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Wind System Modelling
8 September 2017
Zakir H. Rather
Department of Energy Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Bombay
Mumbai, 400076, [email protected]
1st international conference on
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy in India
Outline
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference 1 Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
Wind turbine generator types
Wind power generation models: level of details
Standard wind turbine generator models
Aggregated model of wind power plant
Wake effect model: detailed vs simplified
conclusion
Global installed wind power
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference 2 Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
Global annual installed wind capacity
Global cumulative installed wind capacity
3
Wind turbine generator types
SCIGGearbox Grid
Type 1 wind turbine generator
IMGearbox Grid
DFIGGearbox Grid
Vdc
PMSG GridVdc
Type 2 wind turbine generator
Type 4 wind turbine generatorType 3 wind turbine generator
Advantages robust simple cheap
Disadvantages:
Fixed speed
Reactive comp.
uncontrollable
Advantages
Narrow speed
range
Reactive comp.
Power dissipated in
Rex
Disadvantages
AdvantagesWide Speed
range No compensation Power decouple
Disadvantage
s
maintenance
robust
Maintenance
Complex
Expensive
AdvantagesThe widest
Speed range No compensation Power decouple
Disadvantages
Complex
Expensive
Gearbox-free
Maintenance
Type 1 wind turbine generatorType 2 wind turbine generator
Type 4 wind turbine generatorType 3 wind turbine generator
Wind turbine generator model components
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference 4 Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
DFIGGearbox Grid
Generator GridVdcGearbox
Type 3
Type 4
Aerodynamic model
• Interaction between wind and the turbine
Mechanical system model
•Turbine model
•Gearbox model
•breaks
•Blades control, yaw control
Electrical system model
•Generator model
•Converter model
•Grid model
•Control/protection model
Study specific modelling
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference 5 Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
EMT
Harmonics
Power system stability/(electro mechanical transients)
Power oscillations
Balancing (UC/ED)
Up to 100s of µs Up to 100s of ms Up to a few seconds Minutes to hours
Level of modelling details
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference 6 Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
Energy balance
Power Flow
Power System Stability
Power Quality
Power electronic
Standard WTG models for power system stability studies
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference 7 Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
GE model
turbine &
turbine control
model
Electrical
control model
Generator/
converter modelPorder
Pelec
Pgen
Qgen
Vte rmVreg bus
Wind
speed
f
iq-cmd
ip-cmd
Trip
signal
Wind turbine models : GE Model NREL Model Fortmann et.al. model WECC Model IEC 61400-27-1
N. W. Miller et al. 2003.
Standard WTG models for power system stability studies
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference 8 Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
TSR Calculation CP Calculation
Aerodynamic
Torque
Calculation
Two-mass
model
Generator,
Converters,
Crowbar, others
Aerodynamic block Mechanicalblock
Electricalblock
Control Block
Vwind Pitch angle
TSR CP Trotor
ωrotor ωrotor
ωgen
Tel ect rica l
Grid
NREL model
Fortmann model(adopted in IEC model)
Pitch control Turbine controlWind plant
control
Plant Active
power limit
WT Aerodynamic
& Drive Train
Generator &
ConverterTelec tric al
ωgen
ωref
Plant Reactive
Power/Voltage
RefernceGrid
Voltage
Grid
Current
Act ive power
limi t
R eac tive
powe r/vol ta ge
limi t
Grid vol ta ge
P,Q
Pitch command
Wind speed
ωgen
Ip,Iq
comma nds
M. Singh et al. 2011
Fortmann et.al. model 2014
Standard WTG models for power system stability studies
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference 9 Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
Control
Mechanical
PWTref
XWTref
ωW TR
ωgen
Generator
system
Electrical
equipment
ipcmd
iqcmd
ipmax
iqmax
iqmin
pWT
qWT
uWT
Grid
protection
uWT
iWT
fsys
FOCB
uWT
fsys
pag
ugen
igenAerodynamic
Ɵ
ωWTR
Pae ro
IEC 61400-27-1 type 3 WECC type 3
Pitch control
model
Converter
control model
Generator/
converter modelPgen
Qgen
vcmd
icmd
Porder
ωorder
Pgen
Qgen
Vte rmVreg bus
ωshaft
Wind turbine
model
ωshaftƟ
Pgen
Standard WTG models for power system stability studies
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference 10
Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
IEC 61400-27-1 Type 4A
Wind turbine
model
Converter
control model
Generator/
converter modelPgen
Qgen
ip-cmd
iq-cmdPorder
Pgen
Pgen
Qgen
Vte rmVreg bus
IEC 61400-27-1 Type 4B
WECC Type 4
ControlpWTref
XWTref
Generator
system
Electrical
equipment
ipcmd
iqcmd
ipmax
iqmax
iqmin
pWT
qWT
uWT
Grid
protection
uWT
iWT
fsys
FOCB
uWT
fsys
ugen
igen
Control
Mechanical
pWTref
XWTref
paero
Generator
system
Electrical
equipment
ipcmd
iqcmd
ipmax
iqmax
iqmin
ωgen
pWT
qWT
uWT
Grid
protection
uWT
iWT
fsys
FOCB
uWT
fsys
pag
ugen
igen
Wind farm model: aggregation
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference 11 Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
Detailed model of wind farm: Difficult to implement in large scale wind integration studies-more complex and high
computational burden. A simple aggregated model that ease the computational effort while maintaining accuracy close to that
of a detailed model. Aggregated model Vs detailed model:
Losses Wake effect Dynamic performance
Aggregation approaches: Equivalent circuit aggregation Probabilistic clustering Fuzzy clustering Dynamic clustering others
Grid
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Grid
Controller
IEC WPP modelWECC WPP model
Dynamic performance of a detailed and aggregate model
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference 12 Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
J. Conroy et. al., 2009
A case study on 100 MW detailed Vs simplified aggregate model, 2017
Other modelling aspect: (wake effect)
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
Grid
win
d
v1
v2
v3
v4
V1>V2>V3>V4
13
Different active power generation
Different rotational energy Different reactive power
reserve
Different wind speeds
*Source: www.hkftechnology.com
Conclusion
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference 14 Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
An overview of standard wind turbine generator/plant models is presented.
While there are many detailed models available, generic models which are
simplified, less complex and have good accuracy level, are more widely used
Wake effect, if ignored, can impact model accuracy.
Harmonisation of different models can be a better way forward
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Conference Zakir H. Rather
8 September 2017
Thank you
