Upload
orangegull
View
217
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
1/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
2/566
Wings In OrbitScientific and Engineering
Legacies of the Space Shuttle
1971-2010
Foreword: John Young
Robert Crippen
Executive Editor: Wayne Hale
Editor in Chief: Helen Lane
Coeditors: Gail Chapline
Kamlesh Lulla
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
3/566
ii
COVER PHOTOS
Front: View of Space Shuttle Endeavour
(STS-118) docked to the International Space
Station in August 2007.
Back: Launch of Space Shuttle Endeavour
(STS-130) during the early morning hoursen route to the International Space Station
in February 2010.
Spine:A rear view of the Orbiter Discovery
showing the drag chute deployed during the
landing of STS-96 at Kennedy Space Center
in May 1999.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
4/566
iii
% = >*>=
/ =
$* $>== "*.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
5/566
iv
@@ = @ = =T @= = @
@ C@=> @ A= 12, 1981. I > @
= = T = >. I =@ =
@ = @= @@
= @ . A== > >@ @ @= @ =@.
>@ @ = @= @ @
: @ =, @ @ @, ET >@ =
@ . = @ @== = @ =.
@> @ @ =@ ==, K@ ==, @
>@ =@@, =>= = I@= @.
I = @> > @@ = @
=P = =
@@. = ==@ @ = @-=@ @>.
I @ > @ = @ @= C >,
E@ =, == ' @@ "
= @ I@= @. @ ==@
@= @@@ .
= @> =@ @ @ @ @= @
, @=@, , >, @ >@ @
@ @ @.
= >= @= @
=. = @ @=@ @ 1960 = 1970.I @ @@> == @ > >= @@ >.
@> = 3 @ @@, =@
>=@ . @ >@ @= H=
=@, @> @= = @ =T =
@ K@, , , == . #@ H= >=
@ > @= @ @=.
A @> @> @ =@, >@ @ = @ =
@ @. Q I R @ @ , ,
, . @@ @> @ >
@> @=, == == @ =
=. @ @ = >== >
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
6/566
v
. . . +*>=> @
> = @ @@=: @
@ @ @ @ @ @ =
@ Q >@ @>=>?R @ =@-
@ > = @> @ @T @. @
@, , = = @ @
@@ @>= . @ @ == @ @@<
#AAT = @>.
@ @ @ @ > = @ ==
@. @ == >> @ E@= B@ @ =
=== @ @ @ . @ > @= @@.
@==@ @= @ @ = @>:
J> A>@, A@= A=, A=>, B=,
B B=>, A@ C@, E== C@, '@ C, J E=,
J< F, ==> G>, "=@ H=, @> H@==@,
J< , C@ , D !
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
7/566
vi
Table of Contents iii Dedicationiv ForewordJohn Young and Robert Crippen
v Preface and Acknowledgments
vi Table of Contents
viii Editorial Board
ix PoemWitnessing the Launch of the Shuttle Atlantis
x IntroductionCharles Bolden
1 Magnificent Flying Machine
A Cathedral to Technology
11 The Historical Legacy
12 Major Milestones
32 The Accidents: A Nations Tragedy, NASAs Challenge
42 National Security
53 The Space Shuttle and Its Operations
54 The Space Shuttle
74 Processing the Shuttle for Flight
94 Flight Operations
110 Extravehicular Activity Operations and Advancements
130 Shuttle Builds the International Space Station
157 Engineering Innovations
158 Propulsion
182 Thermal Protection Systems
200 Materials and Manufacturing
226 Aerodynamics and Flight Dynamics
242 Avionics, Navigation, and Instrumentation
256 Software
270 Structural Design
286 Robotics and Automation
302 Systems Engineering for Life Cycle
of Complex Systems
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
8/566
vii
319 Major Scientific Discoveries
320 The Space Shuttle and Great Observatories
344 Atmospheric Observations
and Earth Imaging
360 Mapping the Earth: Radars and Topography
370 Astronaut Health and Performance
408 The Space Shuttle: A Platform That Expanded
the Frontiers of Biology
420 Microgravity Research in the Space Shuttle Era
444 Space Environments
459 Social, Cultural, and Educational Legacies
460 NASA Reflects Americas Changing Opportunities;
NASA Impacts US Culture
470 Education: Inspiring Students as Only NASA Can
485 Industries and Spin-offs
497 The Shuttle Continuum, Role of Human Spaceflight
499 President George H.W. Bush
500 Pam Leestma and Neme Alperstein
Elementary School Teachers
502 Norman Augustine
Former President and CEO of Lockheed Martin Corporation
504 John Logsdon
Former Director of Space Policy Institute, Georgetown University
506 Canadian Space Agency509 General John Dailey
Director of Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
510 Leah Jamieson
John A. Edwardson Dean of the College of Engineering,
Purdue University
512 Michael Griffin
Former NASA Administrator
517 Appendix
518 Flight Information
530 Program Managers/Acknowledgments
531 Selected Readings535 Acronyms
536 Contributors Biographies
542 Index
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
9/566
viii
Wayne Hale
Chair
Iwan Alexander
Frank Benz
Steven Cash
Robert Crippen
Steven Dick
Michael Duncan
Diane Evans
Steven Hawley
Milton Heflin
David Leckrone
James Owen
Robert Sieck
Michael Wetmore
John Young
Editorial Board
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
10/566
ix
Witnessing the Launch ofthe Shuttle Atlantis
Howard Nemerov
Poet Laureate of the United States1963-1964 and 1988-1990
$ > / / = @ < @*=, =*=
%< * @*< =,
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
11/566
x
I @@ @ @ @@ @ @ =,
@ >@@= ==. I > , I =>
@> @ @ > =. = @
= #AAT > = @> @ @ 3 . = =
> >@= @ @ @T @ @=@
== >@@ @ @ Q-@R . A =T >,
@ @ = @ @>=> = @@.
= @> >@ = @ @ @ =@@.
I @ @ == @@= I@= @
@ @ @ - @ @ , ==,
". @ =@ >@ @ @ @= > >@ @ >,
@ @= @
@ @ @ @=K =@ @
C== (1986) C@=> (2003) . @> @
@ @ = @@ @ @@ @@ , @ == . I > , = @
@= @ @ > @
=. , >, , @= @
>K = > @ =.
*=>= @> =
@ @ >@ >@ = @>=>. @ = >@ , > H= =@
@@>= @ @= @ @=. !@@
=@ @ = @ @@ @ >@T
@ > =, = >= , @=@. =
Introduction
Charles Bolden
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
12/566
xi
@ @ = E, @ @ P P @
>@ @. F@> @ @ =, @ @==
@ @ @ E @@ > > 90% @ ET = .
D 30- @>, >== @.
@ @ @> >@, @= @>>,
@ @=@P =
#AA, @ @, @=. @ @ , @> => @@=
@ @== @>, = @>.
@ @K@P@> @ >> @ @,
@ -= =@, @ = @@=P @
< @ @.
I@= @==@@ @= . C @
@@ > = == >@= =@>
@ @> = @@ @ I@= @ @ H=. E@ A @
@@ =@. B@ @@ =
>=. J, =@ >> @ @ E@ A
C, > = =@. @=
@==@@ @ @ @ @@@.
" @= @ = >> >=> @
== @@ @ =@= @>> @ =
@ =. I @@ = @ =@ @ > @
@>> @ '-A> = >@, -60 (1994).
F@> , E @ @ @ @, @>>@
> @ @= @ > @ =K= @< @
@>>@ >@ @ =@ @ @= @> . I@= @,
@>=@ @ @= @= =, >K
>@ @ @= @@@ @ = ',J, C,
>> @ @ E@ A @ * @
@ @ - @ @.
== = = @ @ = @>.
Q'>
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
13/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
14/566
Magnificent Flying MachineA Cathedral to Technology 1
Magnificent
Flying MachineA Cathedral
to Technology
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
15/566
C=*
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
16/566
@ =@@
=> @ =
= J= 1969. F@==@
>, @=>>==
= @. =
@ @>>== =
@= =
@ =K, = @=
= @@
@, @ @
= @ . " @
> @ = @ @>
@ = @.
I , =@
@ @ @
@> @ = @ @
>@ @=>
, =@ @>
@ ==.
@, = @>@ @
= = @> 1903
F= @ DC-3 @ @
1935 = @=@= @, >@ @>@?
I @ 1961P
A= T " @
GT +@@ @T
1909 Q"@= BRP
@>>=
=. QBR
@ @
6 @ @,
>,
@= @ >@
@ @
. I >
> , A@==@
@=@=
@ @ @
@ @
7 .
=
@ 1981P@> 20
=P@= @>
@ > 1920. I ,
@@ =@ @ @
@: F@ -"@@ @ 1928.
F@ -"@@ = @>
>= @ @@= @= @ @@>==
==. I >@>
@P @=@,
==, =. =
* >=.
A>= ' E= B
F@ -"@@ @ @
=@ @ #@ @=. B
F@ -"@@ @ ==
@, @@>= @, @
@ @ @ =
@>>= = ;
=
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
17/566
B @ =@ @ @
@ = >
@
@ @ >=@=@ =
QBR -"@@.
E @, @ =
@>@ @ @
@=@= @ @ @
@ @=@= =
@> = @= @ >
. + @> ,
= = @.#@ @ = @
@ > @ @ @ ,
= .
@@< @: @
> @
>@= @>,
==
== =. +
@ >P
= = = @
= @ @ @@=, @@= = =<
>. @ @
@@< @ =
=T = @ @=.
Superlative Achievementsof the Space Shuttle
F@ =>@ = , >
, , ==@,
> @ @=> @> @
@@==, @ =
@ >@.
= =, ,
@ @. !==
= @>
>@=, = >, @
@> = = = @
@. = =
25 > @ @; ==.
=P
= -15P= <
> @ @.F@==@ -15,
= >= '-71,
@= >
@ @. B@ -15
'-71 @. F=
@ @ " 2 @
@. I @> @ =,
@>>= @ = @
@> @ @, =@ =
@> = == >@
@@. F@ >=,
@ @> @@=
= > .
@ @ =, @>@
@ = @ @
@= @ = @=
. +=
>@ > =
@= @ @
@ = @ =@ @ = @
. @ @=
@>= >P@
@ = @, @
>=P> @@
@@>, @
= @ @> >=@.
