Windows PDF User s Guide

Rhinoceros 5For WindowsUser's Guide

RobertMcNeel&Associates,6/19/2015.

Table of Contents

SectionI:Workingin3-D 1Introduction 3TheRhinointerface 3Rhinocommands 4Startfromthemenu 4Startfromatoolbaricon 6Startfromthecommandline 10Undoamistake 13Thecommandwindow 14Commandoptions 14Repeatthelastcommand 14Gethelpanytime 15

RhinoObjects 17WhyNURBSmodeling 17Points 17Curves 18Surfaces 18Closedandopensurfaces 19Trimmedanduntrimmedsurfaces 19Surfaceisoparametricandedgecurves 21

Polysurfaces 22Solids 22Light-weightextrusionobjects 23Polygonmeshobjects 23

SelectingObjects 25Selectobjectswithwindows 26Otherwaysofselecting 27Sub-objectselection 29

NavigatingViewports 31Viewportprojection 31Viewportnavigation 31Mousenavigation 32

Viewportdisplaymodes 32Wireframe 33Shaded 33Othershadedmodes 34

Viewporttitle 35Toactivatetheviewporttitlemenu 35

AccurateModeling 37TheRhinocursor 37Snaptotheconstructionplanegrid 37Constraintheangleofmovement 37

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Table of contents

Snaptoexistingobjects 38Persistentobjectsnaps 38Specialcaseobjectsnaps 39

Cursorconstraints 39Distanceconstraint 39Angleconstraint 39Distanceandangletogether 40

Elevatormode 40SmartTrack 40Coordinatesystems 41Cartesiancoordinates 41Right-handrule 41Worldcoordinates 41Constructionplanecoordinates 41Relativecoordinates 42

CreateSurfacesfromCurves 45Edgecurves 45Extrudecurves 46Loftcurves 48Revolvecurves 49Revolvecurveswitharail 52Sweepalongonerailcurve 56Sweepalongtworailcurves 58

EditCurvesandSurfaces 61Join 61Explode 61TrimandSplit 61Control-pointediting 61Controlpointvisibility 61Changecontrolpointlocations 62Add,delete,orredistributecontrolpoints 62

Curveandsurfacedegree 62Transforms-Move,Copy,Rotate,Scale 65Move 65Moveobjectsusingdistancevalues 65Moveobjectsbydragging 66Elevatormode 67

Copy 69Rotate 73Scale 77Mirror 80Array 83Orient 83

CurveandSurfaceAnalysis 85Measuredistance,angle,andradius 85

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Table of contents

Curveandsurfacedirection 85Curvature 86Visualsurfaceanalysis 86Environmentmap 86Curvatureanalysis 87Draftangleanalysis 87

Edgeevaluation 88Diagnostics 88

OrganizationandAnnotation 89Layers 89Groups 90Blocks 90Worksessions 90Dimensions 90Text 91Leaders 91Dots 92Hiddenlineremoval 92Notes 92

Render 93Lights 93Materials 94Environment 95GroundPlane 95Render 96

SectionII:Tutorials 97PullToy-SolidsandTransforms 99Entercoordinates 99Drawthepulltoybody 99Drawtheaxlesandwheelhubs 102Drawthelugnuts 104Arraythelugnuts 105Drawthetires 106Mirrorthewheels 107Drawtheeyes 109Makethepullcord 114

Flashlight-RevolveCurves 125Setupthemodel 125Drawacenterline 127Drawthebodyprofilecurve 128Drawthelensprofilecurve 129Buildtheflashlightbody 130Createthelens 133

Headphone-Sweep,Loft,andExtrude 135Createthespeakershell 136

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Table of contents

Createthepaddingandcover 140Createthemountingbracket 142Createtheheadband 146Roundtheheadbandends 151Createthespeakerwire 157Mirrortheheadphoneparts 161Learnmore 163

Penguin-PointEditingandBlending 165Thebody 165Theeyes 173Thebeak 179Thefeet 186Thetail 196Thewings 199Finishingtouches 204Render 206

BoatHull-LoftandSweep 207Layoutthehullcurves 208Checkthecurvesforfairness 209Fixthecurvature 209

Createthe3-Dcurves 210Revisethecurves 212Loftthehullsurfaces 215Trimthebowandbottom 217Buildthetransom 219Addthedeck 226

Dragonfly-TraceImages 233Drawthebody 233Drawthehead 239Blendtheheadandbody 247Drawtheeyes 249Shapethetail 250Tracethewings 251Drawthelegs 253Finishingtouches 254

WrapText-Flowalongsurface 255Makeasurface 255Createtheobjectstowrap 256Controltheobjectplacement 256

MechanicalPart-Blocks 261Createsolidshapes 261Drilltheholes 265Copytheholes 267Makea2-Ddrawing 270Dimensionthe2-Ddrawing 270

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Table of contents

MechanicalPart-Layouts 273Layoutviewports 274Insertatitleblock 275

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Rhinoceros 5 User's GuideSection I: Working in 3-D

Introduction

Modelingin3-Distheprocessofcreatingamathematicalrepresentationofanobject'ssurfaces.Theresultingmodelisdisplayedonyourscreenasatwo-dimensionalimage.Rhinoprovidestoolsforcreating,displaying,andmanipulatingthesesurfaces.

The Rhino interfaceTheimagebelowillustratessomeofthemajorfeaturesoftheRhinowindow.

Menu (1)ThemenusgroupRhinocommandsbyfunction.

History window (2)Thecommandhistorywindowdisplaysthepreviouscommandsandprompts.

Command prompt (3)Thecommandpromptdisplayspromptsforthecurrentcommandactions,optionsforthecommandthatyoucanclick,andallowstypingcommandnamesandoptions.

Toolbars (4)Toolbarscontaingraphicaliconsforinitiatingcommands.Manytoolbariconshaveasecondcommandthatyoucanaccessbyright-clickingtheicon.Thetooltipthatappearswhenyouhoverovertheicontellsyouwhattheleftandrightmousebuttondo.

To access the command on the first line4 Clicktheiconwiththeleft mouse button.

To access the command on the second line4 Clickthebuttonwiththeright mouse button.

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Introduction

Viewports (5)ViewportsdisplaytheRhinoworkingenvironment.

Panels (6)Tabbedpanelscontainslayers,properties,andothersettings.

Rhino commandsRhinoisacommand drivenprogram.Inotherwords,allactionsareactivatedbynamedcommandssuchasLine,Box,orCurvatureAnalysis.

Tip:Toreadmoreaboutacommand,clickthered,underlinedcommandnamelink.

Commandsareaccessedthroughthemenus,orthetoolbars,orbytypingthecommandname.Inthenextsections,youwillexploreusingthesemethods.Youmayfindonemethodeasierthananother.Thechoiceisyours,andthereisnopreferenceforonemethodoveranother.Intheexercises,youwilluseRhinoscommands,navigationtools,shadedmodes,render,andusesomebasicobjectmanipulation.

Tip:Tocancelacommandanytime,presstheEsckey.

In this session you will4 Startacommandbychoosingfromthemenu.4 Startacommandbychoosingfromatoolbaricon.4 Startacommandbytyping.

To start your first Rhino model1. StartRhino.2. OntheFilemenu,clickNew.3. IntheOpen Template Filedialogbox,selectSmallObjects - centimeters.3dmandclickOpen.

Start from the menuMostRhinocommandsarearrangedinthemenus.

Start the Cone command4 OntheSolidmenu,clickCone.

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Introduction

Draw the cone1. AttheBase of coneprompt,intheTopviewport,clickwiththemousetopickthecenterpointfor

thebaseofthecone.

2. AttheRadiusprompt,intheTopviewport,dragthemouseandclicktodrawtheconesbase.

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Introduction

3. AttheEnd of coneprompt,intheFrontviewport,dragthemouseandclicktodrawtheconespoint.

4. WatchwhathappensinthePerspectiveviewport.

Start from a toolbar iconToolbarsprovideagraphicalinterfacetothecommands.

To display a button tooltip, hover your mouse over the icon4 Thecommandnamesthatareactivatedwiththeleftandrightmouseclicksdisplay.

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Introduction

Start the Curve command4 OnthetoolbardockedontheleftsideoftheRhinowindow,clicktheiconforControl point curve.

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Introduction

Draw the curve

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Introduction

1. AttheStart of curveprompt,intheTopviewport,clickthemousetostartthecurve.2. AttheNext point...prompts,clickafewmorepointsintheTopviewport.

3. AttheNext point...prompts,movethemouseintotheFrontviewportandclickafewmorepoints.

4. AttheNext point...prompts,movethemouseintotheRightviewportandclickafewmorepoints.

5. Right-click,pressEnterorpressthespacebartocompletethecurve.

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Introduction

6. CheckoutthePerspectiveviewport.

Admire your work4 DragwiththerightmousebuttontorotatethePerspectiveview.

Start from the command lineYoucanstartacommandbytypingthecommandname.

Start the Sphere command by typing4 Clickatthecommandprompt,andtypeSphere.

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Introduction

Draw the sphere

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Introduction

1. AttheCenter of sphereprompt,inthePerspectiveviewport,clickthemousetopickthecenterpointforthesphere.

2. AttheRadiusprompt,inthePerspectiveviewport,movethemouseawayfromthecenterpoint,andclickthemousetodrawthesphereandclick.

3. InthePerspectiveviewport,clickthedown-arrowontheviewport title,andonthemenu,clickShaded.

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Introduction

Undo a mistakeIfyoudidsomethingyoudidnotwanttodo,youcanundoyouractions.

Undo a command4 OntheEditmenu,clickUndo,orpresstheCtrlandZkeys.

Redo commands4 OntheEditmenu,clickRedo,orpresstheCtrl and Ykeys.

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Introduction

The command windowThecommandwindowcontainsthecommandhistoryandthecommandprompt.ThewindowisnormallydockedatthetopoftheRhinowindow,butyoucandockitatthebottomofthescreenorfloatitjustlikeanytoolbar.Itisagoodideatodragthewindowsoitdisplaysatleastthreelinesoftext.Thecommand promptiswhereyoucantypecommandnames,setoptions,enterdistancesandanglesfordrawing,andreadthepromptsforthecommands.Thecommandpromptdisplaysoptionsforthecommandinparentheses.Toactivateanoption,clicktheoptionwiththemouseortypetheoptionnameortheunderlinedletterintheoption.Optionsgiveyoualternatemethodsforusingthecommand.Promptsaremessagestoyoutoselectobjectstoacton,toenterinformation,ortoenterapointonthescreen.Asyoustarttobuildobjects,promptsbecomeincreasinglyimportant,sincetheytellyouwhattodonext.

Command optionsCommandoptionschangehowacommandacts.Forexample,whenyoudrawacircle,thecircleisnormallydrawnontheactiveconstructionplane.TheCirclecommandhasseveraloptionsincludingVerticalandAroundCurve.Commandoptionsappearinparenthesesattheprompt.Touseacommandoption,clicktheoptionname,ortypetheunderlinedletteroftheoptionorthewholeoptionname.

Choose a command option1. Atthecommandprompt,typeCircle.2. TheoptionsfortheCirclecommandappear:

Center of circle(DeformableVertical2Point3PointTangentAroundCurveFitPoints)3. Todrawacircleverticaltotheactiveconstructionplane,usetheVerticaloption.

ClickVertical,ortypeV.

Repeat the last commandManytasksinRhinoarerepetitive.Youmightwanttomoveorcopyseveralobjects,forexample.Methodsforrepeatingcommandsareprovided.

To repeat the last command4 PresstheEnterkeywhennocommandisactive.4 InadditiontopressingtheEnterkeyonyourkeyboard,youcanpresstheSpacebarorclickthe

right mouse buttoninaviewport.Theseallperformthesamefunction.

Note:Somecommands,suchasUndoandDeletedonotrepeat.Instead,thecommandpriortothesecommandsisrepeated.Thispreventsyoufromaccidentallyundoingtoomanycommandsordeletingobjectsaccidentally.Inaddition,youoftenwanttorepeatthecommandyouwereusingbeforeundoingamistake.Youcandefinethelistofcommandsthatdonotrepeattosuityourownwayofworking.

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Introduction

Get help any timeTheRhino Helpfileisthemajorresourcefordetailedinformationonspecificcommands.

