Wine-culture’s Wine-culture’s

history in Carpathian history in Carpathian basinbasin

Dr. J. Csuták wineknightDr. J. Csuták wineknightLEONARDO MEETINGLEONARDO MEETING

ÓZD, 2014. ÁPR. 11-13ÓZD, 2014. ÁPR. 11-13

Motto:Motto:

„ „ Wine cultivation in Wine cultivation in Carpathian basin is Carpathian basin is not only tradition, but not only tradition, but also the valuation of also the valuation of civilisation, as well.”civilisation, as well.”

(G. Csávossy)(G. Csávossy)

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinThe beginningsThe beginnings

3th3th century. century. bb. C. . C. – Celtics: – Celtics: theythey probably / surely probably / surely produced wineproduced wine

Roman Empire: Roman Empire: advanced wine-culture; advanced wine-culture; Pannonian (Sirmium Region) wine specialPannonian (Sirmium Region) wine specialiities in Rome ties in Rome

temporary prohibition of vine cultivation in Pannonia (92 a. C.)temporary prohibition of vine cultivation in Pannonia (92 a. C.)

The Magyars in Old Country: (The Magyars in Old Country: (5th 5th c.): c.): two main two main drinks: milk, winedrinks: milk, wine

Treaty with blood of Magyar-tribes: Treaty with blood of Magyar-tribes: common common drinking of blood dropdrinking of blood droppedped into wine into wine

Wine:Wine: ancient Hungarian world originated from the ancient Hungarian world originated from the early land of Vitis vinifera early land of Vitis vinifera

Bisantian Encyclopaedia Bisantian Encyclopaedia of Suidas (IX. c.): of Suidas (IX. c.): Advanced grape and wine culture in Balaton highlandAdvanced grape and wine culture in Balaton highland No epidemic diseases of grape No epidemic diseases of grape occurred till the 19th c.occurred till the 19th c. Frost periods proved to be getFrost periods proved to be gettingting over on the over on the

sheltered hillssheltered hills The MagyarThe Magyar’s’s Conquest: Conquest:

Magyars received advanced grape- and wine-cuMagyars received advanced grape- and wine-cullture in ture in the Carpathian basin the Carpathian basin

Three pillars of the Hungarian wine Three pillars of the Hungarian wine cultureculture: : Traditions from Inner Asia Traditions from Inner Asia Pannonian (Balaton-highland) traditionsPannonian (Balaton-highland) traditions Expertise of monks (Benedictines) arrived from Expertise of monks (Benedictines) arrived from

Burgundy, Anjou and ItalyBurgundy, Anjou and Italy

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinBasis of the wine productionBasis of the wine production

King King St. Steven, Árpádian DSt. Steven, Árpádian Dyynastynasty:: donation of large wine-territories donation of large wine-territories

formation of large feudalistic landed estates formation of large feudalistic landed estates 1006.1006.:: St. Steven’s charter: rights for selling of alcoholic St. Steven’s charter: rights for selling of alcoholic drinks drinks Council in Strigonium: Ban pubs Council in Strigonium: Ban pubs REGULATED WINE-ECONOMY, GENERAL OUTDOOR REGULATED WINE-ECONOMY, GENERAL OUTDOOR WINE CONSUMPTION WINE CONSUMPTION

12th12th c.: settling of Ge c.: settling of Gerrmmaan inhabitants:n inhabitants: wine culture importwine culture import 13th13th c.: wine consumption c.: wine consumption is not only a is not only a lord’s lord’s privilege, privilege, but villbut villaains also were allowed to drink, as wellins also were allowed to drink, as well

(ninth!)(ninth!)King King IV. Bela: IV. Bela: made general made general French way of grape French way of grape cultivation and French barrel sizecultivation and French barrel size

1271. 1271. First First winewine

communcommunitiesities

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin12-13th century – The Árpád D12-13th century – The Árpád Dyynastynasty

Wine export from: Wine export from: Southland, St. Gheorge-mount, North-Southland, St. Gheorge-mount, North-Hungary Hungary

