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The Wireless Communication Revolution
Prof. Theodore S. RappaportWilliam and Bettye Nowlin Chair of Engineering
Wireless Networking and Communications GroupThe University of Texas at Austin
♦Austin Technology Council
Austin, TX October 07, 2003
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
The Wireless Revolution
Growth of Cellular Telephone Subscribers Throughout the World
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1985 1990 1995 2000
Num
ber o
f Wor
ldw
ide
Subs
crib
ers
(Milli
ons)
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Today’s Subscriber Base
Subscriber Base as a Function of Cellular Technology in Late 2001
0
100
200
300
400
FirstGeneration
Analog
GSM IS-136 &PDC
IS-95CDMAN
umbe
r of S
ubsc
riber
s U
sing
Tec
hnol
ogy
(Milli
ons)
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
From 2G to 3G
2.5G
2G
3G
GPRS
IS-95B
IS-95 GSM IS-136 & PDC
EDGEHSCSD
3GPP
W-CDMA
TD-SCDMAEDGE3GPP2
CDMA2000-3XRTT
CDMA2000-1XEV, DV, DO
CDMA2000-1XRTT
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Recent U.S. Spectrum Allocations
Cellular, 50 MHz,1983
PCS, 150 MHz,1995
UNII, 300 MHz, 1997
LMDS, 1300 MHz, 1998
60 GHz Unlicensed, 5000 MHz, 1998
• A voice channel occupies ~ 10 kHz of spectrum.• A TV channel occupies ~ 5 MHz of spectrum.
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Investor´s PerspectiveVodafone
14%
Hutchison12%
NTT DoCoMo
11%
Deutsche Telekom
9%
MobilCom9%Telefonica
7%
British Telecom
6%
Others32%
License price per pop. in $US (Oct. 01)
594,20
174,2
0158
,9086
,0060
,8042,6
035
,1030
,3020
,5016
,5015,7
011
,205,7
04,90 3,5
00,0
00,0
0
566,70
UKGerm
any
Italy
Holland
AustriaSouth Korea
Singapore
Belgium
Australia
Norway
Switzerla
ndNew
ZealandSpain
Sweden
Greece
Portugal
Finland
Japan
Oct 2001
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Problems
• Broadband fiber offers enormous capacity to feed “last” mile
• Telco’s must compete with Cable triple play• Phone Service• Internet• On-Demand Video
• Carriers need an immediate infrastructure for broadband video delivery / cable-like world
• Wireless offers rapid deployment with extreme bandwidths and little plant
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Solution
• Broadband wireless supported by:• Integrated Antennas• MIMO Technology• Novel and flexible architecture
• Carriers can deploy in neighborhoods with just one truck-roll per large neighborhood
• Delivers last-mile huge bandwidths that will be “pulled’ by new consumer electronics, UWB home networks
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Why Hasn’t Last Mile Broadband Wireless Happened?
• Telco’s and Cableco’s invested in wiring• MMDS Wireless• Too narrowband• No clear spectrum policy or owner (however, Nextel
bought Worldcom footprint)• Nationwide broadband wireless last-mile emerging as
a strategy (Nextel, Sprint, ??)• LMDS Wireless• 28 / 38 GHz too expensive to date but technology is
maturing• 5.8 to 12 GHz is the next frequency revolution (WiFi,
Northpoint Wireless Cable)C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Today’s Local Loop
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Weather Effects at Millimeter Wave
Attenuation due to hail: 25.7 dB.Hail size: 0.5-1.5 cm in diameter.
From: H. Xu, T. S. Rappaport, R. J. Boyle, and J. H. Schaffner, “Measurements and Models for 38-GHz Point-to-Multipoint RadiowavePropagation”, IEEE Journal on Sel. Areas in Communications, March 2000, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 310-321
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Last-Mile Wireless Will Happen!• Reduce truck rolls – high data rate last-mile ports
sold in Walmart (or Dell) for home installation• Communications / Computing / Entertainment will
pull bandwidth into every home and office on “portable” flexible devices.