= = == =
= >
@ @
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
18/566
@-== @@-@ @
=
@ @. >K
@>@ @=
5 >> (0.2 .) >
@
@>== =
@ @
@-@ @
@@. I @
= ==
=@ < > ,
> @
=- =.
= >@=
>
@ @@ @>
> @ 1,000NC
(2,000NF). E@= =
== @, = @> @
, @ 24,000
= @ @@> @
. I >@@ @ =T
, = @
@ = = =
@ =@@ @@
. >K >= @@
>P== @ =P
@110 > @ (120 @) @
=, , =@ < @ E
@ @ -.
#@ =T >
@ > @>= @
@ > =. @
> >
, , =, ,
@
@ = = =
@ @=. =@
@ -
@ -@ = =.
@ > @ -. A== = @ @ @ =.
= == @ @=-
=-= @=@ =>.
= @= '@@@ @>K .
E @ =@ @ =>@
12 >@ (3 >==@ @)
@= 600,000 ==@
@) @ ( = ).
= >@ @ @
36,000 = =@@>@ @
@= 26 ==@ @@P@> JA @=
. >==@ @ @,
= @>@ @
'B >@@
= @ @ 7 >==@
= (1,000 @
). Q@=R
@= @==
. =
@
= = @ @
>>> @> . F@
50 @ =,
= @@ =
@= @
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
19/566
D=@> @ =-=
= " E @
>@= < > 1970.
! =-= @@ @= +
- , >@ F-1 =@ >
@ = > .
B F-1 =R > =@
= > . I , @ >@
, =-= @@ >@ @ .
Q>R @ >
=== @
@ @. = @
>@> >>>
@ Q ,R
@= @
@>@=, @ @ =
=, @ @@> Q=R
@= .
A@>@= @ @
@ = == 15% @
>>> @= .
= > @
@ @>> @= .@ @ @ >
>: @
=@ > @ @
, @ @>@= @=
@ @> @ K
@ =@ @ . A
@= @ = $100.00. "@
>,
@ > > :
@@ @ , @@ @
@. #@
== @ @P
@@
@
E @P =
== @ == @ @
@= @> 1957 = 2010P
=. < @ .
= =@ >@ > @ E@ == +, I,
A=, D=, @@, ,
!@ ", ., @>.
A @ == > @
= @> @> ? #-
> @> =.
= =@ @>
@ -
@ = @. =
@@@ ==
= =. .
And Science?
H@ > @>=
=?
@ . =
@ @ @@>? I @ =@@ . = >@
=@ @ =
@ . #@ @=
= = C@>@ G>>
' @,
> . A@
=@ @ C -
@ @= @=
@ *=. A @
@@> >,
>@
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
20/566
@ + G==@ >@ @
J >@@.
I E , @ =
A>@ !@@ @
A=@ >@
@ @ >@, !
G@> == >@@
@ >@
>,
' !@@ >@ >
== = > @
E @ @ @=
=. * A>@
' == =@ =
@> =, E
'@ B == @
@ >== @==
@ E-@ @. "@ @==, @@ >
= >
@ = > @
=@-> @@ @ E,
, =>.
== =
= @ = >@,
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
21/566
Spacewalks
== = @> = @
=- >>
I@= @ (I)
= =
@. @= QR
=
=. @ >>
@ @: I
@= @ @ @
=, = @= =@
>@ @ @ @
I. I @ @
@>=> @ I
>= @ @@,
I >@ @ @
>= @ @ @
@= @@@ @ @@
@ == >. = >
= @= @
C @@ @ @@
>, @= =@,
@= . B
@ @@ @
I @ @= @@@ @
==, = >
@> .
The Astronauts
I = =, = ==
@ @=. I 133 =,
= @ = 850 @
@. " @= @ @
>@ @, @ @= >
@ @= @ =@ @
@ == (+@@
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
22/566
= @ == @ = @>
== @ @ @= @>.
I @ @>
@ @ @ @ >@
@=, = @>= .
F= = @=, @=
@> @ , @ ==
, . @= >@
==,
>== @ , ,
K. = = >
@=T .
F@ @= = @
= @ . @@
@ > @
>. I 11 =, A@==@ =@
@ @ P=@
A@==@ 13 =@ ==P
@= @ @
. @K, ===
. = @ @ =@@, @
= @
@ @ @ @= =.
How Do We Rate theSpace Shuttle?
D = @ @ @
@ = =@@>@? >@
@ =?
C= @=
= = @> @
@ =. A @=
= = =
@ @ B (Q@=@ @>
@ =; B
@>=> = .
I 1940 = 1950, @=T
>= = ==
. -15 ==@
@= @ @
@ = @ 116,000 > (380,000 )
@= @= @. I
@ C@= P
@ @=, @, @>@ *
@ *@
== @> > 1940 @ =
1990P @ @
@ @ @ @ @=
== >=,
@ @ = @= >@
=@ >== @@ < @ @=
@ >@ =
@ @ =
@= == >=-
= >. H@ =
@ @ @ >@
@ @>>.
= @ = =
== == > @> =.
#@ >
=@@, = @
= == @ ,
=, @. B
= = @
@ >@=, =,
= > >@ > @ >P = @
@=@ > @
@ @ @.
Magnificent Flying MachineA Cathedral to Technology 9
The sun radiates on Space Shuttle Atlantis
as it is positioned to head for space on missionSTS-115 (2006).
Astronaut Joseph Acaba, STS-119 (2009), works the controls of Space Shuttle Discoverys ShuttleRobotic Arm on the aft flight deck during Flight Day 1 activities.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
23/566
10
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
24/566
The Historical Legacy 11
The Historical
Legacy
Major Milestones
The Accidents: A NationsTragedy, NASAs Challenge
National Security
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
25/566
A=< J > * #+= C @ * =
/ A 12, 1981, / = / = $* $>==
C>+*= / 1975 * /*=> = A* *=< * =@
=< @ >
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
26/566
! @ @ =
>@P @= =
@. = = @ == =@
@ =.
> @ @ @
= @= = =
= @ E. @
=, >@ @=
@>= @ =
= D F= '
C @ E A F@
B C=@.
@ = >.R
Design and Development
I @= > @
= @>.
@ = = = @ @. @@
1960, #AA D> @
D (D@D) @.
A =
1968 "
CP = > JCP
"== F= C
H==, A=>, @
@ @@= @ =
= - = @
@@ @ @-
= @= @,
, =@ @ @22,680 @ =.
F@ @@PG= D>/
C@, !@ F,
@ @
=@> "
C, @
@ @ =@@.
B @ , > =
A= F@@=T < .
, @ ,
=@@,
>. F =@= @ =, =
@ . QT @ @
= A>T .
A T @ @ = =
@ = @ >@@,
#AAT >@
= @ =.
A @@ =
=@ @ @@ @
@ @ ,
< G@, @
' #@,
@ @ @>.
@>> > @@:
>@ >@
> " = =
1983, = E-@
@, = ;
@ @ >@ @ " 1986;
" =, @ @ =
@ @>=@. I=
@>>T @-A@==@ =
=, @
@@ >,
@, @ =@
>=@=. E@ =
@= @@ @ =@=. = @= =
@ , =,
==, @ >P
> = @=
=P@ @> @
= 100 > @
. > @= @
@ = >=
@> @
= ==. #@,
< G@ @@=, #AA
>@@ " @> =.
= @= = @
@ =@>,
@ @ =@ ===.
The Historical Legacy 13
Maxime Faget, director of engineering and
development at the Manned Spacecraft Center
in 1969, holding a balsa wood model of his
concept of the spaceship that would launch on
a rocket and land on a runway.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
27/566
@ @ = =
>= @@=, @
#AA =
@@>=P @- @
P @>
= @= @ A@==@ @>.I , 1970 = =
C@,
= =@, @=
+>, = ,
@@> @. I A= 1970,
H@ @=
>> @ => ==
@ =. A >=
>> @
=@ @= . "@
@ = "@= =
>@ #AA
>= Q @ .R H
$110 >==@
@ =@> >
@ = @,
T , @ >@
@>. @== @ @
@> @, =
@@ @ @> @>
@ =.
@ @ @ =
=> @= @ =@
@>, #AA @> @=@
* A F@ = @ @@ @>> @ >
@ @ . A A
F@ @ =,
@== @@> = @
>, Q& @= #AA @
D@D @= = >
=@. B @ >
>=T >. >=
= @ @ @=@ < @ >=
=. = >
@->@ = @@
@ @== @@ =-=== =@ @=
A F@ @
= = =
> @
#AA @ =T @@> = @. =
= = >@ @-
= =.
@ C@
@ @ =
1970, #AA =>
@ @ "D@== D@=
#@ A> '@. B @ @
@ @T -@
, #AA = @@ @ @ @ @
@- = = @
@, ==
== = = 1984
'@= '
@ = @
. I , J>
F= > #AAT >@
A= 1971, @==
@ = @=>,
QI @T @ >@ @
@, @ = I > .R
F= @= > @
= @>
=, @ @@ @
@> @=. '=K
$10.5 ==@ @
=@> @ == =,
@- = @@ ,
> @>
@ "> B,
>@
@ = @ @ == =
@@ @ @@
@== = @. =
@ = E= >@ >@.
'@ @>@, @>
= @> >, =
@ @ =
E= < @ =
" E Q =
>@ >@ @@ @
> = @>,R
= >==, = =.
QI @,R @>@ =,
Q @ @ @==@ =
@>= =@>
< @ @= @
@ , > >,
@.R @ @ @
@>T >@ >=@, @ @ =@>
.
Presidential Approval
#@ > @>
@ @ = @>
H@
C=>, C=@, @ J 5,
1972. B= =
@@ >, = =@
>K >@ @
@= @@@,
@= @>.
@= @> @
=@, @ A> =@,
@= = @ @ =.
F@> , #@ @
= = @= @>.
E @ @
@>, #AA A>@@> , #@T ,
@ @ @ @
. A #AAT
@, @ @
> >@ = @
. I 1973, E@ @
=@ = =,
14 The Historical Legacy
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
28/566
@= @ =@ @
-=
=. C
@ = = '@@ A>
1975, > @= @.
H #@ >@
@ = >@ =,
#AA == @ @
= >> @ C@ @
>@T
@. I @ = @=
, @ H@
@ @ @ #AAT @K@
==, @>> * @
=@ = ,
, >=@
@ @>.@ @, #AA
@ @= '@ @ . F@
@> @. #AA =
#@ A> '@ $2.6 ==@ @. '@ A
F@ @ . =@
> 18.3 4.6 > (60
15 ), @ @ >=T ==.
