers, voltages, built-in or external

capacitors, etc. E.g. The MAX232 and MAX232A need external capacitors for the internal

voltage pump, while the MAX233 has these capacitors built-in. The MAX233 is also between

three and ten times more expensive in electronic shops than the MAX232A because of its

internal capacitors. It is also more difficult to get the MAX233 than the garden variety

MAX232A.

A similar IC, the MAX3232 is nowadays available for low-power 3V logic.

MAX232 DIP Package

+---v---+

C1+ -|1 16|- Vcc V+ -|2 15|- GND C1- -|3 14|- T1out C2+ -|4 13|- R1in C2- -|5 12|- R1out V- -|6 11|- T1inT2out -|7 10|- T2in R2in -|8 9|- R2out +-------+

5. SENSORS USED:

A.TEMPERATURE SENSOR- LM 35:

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly

proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear

temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant

voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external

calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C over a full -

55 to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The

LM35's low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to

readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and

minus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still

air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for

a -40° to +110°C range (-10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic

TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92

transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a

plastic TO-220 package.

B.HUMIDITY SENSOR: SY-HS220

It consists of two parallel plates and a heater coil. These two parallel plates act as a capacitor with a

cloth as a dielectric medium. When the humidity of air increases the cloth senses the water in the air

and results into change in capacitance.

C.SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR-METAL ELECTRODES:

The electrodes used for moisture detection are made up of two metal plates, when the soil is dry the

two plates are isolated from each other, and water is provided. When water is present in the soil, as we

know water is a good conductor the circuit will be completed and water pumping will be stopped.

FEATURES AND SPECIFICATIONS OF EACH BLOCK:

PIC:-

• High-current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA• Three programmable external interrupts• Four input change interrupts• Up to 2 Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules, one with Auto-Shutdown (28-pin devices)• Enhanced Capture/Compare/PWM (ECCP) module (40/44-pin devices only):- One, two or four PWM outputs

- Selectable polarity- Programmable dead time- Auto-Shutdown and Auto-Restart• Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module supporting 3-wire SPI™ (all 4 modes) and I2C™Master and Slave Modes• Enhanced Addressable USART module:- Supports RS-485, RS-232 and LIN 1.2- RS-232 operation using internal oscillator block (no external crystal required)

- Auto-Wake-up on Start bit- Auto-Baud Detect• 10-bit, up to 13-channel Analog-to-DigitalConverter module (A/D):- Auto-acquisition capability- Conversion available during Sleep• Dual analog comparators with input multiplexing• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical• 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical

• Flash/Data EEPROM Retention: 100 years typical• Self-programmable under software control• Priority levels for interrupts• 8 x 8Single-Cycle Hardware Multiplier• Extended Watchdog Timer (WDT):- Programmable period from 4 ms to 131s• Single-supply 5V In-Circuit SerialProgramming™ (ICSP™) via two pins• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins

• Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V• Programmable 16-level High/Low-Voltage

LM 35:

1. Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)

2. Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor

3. 0.5°C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25°C)

4. Rated for full -55° to +150°C range

5. Suitable for remote applications

6. Low cost due to wafer-level trimming

7. Operates from 4 to 30 volts

8. Less than 60 µA current drain

9. Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air

SY-HS-220:

1. Rated voltage: DC 5V

2. Rated power: <=3mA

3. operating temperature:0-60 C

4. Operating humidity:30-90%RH

5. Standard output :DC 1,980mV (at 25 C,60% RH)

6. accuracy: 5%RH(at 25 C,60% RH)

ULN2803:

1. 1 x ULN2803 high voltage / high current transistor array

2. Indication LEDs for channel status

3. Screw terminal blocks for outputs

4. Easy connection by 10-way box header to suit standard IDC connector for connection to

the I/O port

5. 72mm standard width for DIN rail module.

POWER SUPPLY DESIGN:-

FOR 5V POWER SUPPLY

Vdc=1.44 Vrms

9.4=1.44 Vrms

Vrms=6.527~7V

For 200V we get 7 V,so for 250=?

200/250=7/x

x=9V

Vdc=9*1.44=11.6V

Filtering capacitor:

C=2.4* I (in mA) …in micro farad

I=1000mA

C=2400 micro farad

FOR 12V POWER SUPPLY

Vdc=1.44 Vrms

16.4=1.44 Vrms

Vrms=11.71~12V

For 200V we get 12 V,so for 250=?

200/250=12/x

x=15V

Vdc=15*1.44=23.04V

Filtering capacitor:

C=2.4* I (in mA) …in micro farad

I=1000mA

C=2400 micro farad

CHAPTER 5

FUTURESCOPE:-

We can measure the soil parameters like pH and different elements present in soil and

supply fertilizers accordingly.

We can store all the recorded data by connecting our system to the computer.

We can try to implement the provision for regulating air humidity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

REFERENCES:-

[1] “PANSY: a Portable Autonomous Irrigation System” by Benjamin Beckmann and Ajay Gupta Wireless Sensornet(WiSe) Laboratory Department of Computer Science Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan, 49008-5466, USA

[2]” Implementation and Study of a Greenhouse Environment Surveillance SystemBased on Wireless Sensor Network” by Tao Chi1, 2, Ming Chen2, Qiang Gao21. College of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China2. College of Information Technology, Shanghai Fisheries University, Shanghai, China.

[3] “Wireless Irrigation Pump Safety System (WIPSS)” by Andy Norby, Doug Butler, Nick Butts

[4] “WIRELESS CONTROL OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM OPERATING FROM 3ø INDUCTION MOTOR FED BY 1ø SUPPLY” by N. SANDEEP and PRANAVAMOORTHY B., MEENAKSHI SUNDARARAJAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI.

WEBSITIES:-

1. www.electronicsforu.com 2. www.electro-tech-online.com 3. www.datasheetdirect.com 4. www.datasheetlocator.com 5. www.microchip.com

6. www.discovercircuits.com 7. www.electronicdesign.com