Winter Conference - 20101104 Programbook114[1]

7/29/2019 Winter Conference - 20101104 Programbook114[1]

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Preliminary Technical Program: Updated 11.4/10

Sunday, 01/308:00 AM-9:30 AM

Sunday, January 30, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM

Conference Paper Session 1 (Intermediate)

Heat Pump Applications

Track: HVAC Systems and Equipment

Room: Pavilion 11Chair: William Murphy, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

Ground source heat pumps (GSHP) are being used in more and more mainstream applications due to theirinherently superior efficiency in many situations that require both heating and cooling. The optimization of everyGSHP system depends on how well the ground heat exchanger performance matches the heating and coolingrequirements of the load. This session addresses new methods to assist in this optimization process. In addition,high temperature geothermal energy (


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This paper first reports on the results of thermal response tests conducted with laboratory-grade instrumentationand equipment for a borehole system consisting of nine groundwater filled boreholes, each about 80 m deep. Thepaper also presents the effects of the test duration and the heat injection rate on the estimated ground thermalproperties when conducting thermal response tests.

3. Parametric Analysis and Thermodynamic Limits of Solar Assisted Geothermal Co- and Tri-Generation

Systems (LV-11-C003)

Marija S. Todorovic, Ph.D., P.E., Member1 and Dusan Licina1, (1)University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and

Montenegro

This paper presents study on the technical feasibility of efficient/cost-effective use of relatively low temperaturegeothermal waters for co- and tri-generation of electricity and heat for heating and/or cooling by absorptionrefrigeration. Namely, as a result of global warming a need for cooling, particularly air-conditioning of buildings isin extreme growth.



Temperature and Capacity Control

Track: HVAC Fundamentals and Applications

Room: Pavilion 2

Chair: Sarah Maston, P.E., Member, Advanced Building Performance, Andover, MA

This session presents papers addressing a variety of control topics.

1. Rehab of DDC at Corporate National Training Center- Three Years of Therapy (LV-11-C004)

Alonzo Blalock, P.E., Member, Jacobs, Fort Worth, TX

Living with HVAC includes the area of satisfactory worker environment which has many aspects. One of the

most significant is getting the Building Automation System (BAS) system to correctly manage the systemoperations. In some ways the BAS represents the Brain and nervous system for the Building body and rehab needscareful attention when trying brain surgery.

When looking at BAS systems in existing large buildings it is important to evaluate the operation in all areasjust as good Doctors plan for a patient by a stress screening.

2. Capacity Control of Air Coils for Heating and Cooling: Transfer Functions, Drive Power and System

Design (LV-11-C005)

Per Fahlen, Member1

and Caroline Markusson1, (1)Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg, Sweden

Liquid-to-air coils used as air heaters and air coolers for air-conditioning, refrigeration etc. rarely use their designcapacity. The capacity must therefore be reduced accordingly, traditionally by means of on-off operation or bymeans of control valves. Drawbacks of traditional control are excessive pressure drop and drive power to pumpsdue to high flows as well as the need for balancing valves and control valves with authority. There are, however,possibilities to substantially reduce the drive energy of pumps and fans for air coils, e.g. by replacing valve anddamper control by direct control of decentralized pumps and fans.

3. Proportional-Integral-Plus (PIP) Control System for Individual Thermal Zones in a Small Ventilated

Space (LV-11-C006)

Ali Youssef

1

, Vasileios Exadaktylos

1

, Sezin Ozcan

1

and Daniel Berckmans

1

, (1)University of Leuven, Leuven,Belgium

One of the main goals of ventilation is to create a favorable thermal condition inside a compartment. Theefficiency of a ventilation system to achieve this goal depends on many factors such as: air flow rate, incoming airtemperature, air flow pattern etc. For this purpose, there is need for a control system which can provide proper inletconditions resulting the required output at a specific location. The main objective of this paper is to examine thepossibility to control the temperature in a ventilated chamber in different spatial regions individually.



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Seminar 1 (Intermediate)

Building Development: High Performance Teamwork for High Performance Buildings

Track: Integrated Design

Room: Pavilion 4

Sponsor: 07.01 Integrated Building Design

Chair: Rick Norman, Strategyn, Wilmington, NCBuildings consume 40% of the worlds energy resources. Revolutionary change is coming to the building

industry: high performance buildings. Creating these buildings will require those of us who conceive, design, buildand operate them to work much differently. This workshop style seminar introduces two proven productdevelopment practices that are beginning to be effectively used in the building industry. Specifically, it will focuson two best practices: breaking down the functional silos between architecture, engineering, and construction andaccomplishing more with less through cross-functional teams. The other best practice is how teams learn whatHigh Performance means to customers, the people who will work in and pay for the building.

1. What Can the Building Design, Construction and Operation Community Learn From the New Product

Development World?

David S. Allen, P.E., Member, Allen Consulting, LLC, Chelmsford, MA

The three of us intend to run a workshop style seminar that expands the learning opportunity of a paper we have

co-authored. The abstract is the same as the session description entered at the start of this submission process.2. Building Development: High Performance Teamwork for High Performance Buildings

Robert Pennisi, Strategyn, Boca Raton, FL

The three of us intend to run a workshop style seminar that expands the learning opportunity of a paper we haveco-authored. The abstract is the same as the session description entered at the start of this submission process.



HVAC Security - Less We Forget


Room: Pavilion 9

Sponsor: 09.01 Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems, TG2 - SecurityChair: Howard J. McKew, Member, RDK Engineers, Andover, MA

This seminar introduces the revised 2011 ASHRAE Handbook Chapter 58 HVAC Security that will bepublished this coming year. The chapter has had significant changes to its content as well as a change to its chaptername. This seminar assists the design engineer in addressing the issues and concerns in sync with designing theHVAC systems for the specific building application. It is also a discussion on the importance of HVAC securitydesign based on the experience of the three speakers relative to design and operation of HVAC systems inbuildings.

1. HVAC Security: Overview of ASHRAE Handbook Chapter

Kevin Cogley, P.E., Associate Member, Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense,

Dahlgren, VA

In a world of evolving threats, design and implementation of security measures within building HVAC systemsremains critical to ensuring the safety of the general public. Extraordinary events, including chemical, biological,radiological, or explosive threats from hostile attacks, accidents, or natural disasters, can pose a significant risk tobuilding occupants. The ASHRAE Applications Handbook chapter on HVAC security has been revised for 2011with an emphasis on a risk-based approach for facility protection. This presentation will provide an overview ofthese revisions, including design considerations, requirements development, and integration of security featuresinto a buildings infrastructure and operation.

2. The New ASHRAE Guideline 29 and Secure HVAC Design

Gregory Dobbs, Ph.D., Member, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT


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The new Guideline for the Risk Management of Public Health and Safety in Buildings was developed by ASHRAEafter the Word Trade Center Attack in 2001. This talk will introduce the this relatively unpublisized document thatcontains methods for management of the risk of extraordinary incidents in buildings. Hence there is commonalitywith the recently expanded and updated material in the HVAC Security Handbook chapter. An integrated designapproach will be covered where security is considered early in the design process along with energy, comfort, IAQand cost. Other information sources and tools that assist this process will also be mentioned.

3. Checklist Approaches to HVAC Security

Scott D. Campbell, Ph.D., P.E., Str-Analysis, ., AL

Checklist approaches are used in various aspects of building design, most notabley for sustainability. A similarapproach can be used for security, with some important differences. This talk will examine a checklist approachdeveloped by the Building Security Council, based on FEMA documents for security design. The approachincludes a basic risk analysis process and both required and optional countermeasures for differing levels ofsecurity. The basis for the methodology will be discussed, along with pitfalls to the approach and innovativeaspects including the essential recognition of the interrelationship of countermeasures.


Seminar 3 (Advanced)

Low GWP Refrigerant Options for Unitary EquipmentTrack: Refrigeration Update

Room: Pavilion 6

Sponsor: 08.11 Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps

Chair: Don A. Schuster, P.E., Member, UTC Carrier Corp., Tyler, TX

The use of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) type refrigerants ended and transitioned to non-chlorinatedrefrigerants in new OEM equipment. Concern now mounts over the replacements due to global warming issues.This seminar examines the drivers, current low global warming potential (LGWP)candidates, their application andsafety issues.