=@ =
= @ =@ 29,483-
- @.
A #AA = @
@ @>,
@ @@= @
= " E. I
>> @ 1971, #AA =
'@
, @ @
E "==
F= C, =, QI
@ @=@. #@@ @ @
.R B @ =
> @ =@ @=T
= @=@, @=. @
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
29/566
@>: G>> = ;
C@ A@ @ =
>-=; "D@== D@=
> @ = .
Delays and Budget Challenges
A=@ #AA @=
@ @> 1972, =@
@==
@@ @
. >, = =
= @
>
@, @ @@ >. =@
= @ @= =@> @.
= @=> =,
=, >
=@ = =,
=@> @ @ . A
=, #AA @
=T - ,
@= ==@ @= @ =.
@ @ =@
@= @ >@
$300 >==@ @ =,
16 The Historical Legacy
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
Richard Nixon Gerald Ford
Orbiter
Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME)
External Tank (ET)
Solid Rocket Booster
ProgramA
pproved
ProgramO
ffice
Established
NASA
Concept
Development
Enterprise
ColumbiaEnterprise/Columbia
Main Engine
External Tank
Solid Rocket Booster
Design
Manufacture
Operations
Contract Award
Critical Design Review
Rollout or Other Delivery
d
dehsilbatsE
ecfifO
margorP
d
or er
evorppA
margorP Enterprise/Columbia
Main Engine
perations
eanu acur
esign
o o
l Design Reritic
dontr warct A
Rollout or Other Delivery
Enterprise/Columbia
n
Solid Rocket Booster
naExter
Critical Design Review
Columbia
Enterprise
Solid Rocket Booster
1791
2791
noxiNdrahciR
3 4791791
Solid Rocket Booster
4 5791
droFdlareG
Solid Rocket Booster
The Space Shuttle Main Engines were the first rocket engines to be reused from one mission to the
next. This picture is of Engine 0526, tested on July 7, 2003. A remote camera captures a close-up view
of a Space Shuttle Main Engine during a test firing at the John C. Stennis Space Center in Hancock
County, Mississippi.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
30/566
@@< @@ >
= @>=
@ . ,
@ @ @ @
@ = @ =
= @ .
@ @ >@
@ @ : @ @
@> C=@,
'@. #AA
@ = @@:
@> =;
= @ ; @ >@
!@ A= 1974 @ @
@ @ @>
= @ = C A.
"@@ @ 747 1976.
Final Testing
Rollout
> 17, 1976, A>
@ = => @ #AAT =, E, ,
, = @ == =
@ @ A F@ =
=>=, C=@. E
@ @>= =: @
@== = @=@
> ( > @=
> @) >@
= C@@ @@ @ = @ * ,
@ =@ @ $=* %
= @ #AA
G= F@, @ == =
@ > =
C @>R @ #AA. H >K
> @ @
@>: QA>
@= @ @= >
@=@ @ > P@
@.R @==@ @ E
>>,
== @
= @ @, @
= = 1960
= == @ =@.
A =
>, @
@> @ >@. C@=,#AA >K >@
@ = @= @> @
@ @>
>@ @ =.
Approach and Landing Tests
I 1977, E = A@
! D F=
' C E A
F@ B C=@. @> @ @
= @ =
>@ @ =
@ @ >
= @ @.
F, = -
@ = C A,
> @ E, @=
.
, @ =, =
= @ @
F ", = 747 @ @@.
C- = @==@ J
J= @-> .
= @
= ( E
@> = C A
= @ @->
) = 1977, @>
A @ @, @
=@ @ =
@ @ =.
"@ >@, A@ ! @> @ @
@ @ @
@ > @
>= @ .
The Historical Legacy 17
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980
James Carter
Approach and Landing Tests
Enterprise
Columbia
Main Engine
External Tank
Solid Rocket Booster
First Launch Stack
Used for testing and outreach (transferred to Smithsonian in 1985)
Columbia
Enterprise
an
osteo oc et
d Lanach a
Main Engine
naExter
Appr s s ing T First Launch Stack
1976
1977 19781978 1979
James Carter
1980
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
31/566
#AA = @ @ E
= =, @=
@=. I,
= @ =,
@ =
= = @ =. E==
== C==, = @=
@> @ @ =
C@=>. @
E @ =@ = @
=, #AA @ @ @
> @ @> >.
Getting Ready to Fly
C@ A@
! @>, @
=@ @ H@@ =
208 = =
@> >@ 8,000 @=. I
1978, @
= @ = @.
@> @ @.
@> @ = D @ >=
@@ =@
A A> >
J A> = .
A @>= 1 @ ,
@ @==@ @
@ =T >, = @
@>T = @ =.
= " E
=
@ = @= =,
= = @ "
1979. @=> =
@> . A = 1974,
@ @= @
@ @>
= @ >@@@ = C=@
=@> @ @. = @
'@= @
F= = +=
A>= B=. F=@,
> @ = @ =
> . *@=,
@ > @ = @
. = >@ 30,000 = >@,
, = = @.
@ @ @ >
@> @
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
32/566
@ =@ = =.
A@ C@, @> > @
= @
JC @, >>
=
=. QI == T ,R
==. A == >@,
C@, @ >@
@> #AA, @
, @
Q = @@< @ @ =.R
E==, >
@=@P @ @, @=>R > @ @@
@>.
A >@ 10 @
=@>, =
@ =. I 1979 1980,
= " E @
=@ @>=
@ .
= ==@ == ,
-1 >>, @
> 1978, @
= >=@. @
CT >@ >.
Spaceflight Operations
Columbias First Missions
C@=> = @=
= 1981 1982.
= @
= ,
@ =, =T
>, @.
G@ >@
= @ , ==
@ @>@ >.
@ = >, @>@
@ > @>=.
@ @ =
#AA , =@,
@, @ @
@= @ @ @.
@> @ J= 4,
1982, @>> @>
"= = = D
F= ' C (DF'C) @
15,000- E A F@
B C=@. @@
@ , '
F ! # ' @=
-4 @ @ == @.
@
45,000 @= DF'C,
@>=@ @ < Q @= = @
@ @= =
@= =@. I >, == @ =
@: D@D >@; @>>=
== =@>;
=; @= =@ @, 1983
== = = C
> @ @@,
!@, ==, F=@.
@@= > @ @
= @.
Department of Defense Flights
-4 (1982) =
=@, >=
#AAT @== @
@>. C@ @=
, D@D #AA
A@ "= H
H= @ @ > > @
@ =, =
@ =@ >
= =. -4
@> @> @
D@D- =: @
@>>@ =, @
@ @ @>> @.
Q
=
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
33/566
B@ @= == @.
== @@=,
, SD@ C=,T @ @>.
=,R
H= ==. C@>=== = 1985.
E @ + A F@
B = @ @
@> = 1972,
C=@ = = @
@>= = = .
A =, D@D #AA
@ >=> @@== >@
JC C @=
= @ @@=
= = @ @
F=@ =. F= @@== C JC =
= @@= @@> @>
@@> @ @-D@D =.
"@@ =@ > @
= >=@ =, @@>
@ @,
= >> @= @
= @>
=< @ =.
A=@ = +
A F@ B = @>=
1984, #AA @ @ = @@= D@D =. @ D@D >@
= 1985: -51C -51J.
E = = =@ =
@> A F@. ,
> =@ @ > @
@ + =,
-62A, @=
@>> A@
'@ C, ==
=
@ =. F@
@= @, "@
@ C@@= '@@> JC
=@ @ @ >=@
=. ! >
@ , @
> #AAT @, @
@
@ =, @
@ @> = @
-@-@ @>>@.
Shuttle Operations, 1982-1986
-5 (1982) >. A
A@ J@ A== =,
= Q@>
> @ @ @
@ @ .R , @
, @->> (
= @ @; = >@
@ > >) @
= @ @>>= ==.
Q
@ = >
=.R D QA
"@ C@>,R @ Q @@ R
@ = .
" @ = = = ,
, >@ @>>=
==, = @>
T @ . #AA
>@@@= @> =
> = =
= @ == @ =,
= =@ >
@>>@ == @ >
@ @ @>. F@
=, == @ #AAT
, @@.
A@ = @
@ , = @ C@=>
@ @ >@
=P P
@ @ @ =@ ==,
@ ==@ ==, @@ =P
J@ A==, , ==>
!@, == P=
D = = @ 1967.
@ @ @==@ @@
>= =@, @
@=
= @ .
20 The Historical Legacy
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
George H. W. Bush William Clinton
STS-49
Intelsat RepairSTS-61Hubble Repair
Discovery
Atlantis
Columbia
Endeavour
STS-71
Mir Dock
STS-63
Mir Rendezvous
vourn e
ao um
Discovery
Intelsat RepairSTS-49
Discovery
t ant s
at RepairSTS-49
Hubble Repair
Mir Ren
STS-61
TS-63
Mir DockSTS-71
Mir Rendezvous
1991
1991 1992
. Bushge H. WGeor
1993
1994
William Clinton
1995
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
34/566
@ @ >@ =
@ @@,
> >@ @ @
=,
@ @ . A @
> > @ @
= G A =,
= I@=> @,
>< ( ), ==
(K =@> @@ >
@ @ ), =.
"= @@ #AAT @
A@ C@ >
@ @ >< @
> @ @=>
= @> =.
A @> >= >, >
@ = >@ =
@ E @@ >.
> =@@@ @@>. A > @ =
>= ,
= -61C (1986),
= "== F=
CT "= !@@.
A , @
> @ ,
@ @ =
@> =. ==
=K @ @=
@ = =@> =. H
J@ E@ A>
( @ @ >,
@ >@ )
#AA 1980, "D@== D@=
A@ = C@@ F=@
E=@@ > @ @
= >@ > @ =@
= @ >= @
. >
= @ @@ (
@>@) @ @ =
@> @= > @
>= @.
@> @ @
>=@P@, @==,
= =@ =P
@ @ >@@ >
@ @ =, =
> = @ D@.
@>, =
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
35/566
@@>>=
=@ = @ = .