Wine was one of the most importWine was one of the most importaant export goods nt export goods Kings from Anjou DKings from Anjou Dyynastynasty

growing technology developed growing technology developed

citizens of towns became owner of grape estates citizens of towns became owner of grape estates wage wage labourerslabourers in grape cultures in grape cultures

City of Sopron: City of Sopron: centrecentre of exports toward of exports towardss WesternWestern

EuropeEurope

Louis the Great: Louis the Great: wine export towardwine export towardss North and North and

North-East North-East startedstarted

Grape varieties: Grape varieties: occidental or Hungarian (Pontic)occidental or Hungarian (Pontic) ones ones

(furmint, bakator, balafánt, csomorika, gohér, (furmint, bakator, balafánt, csomorika, gohér, etc.)etc.)

There were no traces of blue-grapesThere were no traces of blue-grapes

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin1144th century – The th century – The AnjouAnjou D Dyynastynasty

1.Szerémség1.Szerémség

2. Balaton-vBalaton-v.

3. Szekszárd3. Szekszárd

4.Somló4.Somló

5. Ruszt-Sopron5. Ruszt-Sopron

6. Buda6. Buda

7. Arad7. Arad

9. Pozsony9. Pozsony

10. Mátra-v10. Mátra-v.

11. Érmellék11. Érmellék

12.Küküllői12.Küküllői

8. Baranyai8. Baranyai

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinThe ÁrpádThe Árpád- and Anjou- and Anjou D Diinastnastiesies

1

1. Wines from Szerémség Region (aszú!) (aszú!) exported to Poland – wine-war between North- and South part of the Hungarian Kingdom

2. 1482. King Matthias prohibited wine exportation from Szerémség Region to Poland

3. King Mathias exported Hungarian wines to Russia and

4. As barter, imported fur.

5. New wine-sortiments from Burgund and Campany

6. War against Albany – importation of blue wine sortiment– red wine!

23

45

5 6

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin1414th century – th century – King Matthias – Golden periodKing Matthias – Golden period

Turk likes wine only Turk likes wine only stealthilystealthilyTurk did not Turk did not prohprohiibbiited wine ted wine production, but put a production, but put a taxtaxWars made many Wars made many winewine--yards to waste, yards to waste, andand: : Turkish occupation Turkish occupation made market dubmade market dubiiousousCame to the front Came to the front

PozsonyPozsonySopronSopronTokay-RegionTokay-Region

In Transylvania: In Transylvania: duringduring the reign of the reign of Princes G. Princes G. Bethlen and Bethlen and GhGh. Rákóczi . Rákóczi prosperous grape- and prosperous grape- and wine productionwine production

Military consignmentMilitary consignmentss to to Netherland aNetherland andnd Poland Poland

1541 1541

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin16th century – The Country broken 16th century – The Country broken into into three three

parts parts

1565: Austrian customs – except: wines from 1565: Austrian customs – except: wines from Sopron, Ruszt, Pozsony Sopron, Ruszt, Pozsony

Remained export possibility toward Poland, onlyRemained export possibility toward Poland, only„„Aszú-mode” – priAszú-mode” – prinncipal wine: Balaton-Highland, cipal wine: Balaton-Highland,

SzerémségSzerémségLeadership of Tokay fromLeadership of Tokay from 1550’s1550’sAround 1650: in Oremus wine-yard of Zs. Lorántffy Around 1650: in Oremus wine-yard of Zs. Lorántffy

special kinds of old Tokay and special kinds of old Tokay and „„szamorodniszamorodni”” The first Old Tokay registered by Szepsi Laczkó Máté The first Old Tokay registered by Szepsi Laczkó Máté

produced from blue-wine called Purcsin produced from blue-wine called Purcsin Nomination:Nomination:

In the beginnings: „Tállyai”, In the beginnings: „Tállyai”, From the reign of From the reign of Prince Prince II. Rákóczi F. „Hegyaljai”II. Rákóczi F. „Hegyaljai”