1. Potential Low Global Warming Refrigerants for Unitary Air Conditioning Systems

Mark Spatz, P.E., Member, Honeywell Inc., Buffalo, NY

Due to increasing concerns and potential regulation of the high global warming refrigerants that are presentlyutilized in unitary air conditioning systems around the world, a search for refrigerants that have low globalwarming potential is currently in progress. This presentation will focus on candidate refrigerants that meet thiscriterion along with other requirements for this application. This includes high efficiency and the ability to employair conditioning technology without major modification in a reliable manner. Evaluations of these candidaterefrigerants will be presented.

2. Low GWP Refrigerant Options for Air Conditioning

Thomas J. Leck, Ph.D., Member, Du Pont Refrigerants, Wilmington, DE

In response to concerns about global climate change, and expected legislation in the USA and other global regionsthat will impact the working fluids that can be used in air conditioning, a study was made to determine viableoptions for reduced GWP working fluids for this application. This presentation reports results from that study.Also presented are trade offs that were discovered in terms of the properties of the fluids, their environmental

properties, and how these property trade offs might impact both the regulatory considerations for these fluids andsystem design considerations involving use of these candidate reduced AC fluids.

3. Low GWP Refrigerants and Their Performance Potentials

J. Steven Brown, Ph.D., P.E., The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC

In recent years, numerous entities have begun to express increasing interest and concern in the GWPs ofrefrigerants, which has led to research and development effort being expended on potential refrigerants possessinglow GWPs. The most recent catalyst can be attributed to European regulations regarding the use of R-134a inautomotive applications. This presentation considers the performance potentials of several refrigerants in a fewtypical air conditioning and refrigeration applications. In particular, it considers several natural refrigerants, HFCs,


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fluorinated propene isomers, fluorinated ethers, fluorinated alcohols, fluorinated ketones, and fluorinated sulfurcompounds, with particular emphasis being placed on fluorinated propene isomers.

4. Developments and Opportunities Using Hydrocarbon Refrigerant Blends

Nicholas Cox, Earthcare Products Limited, Ware, Herts, United Kingdom

This presentation summarizes work since 1992, initially replacing R12, then R22 and now R134A, R407c, R404aand R410A with hydrocarbon refrigerant blends. Practical applications include glass door beverage coolers,

supermarket cabinets air conditioning split systems, air cooled water chillers and ground source heat pumps. I alsocover the rationale behind this work from both a business and an environmental perspective. Ive included details

of the obstacles that we have faced and an analysis of how best to progress forward. Whilst most of my work hasbeen UK based, Ive included details of my work in Europe, Central America and China.


Seminar 4 (Basic)

Make the Most of Your ASHRAE Experience

Track: Professional Skills

Room: Pavilion 3

Sponsor: Conferences and Expositions Committee

Chair: Monte G. Troutman, P.E., Member, B.C. Engineering, Inc., Evansville, IN

What's the purpose of ASHRAE? How's it structured? What's the difference between an Affiliate Member and aMember? What's a TC, SPC and all the other acronyms I hear mean? Do grassroot committees discuss lawnfertilizer?! If you've ever asked yourself any of those questions, then this seminar is for you. Whether you're new toASHRAE or any old timer who wants to learn more about the great Society, this seminar answers all yourquestions and offers insight to all the opportunities that ASHRAE has to offer.

1. ASHRAE 101: Learning the Basics

Monte G. Troutman, P.E., Member, B.C. Engineering, Inc., Evansville, IN

This presentation will cover the vision, mission, core values and history of ASHRAE, as well as the organizationalstructure of this 50,000 member society. An overview of ASHRAEs regions and various membership grades willalso be discussed. Lastly, all the various committees within ASHRAE will be discussed and their purpose will be

explained. From Society President to the newest of student members, all aspects of ASHRAE will be covered.2. How to Get the Most out of ASHRAE ConferencesAlan C. Veeck, Member, MVA Inc., Virginia Beach, VA

This presentation will help each attendee get the most out of ASHRAE meetings. Whether its a chapter, regionalor society event, the attendee must determine how to get the most out of the meeting. From determining whatinformation needs to be gathered while in attendance, to knowing how to properly network, all the essential skillswill be covered. Networking opportunities at this meeting will also be discussed, as well as a preview of what toexpect at future meetings.



Smart Grid and Net Zero Buildings: Where Are We Now?Track: Net Zero Energy

Room: Pavilion 1

Sponsor: 07.05 Smart Building Systems

Chair: Rich Hackner, P.E., Member, GDS Associates, Madison, WI

Designing and operating building system technologies to achieve comfort and efficiency provide challengesunder normal conditions. And adding electrical grid interactions with various utility pricing options, including realtime pricing, and it raises the level of complexity. Critical path elements such as standards development, new


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technologies, and new approaches to building operation can help speed the integration of smart grid technologyand development of net-zero buildings.

1. Overview of Smart Grid Standards Development Efforts

David Holmberg, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD

NIST has been leading the national effort to define a standards framework to support smart grid development. Thispresentation will cover the standards framework and the latest developments in smart grid standards that impact

communications with the customer domainthis includes communication of demand response and real-time pricesignals, as well as energy market interactions. In addition, there are extensions coming to BACnet to support smartgrid interactions, and these will be discussed.

2. Critical Path Elements of Smart Grid Implementation

Ken Sinclair, Member, Automated Buildings.COM, Sidney, BC, Canada

Smart grid is all about connectivity. And the processes of collecting and interpreting data are at the heart of makingthe smart grid work for you. How do you maximize the value of your investment? How do you engage theseaudiences so that they directly experience, learn from and respond to the environmental consequences of yourdecisions? How do you make the invisible visible?

3. Developing An Energy Management Plan In a Smart Grid Future

Michael Chimack, P.E., Member, GDS Associates, Chicago, IL

Transforming the nations electric grid is a top priority of the U.S. Department of Energy. Principally, the newsmart grid will address power accessibility and reliability issues that exist currently. The smart grid will bedesigned to be more consumer-interactive and less centralized than the existing grid. Building owners andoperators will have unprecedented abilities to manage energy in a smart grid environment. This presentation willdemonstrate an overview of energy management planning options using the smart grid as an enabling force.


Technical Paper Session 1 (Basic)

Residential Water Heaters and Hot Water Use: The Real Story

Track: Low Energy DesignRoom: Pavilion 10

Sponsor: 06.06 Service Water Heating

Chair: Lance DeLaura, Member, Sempra Energy, San Diego, CA

Every person that wants to take a hot shower needs some kind of water heaters. Most of these heaters have arating and an assumed performance. But how are these water heaters really performing and how does the behaviorof the users affect this performance? Will high efficiency water heaters really get us to zero energy design?Without field studies and detailed laboratory work these questions are difficult to answer. This session highlightsinformation gained from recent field studies and lab work looking at hot water usage and water heater performancefor both standard and high efficiency equipment.

1. Actual Savings and Performance of Gas Tankless Water Heaters (LV-11-001)

Ben Schoenbauer, Associate Member, Center for Energy and Environment, Minneapolis, MN

Residential water heating is one of the least efficient energy uses in residences in the US. To gain a betterunderstanding ofin situ performance, eight storage water heaters and 16 tankless heaters were installed in ten

homes. The water heaters were extensively monitored and tested under an alternating mode test procedure for 15months. Performance varied from site to site based on hot water consumption patterns, time of year and otherhousehold characteristics. However, tankless water heaters saved an average of 65 therms per year over naturaldraft storage heaters.

2. A New Study of Hot Water Use In Canada (LV-11-002)

Martin Thomas, Member, CANMET Energy Technology Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada


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This presentation will discuss the results of monitoring the hot water usage of 74 households. Hot water usage ismuch different than what is reflected in water heater testing standards. Daily hot water volume used appears to bedecreased, the average draw volume flow rates used are lower and the average number of draws per day are muchgreater in actual homes. The implications of these results with respect to the water heater performance teststandards and the derived Energy Factor, will also be discussed.

3. Application of a Linear Input/Output Model to Instantaneous Water Heaters (LV-11-003)Thomas Butcher, Ph.D., Member, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY

This presentation is about the applicability of a linear input/output model to gas-fired, instantaneous water heaters.This approach has been applied to boilers and offers the potential to make a small number of simple measurementsto obtain the model parameters. These parameters can then be used to predict performance under complex loadpatterns. Both condensing and non-condensing water heaters have been tested under a very wide range of loadconditions. This approach can be used to reproduce performance metrics such as the Energy Factor and can beused to evaluate the impacts of alternative draw patterns and conditions.