To get help on a specific command4 TogetHelpforacommand,pressF1whilethecommandisrunning.4 OntheHelpmenu,clickCommand Help.

TheRhinoHelpwilldisplayinadockablewindow.ClickAuto-UpdatetodisplaytheHelptopicforthecurrentcommand.TheHelpwindowappearswiththespecificcommandtopicvisible.4 GotoRhino Helpforthemostup-to-dateHelpinformation.4 Findtheanswerstofrequentlyaskedquestionsat:Rhino Support.

Tip:Formoreinformationaboutthemathematicalprinciplesinvolvedin3-Dmodeling,see:www.mathopenref.com.

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Rhino Objects

ThefundamentalgeometricobjectsinRhinoarepoints,curves,surfaces,polysurfaces,extrusionobjects,andpolygonmeshobjects.

Why NURBS modelingNURBS(non-uniformrationalB-splines)aremathematicalrepresentationsthatcanaccuratelymodelanyshapefromasimple2-Dline,circle,arc,orboxtothemostcomplex3-Dfree-formorganicsurfaceorsolid.Becauseoftheirflexibilityandaccuracy,NURBSmodelscanbeusedinanyprocessfromillustrationandanimationtomanufacturing.NURBSgeometryisanindustrystandardfordesignerswhoworkin3-Dwhereformsarefreeandflowing;wherebothformandfunctionisimportant.Rhinoisusedinmarine,aerospace,andautomobileinteriorandexteriordesign.Makersofhouseholdandofficeappliances,furniture,medicalandsportsequipment,footwear,andjewelryuseRhinotocreatefree-formshapes.NURBSmodelingisalsowidelyusedbyprofessionalanimatorsandgraphicartists.Theadvantageoverusingpolygonmodelersisthattherearenofacets.Themodelscanberenderedatanyresolution.Ameshcanbecreatedfromthemodelatanyresolution.FormoreinformationaboutthemathematicsofNURBS,seeWhat are NURBS?.

PointsPointobjectsmarkasinglepointin3-Dspace.TheyarethesimplestobjectsinRhino.Pointscanbeplacedanywhereinspace.Pointsaremostoftenusedasplaceholders.

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Rhino Objects

CurvesARhinocurveissimilartoapieceofwire.Itcanbestraightorwiggled,andcanbeopenorclosed.Apolycurveisseveralcurvesegmentsjoinedtogetherendtoend.Rhinoprovidesmanytoolsfordrawingcurves.Youcandrawstraightlines,polylinesthatconsistofconnectedlinesegments,arcs,circles,polygons,ellipses,helices,andspirals.Youcanalsodrawcurvesusingcurvecontrol pointsanddrawcurvesthatpassthroughselectedpoints.

CurvesinRhinoincludelines,arcs,circles,free-formcurves,andcombinationsofthese.Curvescanbeopenorclosed,planarornon-planar.

SurfacesAsurfaceislikearectangularstretchyrubbersheet.TheNURBSformcanrepresentsimpleshapes,suchasplanesandcylinders,aswellasfree-form,sculpturedsurfaces.AllsurfacecreationcommandsinRhinoresultinthesameobject:aNURBSsurface.Rhinohasmanytoolsforconstructingsurfacesdirectlyorfromexistingcurves.

AllNURBSsurfaceshaveaninherentlyrectangularorganization.

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Rhino Objects

Evenaclosedsurfacesuchasacylinderislikearectangularpieceofpaperthathasbeenrolledupsotwooppositeedgesaretouching.Theplacewheretheedgescometogetheriscalledtheseam.Ifasurfacedoesnothavearectangularshape,eitherithasbeentrimmedorthecontrolpointsontheedgeshavebeenmoved.

Closed and open surfacesAsurfacecanbeopenorclosed.Anopencylinderisclosedinonedirection.Atorus(donutshape)isclosedintwodirections.

Trimmed and untrimmed surfacesSurfacescanbetrimmedoruntrimmed.Atrimmedsurfacehastwoparts:asurfacethatunderlieseverythinganddefinesthegeometricshape,andtrimmingcurvesthatmarksectionsoftheunderlyingsurfacethataretrimmedaway.Trimmedsurfacesarecreatedwithcommandsthattrimorsplitsurfaceswithcurvesandothersurfaces.Somecommandscreatetrimmedsurfacesdirectly.

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Rhino Objects

Theshapeofasurfaceisstilldefinedbyasetofcontrolpointsarrangedinarectangularpattern.

Sinceitcanbeimportantforyoutoknowifasurfaceistrimmed,thePropertiescommandliststhetrimmedoruntrimmedstateofthesurface.SomeRhinocommandsworkonlywithuntrimmedsurfacesandsomesoftwaredoesnotimporttrimmedNURBSsurfaces.Trimmingcurveslieontheunderlyingsurface.Thissurfacemaybelargerthanthetrimcurves,butyouwillnotseetheunderlyingsurfacebecauseRhinodoesnotdrawthepartofthesurfacethatisoutsidethetrimcurves.Everytrimmedsurfaceretainsinformationaboutitsunderlyingsurfacegeometry.YoucanremovethetrimmingcurveboundariestomakethesurfaceuntrimmedwiththeUntrimcommand.

Ifyouhaveatrimcurvethatrunsacrossasurface,thetrimcurveitselfdoesnothaveanyrealrelationshiptothecontrolpointstructureofthesurface.Youcanseethisifyouselectsuchatrimmedsurfaceandturnitscontrolpointson.Youwillseethecontrolpointsforthewholeunderlyingsurface.

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Rhino Objects

Ifyoucreateasurfacefromaplanarcurve,itcanbeatrimmedsurface.Theillustratedsurfacewascreatedfromacircle.Thecontrolpointsdisplayshowstherectangularstructureofthesurface.

TheUntrimcommandremovesthetrimmingcurvefromthesurfacetogetbacktotheunderlyinguntrimmedrectangularsurface.

Surface isoparametric and edge curvesInwireframeview,surfaceslooklikeasetofcrossingcurves.Thesecurvesarecalledisoparametric curvesorisocurve.Thesecurveshelpyouvisualizetheshapeofthesurface.Isoparametriccurvesdonotdefinethesurfacethewaythepolygonsdoinapolygonmesh.Theyaremerelyavisualaidthatallowsyoutoseethesurfaceonthescreen.Whenasurfaceisselected,allofitsisoparametriccurveshighlight.Edgecurvesboundthesurface.Surfaceedgecurvescanbeusedasinputtoothercommands.

Isocurves (1), Edge curves (2).

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Rhino Objects

PolysurfacesApolysurfaceconsistsoftwoormoresurfacesthatarejoinedtogether.Apolysurfacethatenclosesavolumeofspacedefinesasolid.

SolidsAsolidisasurfaceorpolysurfacethatenclosesavolume.Solidsarecreatedanytimeasurfaceorpolysurfaceiscompletelyclosed.Rhinocreatessingle-surfacesolids,polysurfacesolids,andextrusionsolids.Asinglesurfacecanwraparoundandjoinitself.ExamplecommandsincludeSphere,Torus,andEllipsoid.Controlpointscanbedisplayedonsingle-surfacesolidsandmovedtochangethesurface.

SomeRhinocommandscreatepolysurfacesolids.Pyramid,Cone,andTConeareexamplesofcommandsthatcreatepolysurfacesolids.TheSolidPtOncommandturnsongrippointsforpolysurfaces,whichactlikecontrolpoints.

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Rhino Objects

Light-weight extrusion objectsLight-weightextrusionobjectsuseonlyaprofilecurveandalengthasinputinsteadofthenetworkofisocurvesnormallyneededforNURBSobjects.TheBox,Cylinder,Tube,andExtrudeCrvcommandscreateextrusionobjects.Extrusionobjectscanbeclosedwithaplanarcaporopen.Theseobjectswillbeconvertedtopolysurfacesbysomecommandsifnecessarytoaddadditionalinformationforediting.

Polygon mesh objectsBecausetherearemanymodelersthatusepolygonmeshestorepresentgeometryforrendering,animation,stereolithography,visualization,andfiniteelementanalysis,theMeshcommandtranslatesNURBSgeometryintopolygonalmeshesforexport.Inaddition,theMeshcreationcommandsMeshSphere,MeshBox,MeshCylinder,etc.,drawmeshobjects.

Note:ThereisnoeasywaytoconvertameshmodelintoaNURBSmodel.Theinformationthatdefinestheobjectsiscompletelydifferent.However,RhinohasafewcommandsfordrawingcurvesonmeshesandextractingvertexpointsandotherinformationfrommeshobjectstoassistinusingmeshinformationtocreateNURBSmodels.

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Selecting Objects

MostoperationsyouwilldoinRhinorequireyoutoselectoneormoreobjects.Objectscanbeselectedbyclickinganywhereontheobject.Clickawayfromtheobjecttodeselectit.Thismethodletsyouselectoneobjectatatime.

To select additional objects 4 HoldtheShiftkeywhileclickingtheobjects.

To remove objects from the selection4 HoldtheCtrlkeyandclicktheobjectsagain.

To cancel the selection4 ClickawayfromtheobjectsorpresstheEsckey.

Practice selecting objects1. OpenthetutorialmodelSelect Objects.3dm.

Downloadthetutorialmodels.2. InthePerspectiveviewport,clicktoselectthesphere.

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Selecting Objects

3. HoldtheShiftkeyandselectthecylinder.Thecylinderisaddedtotheselection.

4. HoldtheCtrlkeyandclickthesphereagain.5. Clickawayfromtheobjects,orpresstheEsckey.

Theselectioniscanceled.

Select objects with windowsAnothermethodistomakeawindowselectionoracrossingselectiontoselectmultipleobjectsinoneoperation.Youcanclickinanopenareaofthescreenanddragtocreateaselectionwindow.Tomakeawindowselectionclickinanopenareaofthescreenanddragtotheright.Tomakeacrossingselectionclickinanopenareaofthescreenanddragtotheleft.Awindowselection,selectsallobjectscompletelyenclosedbythewindow.Acrossingselection,selectsallobjectsthatareenclosedbythewindoworanyobjectthewindowcrosses.Toaddobjects,holdtheShiftkeywhilemakingawindoworcrossingselection.Toremoveobjects,holdtheCtrlkeywhilemakingawindoworcrossingselection.

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Selecting Objects

Practice window and crossing select1. InthePerspectiveviewport,clickanddragawindowaroundthesphere.

2. InthePerspectiveviewport,holdtheShiftkeythenclickanddragawindowaroundtheboxandthecylinder.Thecylinderandboxareaddedtotheselection.

3. InthePerspectiveviewport,holdtheCtrlkeythenclickanddragacrossingovertheboxandcylinder.

Other ways of selectingRhinohasmanycommandsandmethodsforselectingobjects.Youcanselectobjectbyname,layer,color,type;bycapturingwithboundariesorcrossingfences;byvolumeshapes,bygroupnameandmanyothers.ReviewthehelptopicSelection commands.

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Selecting Objects

Practice selection by object type1. Atthecommandprompt,typeSelAll.2. TypeSelNone.

Thisclearstheobjectsfromtheselection.

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Selecting Objects

3. TypeSelSrf.Thisselectsallsurfaces.Inthiscase,onlythesphereisasurface.

4. TypeSelPolysurface.Thisaddsallpolysurfacestotheselection.Inthiscase,thecylinderandboxarepolysurfaces.

5. PresstheEsckey.Thisalsoclearstheselection.

Sub-object selectionYoucanselectsub-partsofobjectsforuseincommands,forexample,selectasurfaceedgetouseasinputforaLoftorExtrudeCrvoperation.Theavailablepartsincludepolysurfacefaces;surfaceandpolysurfaceedgecurves;controlpoints;meshvertices,faces,boundaries,andedges;andobjectswithinagroup.ReviewthehelptopicforSub-object selection.

To select parts of objects for use with other commands 4 PressandholdboththeCtrlandShiftkeysatthesametimeandclickanobjectpart.

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Selecting Objects

Practice sub-object selection1. InthePerspectiveviewport,presstheCtrlandShiftkeysandclickafaceofthebox.2. PresstheDeletekey.

Thefaceoftheboxisseparatedfromtheboxsolidanddeleted.

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Navigating Viewports

Theviewporttitlehassomespecialfunctionsformanipulatingtheviewport.4 Clickthetitletomaketheviewportactivewithoutdisturbingtheview.4 Dragtheviewporttitletomovetheviewport.4 Double-clicktheviewporttitletomaximizetheviewport.Double-clickagaintorestorethesizetonormal.

Viewport projectionViewportscanhaveoneofthreeprojections:parallel,perspectiveortwo-pointperspective.Rightmousenavigationworksdifferentlyinthetwoviewportstyles.Inparallelviews,rightmousedraggingpanstheview.Inperspectiveviews,right-mousedraggingrotatestheview.Intheusualfour-viewportlayout,therearethreeparallelviewportsandoneperspectiveviewport.

ParallelParallelviewsarealsocalledorthogonalviewsinsomesystems.Inaparallelview,allthegridlinesareparalleltoeachother,andidenticalobjectslookthesamesize,regardlessofwheretheyareinspace.

PerspectiveInaperspectiveview,gridlinesconvergetoavanishingpoint.Thisprovidestheillusionofdepthintheviewport.Perspectiveprojectionmakesobjectsfartherawaylooksmaller.

Viewport navigationRhinoseasynavigationhelpsyoutovisualizeyourmodel.Thesimplestwaytochangetheviewistodragthemousewithrightbuttonhelddown.Thispanstheviewinparallelviewsandrotatestheviewinperspectiveviews.Youcanchangeyourviewinthemiddleofacommandtoseepreciselywhereyouwanttoselectanobjectorchooseapoint.

To zoom in and out4 HolddowntheCtrlkeyanddragupanddownwiththerightmousebuttonhelddown.

Tip:Ifyouhaveamousewithawheel,usethewheeltozoominandout.

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Command Key and mouse combinations

Pan

Inparallelviewports(forexample:Top,Front,andRight),dragwiththerightmousebutton.Inperspectiveviewports,holdtheShift key,and dragwiththerightmousebutton.

RotateView

Inparallelviewports(forexample:Top,Front,andRight),holdtheCtrlandShiftkeys,anddragwiththerightmousebutton.Inperspectiveviewports,dragwiththerightmousebutton.

Zoom

HoldtheCtrlkey,anddragupanddownwiththerightmousebutton,orrotatethemousewheel.

Mouse navigationWorkingin3-Donacomputerrequiresvisualizingthree-dimensionalobjectsdrawnonatwo-dimensionalmediumthecomputerscreen.Rhinoprovidestoolstohelpdothis.Dragwiththerightmousebuttontoeasilymanipulatetheviewstolookmodelfromvariousangles.Usetherightmousebuttonviewmanipulationsinbothwireframeandshadedviews.

To pan in a viewport4 IntheTopviewport,dragthemousewiththerightmousebuttonhelddowntopantheview.

Restore a viewIfyougetlost,thereareseveralwaystogetyourselfreoriented:

4 PresstheHomekeytostepbackthroughyourviewchanges.4 PresstheEndkeytostepforwardthroughyourviewchanges.4 Tosetyourviewsoyouarelookingstraightdownontheconstructionplane,usethePlancommand.4 Tobringallyourobjectsintoview,usetheZoomcommandExtentsoption.

Practice rotating the view1. ClicktheleftmousebuttoninthePerspectiveviewporttomakeitactive.

Anactiveviewportistheviewportwhereallyourcommandsandactionstakeplace.Theactiveviewportstitlehighlightssoyoucaneasilyseewhichviewportisactive.

2. InthePerspectiveviewport,dragthemousewiththerightmousebuttonhelddowntorotatetheviewandseetheobjectsfromadifferentangle.

Viewport display modesYoucanviewyourmodelinavarietyofwaysthatdependonyourownneeds.Wireframemodeusuallyoffersthefastestdisplayspeed,shadedmodesoffertheabilitytoviewsurfacesandsolidswithshadingtohelpyouvisualizetheshapes.Standardandcustomizedshadedmodesalloweasiervisualizationofsurfacesandsolids.

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WireframeInWireframemode,surfaceslooklikeasetofcrossingcurves.Thesecurvesarecalledisoparametric curvesorisocurves.

Isocurvesdonotdefinethesurfacethewaythepolygonsdoinapolygonmesh.Theyaremerelyavisualaid.

To set wireframe mode1. ClickamousebuttoninthePerspectiveviewporttomakeitactive.

Anactiveviewportistheviewportwhereallyourcommandsandactionstakeplace.2. Ontheviewporttitlemenu,clickWireframe.

ShadedTheShadedmodes,(forexample,Shaded,Rendered,Artistic,andPen)displaysurfacesandsolidswiththesurfacesshadedusingtheirlayer,object,orcustomcolor.Youcanworkinanyoftheshadedmodes.Thesurfacesareopaqueortransparent.

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To set shaded mode1. Ontheviewporttitlemenu,clickShaded.

Rotateyourviewbyholdingdowntherightmousebuttonanddraggingfromthebottomoftheviewtowardthetop.Youarenowundertheobjectslookingup.Theconstructionplanegridhelpsyoustayoriented.Iftheobjectsarebehindthegrid,youarelookingatthebottomoftheconstructionplane.

2. PresstheHomekeytoundoyourviewchanges.

Rendered

Renderedmodeshowstheobjectswithlightingandrendermaterialsapplied.

Other shaded modesOtherdisplaymodesandcustomsettingsaredescribedintheRhinoHelp.

Artistic (left) and Pen (right) display modes.

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Viewport titleTheviewporttitlehassomespecialfunctionsforviewportcontrol.

4 Clickthetitletomaketheviewportactivewithoutdisturbingtheview.4 Dragtheviewporttitletomovetheviewport.4 Double-clicktheviewporttitletomaximizetheviewport.

Double-clickagaintorestorethesizetonormal.

To activate the viewport title menu4 Right-clicktheviewporttitleorclickthedown-arrowonthemenutodisplaytheviewporttitlemenu.

Fromtheviewporttitlemenuyoucanmaximizetheviewport,pan,rotate,zoom,setoneofthestandardviews,setaconstructionplane,setthecameraandtargetlocations,chooseashadingoption,setthegrid,andopentheViewport Propertiesdialogbox.

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Accurate Modeling

Thecursorcanalwaysmovefreelyinspace,butchancesare,youwillwanttorelateyourmodelingelementstotheconstructionplanegrid,existingobjects,orcoordinatesinspace.Youcanrestrictthecursorsmovementtothegrid,enterspecificdistancesandanglesfromapoint,snaptospecificlocationsonexistingobjects,andenterCartesiancoordinatestolocatepointsin2-Dor3-Dspace.

The Rhino cursorTherearetwopartsofthecursor:thecursor (1)andthemarker (2).Thecursoralwaysfollowthemousemovement.Themarkersometimesleavesthecenterofthecursorbecauseofsomeconstraintonitsuchasgridsnaporortho.Themarkerisadynamicpreviewofthepointthatwillbepickedwhentheleftmousebuttonisclicked.Whenthemarkerisconstrained,inelevatormode,forexample,atracking line (3)alsodisplays.Constraintsmoveyourmarkertoaspecificpointinspaceormakeitsmovementtrackaccordingtotheconstraintsoyoucanmodelaccurately.

Snap to the construction plane gridGridsnapconstrainsthemarkertoanimaginarygridthatextendsinfinitely.Youcansetthesnapspacingtoanyvalue.ClicktheGrid Snappaneonthestatusbartoturngridsnaponandoff.

Tip:Toreadmoreaboutacommand,clickthered,underlinedcommandnamelink.

Constrain the angle of movementOrthomodeconstrainsthemarkermovementorobjectdraggingtoaspecificsetofangles.Bydefault,thisisparalleltothegridlines,butyoucanchangethis.Orthoissimilartotheaxislockfunctionfoundindrawingoranimationprograms.ClicktheOrthopaneonthestatusbartoturnorthoonandoff.PressandholdtheShiftkeytotemporarilytoggletheorthomode.Anothercommonusefororthoistoconstrainobjectdraggingtoaspecificaxis.

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Accurate Modeling

Orthoisactiveafterthefirstpointforacommand.Forexample,afterpickingthefirstpointforaline,thesecondpointisconstrainedtotheorthoangle.

Ortho off (left); Ortho on (right).Ifyouonlyneedadifferentangleforasingleoperation,angleconstraintisfastertouse.Enteraspecificangleforoneoperationinsteadofchangingtheorthoangleandthenchangingitback.

Snap to existing objectsObject snapsconstrainthemarkertospecificpointsonanobject.WhenRhinoasksyoutospecifyapoint,youcanconstrainthemarkertospecificpartsofexistinggeometry.Whenanobjectsnapisactive,movingthecursornearaspecifiedpointonanobjectcausesthemarkertojumptothatpoint.Objectsnapscanpersistfrompicktopick,orcanbeactivatedforonepickonly.Multiplepersistentobjectsnapscanbesetfromthestatusbar.Allobjectsnapsbehavesimilarly,butsnaptodifferentpartsofexistinggeometry.Inaddition,therearespecialobjectsnapsthatworkforonepickonly.

Persistent object snapsUsepersistentobjectssnapstomaintainanobjectsnapthroughchoosingseveralpoints.Sincepersistentobjectsnapsareeasytoturnonandoff,youcansetthemandleavethemonuntiltheygetinyourway.Youcanthensetadifferentoneorjustdisablethem.Sometimesobjectsnapsinterferewitheachotherandwithgridsnaporortho.Objectsnapsnormallytakeprecedenceovergridsnaporotherconstraints.Thereareothersituationswhereobjectsnapsworkinconjunctionwithotherconstraints.Youwillseeexamplesofthisinthischapter.Formoreinformationincludingvideodemonstrations,seetheRhinohelptopicObject snaps.

The Osnap controlTheOsnapcontrolisusuallydockedatthebottomofthescreen.

4 IftheOsnapcontrolisnotopen,clicktheOsnappaneinthestatusbar.4 Clickacheckboxtoturnonanobjectsnap.4 Rightclickacheckboxtoturnanobjectsnaponandturnoffallotherobjectsnaps.4 Whenanobjectsnapisactive,movingthecursornearaneligiblepointonanobjectcausesthe

markertojumptothatpointandatooltiptoappear.ThecheckboxesintheOsnapcontrolallowsingle-useoverridesforthepersistentobjectsnaps.

To suspend all persistent object snaps4 IntheOsnapcontrol,clicktheDisablebutton.

To clear all persistent object snaps4 IntheOsnapcontrol,clickDisablewiththerightmousebutton.

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Accurate Modeling

To turn on one object snap and turn all others off with one click4 IntheOsnapcontrol,right-clicktheobjectsnapyouwanttoturnon.

Special case object snapsComplexobjectsnapsthatallowselectingmultiplereferencepointsoraddotheradvancedcontrols.SeetheRhinohelptopicObject snapsformoreinformation.ThesearealsoavailablefromtheOsnapcontrol.

To turn on complex object snaps4 HoldtheCtrlkeyandhoverovertheOsnapcontrol.

Analternatesetofcontrolsappears.

Cursor constraintsWhenenteringpoints,youcanconstrainthemarkertoadistanceoranglefromthepreviouspoint.Onceyouhavesetthedistance,dragthelinearoundtoanyangle.Youcanalsousefurthersnapstopointthelineinaspecificdirection.

Distance constraintDuringanycommandthatrequirestwopoints,suchastheLinecommand,placethefirstpoint.Thenatthenextprompt,typeadistanceandpressEnter.Themarkerwillbeconstrainedtothespecifieddistancefromthepreviouspoint.Dragthecursoraroundthefirstpointandthenpickapoint.

Angle constraintAngleconstraintissimilartoortho,butyoucansetanyangleanditisaone-timesetting.The

Accurate Modeling

Distance and angle togetherDistanceandangleconstraintscanbeusedatthesametime.

1. Atthecommandprompt,typethedistance,andpressEnter.2. Atthenextcommandprompt,typethe

Accurate Modeling

Youcansnaptointersectionsofthetrackinglines,perpendiculars,anddirectlytosmartpointsaswellasintersectionsoftrackinglinesandrealcurves.Thetrackinglinesandsmartpointsaredisplayedforthedurationofacommand.

Coordinate systemsRhinousestwocoordinatesystems:constructionplanecoordinatesandworldcoordinates.Worldcoordinatesarefixedinspace.Constructionplanecoordinatesaredefinedforeachviewport.

Cartesian coordinatesWhenRhinopromptsyouforapoint,ifyoutypexandyCartesiancoordinates,thepointwilllieontheconstructionplaneofthecurrentviewport.Formoreinformationaboutcoordinatesystemsandnumericconstraints,seewww.mathopenref.com/coordinates.

Right-hand ruleRhinofollowswhatiscalledtheright-hand rule.Theright-handrulecanhelpyoudeterminethedirectionofthez-axis.Formarightanglewiththethumbandforefingerofyourrighthand.Whenyourthumbpointsinthepositivex-direction,yourforefingerpointsinthepositivey-direction,andthepalmofyourhandfacesinthepositivez-direction.

World coordinatesRhinocontainsoneworldcoordinatesystem.Theworldcoordinatesystemcannotbechanged.WhenRhinopromptsyouforapoint,youcantypecoordinatesintheworldcoordinatesystem.Thearrowiconinthelowerleftcornerofeachviewportdisplaysthedirectionoftheworldx-,y-,andz-axes.Thearrowsmovetoshowtheorientationoftheworldaxeswhenyourotateaview.

Construction plane coordinatesEachviewporthasaconstruction plane.Aconstructionplaneislikeatabletopthatthecursormovesonunlessyouusecoordinateinput,elevatormode,orobjectsnapsorafewotherinstanceswhereinputisconstrained.Theconstructionplanehasanorigin,x-andy-axes,andagrid.Theconstructionplanecanbesettoanyorientation.Bydefault,eachviewportsconstructionplaneisindependentofthoseinotherviewports.

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Accurate Modeling

Theconstructionplanerepresentsthelocalcoordinatesystemfortheviewportandcanbedifferentfromtheworldcoordinatesystem.

Rhinosstandardviewportscomewithconstructionplanesthatcorrespondtotheviewport.ThedefaultPerspectiveviewport,however,usestheworldTopconstructionplane,whichisthesameconstructionplanethatisusedintheTopviewport.Thegridliesontheconstructionplane.Thedarkredlinerepresentstheconstructionplanex-axis.Thedarkgreenlinerepresentstheconstructionplaney-axis.Theredandgreenlinesmeetattheconstructionplaneorigin.Tochangethedirectionandoriginofaconstructionplane,usetheCPlanecommand.Presetconstructionplanes(WorldTop,Right,andFront)giveyouquickaccesstocommonconstructionplanes.Inaddition,youcansaveandrestorenamedconstructionplanesandimportnamedconstructionplanesfromanotherRhinofile.

2-D construction plane coordinates4 Atacommandprompt,typethecoordinatesintheformatx,ywherexisthex-coordinateandyis

they-coordinateofthepoint.

3-D construction plane coordinates4 Atacommandprompt,typethecoordinatesintheformatx,y,zwherexisthex-coordinate,yisthe

y-coordinate,andzisthez-coordinateofthepoint.4 Toplaceapoint3unitsinthex-direction,4unitsinthey-direction,and10unitsinthez-direction

fromtheconstructionplaneorigin,type3,4,10attheprompt.

Tip:Ifyouenteronlyx-andy-coordinates,thepointwilllieontheconstructionplane.

Relative coordinatesRhinoremembersthelastpointused,soyoucanenterthenextpointrelativetoit.Relativecoordinatesareusefulforenteringalistofpointswheretherelativelocationsinsteadofabsolutelocationsofthepointsareknown.Userelativecoordinatestolocatepointsaccordingtotheirrelationshiptothepreviousactivepoint.

To use relative coordinates4 Atacommandprompt,typethecoordinatesintheformatrx,ywherersignifiesthatthecoordinate

isrelativetothepreviouspoint.

For example1. StarttheLinecommand.2. AttheStart of lineprompt,clicktoplacethefirstendoftheline.

42

Accurate Modeling

3. AttheEnd of lineprompt,typer2,3,andpressEnter.Thelineisdrawntoapoint2unitsinthex-directionand3unitsinthey-directionfromthelastpoint.

43

Create Surfaces from Curves

Acommonwayofworkingin3-Distodrawcurvesthatrepresentedges,profiles,cross-sections,orothersurfacefeaturesandthentousesurfacingcommandstocreatesurfacesfromthosecurves.

Edge curvesYoucancreateasurfacefromthreeorfourcurvesthatformthesidesofthesurface.

Create a surface from edge curves1. OpenthetutorialmodelEdgeSrf.3dm.

Downloadthetutorialmodels.2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickEdge Curves.

Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheEdgeSrfcommand.

3. Selectthefourcurves.

Objectschangetoyellowwhenyouselectthem.Asurfaceiscreatedfromthecurvesthatformitsedges.

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Extrude curvesExtrudingcreatessurfacesbytracingthepathofacurveinastraightline.

Create an extruded surface1. OpenthetutorialmodelExtrude.3dm.

Downloadthetutorialmodels.2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickExtrude Curve,andthenclickStraight.

Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheExtrudeCrvcommand.

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3. Selectthecurve(1).

4. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,dragadistancewithyourmouseandclick.

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Loft curvesLoftingcreatesasmoothsurfacethatblendsbetweenselectedshapecurves.ThissurfacelookssimilartotheSweepacurvewithtworailsexample,butiscreatedwithoutrailcurves.Instead,theedgesofthesurfacearecreatedbyfittingsmoothcurvesthroughtheshapecurves.

Create a lofted surface1. OpenthetutorialmodelLoft.3dm.

Downloadthetutorialmodels.2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickLoft.

Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheLoftcommand.

3. Selectthethreecurves(1),(2),and(3),andpressEnter.

4. IntheLoft Optionsdialogbox,clickOK.

5. TrysomeoftheStyleoptionsandthenclickPreviewtoseethevariousloftstyles.

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Revolve curvesRevolvingacurvecreatesasurfacebyrevolvingaprofilecurveaboutanaxis.Thisissometimescalledlathing.

Create a revolved surface1. OpenthetutorialmodelRevolve.3dm.

Downloadthetutorialmodels.2. Inthestatus bar,clickOsnap.3. IntheOsnapcontrol,clickEnd.4. OntheSurfacemenu,clickRevolve.

Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheRevolvecommand.

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5. Selecttheprofile curve(1)andpressEnter.

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6. AttheStart of revolve axisprompt,snaptooneendoftheaxisline(2).

7. AttheEnd of revolve axisprompt,snaptotheotherendoftheaxisline(3).

8. AttheStart angle...prompt,selecttheFullCircleoption.

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Revolve curves with a railRailrevolvecreatesasurfacebyrevolvingaprofilecurvearoundanaxiswhileatthesametimefollowingarailcurve.ThisisbasicallythesameasSweep Along 2 Rails,exceptoneoftherailsisacentralpoint.

Create a revolved surface with a rail curve1. OpenthetutorialmodelRailRev.3dm.

Downloadthetutorialmodels.2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickRail Revolve.

Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheRailRevolvecommand.

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3. Selecttheprofilecurve(1).

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4. AttheSelect rail curve...prompt,selecttherailcurvetherevolvewillfollow(2).

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5. AttheStart of RailRevolve axisprompt,snaptoanendpointoftheaxisline(3).

6. AttheEnd of RailRevolve axisprompt,snaptotheotherendoftheaxisline(4).

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Sweep along one rail curveSweepingcreatesasurfacewithcrosssectionsthatmaintaintheinitialorientationoftheshapecurve(s)tothepathcurve.

Create a sweep surface1. OpenthetutorialmodelSweep1.3dm.

Downloadthetutorialmodels.2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickSweep 1 Rail.

Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheSweep1command.

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3. Selecttherailcurve(1).

4. AttheSelect cross section curves ...prompt,selectthecross-sectioncurve(2),andpressEnter.

5. IntheSweep 1 Rail Optionsdialogbox,clickOK.

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Sweep along two rail curvesUsingtworailsforasweepcreatesasmoothsurfacethroughtwoormoreshapecurvesthatfollowtwocurverails.Therailsalsoaffecttheoverallshapeofthesurface.Usethiscommandwhenyouwanttocontrolthelocationoftheedgesofthesurface.

Create a sweep surface with two rail curves1. OpenthetutorialmodelSweep2.3dm.

Downloadthetutorialmodels.2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickSweep 2 Rail.

Tip:OpentheHelppaneltoreviewthehelptopicfortheSweep2command.

3. Selectthefirstrailcurve(1).

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4. AttheSelect second rail...prompt,selectthesecondrailcurve(2).

5. AttheSelect cross section curvesprompt,selectthetwocross-sectioncurves(3)and(4),andpressEnter.

6. IntheSweep 2 Rails Optionsdialogbox,clickOK.

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Edit Curves and Surfaces

Theeditingoperationsinthissectionbreakobjectsapart,cutholesinthem,andputthembacktogether.Someofthesecommandsconnectcurvestocurvesorsurfacestosurfacesorpolysurfacesandbreakacompositecurveorpolysurfaceintoitscomponents.Thecommands:Join,Explode,Trim,andSplitapplytocurves,surfaces,andpolysurfaces.TheRebuild,ChangeDegree,andSmoothcommandsaltertheshapeofacurveorsurfacebychangingitsunderlyingcontrolpointstructure.Inaddition,objectshavepropertiesthatareassignedtothemsuchascolor,layer,renderingmaterial,andotherattributesdependingontheobject.ThePropertiescommandmanagestheseproperties.

JoinTheJoincommandconnectscurvesorsurfacestogetherintooneobject.Forexample,apolycurvecanconsistofstraight-linesegments,arcs,polylines,andfree-formcurves.TheJoincommandalsoconnectsadjacentsurfacesintoapolysurface.

ExplodeTheExplodecommandremovestheconnectionbetweenjoinedcurvesorsurfaces.Forpolysurfaces,thisisusefulifyouwanttoediteachindividualsurfacewithcontrolpoints.

Trim and SplitTheTrimandSplitcommandsaresimilar.Thedifferenceiswhenyoutrimanobject,youselectthepartstoremoveandtheyaredeleted.Whenyousplitanobject,allpartsareleft.TheSplitcommandwillsplitasurfacewithacurve,surface,polysurface,oritsownisoparametriccurves.TheUntrimcommandremovesasurfacestrimmingcurve,withanoptiontokeepthecurvesoyoucanre-useit.

Control-point editingYoucanmakesubtlechangesintheshapeofacurveorsurfacebymovingthelocationofitscontrolpoints.Rhinooffersmanytoolsforeditingcontrolpoints.SomecommandssuchasRebuild,Fair,andSmoothoffersomeautomatedsolutionsforredistributingcontrolpointsoveracurveorsurface.Othercommands,suchascontrolpointdraggingandnudging,MoveUVN,andHBarletyoumanuallycontrolthelocationofindividualorgroupsofcontrolpoints.

Control point visibilityToeditcurvesandsurfacesbymanipulatingcontrolpoints,usethePointsOncommandtoturnthecontrolpointson.Whenyouarefinishedwithcontrol-pointediting,usethePointsOffcommandorpressEsctoturnthemoff.

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Controlpointsofpolysurfacescannotbeturnedonforediting.Editingthecontrolpointsofpolysurfacescouldseparatetheedgesofthejoinedsurfacescreatingleaksinthepolysurface.

Change control point locationsWhenyoumovecontrolpoints,thecurveorsurfacechanges,andRhinosmoothlyredrawsit.Thecurveorsurfaceisnotdrawnthoughthecontrolpointsratheritisattractedtothenewpositionsofthecontrolpoint.Thisallowstheobjecttobesmoothlydeformed.Whencontrolpointsareon,Rhinostransformcommandscanmanipulatethepoints.Youcanalsorebuildsurfacestoaddcontrolpointsandredistributethem.

Add, delete, or redistribute control pointsAddingcontrolpointstoacurvegivesyoumorecontrolovertheshapeofthecurve.Manipulatingcontrolpointsalsoletsyouremovekinks,makecurvesuniform,andaddorsubtractdetail.TheDeletekeyerasescurvecontrolpoints.Thischangestheshapeofthecurve.

