Windows 2008 Server

Domain Name System

Administración SSII

Contenidos

• Introducción

• Configuración DNS

• Transferencia de zona

• Herramientas DNS

Introducción

Domain Name System is a hierarchical distributed database

• DNS is the foundation of the Internet naming scheme

• DNS supports accessing resources by using alphanumeric names

• DNS was created to support the Internet’s growing number of hosts

Introducción

Root Domain

Subdomain

Second-Level Domain

Top-Level Domain

FQDN: SERVER1.sales.south.contoso.com

south

contoso

com

sales

west east

org net

Host: SERVER1

Introducción

“.”

.com

microsoft.com zone

microsoft.com domain

Internet

example.microsoft.com zone

DNS root domain

Zone database

Zone database

example.microsoft.com

www.example.microsoft.com

ftp.example.microsoft.com

microsoft.com

www.microsoft.com

ftp.microsoft.com

example.microsoft.com

Introducción

Zones Description

Primary Read/write copy of a DNS database

Secondary Read-only copy of a DNS database

Stub Copy of a zone that contains only records used to locate name servers

Active Directory integrated

Zone data is stored in Active Directory rather than in zone files

Configuración DNS

You require the 6421B-NYC-DC1, 6421B-NYC-SVR1, and 6421B-NYC-CL1 virtual machines to complete this demonstration.

Log on to the virtual machines as Contoso\Administrator with the password of Pa$$w0rd.

1. Switch to NYC-SVR1, and on the Taskbar, click Server Manager.

2. In Server Manager, in the navigation pane, click Roles, and in the right pane, click Add Roles.

3. In the Add Roles Wizard, on the Before You Begin page, click Next.

4. On the Select Server Roles page, in the Roles list, select the DNS Server check box and then click Next.

5. On the DNS Server page, click Next.

6. On the Confirm Installation Selections page, click Install.

7. Once the role is installed, click Close.

Configuración DNS

Subnet 1

Subnet 2

DNS Server

DNS Zone

DNS Client

DNS Client

Subnet 3

DNS Server

DNS Zone

DNS Client

Configuración DNS

• Componentes

• Almacenamiento

• Dominio raiz (Root Hints)

• Consulta DNS (DNS Query)

• Forwarder

• Caché

• Forward and Reverse Lookup Zones

Configuración DNS: Componentes

DNS Servers on the Internet DNS Servers DNS Resolvers

Resource Record

Resource Record

Root “.”

.com

.edu

DNS resource records include:

• SOA: Start of Authority

• A: Host Record

• CNAME: Alias Record

• MX: Mail Exchange Record

• SRV: Service Resources

• NS: Name Servers

• AAAA: IPv6 DNS Record

• PTR: Pointer Record

Configuración DNS: Almacenamiento

Example

• SOA: admon.com

• A: pc0101.valencia.admon.com

• CNAME: pc0101.valencia.admon.com

• MX: admon.com. IN MX 0 pc0100.admon.com

• SRV: http.tcp.admon.com. IN SRV 0 0 80 www1.admon.com

• NS: admon.com, valencia.admon.com

• AAAA: -

• PTR: 1.178.42.158.in-addr.arpa

Configuración DNS: Almacenamiento

Configuración DNS: Root Hints

Root hints contain the IP addresses for DNS root servers

microsoft

DNS Servers

DNS Server

Root (.) Servers

com

Client

Root Hints

Configuración DNS: DNS Queries

DNS Client

mail1.contoso.com

172.16.64.11

A recursive query is sent to a DNS server and requires a complete answer

Database

Local DNS Server

An iterative query directed to a DNS server may be answered with a referral to another DNS server

Client

Local DNS Server Root Hint (.)