@= >@ =
= 1985, G>
@@ = @ -61A,
>@
@ @ @. @
@ =
@ @@= =
. JCT "@ C@@=
> =T >
@>
=@ = G>
@ C @
@ >
@== A@
B "C= B@
> >
> = @ @
=, >@
> =< @
@. =@ @ =
@ -41B,
= @ @ @ @<
=@ . A "C= =
@ @ @ @ >, , QI > @
>== @ #=, T < @
= @ >.R
> == (@="),
@ = @
= @. '
> > ,
=
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
36/566
"= =K @=".
= @ = @
@ >@ K@ ==.
F@=, H = @ =
==, ==@ #=@
J> H@ @ , = @ @.
@==@ = >@
>@ @>=. -51A
>@ @ =@ @ ==
@ @ = @
@. A@
J@ A== D= G
> > @
= , @== =@
@ -41B 9 >@ =.
@ @=>, @,
@ @ ==,@ A== @ @= 907-. >>
@
@ == D@T
=@ , !=@T @ !@@P
@ @ @
==P ! ==,
@ 1800, @ @
@ >@. A C@,
@> @ @ JC, =,
QH@== !=@T @ !@@,@ @= < ,
==
@ @ @ @>
.R H = @
== 1984 Q
> = >@
@ @.R
@> =@ = @
@ -51I (1985) @
>=@ H ==
= @ @ >@
@ =. @= 4 >@ @
, #AA = > @ @@=
@ @
@>= T @=. I >
, T = . +
H@, @ @ = @ @ ,
#AA @,
@ @ @ '
1984 @ *@ .
= @= = >@@= = @ =.
I @ 1985, -61B
>= >@ @
@@ =@-@ @ (12-) ,
@ @= =
>=
@ . #AA
@ = @ = @ F@>, 1990
@> @ I@=
@ (I).
@ @, #AA
@ @ @ =
= @ @@= @
@. I 1983,
= @ C@
== @ C. !@
@. I 1985,
@@ > @C@ F= E>
C@ @=. @>
@ @@= 22 =
@@ @, = =
@>15 > @=
= > (.., @@,
=@, >). #AA
A>@ J> B @
@, @=
= @ >
@ @
@. '@@ C@, #AA
@ B@ A@ @
@ > F= E>
@ C@.
The Historical Legacy 23
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
George W. Bush Barack Obama
ISS 12ASecond Solar Array
ISS 10AThird Solar Array
STS-118EducatorMissionSpecialist
STS-134Alpha MagneticSpectrometer,Station Payload
ISS 20A
Node 3, Cupola
STS-125
Last Hubble Repair
Discovery
Atlantis
Endeavour
STS-133
PROJECTED
2011
STS-134
Endeavour
Atlantis
SecondSS 12A
Discovery
Second Solar Array
Specialist
Thi
MissionEducatorSTS-118
d Solar Array10AS
Specialist
Last Hubble Repair
MissionEducatorSTS-118
d Solar ArraySTS-125
Node 3, Cupola
e Repai
Station Payload,meter,Spectr
Alpha MagneticSTS-134
r
Node 3, CupolaSTS-133
Atlantis
2006
2007 2008
. Bushge WGeor
2008 2009
20112010
Barack ObamaPROJECTED
2011PROJECTED
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
37/566
Challenger Accident
I J 1986, #AA ==
= = C==
>>
. A = @= '@@@ @
= @ < . @
@ = @ #AA
>>, == @
@ @ =. F@ = 3 ,
#AA = @ = =. I,
> @
=. I >
@ >
, @=
'@@ @ .
I > @ ,
> = @ @.
= @= @ =@ =
@>>= == @ E @
= Q@>== >R
@ =@>
= @ @ @ @
=@ == @> = @
@ = = =.
F=, @ @
@ > #AA >@,== =/C @>
@@ @==. A
F@ @ =
=@ @ @@
@=, @, = .F==, 1987, C@ @K
= @ E@
=> @ =@ C==.
E@ = @ C
@ 1991.
Post-Challenger AccidentReturn to Flight
-26 =T '
@ F=. -@ >@
C== , D@ @@ = @ > 29,1988, @ ==
@>=> @ #AA.
-26 @ @
> = @>.
Building Momentum
F@==@ -26 =,
=T = = => @
, ==
== = =
@ =@ @ @> >@.
@ =
= D@
A=, C@=> @ > @
-28 (1989). E @ =
@ = @>>=
== @> =@ , =
@P "== +
' ", G==@, *=P
=T
=. -30 (1989) =
>, @
@ =@@ @ .
> =
=@ = @,
=@
> = @>.
I @, = #AAT
= >@ @ = .
#AA @ = @=
>@, @= @
>@ =@@ @ . @ >@@ @ = @, ,
, >> >
@ @ 16- .
@= @. A@
@ @ @ @
= @ @>
=, = =
@ =@. A@ @
@ @ = @
=@ ,
@ @.
B1992 (-50) 1995,
@> == >@
@ @= = =@ ,
>= @ @.
@ @ K -
@ = @ =-
(= =@>
24 The Historical Legacy
Astronaut James Voss is pictured during an
STS-69 (1995) extravehicular activity that was
conducted in and around Endeavours cargo bay.
Voss and Astronaut Michael Gernhardt performedevaluations for space station-era tools and
various elements of the spacesuits.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
38/566
= @ @ @
= @ =
@> = =
= >= >@
= @ =@ = = @ >
=.
@ >@ 2 @, @ @=
@= @ = = @@
@>=
@-@ @.
The Great Observatories
"@ @ *= =@>,
@ -31 (1990) =@ H= =@,
= @ = A 1986
= @ 1990 C==
. @
= @ >@ @ =.
! F@ @
A=@, =, Q
>@ @> (@=)
>= @.
@= @ @.
H= @= @ >@ #AA @ @=>
=@T >@P@=>
= @
@@. = C@
= =@
@=@= @ >@. = 4
, #AAT >@=
= . F@=, =
@ , =@ >=@ !@
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
39/566
@ =
> @=@ . @
@ @ > @
@=
@ @. @> @
= = @ Q > @
=R @> =.
@= = =
A'-1 =@, @
=@ @ >
=@= = @> @@>=
@, = >@, *
"@ !, @
G> = == D-2.
@ @ D-2 @ @
DF'C @ E A F@
B , =@> >@ >=@,
== @ =
> " 5, 1993.
, @>>== @
@ >@= >= @ =
@ =@,
@ =
> 1990. @ @
= @
" 7 A@ * @
J@ G=, J. -
=@ @> A> @ =
E @. H @ @=
@ @ = . G ,
@ @ @>
>= @ E
@ >@ @
> @. I @
=, =@ == @ #AAT 40
, >>. #@ @=
G= @ @,
@ DP E@
A @P> @, @==@
@@ @ =@ HL
C@M F@ K@.
Consolidating Contracts
= @> >
@ 1990. I 1995,
#AA @ @@= 12
= @ =
> @@. *
A== (*A),
'@@ @@==
*A, = #@> 1996.
==- , @ = =
@ 80 @ @>,
@ @-> @>
@ @ = =@
@ @>
>@
@
'= F E> *=@=
@>-= == ==-II.
26 The Historical Legacy
US Senator John Glenn, Jr., payload specialist, keeps up his busy test agenda during Flight Day 7
on board Discovery STS-95 in 1998. This was a Spacehab flight that studied the effect of microgravity
on human physiology. He is preparing his food, and on the side is the bar code reader used to record
all food, fluids, and drug intakes.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
40/566
The Shuttle-Mir Program
A C@= ( @-* @=
>1940 =
1990) , G@ H.. B
>@ = @@< @
*
@ *@. F@==@ @==
@ @ *@ 1991,
B ' B@
= >,
J 1992, == @ @==@@
@ @ .
= @ = A>
@ @ @ '
@ " @ @ 4 , @>
@ 1994 @ >> @ 1998,
= = = @ '
@, @ = @
@ " @ @ @
>.
C@>@ > @ 1995, '@ G@ >
@ @-= ". -71
>> @@T
@ ", A@ #@> .
A@= >@
= @ ". @
>@ >=@ @ @>
-74 (1995) >@, =
> @@ ,
>@ @ = =@= @, =@@ @ @
, @ @= @ @ =
@ , @ @ @
E .R
-91 (1998), =
@ ", = @
-= E= @ .
> @ =@@< @
< > > .
=> =
@ @ = @ I
@ -134. A= "
@> -@--
= @, =
@ @ 56 @
16 @ = #@= !
>= . B @
=-" @>, > @
* @ @ '
@ >
@ ' @>@ @
@ @= @ ==
@> @ @.
The Historical Legacy 27
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
41/566
=T 100 >@ (-92)= @> C @ 2000,
>@ >=@ @
= I@=
@ @>.
@@ =
== = P
> =@< P
@ @ @
. =@ =
@@@ @. ->>
=@ @ @
@, @ @
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
42/566
ET >@,
= = >=
@@ (@ @-@
=) = @
@ . =
@ =@ @ @@= @@ =, = =@ @ @=
@ =@ @ =
@. A== = @
@= @ >@ 2 #AA
>=> >@
>@>, =@
@ >>K @=
@> @> @> @= '@ @
@ T = ,
@@> @ =T > ==@
@ = @
@= >, >@ @ .
A #AA @. A @@ @=,
= @= @ = @
@>= I 2010
#AA @= =.
Post-Columbia AccidentReturn to Flight
I 2005, -114 #AA @
= . A@ E=
C@== @>> @ @
' @ F= >@,
@ =.
>@ =
= @ ==
@
@ =. @ @ @ @>=
15-> (50-) @@> @ @
@@ >. @T
= @ = =@
The Historical Legacy 29
Leroy Chiao, PhDAstronaut on STS-65 (1994),
STS-72 (1996), and STS-92 (2000).
Commander and science officer on
ISS Expedition 10 (2004-2005).
To me, the Space Shuttle is an
amazing flying machine. It
launches vertically as a rocket,
turns into an extremely capable
orbital platform for many
purposes, and then becomes an
airplane after re-entry into the
atmosphere for landing on a conventional runway. Moreover, it is a reusable
vehicle, which was a first in the US space program.
The Space Shuttle Program presented me the opportunity to become a NASA
astronaut and to fly in space. I never forgot my boyhood dream and years later
applied after watching the first launch of Columbia. In addition to being a superb
research and operations platform, the Space Shuttle also served as a bridge to
other nations. Never before had foreign nationals flown aboard US spacecraft.