Technical Plenary (Basic)

Standard 189.1: Sustainability Beyond Energy ConservationTrack: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R IndustryRoom: Pavilion 1

Sponsor: Conferences and Expositions Committee

Chair: William Dietrich, Member, Baltimore Aircoil Co., Baltimore, MD

With Standard 189.1 working its way into the building community, its impact is being felt by engineers,

architects and building owners as they seek to apply the standards requirements on sustainable sites, water

efficiency, indoor environmental quality and the buildings impact on the atmosphere. The standard has built been

built on many ASHRAE standards and guidelines including 90.1, 62.1, 55, 180, Guideline 0. This session focuseson how Standard 189.1 pulls all these requirements together for high-performance green buildings.

Sunday, January 30, 2011, 11:00 AM-12:30 PM


Radiant Heating and Cooling


Chair: Gary Hayden, P.E., Member, GBH Engineering, Norfork, VA

The session addresses exergy in radiant heating and cooling, solar thermal hot water heating and solar-assistedradiant floor heating in a residential building.

1. Over Thirty Years of Experience with Solar Thermal Hot Water Heating (LV-11-C007)

Stanley Mumma, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Penn State University, University Park, PA

The intent of this paper is to trace the performance, in some detail, of a central Pennsylvania system installed in1984. Also addressed are observations regarding the overall successes and failures, over the past 30 plus years, of

other systems that resulted from the federal program. Specifically addressed is the durability and reliabilityperformance, over time, of each component in the system including; collectors, plumbing components, pumps,double walled heat exchangers, control functions, controllers, controlled devices, instrumentation, storage, andheat transfer fluids.

2. Exergy Metrication of Radiant Heating and Cooling (LV-11-C008)

Birol Kilkis, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey

In low-energy and low-exergy buildings, radiant heating and cooling are known to have a good track record ofenergy efficiency in terms of the first-law of thermodynamics. With recent concerns of global warming and


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environmental degradation however, quality of energy, a.k.a. exergy balance, between the supply and demand interms of the second-law of thermodynamics is also becoming a dominant factor.

4. Solar-Assisted Radiant Heating and DHW for a Net Zero Energy House (LV-11-C009)

Jos A. Candanedo, Student Member1, Amelie Allard, Student Member

1and Andreas K. Athienitis, Ph.D., P.E.,

Member1, (1)Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montral, QC, Canada

This paper investigates predictive control strategies relying on physically-based models to control temperature

fluctuations in solar-optimized buildings.3. Solar Energy Utilization of Residential Forced-Air and Radiant Floor Heating System (LV-11-C010)

Kamel Haddad, Ph.D., Member, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

A simulation model for a test house is developed that accounts for internal heat gains, infiltration, and thermalenvelope heat transfer is discussed.



Residential Applications


Room: Pavilion 9

Chair: Marcus Bianchi, Ph.D., Associate Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO

This session provides an overview of ways to use energy efficient methods in residential applications.

1. Prediction of Air Mixing from High Sidewall Diffusers in Cooling Mode (LV-11-C011)

El Hassan Ridouane, Ph.D., Member1

and Keith Gawlik, Ph.D., Member1, (1)National Renewable Energy

Laboratory, Golden, CO

While ASHRAE and ACCA references provide design guidance, there are limitations associated with thesereferences and there are discrepancies between the two. Development of room air distribution design guidelinesthat address these limitations is required. This study addresses this issue, by evaluating the performance of highsidewall air supply for residential applications in cooling mode, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)modeling.

2. Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Condensation in Residential Venting (LV-11-C012)

Paul Glanville, P.E., Associate Member

1

, Larry Brand, Member

1

and Shawn Scott

1

, (1)Gas Technology Institute,Des Plaines, IL

Much of the work covered in this paper concerns the use and validation of VENT-II, a residential ventingsimulation software tool for common vented appliances key to the development of the National Fuel Gas Codeventing guidelines. Through targeted use of computational fluid dynamics and full-scale experimental testing, GTIhas begun an effort to validate and improve the accuracy and validity of the software, initially focusing on theperformance of hot water boilers installed in exterior masonry chimneys.

3. Energy Efficiency Design Options for Residential Water Heaters: Economic Impacts on Consumers (LV-

11-C013)

Alex Lekov, Ph.D., Member1, Victor Franco

1, Steve Meyers

1, Lisa Thompson

1and Virginie Letschert

1,

(1)Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

This paper describes the method used to conduct the LCC analysis for gas and electric storage water heaters, which

account for approximately 95% of total residential water heater shipments. It presents the estimated change in LCCassociated with more energy-efficient equipment, including heat pump electric water heaters and condensing gaswater heaters, for a representative sample of U.S. homes.



Building a Sustainable Future By Removing Barriers for Low GWP Refrigerants

Track: Refrigeration Update


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Room: Pavilion 6

Sponsor: 03.01 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants

Chair: Barbara Minor, Member, DuPont, Wilmington, DE

With increasing concern about climate change and the potential long term impact of high global warming HFCrefrigerant use, the potential to use low GWP refrigerant options is increasing in importance. To achieve lowGWP, tradeoffs in flammability, pressure, toxicity and other characteristics need to be considered to understandwhich options have the best potential in specific applications. Also, improved property data is required for lowGWP refrigerants to assist with system design from a performance and safety standpoint. Safety codes andstandards also need to be assessed and potentially upgraded to include a new class of low flammabilityrefrigerants.

1. A Primer on HFOs

Brett Van Horn, Member, Arkema, Philadelphia, PA

HFOs (HydroFluoroOlefins) have emerged on the horizon of potential commercial refrigerants due to thecombination of their favorable environmental profile and beneficial performance characteristics. With increasingdiscussion of product development, voids in the knowledge base need to be addressed. The intent here is to giveadditional perspective on HFOs to improve awareness of this area of environmentally-friendly refrigerants.

2. Property Data for Low-GWP Refrigerants: What Do We Know and What Don't We Know?

Mark McLinden, Ph.D., Member, NIST, Boulder, CO

This presentation will review the most important thermophysical data needed to evaluate a new refrigerant andsurvey the status of property data for the low GWP refrigerants. Refrigerants include the new HFOs, includingR1234yf and R1234ze(E), and also traditional fluids such as ammonia, CO2, and hydrocarbons. Basicthermodynamic data are essential for selecting among alternative refrigerants and are critical in the design ofenergy efficient HVAC&R systems.

3. Burning Velocity Measurement of Low Flammability 2L Refrigerants

Kenji Takizawa, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan

Recently, new refrigerants having short atmospheric lifetimes and low GWPs have been developed. Some of theserefrigerants show varying degrees of flammability. ISO817 and ASHRAE Standard 34 have recently adopted a

classification for mildly flammable refrigerants Class 2L, which is the lowest flammable refrigerants class. Therequirement of class 2L is that the maximum burning velocity of a refrigerant does not exceed 10 cm/s. However,it can be difficult to measure burning velocities for compounds with low burning velocity. In this seminar we willexplain a burning velocity test methodology applicable to 2L refrigerants and show the results for fluoroolefins andtheir mixtures.

4. Review of Regulations and Standards for the Use of Refrigerants with GWP Values Less Than 20 In

HVACR Applications

William Goetzler, Navigant Consulting, Burlington, MA

Results will be presented of a comprehensive review of the regulatory issues in the United States, European Union,and Japan that are relevant to the application of emerging low-GWP refrigerants. Specifically, this report focuseson regulatory barriers and issues that may impact the use of CO2, ammonia, hydrocarbons, and lower-flammabilityfluids such as HFO-1234yf. Within each region, the categories of stationary refrigeration, stationary air

conditioning and vehicle air conditioning applications are addressed.



Building Energy Simulation 102

Track: HVAC Fundamentals and ApplicationsRoom: Pavilion 2

Sponsor: 04.07 Energy Calculations


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Chair: Keith R. Cockerham, P.E., Member, DLB Associates, Eatontown, NJ

Energy modeling is presented in three parts: modeling best practices and quali ty control, modeling duringpredesign, and modeling for energy conservation measure (ECM) identification and analysis. As an advancedmodeling session, the first presentation outlines best practice procedures to incorporate into modeling to supportconsistency in methods, reduction in input errors, and generation of reasonable results. The second presentationdiscusses opportunities for energy modelers to influence goal setting, building programming, design criteria, anddesign alternative decisions to create energy efficient buildings. The final presentation outlines modeling

procedures and ECMs resulting from a utility based carbon abatement program.