.com

Iterative Query

Ask .com

Contoso.com

• Queries are recursive or iterative

• DNS clients and DNS servers initiate queries

• DNS servers are authoritative or nonauthoritative for a namespace

• An authoritative DNS server for the namespace will either: • Return the requested IP address • Return an authoritative “No”

• A nonauthoritative DNS server for the namespace will either: • Check its cache • Use forwarders • Use root hints

A query is a request for name resolution and is directed to a DNS server

Configuración DNS: Forwarder

ISP DNS

All other DNS domains Local DNS

Contoso.com DNS

Conditional forwarding forwards requests using a domain name condition

Client Computer

A forwarder is a DNS server designated to resolve external or offsite DNS domain names

contoso.com

Root Hint (.)

.com

Iterative Query

Ask .com Forwarder

Local DNS Server Client

Where’s ServerA?

ServerA is at 131.107.0.44

Where’s ServerA?

ServerA is at 131.107.0.44

Configuración DNS: Caché

Client1

Client2

ServerA

DNS server cache

Host name IP address TTL ServerA.contoso.com 131.107.0.44 28 seconds

DNS Client2

DNS Client3

Configuración DNS: Forward and Reverse Lookup Zones

Namespace: training.contoso.com

DNS Client1

DNS Server Authorized for training

Forward zone Training

DNS Client1 192.168.2.45

DNS Client2 192.168.2.46

DNS Client3 192.168.2.47

Reverse

zone

2.168.192.in-addr.arpa

192.168.2.45 DNS Client1

192.168.2.46 DNS Client2

192.168.2.47 DNS Client3

DNS Client2 = ?

192.168.2.46 = ?

Configuración DNS • Configure DNS server properties

1. Switch to NYC-DC1.

2. Click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and then click DNS.

3. In DNS Manager, expand NYC-DC1, select and then right-click NYC-DC1, and then click Properties.

4. In the NYC-DC1 Properties dialog box, click the Forwarders tab.

5. On the Forwarders tab, click Edit. You can configure forwarding here. Click Cancel.

6. Click the Advanced tab. You can configure options including securing the cache against pollution.

7. Click the Root Hints tab. You can see the configuration for the root hints servers here.

8. Click the Debug Logging tab and select the Log packets for debugging check box. You can configure debug logging options here.

9. Clear the Log packets for debugging check box and then click the Event Logging tab.

10.Click Errors and Warnings and then click the Trust Anchors tab. You can configure DNSSEC here.

11.Click the Monitoring tab. You can perform simple and recursive tests against the server using the Monitoring tab. Select the A simple query against this DNS server check box and then click Test Now.

12.Click the Security tab. You can define permissions on the DNS infrastructure here. Click OK.

Configuración DNS

• Configure conditional forwarding

1. In the navigation pane, expand Conditional Forwarders.

2. Right-click Conditional Forwarders and then click New Conditional Forwarder.

3. In the New Conditional Forwarder dialog box, in the DNS Domain box, type nwtraders.msft.

4. Click in the <Click here to add an IP Address or DNS Name> box. Type 131.107.1.2 and press ENTER. Validation will fail.

5. Click OK.

• Clear the DNS cache

• In the navigation pane, right-click NYC-DC1 and the click Clear Cache.

Configuración DNS

• Create a reverse lookup zone

1. On NYC-DC1, in DNS Manager, in the navigation pane, click Reverse Lookup Zones.

2. Right-click Reverse Lookup Zones and click New Zone.

3. In the New Zone Wizard, click Next.

4. On the Zone Type page, click Primary zone and then click Next.

5. On the Active Directory Zone Replication Scope page, click Next.

6. On the Reverse Lookup Zone Name page, click IPv4 Reverse Lookup Zone and click Next.

7. On the second Reverse Lookup Zone Name page, in the Network ID: box, type 10.10.0 and click Next.

8. On the Dynamic Update page, click Next.

9. On the Completing the New Zone Wizard page, click Finish.

Configuración DNS

• Create a forward lookup zone

1. Switch to NYC-SVR1.

2. Click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and then click DNS.

3. In DNS Manager, in the navigation pane, expand NYC-SVR1, and then click Forward Lookup Zones.

4. Right-click Forward Lookup Zones and click New Zone.

5. In the New Zone Wizard, click Next.

6. On the Zone Type page, click Secondary zone and then click Next.

7. On the Zone Name page, in the Zone name: box, type Contoso.com and then click Next.

8. On the Master DNS Servers page, in the Master Servers list, type 10.10.0.10 and press ENTER.

9. Click Next, and on the Completing the New Zone Wizard page, click Finish.

Transferencia de zona

A DNS zone transfer is the synchronization of authoritative DNS zone data between DNS servers