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin16-17th century – Characteristics for the era16-17th century – Characteristics for the era

Hungarian wine exports to Netherland and Scandinavia Hungarian wine exports to Netherland and Scandinavia Spanish war of succession push out of French and Spanish war of succession push out of French and

Spanish wines from England Spanish wines from England Russia under I. Catherine and II. PeteRussia under I. Catherine and II. Peter r

Wine export intensified Wine export intensified Parallel to barter, purchasing of wines for cash also startedParallel to barter, purchasing of wines for cash also started

I. Catherine: significant decrease of Tokay-wine customsI. Catherine: significant decrease of Tokay-wine customs

Expenses of Wars of Independence directed by both Expenses of Wars of Independence directed by both Thököly and then Thököly and then Prince Prince Rákóczi mainly covered by wine Rákóczi mainly covered by wine export toward Norexport toward Northth and East. and East.

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin17th century – Under the Habsburgs17th century – Under the Habsburgs

Legal and trade regulationsLegal and trade regulations 1655. XXXI Act. (confirmed by: 1723. CXVIII. Act.): 1655. XXXI Act. (confirmed by: 1723. CXVIII. Act.): „„All All those who replace top quality wines with wines from more those who replace top quality wines with wines from more

inferior winferior wiine-yards and districts … and sell those under the name of ne-yards and districts … and sell those under the name of the top quality should be punished with immediate loss of all their the top quality should be punished with immediate loss of all their wine”wine”

1665: Parliamentary Decree No. 79.: separate gathering of 1665: Parliamentary Decree No. 79.: separate gathering of overriped grapes („aszú”) obligatoryoverriped grapes („aszú”) obligatory

Queen Mary-TheresQueen Mary-Theresaa: : Confirmed exemption fromConfirmed exemption from decima-paying in all region of decima-paying in all region of

Hungarian Kingdom, whileHungarian Kingdom, while Customs of wine-exports to Bavaria became twelvefold of Customs of wine-exports to Bavaria became twelvefold of

Austrian onesAustrian ones From 1775 obligatory tie-up in DanubFrom 1775 obligatory tie-up in Danubiian wine transport: quantity an wine transport: quantity

of Austrian wines must be reached that of the Hungarian onesof Austrian wines must be reached that of the Hungarian ones

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Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin1177-1-188th century – Characteristics for the erath century – Characteristics for the era

Legal and trade regulationsLegal and trade regulations

1772: As 1772: As Polish-Polish-GalGaliicia became Austrian territory, cia became Austrian territory, customs ring of Habsburg perpetual territories closed customs ring of Habsburg perpetual territories closed for Hungarian winesfor Hungarian wines

Poland changed Hungarian wines to French onesPoland changed Hungarian wines to French ones

Domestic overproduction crisis – disinterested Domestic overproduction crisis – disinterested producers, quality deterioration, negative bidding producers, quality deterioration, negative bidding

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin1818th century – Characteristics for the erath century – Characteristics for the era

S. Széchenyi: „Goodness of wine will be determined by its lastingness as well as its transportability from one site to the other one and the good taste of great and solvent customers… Neither Rhine nor French Producers etc…. are looking for customers, but their representatives do it. Such internal persons between the Producer and Costumer are the most absent persons for us...I suggest for all producers to make better our wines and roads…do not we wait like a lazy and let’s take great pains pretending the custom difficulties never should be widened. In any way, acting this way we can help ourselves…” Great Hungarians in the agronomy and winery: Great Hungarians in the agronomy and winery:

Gh. Festetics, J. Nagtváthy, F. Pethe, Gh. Festetics, J. Nagtváthy, F. Pethe, L. Mitterpacher, J.FábiánL. Mitterpacher, J.Fábián1816: the first Hungarian 1816: the first Hungarian fruit-crushing and stalk fruit-crushing and stalk removing machineremoving machine1826: twin-screw wine-press1826: twin-screw wine-press1836: Schamps Ferenc: the first Hungarian periodical 1836: Schamps Ferenc: the first Hungarian periodical of wineryof winery1836: Hungarian Economic Association (OMGE)1836: Hungarian Economic Association (OMGE)