1. Modeling Best Practices and Quality Control

Ellen Franconi, Ph.D., Rocky Mountain Institute, Boulder, CO

Most modelers have experienced the extra work and frustration associated with incorporating quality assurance(QA) procedures within the modeling process. To support QA and best practices, a modeler needs to documentassumptions, pre-process input data, compare input files, and conduct error/sanity checks by extracting andcomparing key output results. This presentation outlines best practice procedures to incorporate into ones modelingprocedures to support: consistency in methods, reduction in input errors, and generation of reasonable results. TheRMI model manager tool for eQUEST/DOE-2 analysis is introduced to demonstrate how these concepts can beapplied in project work.

2. Modeling During PredesignKendra Tupper, P.E., Associate Member, Rocky Mountain Institute, Boulder, CO

In the pre-design phase, the critical task is aligning the design team around the energy-related goals for the project.Next, it is up to the energy modeler to determine what additional modeling studies would be most impactful. Theseinitial concept phase decisions are critical as they typically determine the majority of a buildings energy use

profile. Unfortunately, energy modeling is often not leveraged in the concept phase to provide information thatcould drive critical decisions. This seminar discusses opportunities for how energy modelers can influence goalsetting, building programming, design criteria, and design alternative decisions to create energyefficient buildings.

3. Modeling for Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) Identification and Analysis

Thomas A. Davidson, P.E., Member, DLB Associates, Eatontown, NJ

Modeling procedures and ECMs are showcased resulting from a utility based carbon abatement program. The

challenges encountered in this program included individual modeling of twelve different hospital complexes andthe many different types of rooms encountered within. Normalizing each model with the respective utility bills wasthe next challenge. Resulting ECMs were then determined and analyzed. The criteria used for the program wassimple payback and the most favorable was the installation of new chillers with VFDs. Envelope enhancementsand other opportunities will be discussed along with the remodeling analysis of individual ECMs and theintegrated package of ECMs accepted.



Controls for Central Chiller Plant Optimization

Track: Low Energy Design

Room: Pavilion 10Sponsor: 01.04 Control Theory and Application, TC 9.1, TC 9.8, TC 10.8, 01.05 Computer Applications

Chair: Frank Shadpour, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Shadpour Consulting Engineers, Inc., San Diego, CA

This seminar addresses how optimization techniques can be used to improve the energy efficiency andperformance of central chiller plants. Growing trends on energy conservation has placed a spotlight on theoptimization of central plants. Control strategies and proper sequence of operation has significant effect on theoperation and efficiency of the central plants. The presentations cover the unique challenges, lessons learned andcritical dos and donts associated with optimization of central chiller plants.


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1. Optimized Control Sequences for An All-Variable Speed Chilled Water Plant

Steven Taylor, P.E., Taylor Engineering LLC, Alameda, CA

As part of the development of ASHRAEs Fundamentals of Design & Control of Central Chilled Water Plants

self-directed learning course, simulations were conducted to determine the theoretical optimum performance oftwo all-variable-speed chilled water plants, one serving an office building and one serving a data center, in variousU.S. climate zones. From the results practical control sequences were developed that provide near optimum

performance and are expected to be applicable to most chilled water plants in the U.S.2. Achieving Ultra-Efficient Chiller Plants with Relational Control

Thomas Hartman, P.E., The Hartman Company, Georgetown, TX

Relational control strategies provide a new technical approach to configure plants, select equipment, and moreeffectively answer other design or operational issues of chiller plants. But to apply this approach successfully alsorequires changes to the processes typically employed in developing a new plant or retrofitting an existing one. Thispresentation provides an introduction to the application of relational control technologies to chiller plants andoutlines their advantages over current design and operations practices. It will also outline improvements in thedesign / construction / startup processes that can ensure application of these newer technologies will achieve theprojected results.

3. Managing a Complex Central Plant Designed for the Life of a Facility

Tim Jacoby, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA

As a building owner you have to play both sides of the fence; how can I maximize energy savings while having asystem I can maintain? Implementing complex control strategies is appealing, however training the facilities staffto maintain the correct sequence of operation is a must. All-variable-speed central plants would be great, as long asthe system is reliable. The objective must be continuous, reliable operation of the central plant for the long term.Failure is not an option for large campus central plants!



Fault Detection and Diagnostics, But What about Correction?


Sponsor: 07.05 Smart Building Systems

Chair: Srinivas Katipamula, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA

Automated fault detection and diagnostic (FDD) technologies for building equipment have been underinvestigation/development for 15 to 20 years. Some of these techniques are beginning to appear in commercialequipment and controls. A next logical contribution of technology is for it to automatically correct common faultsthat are amenable to such correction. The presentations in this seminar report on an exploratory investigation ofself-correcting and adaptive controls can minimize the impact of faults on equipment operations.

1. Self-Correcting Air-Handler Controls: Results From Early Development and Testing

Michael Brambley, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA

Field tests of fault detection and diagnostics have shown that in many cases even given information on faultspresent in HVAC equipment and systems and their energy and operating cost impacts, building operators and

maintenance personal do not take action to correct the faults. The presentation will report on an exploratoryinvestigation of self-correcting controls for air handling units, focusing initially on the air side. The concept forself-correction will be described, the approach to developing and implementing algorithms described, and resultsof tests on an air-handling unit presented.

2. Building System Life-Cycle Diagnosis Starting From Design: Experiences and Benefits In a Super-High-

Rise Building In Hong Kong

Shengwei Wang, Ph.D., Member, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

The speaker will present a systematic building life-cycle diagnosis approach to achieve building energymanagement, which involves building system real-life performance simulation, building system diagnosis and


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optimization. Different from the simulation methods/tools for design applications, the simulation methods/tools aredeveloped for: (i). evaluating system real-life energy, environmental and control performance andoperation/control strategies; and (ii). the use in model-based optimal controls. Diagnostic efforts concernidentifying and correcting the deviations of system design/configuration, selection, installation, instrumentation,T&C, and operation and control from their design intents. Optimization involves the optimization of the systemdesign/configuration, component selection, as well as operation and control.

3. Soft-Repair of Faults In HVAC Systems

Haorong Li, Ph.D., Member, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE

This presentation will show how impacts of the faults can be minimized or even eliminated by adaptive controls,termed soft repair, before they are physically repaired. Take a big-box retail building as an example. Due to severeover-sizing (up to 60% over-sizing), some rooftop units run continuously, while some adjacent units seldom startor keep cycling their compressors and thus cause humidity problems in the store. Once the over-sizing fault isidentified, an optimal coordinate control strategy can be used to sequence the operations of multiple systems sothat the runtime ratios of all units is balanced.


Seminar 9-2 (Intermediate)

Energy and Comfort Performance of Active Chilled Beam SystemsTrack: Low Energy DesignRoom: Pavilion 1

Sponsor: 05.03 Room Air Distribution

Chair: Fred S. Bauman, P.E., Member, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA

Chilled beam systems have been attracting increased attention in recent years as an energy-reducing alternativeto conventional overhead mixing systems. In this seminar, we report on energy and comfort performance of activechilled beams from both modeling studies and case studies of installed systems.

Active Chilled Beams: A Case Study Comparing Modeled Performance to Actual Performance

Christopher Conley, P.Eng., Member, Daniels Wingerak Engineering Ltd., Saskatoon, SK, Canada

The author will present on an operating project that is using Active Chilled Beams for heating, cooling and

ventilation. This is one of the first (possibly the very first) active chilled beam project to be installed in Canada.This project also included an energy monitoring program that is quite unique. A comparison between modeledperformance, using conventional modeling software, and actual performance will be presented, along with lessonslearned in the design and operation of active chilled beam systems.

Do Active Beams Save Energy and Provide Thermal Comfort?

Peter Simmonds, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, IBE Consulting Engineers, Sherman Oaks, CA

Active beams are becoming very common design alternatives in the US. As with most present day designs, firstcost and operational costs are major influences in the selection of building HVAC systems. This presentation willoutline the simulation strategies for modeling active beam systems and comparing the energy consumption andthermal comfort against a more traditional overhead VAV system. The author will also present some of the mythsand do's and dont's associated with active beam systems after designing both active and passive beam systemssince the early 80's.

Effects of Chilled Beams on Chilled Water Plant EfficiencyMike Filler, Member, Trane Company, Pueblo, CO

Using chilled beams requires changes to the chilled water plant. They also affect which chiller plant strategiesshould be used. The author will use examples to discuss the effects of chilled water temperatures, chiller selectionand waterside economizer usage on chilled water plant energy consumption related to chilled beam applications.


Technical Paper Session 2 (Basic)


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Hot Off the Griddle: New Developments in Commercial Kitchen Ventilation Research


Room: Pavilion 11

Sponsor: 05.10 Kitchen Ventilation

Chair: Derek Schrock, Halton Co., Scottsville, KY

The theme of this session is to provide updates on the latest ASHRAE research in kitchen ventilation. The topicspresented include the results of ASHRAE research to measure the exhaust airflows in the field in kitchen hoods(RP-1376) and means of optimizing the performance of island hood systems (RP-1480).

1. Performance Evaluation of Hand Held Airflow Instruments Applied to Commercial Kitchen Exhaust

Systems (LV-11-004)

Thomas Kuehn, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN

Laboratory measurements were made to determine the accuracy of several hand held instruments when used tomeasure the exhaust air flow rates during commercial kitchen air flow balancing. The instruments included 4 inchand 2- inch rotating vane anemometers, a hot film anemometer, a velocity grid, and flow hoods with 2 ft x 2 ftand 2 ft x 4 ft hoods. Grease filter configurations included conventional baffle filters, cyclone filters, and slotfilters mounted in an 8 ft canopy exhaust hood. Various xhaust air flow rates were measured with each instrument

and filter type.

2. Capture and Containment Ventilation Rates for Double-Island Canopy Hoods Measured During (RP-

1480) (LV-11-005)

Richard Swierczyna, Associate Member, Food Service Technology Center, San Ramon, CA

The objective of 1480-RP was to evaluate the capture and containment requirements of island canopy hoods. Thestudy investigated the performance various island canopy hood configurations over cooking equipment linesincluding: a rear filter single island, a V-bank single-island, and two double-island hood configurations. More than200 configurations and/or conditions were tested, including side panels, hood partitions, replacement air strategies,and replacement air temperatures. This presentation presents the performance of a double-island canopy hood to aback-to-back wall-mounted canopy hood and discusses the impacts of replacement air supply and/or cross drafts.

3. Capture and Containment Ventilation Rates for Single-Island Canopy Hoods (LV-11-006)

Paul Sobiski, Member

1

andDon R. Fisher

2

, (1),, Boulder, CO, (2)Fisher-Nickel, San Ramon, CAThe objective of 1480-RP was to evaluate the capture and containment requirements of island canopy hoods. Thestudy investigated the performance various island canopy hood configurations over cooking equipment linesincluding: a rear filter single island, a V-bank single-island, and two double-island hood configurations. More than200 configurations and/or conditions were tested, including side panels, hood partitions, replacement air strategies,and replacement air temperatures. This presentation focuses on the performance of the single island canopy hoods.

Sunday, January 30, 2011, 1:30 PM-3:00 PM


Evaporative Cooling


Room: Pavilion 9Chair: Dennis Knight, The Sustainability Institute, Charleston, SC

This session provides information and details ways to increase the efficiency of evaporative cooling incommercial applications.

1. Dew Point Evaporative Cooling: Technology Review and Fundamentals (LV-11-C014)

Paul Glanville, P.E., Associate Member1, Aleksandr Kozlov, Ph.D.

1and Valeriy Maisotsenko, Ph.D., Member

2,

(1)Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL, (2)Coolerado Corp., Denver, CO

Dew point evaporative cooling, using a novel heat exchanger and flow path arrangement, can deliver unhumidifiedair below wet bulb temperatures consuming less water than direct evaporative and vapor compression coolers.


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Supply air temperatures approaching the dew point temperature are achieved in a single-stage unit with coolingcapacity independent of the ambient air dry bulb temperature. This paper describes the technology fundamentals ofdew point evaporative cooling through this novel heat exchanger and its context in the technology evolution ofevaporative cooling, ranging from direct to multi-stage indirect-direct evaporative cooling, with performancecomparisons under common operational conditions.

2. Myths and Realities of Indirect Evaporative Cooling Thermodynamic Performance (LV-11-C015)

Nicholas Des Champs, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow Life Member, Munters, Buena Vista, VA

With the aid of a newly developed finite-difference computer program, that predicts the performance of heatexchangers when used as indirect evaporative coolers (IEC), various flow and heat exchanger arrangements areanalyzed for overall system cooling performance. Other considerations will be presented, such as using a directevaporative cooler to pre-cool air for a condenser coil while simultaneously cooling the sump-water temperature ofan IEC to enhance its effectiveness.

3. Energy Simulation Results for Indirect Evaporative Assisted DX Cooling Systems (LV-11-C016)

James V. Dirkes II, P.E., Member1

and Ryan Hoffman1, (1)The Building Performance Team, Grand Rapids, MI

This paper will review results of Energy Plus simulations of InDirect Evaporative-Assisted DX systems (IDEA-DX) applied in dry climates as they compare to a conventional solution. Peak power use, annual energyconsumption and indoor environmental quality differences will be compared. In addition, field results fromequipment which uses this design will be reviewed for a reality check of the simulation results.


Seminar 10 (Basic)

Boiler Water Treatment: How to Do It Right


Sponsor: 03.06 Water Treatment, SPC 191

Chair: Leon Shapiro, J.D., VRTX Technologies, Las Vegas, NV

This is a great seminar for anyone wishing to learn both the basics and state of the art of boiler water treatment.Basic water chemistry, objectives of a good boiler treatment, and an update on the latest in new technologies and

approaches are presented. Designers, owner and operators will be delighted with the value of the information to beobtained at this seminar. The emphasis is on maximizing energy efficiency through good practices and equipment.

1. Basics of Steam Boiler Pretreatment Equipment

Jon J. Cohen, Member, H-O-H Water Technology, Palatine, IL

Many boiler water systems utilize pretreatment equipment for efficient operation. Proper equipment selection,installation and operation of the pretreatment equipment is essential for the designing engineer as well as the boileroperator. A fundamental look at boiler room pretreatment equipment and design characteristics for boiler roomdesign and operation will be presented. Comparisons between various equipment systems and commonmisconceptions will aid the engineer as well as the owner/operator with equipment selection and operation.

2. Internal Boiler Water Treatment -In the 21st Century

Bill Pearson II, Associate Member, Southeastern Laboratories, Raliegh, NCThe 21st century will provide opportunity for improved boiler feedwater quality (chemistry) through the use ofnewer and advanced external treatment processes, such as reverse osmosis. Present boiler water technologyprovides efficient, cost-effective and reliable operation for boiler systems. Boiler feedwater (including condensatereturn) will still contain impurities that can adversely affect the safe, energy-efficient and otherwise carbon-footprint and life-cycle operation of a boiler. Internal boiler water treatment is essential to control and minimizethese potential problems and to avoid preventing catastrophic failure when external treatment malfunctions. Thispresentation will review the basics of steam boiler operations and internal chemical treatment.

3. Stress Corrosion Monitor for Preboiler Corrosion Control


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Brian Jenkins, Affiliate, Nalco, Naperville, IL

The boiler is an essential part of utility operations in many different industries. Despite the criticality of thissystem, good boiler water treatment is often an afterthought. A properly conceived and implemented watertreatment program can extend equipment life, reduce carbon footprint and improve operational reliability. Twokeys to good boiler water treatment are corrosion control and scale prevention. This paper reviews two recentdevelopments to provide much greater control of these two aspects of boiler water chemistry, and how they have

been implemented. ROI and before/after examples are included



Cradle to Grave Refrigerant Management

Track: Refrigeration Update

Room: Pavilion 6

Sponsor: 03.08 Refrigerant Containment, ASHRAE Associate Society Alliance, 03.01 Refrigerants and

Secondary Coolants

Chair: Robert Yost, Member, National Refrigerants, Inc., Bridgeton, NJ

Sustainable use of refrigerants involves proper management of the refrigerant charge during the entire life cycleof the equipment. This seminar presents different strategies and techniques for ensuring refrigerant emissions tothe environment are minimized. These techniques may form the basis for a regulatory framework for refrigerantmanagement.

1. Refrigerant Management System for Mitigating Global Warming

Momoki Katakura, JSRAE, Tokyo, Japan

Given the global implications at stake in the prevention of climate change, drastic reduction of CO2 emissionsshould be implemented via the speedy expansion of lv2011able energy usage. In pursuit of this target, as a highlyefficient energy appliance, the widespread dissemination of heat pumps to potential customers all over the world isabsolutely imperative. In order to fully make use of the advantages inherent in this unique product, strongly neededis establishing a refrigerant management system which is consistently applied from production to recovering anddestroying process with international cooperation.

2. European Strategies for Refrigerant ManagementDenis Clodic, Ph.D., Member, Armines Cep,, Paris, France

Fluorinated refrigerant gases (F-gas) is being closely regulated by the member countries of the European Union.Owners and operators of systems containing these refrigerants are required to take actions to reduce emissions ofthese refrigerants to the environment. This presentation will describe the strategies used to comply with theEuropean refrigerant management regulations.

3. RMC: The Canadian Industry Response to Extended Producer Responsibility Regulations

Warren Heeley, Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Institute of Canada, Mississauga, ON, Canada

Canadian federal and provincial governments are increasing the regulatory pressure on industries to takeresponsibility for waste products they have introduced into the market; particularly where there is anenvironmental impact created by the waste product. This session will highlight the world renowned RefrigerantManagement Canada (RMC) program; established by the Canadian HVAC&R industry as one of the first programs

to respond to this EPR regulatory need.4. U.S. Strategies for Managing Refrigerant Use and Emissions

David Godwin, P.E., Member, US EPA, Washington, DC

The United States has several current and potential routes to control the use of refrigerants. These include theMontreal Protocol, the Clean Air Act, and potential new legislation from the US Congress. This presentation willdiscuss the recent changes to US EPA regulations on the use of refrigerants, and national and internationaldiscussions for a phasedown of HFC refrigerants.



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Designing for Improved Air Quality in Casinos with ETS


Sponsor: 4.3 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration

Chair: Stephen W. Duda, P.E., Member, Ross & Baruzzini, Inc., St. Louis, MOCasino gaming areas where tobacco smoking is allowed present a challenge to ventilation system designers.

This program discusses design options and techniques for improving air quality and reducing exposure toenvironmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for both customers and employees in casinos.

1. HVAC Design for IAQ In Casinos with ETS

Brian Rock, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS

Can acceptable air quality be achieved in large gaming and similar spaces where indoor use of tobacco productsoccur? This issue will be introduced, from a variety of perspectives, in this balanced presentation. Thefundamentals of room air flow, contaminant sources and sinks, ventilation rates, and energy/comfort consequenceswill then be discussed. Relevant resources, available from the ASHRAE Bookstore, will be outlined too. Thepresentation's emphasis will be toward practical, must-get-it-done HVAC design while also providing goodprofessional advice to our clients.

2. Design of Air Distribution for Secondary Smoke Mitigation Using Computational Fluid DynamicsDaniel Nall, P.E., Member, WSP Flack + Kurtz, New York, NY

The process for designing local air distribution systems to mitigate ETS is described. The proposed systems utilizedisplacement ventilation at gaming machines to minimize lateral diffusion of ETS and upflow air curtains atgaming tables to protect dealers from smoking patrons. After extensive computational fluid dynamics modeling,mock-ups of the air diffusion systems were constructed to inform the final design. Results were used as input to aHuman Comfort Model to test comfort implications of low level air supply to the space surrounding the gamingmachines. These systems have been built and are currently operating successfully.

3. Building Ventilation System Design to Improve Containment of Smoking Environments

Brad R. Geinzer, P.E., Member, JBA Consulting Engineers, Las Vegas, NV

Cigarette smoking indoors has been reduced over the last two decades. This has increased the sensitivity ofoccupants to ETS. As a result of health concerns, legislation and potential building LEED certification, smoking is

no longer permitted in many enclosed spaces with the exception of gaming floors. Design professionals are facedwith addressing smoking environments that adjoin or communicate with non-smoking spaces. Planning with spaceconfigurations and mechanical systems can improve environments within areas adjoining smoking environmentsand reduce exposure to ETS. Case studies will be discussed identifying applications of HVAC systems relative tospace architecture and use.



Don't Gamble with your NZEB - Maintain It!

Track: Net Zero Energy

Room: Pavilion 1

Sponsor: 07.03 Operation and Maintenance Management, 07.05 Smart Building SystemsChair: Angela Lewis, P.E., Student Member, University of Reading, Alexandria, VA

Moving towards net-zero energy buildings, or even just reducing energy waste, requires knowing how toimplement operations and maintenance best practices. This seminar session provides an overview of what isnecessary to achieve NZEB during operations and maintenance, as well as two best practices that help illustrate thetrue costs of moving toward net zero. The first presentation provides an overview of the importance usingoperations and maintenance best practices for NZEB. The second and third presentations showcase technologiesand processes that need to be embraced to reduce building energy consumption, moving toward NZEB. The second


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presentation discusses how the use of data from building automation systems can be used to detect and reduceenergy waste. The final presentation provides practical insight about reducing energy waste during air-handleroperation.

1. NZEB: A Higher Level of O&M

Bill McCartney, Member, Isotherm Engineering Ltd, Mississauga, ON, Canada

The operational requirements of a net-zero energy building (NZEB) are over and above nearly all of the most

energy efficient buildings today. Additionally, NZEB have many new technologies, many which need differentfacility management and technician skill sets and require proactive maintenance. In order for NZEB to operate asdesigned, technicians must be involved from design to operation and receive proper training. This presentationwill provide an overview of the skills technicians and facility managers need; both when the building opens andover the life of the building.

2. Monitoring-Based Commissioning: A Path Toward Proactive Maintenance

Vernon Smith, P.E., Associate Member, Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO

The data available from modern building automation systems can be overwhelming to building operators. But it isa rich source of information that can be used for proactive maintenance. Using trend data allows buildingoperators to do monitoring-based commissioning to detect problems before tenants complain and find hiddenenergy waste. Several approaches will be discussed.

3. Watch Both Airflow and Pressure Drop

Robert Baker, Fellow ASHRAE, BBJ Environmental LLC, Riverview, FL

If you are not careful when you change operating parameters, an energy efficient building can quickly become adisaster. This presentation will teach how to look at several aspects of air-handler operation by showing how anattempt at a facility to maintain air flow when upgrading filtration resulted in runaway energy waste, a moldgrowth problem and dissatisfied occupants. The presentation will present an actual case study of a critical facility(FAA Control Tower and associated Air Traffic Control Center) that attempted to cope with construction of anoperating airline terminal next to it with devastating results.



Energy Modeling of Existing Buildings


Sponsor: 04.07 Energy Calculations

Chair: Susan Reilly, Member, Enermodal, Inc. Industry, Denver, CO

This session addresses the process and challenges of creating calibrated energy models of existing buildings. Acalibrated energy model of an existing building can assist with the decision process in adopting energyconservation measures; however, the process of modeling an existing, occupied building can be difficult.Challenges include incorporating variations in occupant behavior and building internal loads, modeling the actualand sometimes varying HVAC and lighting controls, and modeling malfunctioning equipment. Utility data canprovide some guidance, but often only provides a vague energy profile for the building, and rarely providesinformation about the individual building energy end-uses.

1. Case Study: The Role of Energy Modeling In General Services Administration AuditsAleka Pappas, Member, Enermodal Engineering Inc, Denver, CO

The General Services Administration is pursuing energy efficiency opportunities in their facilities. Calibratedenergy models were used to assist with three energy audits, including the Byrne-Green and Wissahickon buildingsin Philadelphia, PA, and the Fallon Federal Building in Baltimore, MD. For each building, the total historic energyuse was known, but not the energy breakdown by end use. Site visits and careful analysis of actual buildingequipment performance and building systems control were needed to model the building and produce meaningfulresults. This model was then used to analyze energy efficiency upgrades. The modeling process and results will bediscussed.


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2. Energy Modeling Software

Ron Judkoff, Ph.D., Member, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO

The existing building stock in the U.S. consumes about 40% of the nations primary energy and produces about

38% of associated carbon emissions. In the past, NREL developed energy and cost optimization tools such asOptEPlus and BEOpt to assist in the energy design and analysis of ultra efficient and zero-energy new buildings.NREL is in the process of upgrading these tools to perform similar calculations for energy retrofit of existing

buildings. This presentation will discuss the nature of the upgrades and show results from some preliminaryanalyses for retrofit packages under differing sets of economic assumptions.

3. Development of An Automated Calibration Tool for Code-Compliant Residential Simulation

Jeff Haberl, Fellow ASHRAE, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX

This presentation presents results from the development of an automated calibration tool for residentialsimulations. This tool uses linear and change-point linear regression to assist with the calibration of a code-compliant simulation to utility bills from an existing residence. Results from the application of the tool to a casestudy house in a hot and humid climate are presented.



Going Lower with Solar


Sponsor: 06.07 Solar Energy Utilization

Chair: Mark A. Hertel, P.E., Member, SunEarth, Inc., Honolulu, HI

This seminar considers how the utilization of solar energy in building design can lower the utility energy budgetof an already low energy building design. The use of various simulation software provides a basis for thefeasibility of solar collectors, seasonal storage and flexible end-use components. The applications include an officebuilding in Greece, a performing arts center in Connecticut and a subdivision in Northern Canada. Optimizingsystem performance with sophisticated control strategies is a key to successful solar integration.