SOA query for a zone

SOA query answered

IXFR or AXFR query for a zone

IXFR or AXFR query answered (zone transferred)

1

2

3

4

Secondary server Primary and Master server

Transferencia de zona

Primary Zone Secondary Zone

• Encrypt zone transfer traffic

• Consider using Active Directory-integrated zones

• Restrict zone transfer to specified servers

Transferencia de zona

• Enable DNS zone transfers

1. Switch to NYC-DC1.

2. In DNS Manager, in the navigation pane, expand Forward Lookup Zones.

3. Right-click Contoso.com and then click Properties.

4. In the Contoso.com Properties dialog box, click the Zone Transfers tab.

5. Select the Allow zone transfers check box and then click Only to servers listed on the Name Servers tab.

6. Click Notify, and in the Notify dialog box, click Servers listed on the Name Servers tab. Click OK.

7. Click the Name Servers tab and click Add.

8. In the New Name Server Record dialog box, in the Server fully qualified domain name (FQDN) box, type NYC-SVR1.Contoso.com and click Resolve. Click OK.

9. In the Contoso.com Properties dialog box, click OK.

Transferencia de zona

• Update the secondary zone from the master server

1. Switch to NYC-SVR1.

2. In DNS Manager, in the navigation pane, expand Forward Lookup Zones.

3. Press F5 to refresh the display, right-click Contoso.com and then click Transfer from Master.

Note: You might need to repeat step 3 a number of times before the zone transfers. Also note that the transfer might occur automatically before you manually perform these steps.

Transferencia de zona

• Update the primary zone and verify the change on the secondary zone

1. Switch to NYC-DC1.

2. In DNS Manager, in right-click Contoso.com and then click New Alias (CNAME).

3. In the New Resource Record dialog box, in the Alias name (uses parent domain if left blank) box, type intranet.

4. In the Fully qualified domain name (FQDN) for target host box, type nyc-dc1.contoso.com and click OK.

5. Switch to NYC-SVR1.

6. In DNS Manager, right-click Contoso.com and then click Transfer from Master.

• Note: the record may take some time to appear. You might need to press F5 to refresh the display.

Herramientas DNS

Tool Used to:

Nslookup Troubleshoot DNS problems

Dnscmd Edit the DNS configuration

Dnslint Diagnose common DNS issues

Ipconfig Display and clear DNS resolver cache

Monitoring tab Perform queries against server

Herramientas DNS • Capture DNS network traffic

1. Switch to NYC-CL1.

2. From the Desktop, double-click Microsoft Network Monitor 3.4.

3. In the Microsoft Update Opt-In dialog box, click No.

4. In Microsoft Network Monitor 3.4, in the Recent Captures pane, click the New capture tab.

5. On the Capture 1 tab, on the menu bar, click Start.

6. Click Start, and in the Search box, type cmd.exe and then press ENTER.

7. At the command prompt, type ipconfig /flushdns and then press ENTER.

8. At the command prompt, type ping intranet and then press ENTER.

9. At the command prompt, type ipconfig /displaydns and then press ENTER.

10.In Microsoft Network Monitor 3.4, on the menu, click Stop.

• Filter and analyze captured traffic

1. In the Frame Summary window, examine the captured frames that relate to DNS.

2. Click Load Filter, point to Standard Filters, point to DNS, and then click DnsAllNameQuery.

3. Click Apply.

4. Now examine the captured frames.

5. Double-click each frame and expand and discuss the contents.

Herramientas DNS

• Use Nslookup to test DNS

• At the command prompt, type:

• nslookup –d2 nyc-svr1.contoso.com. > file.txt.

• At the command prompt, type notepad file.txt and press ENTER.

Windows 2008 Server

Domain Name System

Administración SSII