On shuttle, the US had flown representatives from nations all around the world.
Space is an ideal neutral ground for cooperation and the development of better
understanding and relationships between nations.
Without the Space Shuttle as an extravehicular activity test bed, we would
not have been nearly as successful as we have been so far in assembling
the ISS. The Space Shuttle again proved its flexibility and capability for ISS
construction missions.
Upon our landing (STS-92), I realized that my shuttle days were behind me.
I was about to begin training for ISS. But on that afternoon, as we walked around
and under Discovery, I savored the moment and felt a mixture of awe, satisfaction,
and a little sadness. Shuttle, to me, represents a triumph and remains to this day
a technological marvel. We learned so much from the program, not only in the
advancement of science and international relations, but also from what works and
what doesnt on a reusable vehicle. The lessons learned from shuttle will make
future US spacecraft more reliable, safer, and cost effective.
I love the Space Shuttle. I am proud and honored to be a part of its history
and legacy.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
43/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
44/566
The Historical Legacy 31
Changes in Mission Complexity Over Nearly 3 Decades
Length of flight as mission days. Early flights lasted less than 1
week, but, as confidence grew, some flights lasted 14 to 15 days.
Crew size started at twoa commander and pilotand
grew to routine flights with six crew members. During the
Shuttle-Mir and International Space Station (ISS) Programs,
the shuttle took crew members to the station and returned
crew members, for a total of seven crew members.
Deploys occurred throughout the program. During the first
10 years, these were primarily satellites with sometimes more
than one per flight. Some satellites, such as Hubble Space
Telescope, were returned to the payload bay for repair. With
construction of the ISS, several major elements were deployed.
50
40
30
20
10
0
MissionComplexityIndex
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Components of Mission Complexity
Over the 30 years of the Space Shuttle Program, missions became more complex with increased understanding of the use of this vehicle,
thereby producing increased capabilities. This diagram illustrates the increasing complexity as well as the downtime between the major
accidentsChallenger and Columbia.
Rendezvous included every time the shuttle connected to an
orbiting craft from satellites, to Hubble, Mir, and ISS. Some flights
had several rendezvous.
Extravehicular activity (EVA) is determined as EVA crew days.
Many flights had no EVAs, while others had one every day with
two crew members.
Secret Department of Defense missions were very complex.
Spacelabs were missions with a scientific lab in the payload bay.
Besides the complexity of launch and landing, these flights
included many scientific studies.
Construction of the ISS by shuttle crew members.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
45/566
* = @==,
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
46/566
The Challenger Accident
Pressure to Fly
A = = @ C==
@, = @>
@@ @>> JC,"FC, C >
> @ >
>@ = =. B
1986, =
> @ @>>=
D> @ D =
> @ #AAT
= @ =, ,
= >@. #AA @
@ @ @> 1970
>K @-
@@> = @ >. B
D> 1983, 2
> = @ C@=>, #AA
=@ @= >@. @ >@ @ @
>@ @@>=, @
= > @ >@
= . @ @=,
#AA @ >@ @
24 = 1990.
#AA = >@ 1984
@ >@ @==@ .
B 1985, >
. =, , =, = =
T @ @. C = @ = 1986
@= >
> @ @ @
@= @ =@ @
#AA >= = @ >@.
B @ 1985, >@
@ @
= >@ @ = >@
. A @ @ =
@ = = @ -61C,
== = J 1986,
@. @
@ >@ = @=
1986 = @ =, #AA
= 1 @ @ > @= @ >
@ = A'-1
>@ ". @@
@ =
, = @=. #AA @ @
@= = @ > @= @
15 = .
@ @= @
= @ @>= =
= @= @ =.
@ = @ =
" 1986: *= G==@
=, @ =
6 @ @. I . >
@>= @ @ >@
=@ 1984 1985,
== =
Q=
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
47/566
- .
B T @>
@= , SI @T
= @ @.T A I @
= @ > I .
A I < T @ @= , @=
@>, @=
@= @. T = = =
==, @>=>
>. E >
@@= @ @>=
@= @ =
. @=
@ = @>@ =@ ==. I
@, > @=@
>P @ = @
>@. Q > >
< =@ @ @ =
@ > @
@ . B @
, @@ > @
= @ > @ >
> @ @ = = @
@ ,R @
' F>, #@= K >> @ =-
@ '@ C@>>@
@ C== .
Operational Syndrome
= @> =@
Q @>
= @@=,R @ @
J.'.@>@, @> @ >
@ = " E.
= F= @>,
1982, >
@@ @. #@=, "FC
"@@ @
@= @ 'B, >
@ .
A=@ @ @@
@ @ >@ @>=@
@ "FC "@@ @ @ = @ -51!.
@ @@ @ @@ @
= @ -51B (1985) -51C
(1985), "FC @ @ @
@=> @@
@ C== =.
F>@, "FC = @
, =, @ @
= @= > @
@ @ @ >>.
I, @ @ @@
@= =@= ==,
@ @ C==
=. QI @==
> @
@ = @ @ =
= @, = >
Q = T R @
@@ @=. ! @
, 2 >, @
=, = =@ @
= C==.
!@@@.
@ @ @=@> =
- @
= @>. I ,
@@,
@ @>=. = B @,
QI > @ >=
=@@
@ @.R
Devastated
#AA
>=@ @@. @
A= = ==,
Q @= @ @
?R H@= >@
>> > > >@
@ = > @
@
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
48/566
"
>@ @ > >=
>@ @ "FC
@= @
=@ >
@ = -
>@ = @
@. A== @ >@>
@ @@ @
C = @ @.
A== #AA @ @ @
@= >
. F@ = @@,
@ @> @ . I @=. @@, @ @
= @
@ @ .
A C, @ , @= @ 24-@ @@
@ @
@> @ '@
C@>>@. #AA >=>
#AA '@ >. ,
==, >=, =
@=.
The Historical Legacy 35
The CrewFollowing the breakup of Challenger
(STS-51L) during launch over the AtlanticOcean on January 28, 1986, personnel
in the Department of Defense STS
Contingency Support Office activated the
rescue and recovery assets. This included
the local military search and rescue
helicopters from the Eastern Space and
Missile Center at Patrick Air Force Base and
the US Coast Guard. The crew compartment
was eventually located on March 8, and
NASA officially announced that the recovery
operations were completed on April 21.
The recovered remains of the crew were
taken to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
and then transported, with military honors,
to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
where they were identified. Burial
arrangements were coordinated with the
families by the Port Mortuary at Dover
Air Force Base, Delaware. Internal NASA
reports on the mechanism of injuries
sustained by the crew contributed to
upgrades in training and crew equipment
that supported scenarios of bailout,
egress, and escape for Return to Flight.
Following the breakup of Columbia
(STS-107) during re-entry over Texas and
Louisiana on February 1, 2003, personnel
from the NASA Mishap Investigation Team
were dispatched to various disaster field
offices for crew recovery efforts. The Lufkin,
Texas, office served as the primary area
for all operations, including staging assets
and deploying field teams for search,
recovery, and security. Many organizations
had operational experience with disaster
recovery, including branches of the federal,
state, and local governments together with
many local citizen volunteers. Remains ofall seven crew members were found within
a 40- by 3-km (25- by 2-mile) corridor in
East Texas. The formal search for crew
members was terminated on February13,
2003. Astronauts, military, and local police
personnel transported the crew, with honors,
to Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, for
preliminary identification and preparation
for transport. The crew was then relocated,
with military honor guard and protocol,
to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
medical examiner for forensic analysis.
Burial preparation and arrangements were
coordinated with the families by the Port
Mortuary at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware.Additional details on the mechanism of
injuries sustained by the crew and lessons
learned for enhanced crew survival are
found in the Columbia Crew Survival
Investigation Report NASA/SP-2008-565.
Reconstruction of the Columbia f rom parts found in East Texas. From this layout, NASA was
able to determine that a large hole occurred in the leading edge of the wing and identify theburn patterns that eventually led to the destruction of the shuttle.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
49/566
JCT "@ @ D@
E K @ "@
@ > Q @
@R @.
>@@== =K
@ K @@. = =
@ @ @
C== = =@ @
>@ @=
>. @
= @ . C
> @ >@ @@
@>, ==-@>
@= @ =.
A@ '@ C >
@ @ #@= @@ > @.
H = @ > =
@ @
@ =
>@ >> > (
C), == =
@>> @, =
> . H
@
> = = @ @=
@ @ =
@ @ @.
' A@ ' = =@
@->@= @
A>T =
>@> @ @= @
=@ @ @. =@ @
C = 1988, @=
@@ @
, == @ @ @
@ @ > @
A> == = =
@ .R
@ =, =
@ -26 @
T ,
A> @ . A>T @>=> @=
@ @. I F=@,
! C@@= C
= A> = = >
=@ >@
@=. I C=@, D
F= ' C, @
=
A> =P @ >@=
@ =. C @
A> =
@
E==@ F= H@@, . = @ @
@> =.
> @= @ @
@ =
@ @.
The Columbia Accident
#AA = 87 = >@
@==@ ' @ F= @.A 1990 @=, @-
C== @== @@>
@> >==.
Environment Changes
A @ *@
@-* @=
> 1940 > @ ,
#AA (= 1958) =
@ = @-C@=
@=. A@ > >,
= == @ @ >@ @@>
K. @ , C@
H@
@> , #AA @
@> . '
=> @> ,
#AA @ @ @> >@
@-. A =, >@
> @>
@ #AA A>@ D= G@=
1992, @ =@ Q,
, .R
=, >@ =
> #AAT ,
@ @@
1990. B 1993 2003,
@> @> 40%
= (
=@ = ),
36 The Historical Legacy
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
50/566
The Historical Legacy 37
@@ = @ @ @.
Pressure Leading up to the Accident
A @@< , #AA
@, ==
=-". @, >= @
I, 1998. =
= @ = @ @@
@= = @=
= >@= = E@,
J, * . B
@ @> @ =@= @, ==, = = =
@ > @@,
@ I >> @
#AAT = =. @>
@ > = @=
== > 1998.
E @ = @
@@= =, @,
@ >
F 2004 = @ #@ 2.
= =, = = =.
@ @ @, @=
@, = ,
@> @> =< @ @
@ = =.
@ @>T =>.