• “On-the-pole” provisioning supports neighborhood growth
• Already cable companies eyeing “Wireless Roadrunner”, Hot spots are harbingers
• Why do I need to put my TV and stereo near a cable jack?
• Why does the cable guy have to come into my house?
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Current Status / Future Directions
Excellent>10 MbpsExpensive – Dig up street
Fiber to the Home
Good / Excellent1.2 – 5 Mbps$80 / monthCable
Fair1 Mbps$50 / monthDSL
Excellent>10 MbpsInexpensive –Climb a pole
MIMO Last Mile
Poor10 – 64 kbps$50 / monthCellular / PCS
Poor56 kbps$40 / monthPOTSStreaming Video
Date Rate per User
Cost per Subscriber
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
The Market and How UT Can Play
• Broadband Trends• December 1999: 2.8M US Broadband subs• June 2002: 16.2M US Broadband subs• 80% annual growth rate yet only 15% of homes have broadband
today• “Broadband in the States 2003” c.2003 AeA
• Intellectual property• WNCG faculty have promising technology solutions• Integrated antennas and MIMO are working in lab• Industrial Affiliate Sponsors get first look at all technology
• Next steps• Strategic partnerships for commercialization of patents are
sought by UT / WNCG facultyC. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Wireless Modem Fundamentals
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Moore’s Law
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Transistor Count
Transistors = 7.4M
Transistors = 75M
Intel Pentium II - 199532bit up
Xilinx/UMC Group - 1999Virtex - 1000
100M
10M
1M
100K
10K
1K
100
10
0
RCA - 1962First MOSFET
Transistor = 1
Intel - 1972First 8bit up
8080
Transistors = 4,500
Transistors = 450,000
HP-198132bit up
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Why FPGA DSP?
• Flexibility• High performance• Time to Market • Functional extensions to existing
equipment• Standard part (no NRE/Inventory
issues)• Early system: bring-up on hardware• Specialized Processors are evolving
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
The Future of DSP Hardware
• Trends• Increasing levels of System integration• Pervasive DSP enabling anywhere anytime connectivity• Increasingly complex systems• Decreasing market windows
• FPGA DSP systems• Device technology supporting highly parallel DSP engines• Design methodologies
• Abstraction that permits working in the language of the problem
• Enables effective integration of re-usable components (cores)
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
IEEE 802.11a/b/g WLAN’s
•11 Mbps incumbent
•54 Mbps now
•Roaming 802.11g
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
IEEE 802.11 Evolution
FHSS
IEEE 802.11
2.4 GHz
DSSS
2 Mbps4GFSK
1 Mbps2GFSK
2 MbpsDQPSK
1 MbpsDBPSK
IEEE 802.11bExtension
11 MbpsDQPSK-CCKQPSK-PBCC
5.5 MbpsDQPSK-CCKBPSK-PBCC
IEEE 802.11aExtension
5 GHz
OFDM
IEEE 802.11gExtension
2.4 GHz
12 MbpsQPSK
24 Mbps16-QAM
36 Mbps16-QAM
48 Mbps16-QAM
54 Mbps64-QAM
6 MbpsBPSK
IEEE WLAN Standards
From: B. Li, N. Kanat, H. Lee, D. Menchaca, and T. S. Rappaport, “Overview of Wireless Networks and Security Issues for WiFi Networks”, Radio Club of America, Submitted for publication in August 2003
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
2.4 GHz Channelization for WLAN’s
2 through 801 through 132.4 to 2.4835 GHzETSIRemainder of Europe
47 through 7310 and 112.445 to 2.475 GHzSpain
48 through 8210 through 132.4465 to 2.4835 GHzFrance
2 through 951 through 142.4 to 2.497 GHzMKKJapan
2 through 801 through 112.4 to 2.4835 GHzICCanada
2 through 801 through 112.4 to 2.4835 GHzFCCUnited States
FHSS Channels Available
DSSS Channels Available
Frequency Range Available
Regulatory Agency
Country
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Personal Area Networks – Bluetooth / UWB
LAN Access point
Headset
Mobile phone
Mouse
Printer
Laptop
Laptop