1. Simulation of the Thermal Performance of a Net-Zero Energy Performing Arts Building: Achieving Net

Zero Energy Conditions In RetrofitDennis J. O'Connor, Student Member1

and Cenk C. Yavuzturk, Member2, (1)University of Hartford, Hartford,

CT, (2)University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT

A series of building energy analyses are presented using an hourly simulation approach for a performing artsbuilding. They include the incorporation of lv2011able energy and energy savings measures. The results allow forthe assessment of the most effective measures in retrofit. Sensitivity analyses are presented for the impact ofvarious individual sub-systems on the overall thermal behavior of the building and its energy use intensity. A finalassessment for the achievement of a net zero energy building is made, along with a discussion of lessons learnedfrom the system design process. A series of recommendations and design guidelines are implicitly developed.

2. From Design and Simulations to Case Study of a High Solar Combi-Plus System

Constantinos A. Balaras, Ph.D., P.E., Member1

and Elena G. Dascalaki, Ph.D.1, (1)National Observatory of

Athens, Athens, Greece

A solar thermal system is an ideal solution for space heating and cooling, plus hot water production (solar combi-plus systems). An ongoing European research and demonstration project on high solar combi-plus systems aims todevelop solar heating and cooling systems with high solar fractions, combining different technologies, componentsand control strategies to optimize performance with five pilot installations in four European countries. Thepresentation will focus on the plant in Athens, Greece installed at an office building, with solar thermal collectors,an absorption chiller, an underground seasonal thermal energy storage tank and a heat pump for backup. Thesystem aims at a high solar fraction of over 85%.

3. Solar-Assisted District Heating System In a Sub-Artic Climate

Andrew Chiasson, Ph.D., Member, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH


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A feasibility study of a district heating system serving a planned, sustainable subdivision in a subarctic climate inNorthern Canada is presented. The study examined the technical and economic feasibility of constructing thedistrict heating system with a low-temperature fluid supply loop serving distributed geothermal heat pumps inbuildings. System simulations demonstrated that the district system is impractical without the use of solar thermalrecharging of the earth heat exchanger. Additionally, system feasibility is improved through the use of a peakingboiler system during extreme cold periods. The study implemented a life-cycle economic optimization analysis to

identify the most feasible design options.


Technical Paper Session 3 (Intermediate)

Hot Water Distribution Systems: New Design Information


Sponsor: 06.06 Service Water Heating

Chair: Russell K. Johnson, Member, Johnson Research LLC, Pueblo West, CO

Distribution piping is responsible for as much as 95% of water heating system energy use in poorly designedand implemented potable hot water systems, and is rarely responsible for less than 15% even in the best designedsystems. This technical paper session presents new laboratory and field test information that quantifies hot waterdistribution system time, water, and energy waste, and discusses improved system designs.

1. Hot Water Distribution System Piping Heat Loss Factors - Phase III Test Results (LV-11-007)

Carl C. Hiller, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Applied Energy Technology Co., Davis, CA

This paper describes results of recent laboratory tests on additional piping types and sizes in a variety ofenvironments including in-air, in-attic and in-floor, both insulated and uninsulated, and compares them to previoustest results by the author on other pipe configurations and environments. New pipes tested included chlorinatedpolyvinyl chloride (CPVC), high density cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) and rigid copper, both in-air and in atticand floor environments. These tests allowed calculation of measured piping heat loss (UA) factors under a varietyof different temperature and flow conditions, with various insulation levels.

2. Hot Water Distribution System Piping Time, Water, and Energy Waste - Phase III Test Results (LV-11-

008)Carl C. Hiller, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, Applied Energy Technology Co., Davis, CA

This paper describes results of recent laboratory tests on additional common hot water distribution system pipingsizes and types under a variety of flow rate, temperature, and environmental conditions. The new tests includechlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and high density cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) piping. They alsoinclude attic and floor environments. The tests measured the time spent waiting for hot water to arrive at fixturesand the amount of water wasted to drain while waiting. From these, the energy waste associated with the waterwaste can be computed.

3. Pilot Phase of a Field Study to Determine Waste of Water and Energy In Residential Hot Water

Distribution Systems (LV-11-009)

James Lutz, Member, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

This paper describes pilot testing of wireless sensor networks to field monitor every hot water use endpoint in a

structure. The goal was to develop new approaches that allow more complete field data collection of hot water use,allowing identification of water and energy waste associate with different distribution system piping layouts.Recommended improvements to the approach are discussed.

Monday, 01/318:00 AM-9:30 AM

Monday, January 31, 2011, 8:00 AM-9:30 AM



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Energy Efficiency and Energy Simulation Applications


Room: Pavilion 9

Chair: Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., Member, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

This session presents ideas and information on ways to increase the energy efficiency of buildings by way ofcase studies and energy modeling software.

3. Verification of the Energy Efficiency Advancement in District Heating and Cooling Plant by Renovation

(LV-11-C017)

Shinya Nagae1, Yoshiyuki Shimoda, Ph.D.

1, Shiori Takamara

1, Yoshitaka Uno

1, Kenichiro Wantanabe

2and

Yutaka Shoji3, (1)Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, (2)Sibaura Institute of Technology University, Tokyo, Japan,

(3)Energy Advance Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

In Japan, the district heating and cooling system (DHC) has constructed over 150 since the first DHC started in1970. The DHC spreads rapidly in about 1990, and at the present, it is time for the DHC plants to be renovated dueto aged deterioration. Also in recent years, energy efficiency of chillers, co-generation system and pumps related toDHC system have made a remarkable progress.

4. CFD Simulation of Single Phase Flow in Plate Heat Exchangers (LV-11-C018)

Steven O'Halloran, Ph.D., Member1

and Amir Jokar, Ph.D., Member2, (1)University of Portland, Portland, OR,

(2)ThermoFluids Tech, Vancouver, WAChevron plate type heat exchangers have widely been studied through experimental analysis; however, lesscomputational work has been reported on these types of heat exchangers due to the complexity of their interiorconfiguration with corrugated plates. This study has applied computational thermal and fluid dynamics methods tosimulate single-phase flow in a brazed plate heat exchanger with a corrugation angle of 60. For this purpose, acommercially available CFD software package (Fluent) has been utilized and simulations for different temperatureand velocity boundary conditions have been performed.

5. Environmentally Opportunistic Computing: Computation as Catalyst for Sustainable Design (LV-11-

C019)

Aimee P.C. Buccellato1,Paul Brenner, Ph.D., P.E.

1, David B. Go

1, Ryan Jansen

1and Eric M. Ward, Jr.

1,

(1)University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN

In this work, we present the vision of EOC and the current performance capabilities of the Green Cloud prototype

from in situ measurements. Recognizing EOCs potential to achieve a new paradigm for sustainable building, theresearch also begins to explore the integration of EOC at the building scale, acknowledging concept-criticalcollaboration required between architects, computational hardware and software owners, and building systemsengineers.

1. ASHRAE Resources for LEED-Existing Buildings Certification (LV-11-C020)

Barry Abramson, P.E.1

and Lung-Sing Wong, P.E., Member1, (1)Servidyne, Atlanta, GA

The US Green Building Council's LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB) rating system relies upon severalstandards and procedures developed by ASHRAE. This paper will address the LEED-EB requirements that rely onthese ASHRAE tools and resources and discuss the challenges to the engineer regarding proper application undervarious existing building scenarios. It will explain the pertinent concepts and definitions as presented in theASHRAE resource documents, and present strategies for how these ASHRAE resources can most effectively beutilized in the LEED-EB certification process.

Building Professional Accreditation, Construction Quality Control and Better Buildings (LV-11-C021)Ellis G. Guiles Jr., TAG Mechanical Systems, Inc., Syracuse, NY

Codes and standards have continued to change and improve in an attempt to create better buildings. However, dataand history has shown little progress has been made in the actual reduction in kBTU/SF energy consumption overthe last 50 years. This paper explores the reason for this disconnect between codes and standards and will discussif a national effort needs to be undertaken to establish building professional accreditation, develop better qualitycontrol by building codes officials and would these efforts result in buildings that would really be NET ZERO orperform to/better than the codes and standards currently available.


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Climate Change: Its Happening, So Whos Responding?


Sponsor: 02.05 Global Climate Change, 04.02 Weather InformationChair: David Godwin, P.E., Member, US EPA, Washington, DC

Scientific studies continue to provide data that indicate the Earths climate is changing due to human activities,

and evidence from across the planet, including in the U.S., indicates some early changes are already happening.Although (as of August 2010) debate continues on legislation in the U.S., as well as on international agreementsunder the UNFCCC and Montreal Protocol, many companies, organizations and governments are taking actionnow. This seminar provides an overview of some of the indications of climate change, actions being taken underCalifornia legislation, and the impact that ASHRAE standards can and are having to reduce greenhouse gasemissions.

1. Climate Change Indicators In the U.S

Donald J. Wuebbles, Ph.D., University of Illinois, Urbana, IL

Scientific evidence strongly indicates that human activities are bringing about major changes in our climatesystem, particularly in the last four decades. Without major policy or technology changes, the climate willcontinue to change. Significant changes are projected for the rest of the 21st century and beyond, while somechangesincluding increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice,and rising global average sea levelare evident today. This presentation discusses the current science andindicators of climate change of relevance for the United States.

2. California Air Resources Board Regulations on Refrigerants

Glenn Gallagher, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA

As part of an overall approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the Global Warming Solutions Act of2006 (AB 32), the California Air Resources Board (CARB) is committed to reducing emissions of high-globalwarming potential (GWP) refrigerants (includes most CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs). Beginning January 2011, CARBwill implement regulations requiring the inspection, maintenance, and leak repair of all refrigerant systems

containing more than 50 pounds of high-GWP refrigerant. This presentation covers the basics of the newregulations, its impact on maintenance practices in the HVAC industry, and summarizes additional regulationsunder development for new supermarket refrigeration systems.

3. Reductions In Greenhouse Gas Emissions Achieved by Standards 90.1-2010 and 189.1-2009

T.M. Lawrence, Ph.D., Member, University of Georgia, Athens, GA

ASHRAE has committed to producing the tools needed in the industry to achieve continually higher levels ofenergy efficiency. These tools include guidelines, resources, and standards. This presentation reviews the energyefficiency gains obtained with these recent ASHRAE standards releases and projects their impact on greenhousegas emissions in the U.S.

4. Climate Change: Scientific Certainties and Political Realities

James Crawford, Fellow ASHRAE, Trane Co., Tyler, TX

In the 15 years since the Kyoto Protocol was drafted, the signals of and scientific foundation for global warming

have increased. Various countries have taken positive steps in the direction of reducing emissions. Many moresteps, such as cap-and-trade are on the drawing boards, or in legislation that is politically stalemated. There is littledoubt that society will act. The real question is when, and whether society will be prepared to respond positivelyto the inevitable changes ahead. This presentation will review evidence of global warming, a physicistsunderstanding of causes, and the late-2010 political environment for action.




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Codes and Standards that Influence Mission Critical Facilities

Track: Codes and Standards in the HVAC&R IndustryRoom: Pavilion 11

Sponsor: 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment

Chair: Craig A. Crader, P.E., Associate Member, Bick Group, St. Louis, MO

Mission critical facilities, like other facilities, are influenced by various codes and standards. This session takesa look at these codes and standards to help designers and operators understand the parameters to which influencesthe design of mission critical facilities.

1. An Overview of the European Union Code of Conduct for Data Centers

Michael K. Patterson, Ph.D., P.E., Member, Intel, Hillsboro, OR

The presentation reviews the EU Code of Conduct program, specifically the CoC for data centers. The programprovides tools and methodologies for data centers in Europe to be recognized as complying with the CoC, a bestpractices document, and data center reporting for performance. Review of the best practices document will showthe applicability of the information to data centers worldwide. The development of the CoC will be reviewed;including alignment with ASHRAE guidelines. Additionally, the current status of the program and activities aswell as what is next for the future updates of the CoC will be discussed.

2. Energy Codes for Data Centers

Jeff Stein, P.E., Member, Taylor Engineering, Alameda, CASome states, such as Oregon and Washington, explicitly include data centers in their energy codes. Many statesadopt ASHRAE 90.1 as their energy code. According to a recent official interpretation, data centers are currentlyexempt from 90.1. However, data centers will not be exempt from 90.1-2010. Similarly, data centers will be

covered by Californias Title 24 Energy Code starting in 2013. I will discuss the key requirements in 90.1 andTitle 24 that will affect data centers including air conditioner efficiencies, economizers, and humidity controls. Iwill also explain the prescriptive versus performance options for compliance.

3. Telecommunication Standards for Data Centers

Rhonda Johnson, Member, Panduit Corp., Tinley Park, IL

A data center design project typically addresses not only power and cooling facilities, but also infrastructure fortelecommunications (data transport). A number of telecommunications standards bodies, including TIA, BICSI,and ISO/IEC, have aligned their data center standards with ASHRAE TC9.9s Thermal Guidelines. An overview of

these standards and a discussion on their relevance will be provided.4. U.S. Green Building Council LEED Guidelines and the Impact for Mission Critical Facilities

Doug McLellan, P.E., HP Critical Facilities Services, Bethesda, MD

The U.S. Green Building Council LEED guidelines are impacting the data center industry. While the USGBC does

not produce codes, the code like LEED certification process has become a requirement in many jurisdictions.LEED certification is also required on projects for federal and local governments. The USGBC is updating theircertification with new requirements for data centers. The new requirements affect the energy efficiency as well asmany other aspects of the design, construction, and operation of data centers. This presentation presents thereview of the latest LEED requirements for certifying a data center.



Cutting-Edge Japanese Technologies for Zero-Energy Buildings (Part 1)

Track: Net Zero Energy

Room: Pavilion 1

Chair: Shin-ichi Tanabe, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, Department of Architecture, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

This session presents new Japanese HVAC technologies employed for ZEBs (Zero-Energy Buildings). TheIPCC Fourth Assessment Report suggests that the construction industry has the largest potential for emissionreduction; but in reality, emissions from building sector including housing have been increasing. Background in


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Asia is explained at the beginning of the session. We conducted a case study of an Asian office building with anew multiple split air-conditioning system by performing field measurements. A heat pump and a thermal storagesystem were installed in a DHC system with the aim of achieving high efficiency with minimum energyconsumption and large reduction in greenhouse gas emission.

1. Carbon Neutral Architecture, Action In Japan

Hiroshi Yoshino, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

Japan has declared a 25% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2020 and a 60% to 80% reduction by 2050. The IPCCFourth Assessment Report suggests that the construction industry has the largest potential for emission reduction;but in reality, emissions from building sector have been increasing. In this session, we will examine theresponsibility the construction industry needs to take up to cope with global warming, and present proposals andrecommendations mainly from the Architectural Institute of Japan and the Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning &Sanitary Engineers of Japan. Countermeasure technologies employed in Japan and Asia will also be reported.

2. Performance of K Building with Multiple Split Air-Conditioning System

Seiichi Tabuchi, Kajima Corporation, Tokyo, Japan

The K Building is mainly an office building with a capacity of 1200 people, Its construction was completed in July2007. A typical office has a floor area of 77m x 26m and affords a fine view of the city from the windows. Amultiple split air-conditioning system has been adopted in this office building. Performance evaluation with BEMShas been carried out at the operation stage and high energy efficiency has been demonstrated by the air-conditioning system. Besides, an actual investigation of the indoor environment was carried out through aquestionnaire and physical measurement of data.

3. Successful Application of Heat Pumps to DHC System In Tokyo Bay Area

Keiji Kojima, Tokyo Electric Power Company, Tokyo, Japan

The Harumi-Island District Heating & Cooling (DHC), which is located in Tokyo Bay area, introduced the heatpump and thermal storage system with the aim of achieving minimum energy consumption, minimumenvironmental load, and maximum economical efficiency. It started operating in 2001, achieving high efficiencyand a large amount of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, as well as low heat-charge. The system performancewas verified by the continued commissioning of the system.



District Ground Source Heat Pump Systems, Part 1


Sponsor: 06.08 Geothermal Energy Utilization, 09.04 Applied Heat Pump/Heat Recovery Systems

Chair: J. B. Singh, Fellow ASHRAE, J&P Consulting Engineers, Linwood, NJ

Fueled by stimulus money and tax incentives at both the Federal and State levels, the geothermal industry isenjoying a lv2011ed interest by building owners and developers for district systems. A district GSHP system is nota new idea, but one that is more frequently being explored for large campuses and mixed use application in manylocations. The challenge in designing these systems is the management of a central pump or series of pumps forboth energy efficiency and management of the pumping system by the owner. Several projects which

Documents

Winter Conference - 20101104 Programbook114[1]