@= = = = 2030 @
= @=@? '@=
D>@, > @ =
@> @>1999 @ 2003, =,
Q @ @.R #AA @=
Q @R , =@ @ J 16, C@=>
= @> C @ =
=. F 1,
> @> = =
F=@, @ =@.
Recovering Columbia and Her Crew
'@ @
9:16 .>.,
= @ F=@.
@ > @
> @>
@ B=@ @@@ @ @ >
@ @= =
C@=> @>. !@= >
@=
@ @ .
B , @>
=@=, , =
= @ #AA.
@ @ ,
= @ @==@
@ @= . D =,
@ > @ >,== Q130 ,
=, =@= R
@; =,
Q, . " @ ,
C@@= C@>> @
H@>= @> @=
@ @ @ @ @
, @
@ 9/11.R @ @
@ @ @ =
@, == @
> @ @ @
#AA @=.
= E !@,
> @ @
>@ = @>
@ A>. +@=
= @> == @ *
@ = . @= =
@ > @ @
@ #AA >=@ @ .
@ @@=, =
@> =@= @
@@ @ @
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
51/566
1983, @ >@
= < @ > @> =@
== = @ =@ @ -107
=. F@ >@ 20
, #AA @>
. J @ = -26 ( ' @ F=
C==), A= =
> =
=@ @ @ =.
@ = @ @ =@ @ C@=>
, -112 (2002)
@ > =@,
@ @@ < >
. = 10.2->- (4-.)-
, 7.6->- (3 .)-
=@. @> E
@ < @ > @=@. B @
= @ @ @>
=@ > @ , @
@ > = @
@ -107.
F@> =@ > @>=
@ @ @>
== , @
= @@.
I .
@ >@, ,
== = @= @
@ @ @>
@ @ @ =.
A = >@ @ @
=@ @ @
, @ >
= @ = =
@ =@ @ =. I=@
@> @> ET = @ >,
> T @
@-@ =, .
D -,
. > @
> =>> =
@ >=, ==
@ = @ =@ @ =
@@=. C@=>
@> >
> @= @ ,
= == @ >>
= @ -107 > >@
@ @ , =
> @ @ @=>. QE
= ( @>)
, = @ >@
@= >
@= ,R J@
@, @ = > > @ = @>. =
@ @> @= (16 17 .).
A @> = @
, = @-
> @@> @ -107
=. A =< @ =
@>>@ >> @>
@K@=
@>. @=> = @
= @ @ = > @
>>.
I@ @ >>
@@ >@
@ .
Changes
@ ' @ F= @
@ @ < @ =
@> C@=> A
I@ B@. @ @
>@ < >, > >@>,
>=> ==
@@ < >, H=
=, Q =
@= #AA = @ @ ,
= >@ @ = @ =@=,
E-120, @
' @ F= < @ -114
@ @ C = 2004.
B, >, Q
< @ =.R A D
+@ ', >>
= @> >@ ==
@ = @ @ =T >
@ @
=. E
@@T @= >@
< > @ => @>=@ @> @ >. E
=@ B@@> @
> @ = ,
#AA !
E I> D@ >. #AA
=@ == > @ E
>== == @ @> @
@> =@.
F==, #AA @ @ >@
@>>@ = @
@@. @ =
>=> = @ @ =@ > , @>
@@> , #AA =@=
@= > B@=
@=@,
, C=@.
Return to FlightAfter Columbia Accident
@ -114 ==
= >> @ 2005,
@ >@> @
@. G@ . B,
@ = @> =
T @@>, , Q
@> @ @ @=
, = =
@ @ @= @ @ @ =
@= , >
=, =@@.R
F ! ! B F=@
38 The Historical Legacy
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
52/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
53/566
G@@ J B >@
C. I, '
@ F= >@ @
@ @ @
@>. F@ , @@
I QG@ D@R C. A =
D F= ' C,
@ =
A> =.
@ E==@ F=, @
, = >@= @
@T @>=>. H@@
"@ B== = A 10,
2005, QD@ -114 D.R
@ , =, =@ >.
A > @ @ ,
= @> @, @,
= = @@= >
= = @
= =. , @>
@ @ , >@=@@
=, = @ =
==@ @ @
= @= > >
>@ = @ #AA >.
A> = =
@= @.
@ =, @ @ QH@
@= ?R > = @
=@ > @
@ @ C@. @
@
@ @: QH@
@= **?R
B @ ,
>@ = ==
@ C@ @ #AAT
= @ = = @= .
= > #AA
>@T @ >@ = @ C@ @
> = @
< >@. @ , @
@ == @ =
@ > =, @
@ @ @@ @
= =.
I @ A> @=,
> @ @, ,
@ @= >
= =
=@@ > @. Q, < =, I <
T @ IT> == @
E= C@== > @ =
=. QI < T >, >
@ @ =
@ A= @=
. F
=@@ @ =
. IT> @@ @ @
IT> @ @ @ . I @ = @ @ = @
> I @ @
@ I @
@ @ =, =
@
@ @ = >. A== @
> = PC,
"FC, JCP = @>
=@ @ C== C@=>.
@= @ ==
@ >=@
@ @=
. @,
@ @=> >.
D @==@
@ ?
@==. F@==@ C==
, > =@@@. A =,
@> >=
= @>== @> @=@ @ >
= @> @@
@ =, =
=. =
@ @= @> @ @
@>== ==
= @ ==-@>
@ @
@
@> @ @ @
>> @>= -@-
>. A @@ @ >
@ @@ =>
> = .
@ == @>= @
=, C@=> == =@.
@ @ =,
@->. @>> H@==@, @
@ =
= @> >, @
@ @ =
@ @ @ @ = @ .
2003, #AA @ @
= @ >@ @ @
> < @ >
= = @. A >@
> @ #AA @==@
C@=> >
40 The Historical Legacy
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
54/566
@ = = @ >@
@@. #AA
== @
= @ >=@ @
= @ == @@ = @ Q @ =R @ @
= >@ @ C==
C@=>. #AA @
> @ !
C@>> C F= '= @
= @ =.
= Q@=@R
@ >, >@
==@ @ @ @
@> @= @>@=
@@. A =, #AA >K = @=
Q@ R @@ @
Q@ R @
. @ ,
= = @ @
@ .
A @ > , >
@ @
@ @ '
@ F= > -
>@ @ =
>. @> = ==@, @>
> =. >@,
@, @
@ @ > @ @ @
A> @= C@.
#AA = @> >=, P
>@ >@=P== =
== @ @
@ @
@, >@ >,
@ =@@ @ @
@.
The Historical Legacy 41
On an Occasionof National Mourning
Howard NemerovPoet Laureate of the United States
1963-1964 and 1988-1990
It is admittedly difficult for a whole
Nation to mourn and be seen to do so, but
It can be done, the silvery platitudes
Were waiting in their silos for just such
An emergent occasion, cards of sympathy
From heads of state were long ago prepared
For launching and are bounced around the world
From satellites at near the speed of light,
The divine services are telecast
From the home towns, children are interviewed
And say politely, gravely, how sorry they are,
And in a week or so the thing is done,
The sea gives up its bits and pieces and
The investigating board pinpoints the cause
By inspecting bits and pieces, nothing of the sort
Can ever happen again, the prescribed course
Of tragedy is run through omen to amen
As in a play, the nation rises again
Reborn of grief and ready to seek the stars;
Remembering the shuttle, forgetting the loom.
Howard Nemerov. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. All rights reserved.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
55/566
% /> >
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
56/566
National SecuritySpace Programs
D> @ D
> @ @ , =, @ @
@= @
@ * . I==
@>> > @ @==
==. @>, @,
@ #@=
(#). D =
>, # @
>> @
@ == @>.
@ ,
-= >@ , ==
== =
* , = @
@ @ .
I 1967, !@ J@@ ,
QI @=T @ @ @ P
T $35 @ $40 ==@ @
@>. A @ =
@> @ @ @@,
@= @10 > @=
@> @.B @
>= > , @, @
@. @ T
@ @. =
T @ =. @
T @ @.R D @
>@ @@ @,
# @>
>@ @ @== @ .
A =, @ # @>
= #AA @>
= @ = @=
@ @> >@ >@
, @, @ @@ @
@ @ =.
@ @ #
@>P=< @ #
@> >> @>
@ @P@=
@ #AA #
@> >> @@
@ @ =@.
1970-1981: Roleof National SecuritySpace Programs
in Development ofthe Shuttle
#@= (#)
@ @ @
> @ #AA @
# @>>> @
= @>. I =, #AA
= >@ =
( =) = C@
>@ @= @.
I # = @
= =@ = @
@ 1,600- (1,000->=) @
@ =. #AA, @,
=@ = =@ @
@ >@= == @
-
@>@. #AA
= @ = @ =
@ , @ @ =
@> C@, @=
=@ = . I,
#AA =
= #AA >,
@ = @> E C@.#AA @ @ =
>== = , J
1972, ' #@
@ @@
> () @ =@>.
#AA = @
@ = @@
@=
> @@= @=
@ = == # =@.
@@ @ == @ =
= =, ==K @@: Q
== > =
> @ @ * >=
= @> >@.
@ @ = @=@ @= =. . . .
! @ == @ @
@= >@,
>@ > =
>@ =.R
> @
= @ # =,
@> = Q@=
, @ @@==
@@>==.R I J 1984,
@ D C
@ @= = @@
Q@= = @
@ @= @
@ = @@=
,
= @= @, 1982 == @
@ = >@ @>= = -= @
@ = >@ @
@ $280 >==@,
= =@@@
= $180 >==@.
@ @>
= =.
Military Man in Space@ , * A F@ (*AF)
= @ >@ @
@ >@. ,
> @
@ = @ >=
> @>. @
1960, =@> @ =
@ == =
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
57/566
>@ =@-=
=@ @>= >
@ @ @
@= = @ @ @>=
= < @ @.
> > @ @ ==
>== = = =,
@ >
@
@ >@.
D = 1960, #
@ >= > @>:
QD @R =,
" !@@
@>. B@ ==, ==
@ @ @
D> @ D (D@D) @# = @>T
@@ @
== @
@ @ @=
@ = = >@.
A=@ 14 >= @
@ @ "
!@@ @>,
==@ @ @>
1969 = >, == =
@>= = =
+ A F@ B, C=@,@ >@. #AAT
@> > @,
#AA = @ = @ @ A@
C@. E==, @=
@ >= @
@ #AA. @
@ >= .
>= @ @ =
= 1980,
'@ C =@ @ -1.
" !@@
+ A F@ B@= = @> = =
1980 >@@
@ =.
= @> =
= =@ = =
@ = >@ =@
@@ @ @>. " #
= @
@ @; @, 1979, =@ @ > @ #
= #AA
@ @ 13 >=
@ @> *AF * #.
@ == >
= .
@= @ #AA
@ @ @ >=
=@ = @>. " @
-" !@@
@ @ @
= >@, G= ! A==,
@ @ *AF,
= @ @ =
>@ @= ==@ @
" !@@
"= " @>.I 1984, @ # @ @:
Q >@
@ @ @ > @
>@ @ @ >. . . .
I = > @ @
@ >@. . . .R #
@ = ==
=
> . *=>=, @= @
# > =
= @ = >@.
Launch System Integration:Preparing for Launch
#AA
# @>
@>=. ! @= =@ @ =
@@@ @ @ =,
@ @K@, @
>@
@ @= @.
= @ >
@ @K@T =. F@>
, @@
@= @ @=
@ @K@ @ @
. A
@ = @>, #AA
@ @ =, = #@> = == @ @
T >@. A
=@, #AA
@ @> >@ =@ @.
" @ @ @ @
. # @>
@ @@= @
= @ . #AA @@= @ = >@
= @
@ @> @ >
@> =.
! > @P
@ @ = @
=P @>=
@ ==.
F@ ,
@ @ = @ =
=
>. ==, @>
@ > =T
@@= >,
> @ =. @ ==
@ @@ @ @
@ = =@ K
44 The Historical Legacy
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
58/566
= @>
C (C) = .
== = =@ @
>@, # ==
= @ @ @.
== @ = @
@, >@ # @> >
@= @
@ == > @
@=>. @ > #
=@ =
> = @
= 1960.
National Security SpaceContributions to the
Space Shuttle Program
# @> @ @
@> @ @= @
== @ @=. A
@ D@D , *AF
> @>.
@ @>, ==
@ @
@ @@ @ @
= >@. A@
C@ = @ =,
+ A F@ B, C=@.
! @> @= ==@
= @ =@
@ @ ET @=. A=@
=>@ @>=, =@
C== 1986 >
@ > >=
@ C @ >@ @
=. A@ @>
*AF = = @@ C@=@@. @
>@ @@= @ # =
=, @@. *AF =
= @= J@@ C; @,
@ > @
>@ # >@ @> =
> C== ,
= @ @ =
= == @@ @.
The Historical Legacy 45
Space Shuttle Enterprise on Space Launch Complex 6 during pad checkout tests at Vandenberg
Air Force Base in 1985. Enterprise was the Orbiter built for the Approach and Landing Tests to prove
flightworthiness. It never became part of the shuttle fleet.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
59/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
60/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
61/566
@= @ @ H
>; @, #AA
"@ = "@ '@
@ #AA @>
"88-1 >.
= > @ @
> @= = @
@. @ @ @
@ = = @
@@ @>=.
E> @ @@
@@ @@ D@D
@ == >= @ @ @.
@= >=@ @ #AA
@ @ @ = @
>= @ @ @
= >@ =@
. = @==@
>@ (-53) @=
= @ @=.
A = D> 1992,
-53 = =
=@ == QD@D-1R @ 7-
>@. " F,
@ *AF (), : Q-53
>=@ @ =@
@ #AA.
@ @ @
@> = @>.
A=@ =
= =@, =@@< @ @@ @=> @>
D@D @ [email protected]
= @ -53
C, #/#AA
> @ . D
10 @ = >@,
11 @ 52 >@
@ # @>. @
#- = >@
= @> @ @ =
>@ @= @ >
= @ C== .
#-
>@ = @
= = = 1970; @,
= @>
= > @ # @>.
= > @ #->@ >==,
# @> #AA
= >.
48 The Historical Legacy
Michael Griffin, PhD
Deputy for technology at the StrategicDefense Initiative Organization
(1986-1991).
NASA administrator (2005-2009).
Strategic Defense
Initiative Test
STS-39 was a very complex
mission that led to breakthroughs
in Americas understanding
of the characteristics of missile
signatures in space. The data
we gathered enhanced our ability
to identify and protect ourselves
from future missile threats.
This is one of the most under-
recognized achievements of the
shuttle era. STS-39s Air Force Program-675equipment mounted on the
experiment support system pallet
in Discoverys payload bay.
View of the Aurora Australisor SouthernLightstaken by Air Force Program-675
Uniformly Redundant Array and Cryogenic
Infrared Radiance Instrumentation during
STS-39 (1991). One of the equipments
objectives was to gather data on the Earths
aurora, limb, and airglow.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
62/566
Legacy of the SpaceShuttle Programand National
Security Space = @
#AA/#@=
(#) @=
== @ # >.
@ =1980
@ @
@ >@@ @= = .
# @= =
@@=
@ @
#AA @. A =, @@
=@ #AA
= @ @>= #
@> .
A@ =
@ = # @>.
> =
@> =
= @ @ @=
@ = @ #
@>. A >= @
@ # = @
@> >
= @> =:
G @, "=, J> A>@,
'@, ! J>.
, == =@,
* A F@ (*AF) = @@==
@ @< H@@, .
" >= @= @, @ @
= @ @>. =
-@, B@ , J@
F, C=@, =
@ @ @= @ =
@= .
@= #AA/#
@==@@ = @>@
@ C@>> =@ = =.
= @>@ @ *AF
C@>> @ =
#AA/# =@, =@ @
# @>
= @K@ >@
D> @ D @
@K@ @=
@K@= =@ @ =
= @> @
>@ = .
> @ >@
@ @@ =
The Historical Legacy 49
US Air Force Space Test Program
Pathfinder for Department of Defense Space Systems
The US Air Force (USAF) Space Test Program was
established as a multiuser space program whose
role is to be the primary provider of spaceflightfor the entire Department of Defense (DoD)
space research community. From
as early as STS-4 (1982), the USAF Space Test
Program used the shuttle to fly payloads relevant
to the military. The goal of the program was to
exploit the use of the shuttle as a research and
development laboratory. In addition to supplying
the primary payloads on several DoD-dedicated
missions, more than 250 secondary payloads
and experiments flew on 95 shuttle missions.
Space Test Program payloads flew in the shuttlemiddeck, cargo bay, Spacelab, and Spacehab,
and on the Russian space station Mir during the
Shuttle-Mir missions in the mid 1990s.
A Department of Defense pico-satellite known as Atmospheric Neutral Density
Experiment (ANDE) is released from the STS-116 (2006) payload bay. ANDE consists
of two micro-satellites that measure the density and composition of the low-Earth
orbit atmosphere while being tracked from the ground. The data are used to better
predict the movement of objects in orbit.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
63/566
@ @= >@
= =
= @> = # @>.
#AA @
# @@ =
@ >@T =.# @@ @=
= >@ @@
@ = @
@@=
@ = , >@ @>=
# .
> @ =
@> @ # @
>== > @ #-
= >@. @= @
>@ == # @@ = @> > @ @
>@ >
@. @
@ @K@, =>=
@= @ #/#AA
> @ > @ @ @@.
@ @= >
@ > @ >@ @
@==,
= > @ #@>T @=
@ @
# @>.
Another Legacy:Relationship withUSSR and Its Allies
I 1972, * @>
@ = >
@@ >,
*' @
= @@ @ @ "@@
= @ =
>= @ >= @.R
I > >= =@
@= ET >@ @>
@ *' 3 @ 4 >P>
10 > @>
= @ @@ * =
> @ @ A
@=. ==
==@ @ @ @
@ > @ C@= . E
> = =
@ @ @ > >
@, @ @= @ @ @
@ == @@>.
@
@ @ @ = .
A =@> @
> == @ @ @.
= => @ @ -==
, == @
= = @
= ( > @ =
@-
@ == @,
@= -== @
, @
> . , = @=
@ @@
-== = @
= > = #AA =. @ @ @
50 The Historical Legacy
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
64/566
@= = @
=, =@ @
= @ @ Q=- =
@R @ @
>@ 20 Q =R @
> @-= -==
@ 1970 1980.
I 1978-1979 >
=>@ =@T @ 1980.R
I @, =
= = @ C@= .
The Historical Legacy 51
Buran/Energiya shuttle and heavy-lift booster, built by the USSR, flew onceuncrewedin 1988.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
65/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
66/566
The Space Shuttle and Its Operations 53
The Space
Shuttle andIts Operations
The Space Shuttle
Processing theShuttle for Flight
Flight Operations
Extravehicular ActivityOperations and Advancements
Shuttle Builds theInternational Space Station
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
67/566
T*' S#%' S*66' &'+ # '/##$'. T*' +&'# ?+ + $+6@
6 %%'6' *#' + 6*' $++#6 /+& NASA '+'', #&
6*' '6 # 6*' /6 +#6+', ''#6, '#6+', #& *+*
%6+# '*+%' +6 6+/'. T*' *66' # +&''& # '+''+
/#' /# %6. A%%/+*+ 6*'' '#6 '+'& 6*' &'+
# ' %/': 6'/.
I ''# #, 6*' *66' %/$+'& +' #66+$6' 6 +6''&
+ #%'%#6 # '#+' '#. T*' *66' # %##$' #%*+
+' # %'6, ''6'+ E#6* #6/*'' +' # %#', #&
+ +' # +&' # # #&+. I6 %& '&'
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
68/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
69/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
70/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
71/566
Space Shuttle Main Engines
AH *B H, H
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
72/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
73/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
74/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
75/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
76/566
J
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
77/566
AIH @H K J H
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
78/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
79/566
EJ H
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
80/566
Flight Deck
Crew CompartmentAccommodation for Crewand Payloads
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
81/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
82/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
83/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
84/566
A Platform for ScientificResearch
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
85/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
86/566
@HM H H @ IH
H IH
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
87/566
"*' 6#+ # #& 6+, +6 + +/6#6 6 # #*'#& $ /#+ '
'*+%' + '#'& 6*' '. A 6+%# #& 6+ E#6* %# $'
6+' #& +/'. T*' # #' #'#& ' #'&, '+%'
6#6+ #' ##+#$' + '*+%' '#+ #' ''&'&, #& &, &+, #&
6' 6*' +' %# # $' &. T*' #/', *'', %& 6 $'
#+& # S#%' S*66' 6+ +6 #%'. T*' &++%6+' #%+#6'& +6*
#%' 6#' #' %/': %/#'& +6* 6*' ' #%' *' 6#'+ *''.