Curve and surface degreeApolynomialisafunctionlikey=3x32x+1.The"degree"ofthepolynomialisthelargestpowerofthevariable.Forexample,thedegreeof3x32x+1is3;thedegreeofx5+x2is5,andsoon.NURBSfunctionsarerationalpolynomialsandthedegreeoftheNURBSisthedegreeofthepolynomial.FromaNURBSmodelingpointofview,the(degree1)isthemaximumnumberof"bends"youcangetineachspan.Forexample:Adegree-1curvemusthaveatleasttwocontrolpoints.Alinehasdegreelessthan1.Ithaszerobends.

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Adegree-2curvemusthaveatleastthreecontrolpoints.Aparabola,hyperbola,arc,andcircle(conicsectioncurves)havedegreelessthan2.Theyhaveonebend.

Adegree-3curvemusthaveatleastfourcontrolpoints.AcubicBzierhasdegreelessthan3Ifyouarrangeitscontrolpointsinazig-zagshape,youcangettwobends.

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Transforms - Move, Copy, Rotate, Scale

Transformschangethelocation,rotation,numberandshapeofwholeobjectsbymoving,mirroring,arraying,rotating,scaling,shearing,twisting,bending,andtapering.Thetransformcommandsdonotbreaktheobjectsintopiecesorcutholesinthem.

Note:Forallofthefollowingexercises,theimageswerecap-turedusingShadedmodedisplay.

MoveUsetheMovecommandwhenyouwanttomoveanobjectacertaindistanceorifyouwanttouseobjectsnapstoplaceanobjectaccurately.

Move objects using distance valuesTheMovecommandrequiresafromandtolocation.Youcanpicktheselocationsonthescreenortypecoordinatesatthecommandprompt.

Practice moving objectsTheobjectofthisexerciseistomoveanobjectfromaspecificlocationontheobjecttoalocationinthecoordinatesystem.

1. Startanewmodelusinganytemplate.2. DrawaSphereofanysizeanywhereonthescreen.

3. Selectthesphere.4. StarttheMovecommand.

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5. AtthePoint to move fromprompt,withtheCenterobjectsnapon,movethemousearoundtheedgeofthesphereuntiltheCentooltipdisplaysandclick.

6. AtthePoint to move toprompt,type0,0,0.Thespheremovestothe0,0,0coordinatepoint.

Tip:Simplytyping0isashortcutforthecoordinates0,0,0.

Move objects by draggingThequickestwayistoclicktheobjectanddragit.Rhinoprovidestoolsformakingdraggingobjectsaccurate.Youcandragobjectsinanyviewport.Objectsnapswillhelpalignobjectstoeachother.

Practice dragging objects1. OpenthetutorialmodelDrag Objects.3dm.

Downloadthetutorialmodels.2. IntheOsnapcontrol,turnontheCenterobjectsnap.

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3. InthePerspectiveviewport,clicktheconeatthebottomedgeandpauseuntiltheCenterobjectsnaptooltipdisplays.

4. Dragtheconeuntilthecenterofthecone'sbaselinesupwiththetopsurfaceofthecylinderandtheCenterobjectsnapforthecylinder'stopfacedisplays.

5. Releasethemousebuttontoplacethecone.6. IntheFrontviewport,dragtheconetothetopofthecylinder.

WatchwhathappensinthePerspectiveviewport.Therearemanytimeswhenyouhavetowatchwhatishappeninginotherviewportstoaccuratelyplaceyourobjects.

Elevator modeYoucanpresstheCtrlkeytomoveobjectsinthez-direction.Thisiscalledelevator mode.Elevator modeislikeOrtho,exceptthemovementisverticaltotheactiveconstructionplane.TopracticeusingtheCtrlkeytomovevertically,youaregoingtomovetheboxtoalocation5unitsabovethecenterofthesphere.UsingelevatormodetomoveobjectsverticallyletsyouworkmoreinthePerspectiveviewport.

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Move the box vertically

Note:Forthefollowingimages,Shade-highlight selected surfaces and polysurfaceshasbeenturnedon.(Options>View>DisplayModes>Shaded>Objects>Selection)

1. TurnOrtho off.2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMove.3. InthePerspectiveviewport,rotatetheviewsothesphereistowardthefront,andselectthebox.

4. AtthePoint to move from...prompt,turnontheEndobjectsnapandclickacornerofthebox.

5. AtthePoint to move toprompt,turnontheCenterobjectsnap,holddowntheCtrlkey,andclickthecenterofthesphere.

6. ReleasethemousebuttonandtheCtrlkeyandstarttodragthebox.7. Atthecommandprompt,type5.

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CopyTheCopycommandmakescopiesofobjects.SometransformcommandslikeRotate,Rotate3D,andScalehaveaCopyoption.Thisletsyoucreateacopyoftheobjectasyourotateorscaleit.

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Practice copying objects

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1. OntheTransformmenu,click Copy.2. InthePerspectiveviewport,useacrossingwindowtoSelecttheconeandthecylinder.

3. AtthePoint to copy fromprompt,clickanywhereintheTopviewport.

4. AtthePoint to copy toprompt,clickwhereyouwantthefirstcopy.Zoominoroutifyoulike.

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5. AtthenextPoint to copy toprompts,clickotherplacestomakesomecopiesofthebox.Whenyouhaveenoughcopies,pressEntertoendthecommand.

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RotateTheRotatecommandrotatesanobjectinrelationtotheconstructionplanearoundacenterpoint.

Rotate an object1. OpenthetutorialmodelRotate-Scale.3dm.

Downloadthetutorialmodels.

2. OntheTransformmenu,clickRotate.

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3. IntheTopviewport,selectthegreenhalf-cylinderasshownintheillustrationbelow.

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4. AttheCenter of rotation...prompt,withtheEndobjectsnapon,clickthelowerleftcornerofthebox.

5. AttheAngle or first reference point...prompt,checktoseethatOrthoisturnedon,dragthecursortotherightandclick.

6. AttheSecond reference point...prompt,toggleOrthoonoroffdependingonwhetheryouwanttorotatetheboxin90-degreeincrementsortorotateitfreely.

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7. Dragthecursoruptorotatetheboxasshownintheillustrationbelow,andclick.

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ScaleTheScalecommandsgiveyoucontroloverthedirectionofthescale.Youcanre-sizeobjectsuniformlyinone,two,orthreedirections,orscaleanobjectwithadifferentscalefactorineachdirection.

Scale the prism1. Selecttheprismshape.

2. OntheTransformmenu,clickScale,andthenclickScale 3-D.

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3. AttheOrigin point...prompt,clickthecorneroftheprismasshownintheillustrationbelow.

Theoriginpointisthebasepointfromwhichtheobjectwillbescaled.Itislikeananchorpoint.Theobjectwillgroworshrinkaroundthispoint.Toscaleanobject,youmustfirstshowanoriginalsize,andthenshowanewsize.Dragthecursorandclickanotherpointontheobjecttoshowtheoriginalsize,andthendragthecursorandclickagaintoshowthenewsize.

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4. AttheScale factor or first reference point...prompt,clickthecorneroftheprismasshownintheillustrationbelow.Thisestablishesthefirstreferencepoint.

5. AttheSecond reference point...prompt,dragthecursor.Theobjectgrowstheamountyoudragthecursor.

6. Clicktosetthesecondreferencepoint.

Enter a number to set the scale factor 4 Tomaketheobjecttwiceitsoriginalsize,atthecommandprompt,type2.4 Tomaketheobjecthalfitsoriginalsize,atthecommandprompt,type.5.

Scale an object to a specific size4 Tomaketheprisminthisexample2.35unitsalongtheoriginalside,attheSecond reference

pointprompt,atthecommandprompt,type2.35.

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MirrorInthisexercise,youaregoingtopracticeanotherbasiceditingcommand:Mirror.TheMirrorcommandmakesareverse-imagecopyoftheobject.Objectsaremirroredacrossalinethatyoudrawinaviewport.

Mirror an object1. OpenthetutorialmodelMirror Objects.3dm.


2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMirror.3. Onthestatusbar,turnOrtho on.

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4. Selecttheobject.

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5. AttheStart of mirror plane...prompt,intheToporFrontviewport,clicktotherightofthefaceasshownintheillustrationbelow.

6. AttheEnd of mirror plane...prompt,dragthelinetowardthebottomofthescreen,andclicktoendthemirrorline.

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ArrayTheArraycommandscopyobjectsintoevenlyspacedrowsandcolumnsoraroundacircle.

OrientTheOrientcommandscombinemoveorcopy,scale,androtateoperationstohelpyoupositionandsizeobjectsinonecommand.

83

Curve and Surface Analysis

SinceRhinoisamathematicallyaccurateNURBSmodeler,toolsthatprovideaccurateinformationabouttheobjectsareprovided.

Measure distance, angle, and radiusSomeanalysiscommandsprovideinformationaboutlocation,distance,anglebetweenlines,andradiusofacurve.Forexample: Distancedisplaysthedistancebetweentwopoints. Angledisplaystheanglebetweentwolines. Radiusdisplaystheradiusofacurveatanypointalongit. Lengthdisplaysthelengthofacurve.

Curve and surface directionCurvesandsurfaceshaveadirection.Manycommandsthatusedirectioninformationdisplaydirectionarrowsandgiveyoutheopportunitytochange(flip)thedirection.TheDircommanddisplaysthedirectionofacurveorsurfaceandletsyouchangethedirection.Theillustrationshowsthecurvedirectionarrows.Ifthedirectionhasnotbeenchanged,itreflectsthedirectionthecurvewasoriginallydrawn.Thearrowspointfromthestartofthecurvetowardtheendofthecurve.

TheDircommandalsodisplayssurfaceu-,v-,andnormaldirection.Surfacenormalsarerepresentedbyarrowsperpendiculartothesurface,andtheu-andv-directionsareindicatedbyarrowspointingalongthesurface.Closedsurfacesalwayshavethesurfacenormalspointingtotheexterior.TheDircommandcanchangetheu-,v-,andnormal-directionsofasurface.Thisdirectioncanbeimportantifyouareapplyingtexturestothesurface.

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CurvatureCurveanalysistoolsletyouturnonagraphshowingthedirectionperpendiculartothecurveatapointandtheamountofcurvature,displayacurvaturecircle,testthecontinuitybetweentwocurvesandtheintervalsofoverlapbetweenthetwocurves.TheCurvatureGraphcommanddisplaysacurvaturegraphoncurvesandsurfaces.Thelinesonthegraphrepresentadirectionperpendiculartothecurveatthatpoint.Thelengthofthelineindicatesthecurvature.

Visual surface analysisVisualsurfaceanalysiscommandsletyouexaminesurfacestodeterminesmoothnessasdeterminedbyitscurvature,tangency,orothersurfaceproperties.ThesecommandsuseNURBSsurfaceevaluationandrenderingtechniquestohelpyouvisuallyanalyzesurfacesmoothnesswithfalsecolororreflectionmapssoyoucanseethecurvatureandbreaksinthesurface.

Environment mapTheEMapcommanddisplaysabitmapontheobjectsoitlookslikeasceneisbeingreflectedbyahighlypolishedmetal.Thistoolhelpsyoufindsurfacedefectsandvalidateyourdesignintent.Thefluorescenttubeenvironmentmapsimulatestubelightsshiningonareflectivemetalsurface.

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Curvature analysisTheCurvatureAnalysiscommandanalyzessurfacecurvatureusingfalse-colormapping.ItanalyzesGaussiancurvature,meancurvature,minimumradiusofcurvature,andmaximumradiusofcurvature.

TheZebracommanddisplayssurfaceswithreflectedstripes.Thisisawaytovisuallycheckforsurfacedefectsandfortangencyandcurvaturecontinuityconditionsbetweensurfaces.

Draft angle analysisTheDraftAngleAnalysiscommanddisplaysbyfalse-colormappingthedraftanglerelativetotheconstructionplanethatisactivewhenyoustartthecommand.ThepulldirectionfortheDraftAngleAnalysiscommandisthez-axisoftheconstructionplane.

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Edge evaluationGeometryproblemssuchasBooleanorjoinfailurescanbecausedbyedgesonsurfacesthathavebecomebrokenoredgesbetweensurfacesthathavebeenmovedthroughpointeditingsotheycreateholes.Anedgeisaseparateobjectthatispartofthesurfacesboundaryrepresentation.TheShowEdgescommandhighlightsalltheedgesofthesurface.

Apolysurfacemaylookclosed,butthePropertiescommandmaytellyouthatitisopen.Someoperationsandexportfeaturesrequireclosedpolysurfaces,andamodelusingclosedpolysurfacesisgenerallyhigherqualitythanonewithsmallcracksandslivers.Rhinoprovidesatoolforfindingtheunjoinedornakededges.Whenasurfaceisnotjoinedtoanothersurface,ithasnakededges.UsePropertiescommandtoexaminetheobjectdetails.Apolysurfacethathasnakededgeslistsasanopenpolysurface.UsetheShowEdgescommandtodisplaytheunjoinededges.Otheredgetoolsletyousplitanedge,mergeedgesthatmeetend-to-end,orforcesurfaceswithnakededgestojoin.Youcanrebuildedgesbasedoninternaltolerances.Otheredgetoolsinclude: SplitEdgesplitsanedgeatapoint. MergeEdgemergesedgesthatmeetendtoend. JoinEdgeforcesunjoined(naked)edgestojoinnearbysurfaces. RebuildEdgesredistributesedgecontrolpointsbasedoninternaltolerances.

DiagnosticsDiagnostictoolsreportonanobjectsinternaldatastructureandselectobjectsthatmayneedrepair.TheoutputfromtheList,Check,SelBadObjects,andAudit3dmFilecommandsisnormallymostusefultoaRhinoprogrammertodiagnoseproblemswithsurfacesthatarecausingerrors.

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Organization and Annotation

Rhinooffersaidstoorganizingyourwork: Layers Groups Blocks Worksessions

Eachmethodoffersadifferentapproachtomodelorganization.Usinglayersletsyouassignalayerdesignationtoobjects.Groupsassociateobjectssotheycanbeselectedasone.Blocksletyoustoreandupdateanassociationofobjects.Worksessionsletyouworkonapartofaprojectwhileusingothermodelsintheprojectasreferences.Rhinoalsoprovidestheabilitytoaddnotationtoyourmodel.Theseappearasobjectsinthemodel. Dimensions Leaders Textblocks

Adifferentformofnotationalwaysdisplaysfacingtowardstheviewplane. Annotationdots Arrowheads

Inaddition,youcanaddNotestothemodel.Notesdonotappearinthemodel,butdisplayinaseparatewindow.

LayersLayersareawayofgroupingobjectsandapplyingcertaincharacteristicstoallobjectsthathavethatlayerassignment.Therearetwomentalmodelsyoucanusewhenyouthinkoflayerstheycanbethoughtofeitherasastoragelocationfortheobjectsorasawaytoassignasetofcharacteristicsorpropertiestoobjects.Layerstatesincludealayername,thecolorusedtodisplaytheobjects,andtheon/offandlocked/unlockedstatusofalltheobjectsonalayer.Objectsonlayersthatareoffarenotvisibleinthemodel.Objectsonlockedlayerscannotbeselectedbutcanbesnappedto.Objectsarealwayscreatedonthecurrentlayer.Thislayerassignmentcanbechangedlater.Toaccomplishthemostcommontasksrelatedtolayers,clicktheLayerpaneinthestatusbartodisplaythepopuplayerlist.Youcansetthecurrentlayer;changetheon/off,locked/unlockedstate;andthelayercolor.Inaddition,right-clickthelayernametocreateanewlayer,renamealayer,deletetheselectedlayer,selectobjectsontheselectedlayer,changeobjectstotheselectedlayer,andcopyobjectstotheselectedlayer.AccomplishmoredetailedlayermanagementwiththeLayerspanel.Right-clicktheLayer panetoopentheLayerspanel.TheLayerspanelsetsthecurrentlayer,locksandunlockslayers,turnslayersonandoff,changesthelayercolorandsetsthelayerrendermaterial.Youcancreatenewlayers,deletelayers,movelayersupordowninthelayerlist,filterthelayerlist,setthecurrentlayertomatchanobjectinthemodel,changeobjectstoaselectedlayer,selectalllayers,andinverttheselection.TheSelLayercommandselectsallobjectsonalayer.

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GroupsAgroupisacollectionofobjectsthatselectasoneformoving,copying,rotating,orothertransformsandapplyingpropertiessuchasobjectcolor.Groupingobjectsassignsagroupnametoeachobjectthatisdisplayedasapartofitsproperties.Objectswiththesamegroupnamebelongtothesamegroup. Groupgroupsobjectsforselection.Agroupcancontainoneormoresub-groups. Ungroupdestroysthegroup. SetGroupNamechangesthenameassignedbydefault.Namingdifferentgroupstothesamename

combinesthosegroupsintoone. AddToGroupandRemoveFromGroupaddandremoveobjectsfromgroups. SelGroupselectsgroupsbyname.

BlocksAblockisanotherwayofassociatingobjectstogethertoformasingleobject.TheBlockcommandcreatesablockdefinitioninthecurrentmodel.TheInsertcommandplacesinstancesofthisblockdefinitioninyourmodel.Youcanscale,copy,rotate,array,andotherwisetransformblockinstancesinthemodel.Ifyouedittheblockdefinition,allinstancesoftheblockarechangedtothisnewdefinition.Blockscanstreamlinemodeling,reducemodelsize,andpromotestandardizationofpartsanddetails.Multipleinstancesofablockcanbelocated,scaled,androtatedintoamodelwiththeInsertcommand.BlockdefinitionsarecreatedwiththeBlockorInsertcommand.Materialsandotherobjectpropertiesonblockinstancesaredeterminedbythecomponentobjects.Explodingablockinstanceplacestheblockgeometryusingtheinstancelocation,scale,androtation.Toredefineablock,usetheBlockEditcommand,toeditthegeometry.TheBlockManagercommanddisplaysadialogboxthatlistsalltheblockdefinitionsinthemodel.UsetheBlock Managerdialogboxtoviewblockproperties,exportablockdefinitiontoafile,deleteablockdefinitionandallitsinstances,updateablockdefinitionfromafile,findoutwhatblocksarenestedinotherblocks,andcountthenumberofblockinstancesinthemodel.

WorksessionsTheWorksessioncommandletsmanyusersworkonalargeprojectbymanagingmanyfiles.Eachusercaneditadifferentfileintheprojectandatthesametimeseetherelatedportionsoftheproject.Byrefreshingasneeded,eachusercanseethecurrentversionoftherelatedfilesintheprojects.Onlyoneusercanhaveafileopenforediting,butmanyuserscanseeit.Rhinoworksessionsletyouattachexternalfilestoyourcurrentworkenvironment.Attachedgeometrycannotbeedited(Move,Scale),butitcanbeusedforinputtocreationcommands(Copy,ExtrudeCrv).

DimensionsYoucandimensionobjectsinyourmodel,withyourchoiceoffont,unitsdisplay,decimalprecision,textandarrowsize,andtextalignment.Afterdimensionsareplaced,youcanselectalldimensions,editdimensiontext,turncontrolpointsontomovedimensionelements,anddeletedimensions.Youcanplacehorizontal,vertical,aligned,rotated,radial,diameter,andangledimensions,textblocks,leaders,andcreatea2-Dhiddenlinedrawing.Dimensionsarenotassociative.Changingyourgeometrywillnotupdatethedimensionunlessthedimensionwasdrawnwithhistoryenabled.Changingthedimensionwillnotupdateyourgeometry.TheDimcommandplaceshorizontalandverticaldimensionsdependingonthedirectionyoupickthepoints.

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Dimensionsarecreatedusingthecurrentdimensionstyle.Createnewdimensionstylestocontroltextsizeandfont,andotherdimensionproperties.UsethesettingsintheDocument Propertieswindowtocreatenewstylesandsetthepropertiesofexistingstyles.

TextTheTextcommandplacesannotationtextinyourmodel.

LeadersTheLeadercommanddrawsanarrowleader.

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DotsTheDotcommandplacesatextdot.Dotsarealwaysparalleltotheview.Dotsaredisplayedinthelayercolor.Dotsizeisconstantonthescreen.Asyouzoominandout,thedotdisplaysthesamesize.

Hidden line removalTheMake2Dcommandcreatescurvesfromtheselectedobjectsassilhouettesrelativetotheactiveview.Thesilhouettecurvesareprojectedflatandthenplacedontheworldx,y-plane.Thecommandoptionscreatethe2-Ddrawingfromthecurrentview,currentconstructionplane,createafour-viewlayoutusingUSorEuropeanprojectionangles,setlayersforthehiddenlines,anddisplaytangentedges.

NotesTheNotescommandprovidesameansofstoringtextinformationinyourmodelfile.YoucantypeinformationdirectlyintotheNotestextbox.IfyouleavetheNotes boxdisplayedwhenyouclosethemodelfile,itwilldisplaythenexttimethefileisopened.

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Render

Inadditiontoshadedpreviews,Rhinoprovidesfull-colorrenderingwithlights,transparency,shadows,textures,andbumpmapping.Objectswillrenderwhiteuntilyouaddrendercolor,highlight,texture,transparency,andbumps.TheseattributesarecontrolledthroughthePropertiespanel,Materialpage.

Theprocessneededtorenderscenesconsistsoffourbasicsteps: Addlighting Assignmaterials Setuptheenvironmentandgroundplane Render

Althoughthestepsdonothavetobedoneinthisorder,usingthismethodseemstomakesettingupascenemoreefficient.Toimprovequality,repeatthesestepsuntiltheimagelooksrighttoyou.

LightsIneveryRhinorenderingtherearelightsourcesthatRhinousestocalculatehowtheobjectsaretobeilluminated.Ifyoudonotaddanylightsourcestoyourscene,thedefaultlightisused.Thedefaultlightisadirectionallightwithparallelraysthatactsasthoughyouhavealampshiningoveryourleftshoulder.

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Render

Add indoor lights or sun4 InsertSpotlights,Directional Lights,Linear Lights,Point Lights,orRectangular Lights.4 OrturnontheSun.

MaterialsMaterialsspecifythecolor,finish,transparency,texture,andbumpforusebytherenderer.

Assign materials to layers1. IntheLayerspanel,selectoneormorelayernames,andclickintheMaterialcolumn.2. IntheLayer Material dialogbox,setupmaterialproperties.

Assign materials to objects1. Selectanobject.2. OntheEditmenu,clickObject Properties.3. InthePropertiespanel,Materialpage,setupmaterialproperties.

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Render

EnvironmentEnvironmentsdescribethespacearoundthemodel.Thisspaceisreflectedinobjectsandcanprovideoveralllighting.

Set up the rendering environmentTherenderingpropertiesincludeenvironmentsettingslikebackgroundcolorandimage.

1. OpentheEnvironment Editorpanel.2. Setupenvironmentproperties.

Ground PlaneThegroundplaneprovidesaninfinitehorizontalplatformfortheimagethatstretchestothehorizoninalldirectionspositionedatadefinedelevation.Agroundplanerendersmuchfasterthanusingasurfaceasabackground.Anymaterialcanbeassignedtothegroundplane.

Turn on a ground plane1. OpentheGround Planepanel.2. Setupgroundplaneproperties.

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Render

RenderRenderandsaveanimage.

Render and save the image1. OntheRendermenu,clickRender.2. IntheRender Window,ontheFilemenu,clickSave As.

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Rhinoceros 5 User's GuideSection II: Tutorials

Pull Toy - Solids and Transforms

Thistutorialdemonstratesusingsolidprimitivesandsimpletransforms.Youwilllearnhowto: Entercoordinatestoplacepointsexactly. Drawafree-formcurveandpolygon. Createapipealongacurve. Useapolararraytocopyobjectsinacircularpattern. Extrudeacurvetocreateasurface. Useplanarmode.

Enter coordinatesWhenyoupickapointwiththemouse,thepointliesontheconstruction planeoftheactiveviewportunlessyouuseamodelingaidsuchasobjectsnaporelevator mode.WhenRhinopromptsforapoint,youcanenterx-,y-,andz-coordinatesinsteadofpickingapoint.Eachviewporthasitsownconstructionplaneonwhichitsx-andy-coordinateslie.Thez-coordinatefortheactiveviewportisperpendiculartothex-yplane.Thegridisavisualrepresentationoftheconstructionplane.Theintersectionofthedarkredandgreenlinesshowsthelocationoftheoriginpoint(x=0,y=0,z=0)ofthecoordinatesystem.

Draw the pull toy bodyThisexerciseusesx-,y-,andz-coordinatestoaccuratelyplacepoints.Whenyouaretotypecoordinates,typethemjustastheyareshowninthemanual.Theformatisx,y,z.Forexample,type1,1,4.Youmusttypethecommas.Thissetsthepointatx=1,y=1,andz=4intheactiveviewport.Wheneveryoutypepoints,lookinallviewportsatwherethepointisplacedsoyoucanstartgettinganideaofhowcoordinateentryworks.

Tip:Paycloseattentiontotheviewportrequiredineachinstruction.

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Start the model1. BeginaNewmodel.2. IntheOpen Template Filedialogbox,selectSmall Objects - Centimeters.3dm,andclick

Open.

Draw an ellipsoid1. TurnonOrtho.2. OntheSolidmenu,clickEllipsoid > From Center.3. WiththeTopviewportactive,attheEllipsoid centerprompt,type0,0,11,andpressEnter.

Thisplacesthecenterpointoftheellipsoidatx=0,y=0,andz=11.LookatthepointinthePerspectiveviewport.

4. AttheEnd of first axisprompt,type15,andpressEnter.5. Movethecursortotherighttoshowthedirectionandclick.

6. AttheEnd of second axisprompt,type8,andpressEnter.

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7. Movethecursoruptoshowthedirectionandclick.Thissetsthewidthoftheellipsoid.

8. AttheEnd of third axisprompt,type9,andpressEnter.Younowhaveaneggshapethathasdifferentdimensionsinallthreedirections.

9. Rotatetheperspectiveviewportsoyouarelookingalongthex-axisasillustrated.TurnonShadeddisplaymodeinthePerspectiveviewport.

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Draw the axles and wheel hubsTheaxlesandwheelhubsarecylinders.Theaxlesarelong,thincylinders,andthewheelhubsareshort,fatcylinders.Youaregoingtomakeoneaxleandonecompletewheel.Youwillthenmirrorthecompletewheeltotheotherside.Youcantheneithermirrororcopythecompleteaxleandwheelsettothefrontofthetoy.

Create the axle1. OntheSolidmenu,clickCylinder.2. WiththeFrontviewportactive,attheBase of cylinderprompt,forthelocationofthecylinder's

center,type9,6.5,10,andpressEnter.

3. AttheRadiusprompt,type.5,andpressEnter.4. AttheEnd of cylinderprompt,type-20,andpressEnter.

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Create a wheel hub1. OntheSolidmenu,clickCylinder.2. WiththeFrontviewportactive,attheBase of cylinderprompt,type9,6.5,10,andpressEnter.

3. AttheRadiusprompt,type4,andpressEnter.4. AttheEnd of cylinderprompt,type2,andpressEnter.

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Draw the lug nutsYouwillmakethelugnutsbyextrudingahexagonalpolygoncurve.

Create a hexagon1. OntheCurvemenu,clickPolygon > Center, Radius.2. AttheCenter of inscribed polygon ( NumSides=4 )prompt,type6,andpressEnter.3. IntheFrontviewport,attheCenter of inscribed polygonprompt,type9,8,12,andpress

Enter.Thiswillplacethepolygonrightonthesurfaceofthewheelhub.

4. AttheCorner of polygonprompt,type.5,andpressEnter.5. IntheFrontviewportdragthecursorasillustrated,andclicktopositionthehexagon.

Make a solid from the polygon1. Inanyviewport,selectthehexagonyoujustcreated.2. OntheSolidmenu,clickExtrude Planar Curve > Straight.3. AttheExtrusion distance prompt,noticethecommand-lineoptions.Settheoptionsasfollows:

Direction-usedefaultBothSides=NoSolid=YesDeleteInput=YesToBoundary-usedefaultSplitAtTangents=NoSetBasePoint-usedefaultIftheoptionisnotsetaslistedabove,clicktheoptiontochangeit.

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4. AttheExtrusion Distanceprompt,type-.5(Noticethenegativenumber.Ifyoutypeapositivenumberatthispoint,thenutswillbeburiedinthewheelhub.Youwantthemtostickout.),andpressEnter.

Array the lug nutsTocreatethelugnutsonthefirstwheel,youaregoingtouseapolar(circular)array.Anarrayisasetofcopiesofanobject.Youcontrolhowthecopiesaremade.Apolararraycopiestheobjectsaroundacentralpoint.Theobjectsarerotatedastheyarecopied.

Array the nuts around the center1. Selectthelugnut.2. OntheTransformmenu,clickArray >Polar.3. WiththeFrontviewportactive,attheCenter of polar arrayprompt,usetheCenobjectsnapto

snaptothecenterofthehub.

4. AttheNumber of elementsprompt,type5,andpressEnter.5. AttheAngle to fill prompt,pressEnter.

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6. AtthePress Enter to acceptprompt,checkthepreview,andpressEnter.

Draw the tiresThetiresareasolidformcalledatorus,whichlookslikeadonut.Whenyouaredrawingatorus,thefirstradiusistheradiusofacirclearoundwhichthetubeisdrawn.Thesecondradiusistheradiusofthetubeitself.Todrawthetires,youwilldrawthecenterofthetorustubeabitlargerthanthediameterofthewheelhub.Thetubeitselfisslightlylargerthanthehub.Thismakesitdipintothehub.

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Create a torus for the tires1. OntheSolidmenu,clickTorus.2. IntheFrontviewport,attheCenter of torusprompt,type9,6.5,11,andpressEnter.

Thisplacesthecenterofthetorusatthesamepointasthecenterofthewheelhub.

3. AttheRadiusprompt,type5,andpressEnter.Thismakestheradiusofthetorustubeoneunitbiggerthanthewheelhub.

4. AttheSecond radiusprompt,type1.5,andpressEnter.Thismakestheinnerdimensionofthetorustube.5unitssmallerthanthewheelhub.

Mirror the wheelsNowthatyouhaveawholewheelcreated,youcanusetheMirrorcommandtocreatetheotherthree.

Mirror the wheel to the other side1. IntheTopviewport,useawindowtoselectthewheelasillustrated.2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMirror.

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3. AttheStart of mirror planeprompt,type0,0,0,andpressEnter.

4. AttheEnd of mirror planeprompt,withOrthoon,dragtotherightintheTopviewportasillustratedandclick.

Mirror the front wheels and axle1. IntheTopviewport,useawindowtoselectthewheelsandaxleasillustrated.2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMirror.

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3. AttheStart of mirror planeprompt,type0,0,0,andpressEnter.

4. AttheEnd of mirror planeprompt,withOrthoon,dragdownintheTopviewportasillustratedandclick.

Draw the eyesYouaregoingtodrawasphereforaneyeandasmallersphereforthepupil.

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Create an eye using a sphere1. OntheSolidmenu,clickSphere > Center, Radius.2. AttheCenter of sphereprompt,intheTopviewport,type-12,-3,14,andpressEnter.

3. AttheRadiusprompt,type3andpressEnter.

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Create the eye pupil1. RepeattheSpherecommand.2. AttheCenter of sphereprompt,intheTopviewport,type-13,-4,15,andpressEnter.

3. AttheRadiusprompt,type2andpressEnter.

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Mirror the eye1. IntheTopviewport,useawindowtoselecttheeyeasillustrated.2. OntheTransformmenu,clickMirror.

3. AttheStart of mirror planeprompt,type0(thisisashortcutfortyping0,0,0),andpressEnter.

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4. AttheEnd of mirror planeprompt,withOrthoon,dragtotheleftintheTopviewportasillustratedandclick.

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Make the pull cordTomakethecord,youaregoingtodrawafreehandcurveusingelevatorandplanarmode.Whenthecurveiscomplete,usethePipecommandtomakeitathicksolid.

Set up the view

1. Zoomoutinalltheviewports;youaregoingtoneedsomespacetowork.2. Onthestatusbar,turnPlanarmodeon,andturnOrthooff.3. IntheOsnapcontrol,clickDisabletoturnoffallobjectsnaps.

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Create the pull cord at the front of the toy

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1. OntheCurvemenu,clickFree-form > Control Points.

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2. AttheStart of curveprompt,intheTopviewport,holdtheCtrlkeytoactivateelevatormodeandclicknearthefrontendofthebodyellipsoid.

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3. MovethecursortotheFrontviewport,dragthemarkerneartheendoftheellipsoid,andclick.

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4. AttheNext pointprompt,clicktotheleftoftheellipsoidintheTopviewport.

Planarmodekeepssuccessivepointsatthesameconstructionplaneelevation.Planarmodecanbeoverriddenwithelevatormodeorobjectsnaps.WatchthecurveintheTopandFrontviewports.

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5. AttheNext pointprompt,useelevatormodetoaddanotherpointintheTopviewport.

6. AttheNext pointprompts,turnoffPlanarmodeandclickseveralmorepointsintheTopviewporttocreateacurvedline.

NoticethatthepointsareprojectedtotheTopconstructionplane.

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Make the cord handle1. DrawanEllipsoidwiththeDiameteroptiontorepresentahandleattheendofthecurve.2. AttheStart of first axisprompt,usetheEndobjectsnaptopicktheendofthecordcurve.3. AttheEnd of first axisprompt,type10tosetthelength,andpressEnter.

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4. Dragthedirectionsoitlinesupwiththecordcurveandclicktosetthedirection.Thisdoesnothavetobeveryaccurate.

5. AttheEnd of second axisprompt,type4,pressEnter,anddragtosetthedirection.

6. AttheEnd of third axisprompt,type2,andpressEnter.

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Thicken the curve with a pipe1. Selectthecurveyoujustmadeatthefrontofthepulltoy.2. OntheSolidmenu,clickPipe.3. AttheStart radiusprompt,type.2,andpressEnter.4. AttheEnd radiusprompt,pressEnter.5. AtthePoint for next radiusprompt,pressEnter.

Thepipewillbethesamediameterforthefulllengthofthecurve.

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Flashlight - Revolve Curves

Creatingsurfacesfromcurvesandjoiningthesurfacestogetherallowsyoumuchgreaterfreedom.Thistutorialintroducestheconceptofdrawingcurvesandonemethodofcreatingsurfacesfromthosecurves.

Youwilllearnhowto: Drawfree-formcurvesbasedonanexistingobject. Editcontrolpoints. Revolvesurfacesaroundanaxis.

Revolvingcurvesisagoodmethodforcreatingtubularshapeslikevases,wineglasses,andchairlegs.Youaregoingtouseabasicflashlightasaguidefordrawingthecurvesyouwillneedforthenewmodel.Usingthebasicflashlightgivesyouaframeofreferencefordecidingaboutthesizeandshapeoftheobject.

To get started4 OpenthetutorialmodelfileFlashlight.3dm.


Set up the modelYouaregoingtotracearoundtheoldflashlight.Tomakethiseasier,youwilllocktheobjects.Whenobjectsarelocked,youcanseethemandsnaptothem,butyoucannotselectthem.Thiskeepstheobjectsfrominterferingwhenyouwanttoselectthingscloseby.Youcanstilluseobjectsnapstosnaptolockedobjects.Youwillthencreatesomecurvesandrevolvethemtomakethenewflashlight.

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Lock the flashlight objects1. Selectalltheobjects.

PresstheCtrland Akeystoselectalltheobjectsinthemodel.2. OntheEditmenu,clickVisibility > Lock.

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Draw a centerlineDrawaconstructioncenterlinethroughthecenteroftheoldflashlight.

Draw the construction centerline1. OntheCurvemenuclickLine > Single Line.2. AttheStart of lineprompt,usetheCenterobjectsnaptoplacethestartofthelineatthecenter

oftheflashlightbase.3. AttheEnd of lineprompt,turnOrthoon,anddrawthelinethroughtheexactcenteroftheold

flashlight.

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Draw the body profile curveYouaregoingtodrawaprofilecurvethatyouwillusetorevolvetocreatetheflashlightbody.Aprofilecurvedefinesacross-sectionofonehalfofthepart.

Draw the body curve1. Onthestatusbar,clicktheLayerpaneandmakethelayerFree Form Bodycurrent.2. OntheCurvemenu,clickFree-Form > Control Points.3. AttheStart of curveprompt,intheFrontviewport,startdrawingacurvearoundtheflashlight

bodyasillustrated.

UsetheEndobjectsnaptostartthecurveattheendoftheconstructioncenterline.UsetheNearobjectsnaptoendthecurveontheconstructioncenterline.Startingandendingthecurveexactlyonthelineisimportantsothatlaterwhenyourevolvethecurvetocreateasolid,therewillbenogapsoroverlappingparts.Whendrawingthecurve,useOrthotocontrolthefirsttwo(1and2)pointsandthelasttwopoints(3and4)onthecurve.Ifthefirsttwopointsandthelasttwopointsareplacedinastraightline,thecurvewillstartandendtangenttothatline.

4. Whenyouhaveplacedthelastcontrolpoint,pressEntertofinishdrawingthecurve.Toplacethelasttwopointsinastraightlinewitheachother,useGrid Snap,Ortho,orPerpendicularobjectsnap.

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Draw the lens profile curveMakeanotherprofilecurveforthelens.

Create the lens1. OntheCurvemenu,clickFree-Form > Control Points.2. AttheStart of curveprompt,intheFrontviewport,placethefirstcontrolpointofthelens

profile.UsetheNearobjectsnaptostartandendthecurveontheconstructioncenterline.Placecontrolpointsintheupperpartofthelenscurvesoitcrossesthebodyprofilecurve.

Get the old flashlight out of your way1. OntheEditmenu,clickVisibility > Unlock.2. Selectalltheobjectsexceptthetwoprofilecurvesyoujustdrewandtheswitchsphere.3. OntheEditmenu,clickVisibility > Hide.

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Build the flashlight bodyTomakethebody,youwillrevolvetheprofilecurve360degrees.Youwillusetheendpointofthecurveandorthotoestablishtherotationaxis.

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Create the flashlight body

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1. OntheSurfacemenu,clickRevolve.2. AttheSelect curve to revolveprompt,selectthebodyprofilecurve.3. AttheStart of revolve axisprompt,usetheEndsnaptosnaptooneendoftheprofilecurve.

4. AttheEnd of revolve axisprompt,turnOrthoon,andspecifytherevolveaxislineasillustrated.

5. IntheStart angle...prompt,clicktheFullCircleoption.

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Create the lensNowrevolvethelensprofilecurveinthesamewayasthebody.

Revolve the lens profile curve1. OntheSurfacemenu,clickRevolve.2. AttheSelect curve to revolveprompt,selectthelensprofilecurve.

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3. AttheStart of revolve axisprompt,useEndobjectsnaptolocatetheendpointofoneofthecurveprofiles.

4. AttheEnd of revolve axisprompt,turnOrthoon,anddrawtherevolveaxislineasillustrated.

5. IntheStart angle...prompt,clicktheFullCircleoption.

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Headphone - Sweep, Loft, and Extrude

Thistutorialdemonstratescreatingsurfacesfromprofilecurvesusinglofts,sweeps,andextrudes.Youwilllearnhowto: Usesub-objectselectiontopre-selectobjectsforacommand. Createasurfacefromaplanarcurve. Loft,revolve,sweep,andextrudesurfaces. Capplanarholestocreateasolid. Drawahelixaroundacurve. Matchcurveends. Createsolidpipes. Mirrorobjects. Uselayers. Useobjectsnaps.

To open the headphone model.4 OpenthetutorialmodelfileHeadphone.3dm.


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Create the speaker shellThespeakershelliscreatedusingaloftedsurface,aone-railsweep,asolidextrusionofaplanarcurve,andasurfacefillet.Theresultinggeometryisjoinedintoonesolid.

Loft curves to create a surfaceOnewaytocreateasurfaceistouseexistingcurvesasaguide.Whenloftingthroughcurves,thecurvesareusedasaguideforcreatingasmoothsurface.

1. TurnonShadedmodeinthePerspectiveviewport.2. Selectthethreecircularcurves,withacrossingselectionasillustrated.

3. OntheSurfacemenu,clickLoft.4. AttheDrag seam point to adjustprompt,notethedisplayofthecurvedirectionarrowsatthe

seampoints,andpressEnter.Inthismodel,theyarenicelylinedupforyou,soyoudonotneedtoadjustthem.

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5. IntheLoft Optionsdialogbox,clickOKtocreatetheloft.

Extrude the surface edgeExtrudetheloftedsurfaceedgeinthecentertomakeamagnethousing.

1. HoldtheCtrland Shiftkeystoselectthesurfaceedgeatthecenteroftheloftedsurface.

Tip:SelectingobjectswiththeCtrland Shiftkeysiscalledsub-object selection.HoldtheCtrland Shiftkeys,andclicktoselectpolysurfacefaces;surfaceandpolysurfaceedgecurves;controlpoints;meshvertices,faces,boundaries,andedges;andobjectswithinagroup.

2. OntheSolidmenu,clickExtrude Planar Curve > Straight.3. AttheExtrusion Distanceprompt,type-2(noticethenegativenumber)andpressEnter.

Thismakesasolidcylinderforthemagnethousingthatistwounitsthickandextendsinthenegativedirectionfromtheoriginalsurfaceedge.

Extract the bottom surfaceThecylinderyoujustcreatedisanextrusionobject(solid).Toremovethebottom,extracttheface.

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1. HoldtheCtrland Shiftkeys,andclicktoselectthebottomface.2. OntheSolidmenu,clickExtract Surface.

3. AttheSelect surfaces to extractprompt,selectthesurfaceasillustratedandpressEnter.

4. PresstheDeletekey.

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Fillet the edge of the cylinder surface1. OntheSolidmenu,clickFillet Edge > Fillet Edge.

Thecurrentradiussettingshouldbe1.2. AttheSelect edges to filletprompt,selecttheedgeatthetopofthecylinderpressEnter.

3. AttheSelect fillet handle to editprompt,pressEnter.

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Join the surfacesSurfacesthatshareanedgecanbejoinedintoapolysurface.Youwilljoinallthesurfaces.Sincethefacesaresometimeshardtosee,usetwoviewportstoselectthemall.

1. Selectthesurfaceandthepolysurface.2. OntheEditmenu,clickJoin.

Tojoinsurfaces,youmustselectsurfacesthatareadjacenttoeachotherandtheedgesmustmatch.

Create the padding and coverSweepacurvearoundtheedgeofthespeakerconetocreatethepaddingaroundtheedgeofthespeaker.

Reset the view1. OntheViewmenu,clickZoom > Zoom Extents All.2. HideorDeleteallofcurvesusedfortheloft.

Sweep a curve along one rail1. HoldtheCtrlandShiftkeys,andclicktoselecttheloftsurfaceouteredge.2. HoldtheShiftkeyandselecttherailcurveatthetopofthespeakerasshown.

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3. OntheSurfacemenu,clickSweep 1 Rail.


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Make a surface from planar curvesFilltheareaatthebaseofthepaddingwithaplanarsurfacecreatedfromtheedgeofthesweep.

1. HoldtheCtrland Shiftkeys,andclicktoselectthesurfaceedgeofthespeakerconeasillustrated.2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickPlanar Curves.

Aplanarsurfaceiscreatedatthebaseofthepadding.

Create the mounting bracketThenextpartisthebracketthatholdsthespeakertotheheadband.Sincethespeakerunitiscomplete,youcanturnitslayeroffandmaketheBracketlayercurrent.

Reset the layers1. Onthestatusbar,clicktheLayerpane.2. MakeBracketthecurrentlayerandturnonBracket Shape Curves.

Turnallotherlayersoff.

Reset the view4 OntheViewmenu,clickZoom > Zoom Extents Alltozoominonthebracketshapecurvesinall

viewports.

Extrude a curve into a solidUseaplanarcurvetocreateasolidshape.

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1. Selecttheclosedcurve.2. OntheSolidmenu,clickExtrude Planar Curve > Straight.

3. AttheExtrusion distanceprompt,type-1andpressEnter.

Fillet the edgesRoundthesharpedgeswithafillet.

1. OntheSolidmenu,clickFillet Edge > Fillet Edge.2. AttheSelect edges to filletprompt,type.2andpressEnter.3. AttheSelect edges to filletprompt,clickChainEdgesandselectthefrontedgeofthebracket.

Theentireedgeofthesolidshouldhighlight.

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4. PressEntertoclosethatedgeselection.

5. AttheSelect edges to filletprompt,clickChainEdgesandselectthebackedgeofthebracket.6. PressEntertoclosethatedgeselection.

7. PressEntertofinishtheedgeselection.8. AttheSelect fillet handle to editprompt,pressEnter.

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Create a tubular surface from the shape curves1. Selectthecurveatthetopofthebracket.2. OntheSolidmenu,clickPipe.3. AttheStarting radiusprompt,type.3andpressEnter.

Beforetypingtheradius,setthecommand-lineoptionstoCap=FlatandThick=No.4. AttheEnd radiusprompt,pressEnter.5. AtthePoint for next radiusprompt,pressEnter.

For the second tube1. Selectthecurveatthebottomofthebracket.2. OntheSolidmenu,clickPipe.

3. AttheStarting radiusprompt,type.2,andpressEnter.4. AttheEnd radiusprompt,pressEnter.

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5. AtthePoint for next radiusprompt,pressEnter.

Create the headbandTheheadbandconsistsofaseriesofellipsessweptalongapath.

Reset the layers1. Onthestatusbar,clicktheLayerpane.2. MakeHeadbandthecurrentlayerandturnonHeadband Shape Curves.

Turnallotherlayersoff.

Reset the view4 OntheViewmenu,clickZoom > Zoom Extents Alltozoominontheheadbandshapecurvesinall

viewports.

Create an ellipse perpendicular to a curve1. TurnOrthoon.2. OntheCurvemenu,clickEllipse > From Center.

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3. AttheEllipse centerprompt,clickAroundCurve.

4. AttheEllipse centerprompt,snaptoanendpointoftheheadbandcurve.UsetheEndobjectsnap.

5. AttheEnd of first axisprompt,type0.5,andpressEnter.6. AttheEnd of first axisprompt,dragthecursorinthex-directionandclick.

7. AttheEnd of second axisprompt,type2,andpressEnter.

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8. AttheEnd of second axisprompt,dragthecursorinthey-directionandclick.

Array a curve along a path1. Selecttheellipse.2. OntheTransformmenu,clickArray > Along Curve.3. AttheSelect path curveprompt,selectheadbandcurve.

4. IntheArray Along Curve Optionsdialogbox,underMethod,settheNumber of itemsto3.

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5. UnderOrientation,clickFreeform,andclickOK.

Scale the ellipseScalethecenterellipsetomakeitlarger.

1. Selectthecenterellipse.

2. OntheTransformmenu,clickScale > Scale 1-D.Scale1Dstretchesanobjectinonedirection.

3. AttheOrigin pointprompt,inthePerspectiveviewport,snaptothecenterofselectedellipse.4. AttheScale factor or first reference pointprompt,type2,andpressEnter.

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5. AttheScale directionprompt,dragthecursorinthey-directionandclick.

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Sweep along one rail1. Selectthecurves.2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickSweep 1 Rail.

3. AttheDrag seam point to adjustprompt,examinethedirectionandseampointsofthecurvestomakesuretheyarenottwisted,andpressEnter.


Round the headband endsUsethesameellipsethatformedthefirstcross-sectioncurvefortheheadbandtocreatearoundedendfortheheadband.Startbysplittingtheellipseinhalf.

Reset the view1. OntheViewmenu,clickZoom > Window.2. InthePerspectiveviewport,zoominontheleftendoftheheadbandyoujustcreated.

Split the ellipse in half1. Selecttheellipse.2. OntheEditmenu,clickSplit.

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3. AttheSelect cutting objectsprompt,clickthePointoption.4. TurnonQuadrantobjectsnap.5. AtthePoint to split curveprompts,snaptothetwoquadrantsatthenarrowaxisoftheellipse.

6. AtthePoint to split curveprompt,pressEnter.Theellipseissplitintotwohalves.

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Create a surface of revolution1. Selectlefthalfoftheellipse.

2. OntheSurfacemenu,clickRevolve.

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3. AttheStart of revolve axisprompt,snaptotheendoftheellipsehalf.

4. AttheEnd of revolve axisprompt,snaptotheotherendoftheellipsehalf.

5. AttheStart angle...prompt,type0,pressEnter.6. AttheRevolution angle...prompt,type180,pressEnter.

Aroundedsurfaceiscreatedattheendoftheheadband.

7. Repeatthesestepsfortheothersideoftheheadband.

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Mirror the rounded end1. Sel

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