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
UWB – Broadband in the Home
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
UWB Regulations - FCC
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Personal Area Networks IEEE 802.15
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
IEEE 802.15.3 UWB
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
UWB will Revolutionize Consumer Electronics
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
One UWB Standard Proposal
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Another UWB Standard Proposal
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
How the 2 UWB Standards Operate
GHzGHz
From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Internet Protocol Zooapplicationuserspace
H.261 MIME HTML
manager
ASN.1
modem300 bps-28 Kbps
PPP, SLIP
ISDN64-
128 Kbps
PPP
X.259.6 Kbps-
2Mbps
RFC 1356 Token Ring Ethernet10 -
100Mbps
FDDI100 Mbps
ATM25 Mbps-Gbps
SNAPAAL 4,5
HIPPI800Mbps-1.6Gbps
IPv4, IPv6
kernel
driver
board
transport
subnetdatalink
IPv4, IPv6network
videotool
MUA/MTA
newsreader browser
RTP DNS SNMP SMTP NNTP ftp http library
UDP TCP
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
How to Place and Measure Access Points?
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Making Wireless Work
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
The Last 100 Meters of Wireless Access
Houses
Moderately Wooded Yards
Trees
Base StationStreet
Trees
Trees
Trees
Trees
Tree
s
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Path loss into a home from the street
40.2 45.0
31.3
51.4
33.4
52.6
32.4
51.3
33.7
54.4
31.8
53.6
32.0
29.6 33.0 48.5
31.3
50.7
25.9
51.0
27.3
57.9
32.1
56.5
32.0
Outdoor 1.5m Rx Ant. Path Loss (Shoulder high)
Indoor Path LossOutdoor 5.5m Rx Ant. Path Loss (Top of house)
Key
all values in dB w.r.t.1m FSTx
41.639.6
40.1
42.5 51.251.9
57.7
45.843.7
46.744.4 40.6
46.651.7
51.2Kitchen
Deck
First Floor
Second Floor
Garage
Tree
Tree
FrontBedroom
Rear Bed. 1
MasterBedroom
Rear Bed. 2Family Room
LivingRoom
DiningRoom
Office
5.8 GHzC. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Knowledge leads to deployment tools
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
SitePlanner® Environment with Channel Measurements and Throughput Prediction
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Shopping mallstore walls
Leaky FeederAntenna System
Required < 2 minutes on a Pentium II 300 MHz PC
Data Appliances and Applications
Cellular, PCS, WAPWireless Office ServiceWireless LAN (IEEE 802.11)Wireless PDAs (Compaq IPAQ, Handspring)Wireless VoIPWireless VideoBluetooth
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Observations – where we are today
• 3G Wireless will compete with WLAN• Tetherless networks are coming to homes and
offices• Fixed wireless access may replace fiber• The web is here to stay• Cellular started “outside in”• WLAN is moving “inside out”• Fixed wireless access is the ultimate last mile
solution• The web, computing, and wireless will merge!!!
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Space – The Final Frontier
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Diversity gives Capacity – MIMO!
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
HUGE Capacity Increases are coming!
C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved
Final Remarks• The Web, the PC, and Wireless will merge
• Today 1 Billion, but 2 Billion users by 2008
• We only use high data rates when we sit or stand, hence a commercial battle will occur inside buildings
• Space-Time Channels will yield huge capacity increases
• DSP, Networking, and Communications are fundamental to future systems
• We are working on these issues at WNCG at UT (www.wncg.org)
• WNCG Symposium - Oct 22-24 – Register Today!C. 2003 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved