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Winning Independence
Ch. 5 Sec. 1
African Nationalism • Early 1900s: nationalism takes
root in African nations – Nationalism: pride in one’s
country – Used to create unity among
different ethnic groups forced into a colony together
• Pan-Africanism: – Unifying all of Africa under one
gov’t– Léopold Sédar Senghor: 1930s
• Négritude movement: pride in African heritage
Ethnic-language groups in Africa
Léopold Sédar Senghor
New Nations Emerge• WWII: colonial powers
weakened by war effort– Cold War: US and Soviet Union
condemned colonialism & aided nationalist movements
• By 1950: 4 independent nations ( Liberia, Ethiopia, Egypt, S. Africa)
• Independence movements: – Ghana: boycotted British goods to
protest British rule, won independence (1957)
– Northern Africa: Libya, Tunisia & Morocco gained nationhood peacefully, Algeria goes to war with France (1954-1962), gains nationhood in 1962
– Kenya: armed resistance group (the Mau Mau) pushed British out of Kenya (1964)
– Southern Africa: Angola & Mozambique wage guerilla war against Portugal, independent in 1975
Colonial Legacy
• Effects of colonial rule – Desire for modern
technology and European standard of living in Africa
– Resentment toward colonial powers
– Disrupted economy – Africans had few
experienced leaders – Rival ethnic groups forced
to cooperate
Case Study: Rwanda (1994)• Pre-imperialism: 2 tribes
– Ruling tribe (minority): Tutsi – Majority: Hutu
• Belgian Imperialism: – Granted more rights to Tutsi elite – Required ID badges for each tribes – Appointed Tutsis to positions of leadership
• Post-imperialism: – Hutu resentment of Tutsi mistreatment – Hutu president of Rwanda killed in plane crash – Hutu military group (Interhamwe) attacked Tutsi citizens – Approx. 1 million Tutsis died in 100 days