F&, &+, +', #& '#+ '+/'6 /6 $' +&'& +6*+
6*' #%' '*+%'.
!'*+%' '##6+ '+'& # #' #/6 '6 6 '6' 6*' *66'
6 '# ' %&+6+ '#%* 6+/' +6 '. S+%' +6 # # '#$' '*+%'
+6* *+* 6'%*+%# '/#%' '+'/'6, %'+ +'& #
6'/'& #/6 ?*#&-@ #$; +/' 6'- *''. N6
# 6*' *66' ':6'+ %*'%'& #& '#+'& +6 ':6 +*6, #%/'6 #& 6'/ +6*+ 6*' '*+%' '' +&++ +'%6'& #&
'++'& 6 $' %6++ %'%6. T*+ /%* &'6#+ # '%'#
$'%#' # %%' +*6 # &''&'6 ' '*+%' #'/$.
D+ # #%* #66'/6, &'%++ '' /#&' +6*+ /++'%& $
'+/'6 #& 6'/ 6*#6 *#& 6 '/ #%%#6' 6*' +6 6+/'>6*''
# / *'+6#6+ '. I6 *# $'' #+& 6*#6 # /++ 6*+
*#' 6 +*6 6*' #%*, /++, #& #&+ 6 $' # %%', $6 +6
%# 6#' ' 6*+ 6 6*'/ 6 $'%/' # #+'.
I #&&+6+ 6 6'%*+%# $'/ 6*#6 %& #' /++, '#6*'%&+6+ # +++%#6 #'%6'& #%* #&+ #66'/6. +'
%#, *+%* %# %6+' +6 #& 6+ + %&, +&, #+, %& '#6*'
%&+6+, *66' #%* #& #&+ #66'/6 '' '6+%6'& 6 %%
&+ 6+/# '#6*' %&+6+. A # '6, '#6*' %&+6+ 6'
%#'& #%* &'# 6'& #&+.
S#%' S*66' #%*' '' # #6+# '6. D+ 6*' '6*
%'+ %'&' '#%* #%*, # &'&+%#6'& %' 6
6#, 6'%*+%+#, +'%6, '+'', #& /##' / #%
6*' #6+ #6 /6+' '/'6 %'6' *#& 6 6'6*' 6 ''
# #' +*6. T*' *' NASA 6'#/ '/'& + + &+ *66'
%'+, +6* +&' #& &'&+%#6+ 6 +6 , 6 /#' %'6#+ 6*'
%%' '#%* /++.
74 The Space Shuttle and Its Operations
Processingthe Shuttle for
FlightSteven Sullivan
Preparing the Shuttle for Flight
Ground Processing
Jennifer Hall
Peter Nickolenko
Jorge Rivera
Edith Stull
Steven Sullivan
Space Operations Weather
Francis MerceretRobert Scully
Terri Herst
Steven Sullivan
Robert Youngquist
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
88/566
Preparing theShuttle for Flight
Ground Processing
! ---,
---@H H. EJMH
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
89/566
Orbiter Processing
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
90/566
Kennedy Space Center Shuttle
Logistics Depot
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
91/566
Space Shuttle Main EngineProcessing
@ J H
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
92/566
H K @ HH
H H
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
93/566
HH--H
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
94/566
KI@ K I J@M H
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
95/566
M @@H H (@I
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
96/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
97/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
98/566
IH 15,000 H H,
800 , 300 H
@M. ! 1999, H K @ KH @> = @ @ = @ = .
Development and Certification
= @=@ > >@ = > ; @, == @ @ @ =@ >@ >.C@>@-== @
> 1974 '@P I >
BP@ 1975 #AA #@= @=@!@@ (@ C) " = @ =@@=, > @@== @ ==.
#AA '@
= @ = @ - @>, @,=, @KK=.
E > @ @>= = =@P=-@, -@ -= = @== @@@ >= @ >@P@ @ . E @ @ == @ @ , @> @= , @ = > @= @>@ =@ = @@.
#AA '@ > @ = = @ $. " @=@ A= @ @ $ =, @>= == , > @=@ ==
> =>, E= . @ = " @=@ > @ =, @>= 18 #@= @=@!@@ 1981.
Engineering Innovations 161
A 1970s-era Space Shuttle Main Engine undergoes testing at Rocketdynes Santa Susana Field
Laboratory near Los Angeles, California.
Pratt&WhitneyRocketdyne.
Allrightsreserved.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
175/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
176/566
@- @ =>74 = 52 . >@ = @ @@>=@ 40% @ @@> @ @ -@@. @-@@ @ >@>@ @ =@ = @ @ > . >@ =>== -@== =, == @ @ >.
- @@> => 293 =, >@ @ @>, @ =-
@@ =@ (>)== @@= @> . I=
@>@-== @ & => B,F=@, =. @ == C == "== F= CS ("FCS)@=@ B @@.
=-@ > @>@> @@ '@@ = "FC @=@ B =, @ @>@= @ . >@ PB=@< IIP@@ -= @>, >@ =@-@>, @ @=>, @ B=@< I
. @ @ I@= @ (I) = =@ 1998.
A B=@< II =@> @, @>=> @ =-@> @>@ > >>@ = -
= @>.B F 1997, #AA @ @ @ >@@ == B=@< IIA.* II- = >, @@ @= ==@ =>=>@ @ =-@> @>@ > @ @I =. =-@ >@>@ > >= @=. >
=@ S @ > = S @@= >. C @ =@- @> @ @ @>, =@ @ >@>, =@ 1998 @ -89.
=-@ > @>@> > @ @ >@ >@> @ > =
@ > @ 10% @ == >. =@ @@ >@@@= = @ =@ = - , => 50 =.
B > B=@< IIA = @-89 J 1998, =-@> @>@ > >= @ 100,000@ @ >. B = 1999, B=@< II - = @> @ @ @ . =@@ >@@ @ = - @K @> = =>@ @ 387 =
Engineering Innovations 163
The Technology Test Bed Space Shuttle Main Engine test program was conducted at Marshall Space
Flight Center, Alabama, between September 1988 and May 1996. The program demonstrated the ability
of the main engine to accommodate a wide variation in safe operating ranges.
Pr
att&WhitneyRocketdyne.
Allrightsreserved.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
177/566
@@@ @ =- = >@ @ @> @ . A - @K @>, - = @> = @ @-@, @= @ >@ @ >. -= @> =@ >@
= = @= = @, @.B @ @@=> @ =-@ >@>@ > @>, < =
@ B=@< II II .
@ =- = @B=@< II @ @ -104 -108 J= 2001 D>2001, =, @==@ - = = @ -110 A= 2002. - =@> >= 150,843@ @ > > @ =.
B=@< II =@ @@ = >>> @ -117 2007. @-@ > @= > @>=@ -@> @ @,
> >@ @= 23%.
Summary
A@ >@ "E >=@ @@ 1,000,000 @ @ >. == @ > @ 3 = > @ @ @=S
>@ == @@ == 0.9996 @ 1,000,000 @ @@- .
164 Engineering Innovations
The Improved Space Shuttle Main Engine Powerhead Component Arrangement for Block II Engines
Fuel
Preburner
Oxidizer
Preburner
High-pressure
Fuel Turbopump
High-pressure
Oxidizer Turbopump
Main Combustion Chamber
nereburPr
Fuel
nereburPr
Oxidizer
urbopumpFuel T
eessurHigh-prMain Combustion ChamberMain Combustion Chamber
Oxidizer T
High-pr
DRAFT 8/20/09
urbopumpOxidizer T
eessurHigh-pr
The Block II engine combined a new high-pressure fuel turbopump with the previously flown redesigned high-pressure oxygen turbopump.
Risk analysis showed that the Block II engine was twice as safe as the 1990s-era engine. Beginning with STS-110 in April 2002, all shuttle
flights were powered by the improved Space Shuttle Main Engine.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
178/566
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
179/566
==-= >@@ 3 .
#AA = @ =@ = @ @@ @ @ C== J 1986. @= @@ @ @ == @>@ @ = @
@ , > @>=, @==@> @>.
F@ = @ 1986 1988, @@ =@ =@> 25 = = @@. "@ 100 , = ==-= @ , @ @ >@ @ . F= == > @ =
>@@ @ < >. >@@ = @ > > 1988 @> ===.
A Proven Design
@ @ = @= @@@, @ == = >P= =@ -@> @= @==P@ @ @ @> == = @>@ >. > @ >>> ==
>@@ @, @@, =. E > > 3.7 >(12 ) > @ @>D6AC = > @>=1.27 > (0.5 .) = = @. = = -== =@> (-== = @ @ @ = =. A == @>== 2,760LC (5,000LF) @>@. @@ > =@, > . E>=@ @ =
@ @>K = @@ . B, > @ =@ 2 > @>@@ @@.
@== @>= @> >@ : =>>@ (=); >>@> =@(@K); @=> . , @ = 2,600-!(600-=) > @=, >,
@ @ @ = = >. F@ @ @ == >. @== > = @ >= @ @ , @ @=@ >= = P@, ==. @== @@ @ QR > == @ = @ @.
$ > = @== =K, > @>AS > = * @ C (C) F=@, @ == ,- @ = . A C, = @ = @@.
> @ @ /= @ 177=@@ = $-. E @, = >== =@@ , = @ @@ =.
166 Engineering Innovations
The two shuttle reusable solid rocket motors, which stood more than 38 m (126 ft) tall, harnessed
29.4 meganewtons (6.6 million pounds) of thrust. The twin solid-fueled rockets provided 80% of the
thrust needed to achieve liftoff.
ATK.
Allrightsreserved.
8/2/2019 Wings in Orbit
180/566
A == @ @ @ >P @ @ @== @@@ @ @= @@@
@ > @== .D > =@=>@ @ > >.
@KK= == @ >, @@> @ @ = @@=.
@KK= @ @>= @ @ @
= @ @/@= =/@= >= @ >= @> == @>@ =. A == , @> =K =,==@ @ @KK= >= @ 8 @ @ = > @ =.
E >=@ = @ =@ == @KK= =
@ >. @KK=== P> 2.35 > (92.4 .) @>P &g