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin1199th century th century

the 1848 Hungarian War of Independence: the 1848 Hungarian War of Independence: Cease of inner customs systemCease of inner customs systemHelp to increase wine-marketHelp to increase wine-market

20th. Sep. 1850.: 20th. Sep. 1850.: Open direction for introduction of tax for Open direction for introduction of tax for wine consumption wine consumption

1853: Entz Ferenc: 1853: Entz Ferenc: Practical Educational Practical Educational School for Gardeners – WinSchool for Gardeners – Wineecelar’s celar’s

School School 1857: 1857: Winery-bookletsWinery-booklets

however, interrupted between however, interrupted between 1945-1990, it is still living today1945-1990, it is still living today

Szemere Bertalan:Szemere Bertalan:During his compelled stay in Paris During his compelled stay in Paris

he created market for he created market for Hungarian wines in EnglandHungarian wines in England

the 1848 Hungarian War of Independence: the 1848 Hungarian War of Independence: Cease of inner customs systemCease of inner customs systemHelp to increase wine-marketHelp to increase wine-market

20th. Sep. 1850.: 20th. Sep. 1850.: Open direction for introduction of tax for Open direction for introduction of tax for wine consumption wine consumption

1853: Entz Ferenc: 1853: Entz Ferenc: Practical Educational Practical Educational School for Gardeners – WinSchool for Gardeners – Wineecelar’s celar’s

School School 1857: 1857: Winery-bookletsWinery-booklets

however, interrupted between however, interrupted between 1945-1990, it is still living today1945-1990, it is still living today

Szemere Bertalan:Szemere Bertalan:During his compelled stay in Paris During his compelled stay in Paris

he created market for he created market for Hungarian wines in EnglandHungarian wines in England

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin1199th centuryth century

Cellar societies : Cellar societies : 1842: Ruszt; 1846: Sopron; 1857: Szekszárd; 1866 és 1842: Ruszt; 1846: Sopron; 1857: Szekszárd; 1866 és

utána: Bazin, Gellérthegy, Pozsony, Köveskál, utána: Bazin, Gellérthegy, Pozsony, Köveskál, Szentbékálla, Balatonfüred, Gyöngyös, Esztergom, Szentbékálla, Balatonfüred, Gyöngyös, Esztergom, Gödöllő…Gödöllő…

Minor technical „revolution”:Minor technical „revolution”: Soil cultivation using horse- or bullock-pulled equipment Soil cultivation using horse- or bullock-pulled equipment

became general became general In the wineries: berrIn the wineries: berriier machines, crusher-berrer machines, crusher-berriier er

equipment, crushers, iron-presses, pumps, filters, equipment, crushers, iron-presses, pumps, filters, domestic bottlersdomestic bottlers

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin19th century – self-organizations, slight 19th century – self-organizations, slight

recoveryrecovery

1867: Austro-Hungarian conciliation: however, there were great possibilities in the wine market, progress in winery remained on a low level

o Different economic advantages were given to producers and wine-dealers o Tax-free installation of a new planto Loans to producers for new plantations

o Area of grape-yards has grown, but o Technics and level of professional

knowledge did not went after it; progressivity was to be improved

o OMGE (National Winery Section) managed by F. Entz:o Study on status of Hungarian viticulture

and winery

Entz Entz FerencFerenc

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin19th century – On the way of development19th century – On the way of development

F. Entz’s experiences:Instead of some progress: Grape areas were neglected or their cultivation seemed to be unsatisfactory Results: grapes and wines with weak qualities In a significant part of producers equipment necessary for grape processing

and storage vessels were incomplete Abroad publicity of Hungarian wines was on a low level Distribution and demand of Hungarian wines were not proportional to

possibilities on the Word Market

RESULTS OF MEASURES: Hungarian wine-wonderHungarian wine-wonder Grape producing area of Hungary in 1875 amounted 425,3 thousand Grape producing area of Hungary in 1875 amounted 425,3 thousand

HectarHectareess Wine production in 12 years average was 4 Million HeWine production in 12 years average was 4 Million Hecctolitre; 20% of it tolitre; 20% of it

exportedexported

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin19th century – taking stock of bequests19th century – taking stock of bequests

Independent department of winery in the Independent department of winery in the Ministry of AgricultureMinistry of Agriculture Haigh level of organization and structureHaigh level of organization and structure

1875.: National Institute for Wine Qualifying 1875.: National Institute for Wine Qualifying quality control/protection quality control/protection

1879.: Winery Section of OMGE: 1879.: Winery Section of OMGE: winery registers for protection of producers with winery registers for protection of producers with

more than 100 HLmore than 100 HL From 1884 y. National Winery Registers: data of From 1884 y. National Winery Registers: data of

1,5 Mi1,5 Milllion HL of winelion HL of wine1879.: Strict fin1879.: Strict finaannccial checking of wine stock ial checking of wine stock

(valid till 1971. when Socialist Go(valid till 1971. when Socialist Governvernmmeent put it nt put it iinnvalid)valid)

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinEnd of End of 19th century – establishment19th century – establishment system system

1880: Introduction of advanced public special 1880: Introduction of advanced public special educationeducation

1890: five public schools for wine-cellar 1890: five public schools for wine-cellar educationeducationFive districts for roaming teachers in the Five districts for roaming teachers in the

centres of wine areascentres of wine areas

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinEnd of End of 19th century – 19th century – educationeducation

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinEnd of 19th c. – From cloudless sky… End of 19th c. – From cloudless sky…

epidemies, regulationsepidemies, regulations

Battle against Battle against Phylloxera:Phylloxera:J. Miklósvári Miklós J. Miklósvári Miklós UtUtiilisation lisation of of sulphur sulphur mined in Transylvania mined in Transylvania •OMGE Istvántelek Estate: OMGE Istvántelek Estate: Experimental Station of Experimental Station of Protection against Protection against Phylloxera – low-prised Phylloxera – low-prised stocstockkss•Replantation of extReplantation of exteented nted areas areas J. Mathiász J. Mathiász

Mád-Mád-

Kecskemét-Kecskemét- Tokaj-hegyaljaTokaj-hegyalja

Tragedy ofTragedy of about about 10000 p 10000 peeople, at the same, time professiople, at the same, time professionaonal renovation of viticulturel renovation of viticulture

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin19th century – 19th century – Phylloxera - mapPhylloxera - map

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basinafter the turn of 19-20th centuryafter the turn of 19-20th century

Trianon: Trianon: 1/3 of grape-yards and 2/3 of home market lost 1/3 of grape-yards and 2/3 of home market lost 1920: Our traditional markets (Germany, Austria, Poland, Czech) 1920: Our traditional markets (Germany, Austria, Poland, Czech)

became closed for Hubecame closed for Hungngarian wines; custom barriers arian wines; custom barriers 1922. Monumental Wine exhibition and Market in Budapest1922. Monumental Wine exhibition and Market in BudapestCustom discount: weak improvementCustom discount: weak improvement1929-: Economic world cris1929-: Economic world crisisis

our earlier wine export 500.000 HL our earlier wine export 500.000 HL 1933:reduced to 200.000 HL (=10% of the previous export level)1933:reduced to 200.000 HL (=10% of the previous export level)

II. World War: II. World War: BuildingsBuildings, equipment, inf, equipment, infrrastruastruccture totally were destroyedture totally were destroyed Carrying off of experts and valuable equipment to abroad were the most Carrying off of experts and valuable equipment to abroad were the most

importimportaant cause of the paralyse of productionnt cause of the paralyse of production

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin20th century – wars, pol20th century – wars, poliiticstics

1930: From the total wine production1930: From the total wine production red – 10,5 %; shiller and rose 27%; white-wine: 62,5 %red – 10,5 %; shiller and rose 27%; white-wine: 62,5 %

Quality structure: Quality structure: Top Tokay – 0,02 %; Top Tokay – 0,02 %; Premiun quality with mark of origin– 9,6 %;Premiun quality with mark of origin– 9,6 %; Quality wine - 48,48 %Quality wine - 48,48 % Table wine - 41,9 %Table wine - 41,9 %

Wine-structure:Wine-structure: <<1 ha farmers : 95,4 % -1 ha farmers : 95,4 % - field proportion: 63 % field proportion: 63 % 1-5 ha: 3,9 % - 22 %1-5 ha: 3,9 % - 22 % >5 ha: 0,7 % - 15 %>5 ha: 0,7 % - 15 % Storage capacity: 7 Million HL. – in 85 % in the farmer’s Storage capacity: 7 Million HL. – in 85 % in the farmer’s

ownershipownership

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin20th century – some statistics20th century – some statistics

1938-48: notwithstanding the war, d1938-48: notwithstanding the war, dyynamic development continued namic development continued 1949. Soviet occupation1949. Soviet occupation Everything cut, got ruinedEverything cut, got ruined The nationalization of wine-yards (80.000 ha)The nationalization of wine-yards (80.000 ha) ExpropriationsExpropriations DeportationDeportation Aggressive collectivizationAggressive collectivization Personal and sectoral tragedies – 60.000 ha excellent wine-yard became Personal and sectoral tragedies – 60.000 ha excellent wine-yard became

extinctextinct

1949-1959: 1949-1959: Suppress of private ownershipSuppress of private ownership Viticulture and winViticulture and wineery separatedry separated Ban National Association of Grape-farmers and Wine-yard CommunitiesBan National Association of Grape-farmers and Wine-yard Communities

1952-65: Constant lack of wine; previously well operated wine-law 1952-65: Constant lack of wine; previously well operated wine-law has brokenhas broken State buying up of wine: for 38 % and 40% of 1948 priState buying up of wine: for 38 % and 40% of 1948 pricces (in 1958 and es (in 1958 and

1960 years, respectively)1960 years, respectively)

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin20th century – the last 50 years (1)20th century – the last 50 years (1)

1961-70: 35.000 Ha planted grape of 60.000 Ha was settled on 1961-70: 35.000 Ha planted grape of 60.000 Ha was settled on unfit fields; before 10 years of their age about 30.000 Ha died unfit fields; before 10 years of their age about 30.000 Ha died outout

1949-70: About 40.000 Ha of historical grape fields died out; 1949-70: About 40.000 Ha of historical grape fields died out; aspects of regions changed almost irrevocablyaspects of regions changed almost irrevocably

1966-69: pl1966-69: pleenty of grape; farmer’s dissatisfaction against nty of grape; farmer’s dissatisfaction against monopolized state buying up of the yield monopolized state buying up of the yield

1969-85: Previously ban development of win1969-85: Previously ban development of wineery activity became ry activity became possible for state organizations possible for state organizations Well educated experts, BUT! Well educated experts, BUT! 2/3 of newly established wineries were unsuitable from2/3 of newly established wineries were unsuitable from point of point of

view of international expectations and competition view of international expectations and competition Regional disproportionateness formed in the Country level Regional disproportionateness formed in the Country level Only the bulk-wine production dominated Only the bulk-wine production dominated Export: 60 % toward Soviet Union and its satellites;Export: 60 % toward Soviet Union and its satellites;

15% toward the Western market with a high standard15% toward the Western market with a high standard

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin20th century – the last 50 years (20th century – the last 50 years (22))

Increasing of state interventionIncreasing of state intervention

Order No. 36/1970: centuries old quality and origin Order No. 36/1970: centuries old quality and origin protection were cancelled protection were cancelled 1980-89: 1980-89:

50.000 Ha planted50.000 Ha planted 150.000 cut down150.000 cut down

… … and we started from and we started from here!here!

Wine-culture’s history in Carpathian BasinWine-culture’s history in Carpathian Basin20th century – the last 50 years (20th century – the last 50 years (33))

Thank you for your Thank you for your attentionattention