Wind EnergyWind Energy

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History of WindHistory of Wind• Small windmills pumped water in Small windmills pumped water in

ancient Syria and sailing ships used ancient Syria and sailing ships used wind power to first circumnavigate the wind power to first circumnavigate the globe globe

• classic Dutch windmill design classic Dutch windmill design predominated for 300 years, pumping predominated for 300 years, pumping water, grinding grain and sawing wood water, grinding grain and sawing wood

• The modern use of wind turbines The modern use of wind turbines originated in the 17th Century where originated in the 17th Century where the Renaissance Dutch used wind power the Renaissance Dutch used wind power to recover hundreds of thousands of to recover hundreds of thousands of acres of land by draining the Rhine River acres of land by draining the Rhine River delta delta

• American Farm Windmill was developed American Farm Windmill was developed in the middle of the 19th century it was in the middle of the 19th century it was multibladed.multibladed.

• These machines covered the continent, These machines covered the continent, pumping water on every farm and in pumping water on every farm and in every town until rual electrifacation (and every town until rual electrifacation (and rust) brought about their demise in the rust) brought about their demise in the middle of the 20th century middle of the 20th century

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• Since the 19Since the 19thth century wind energy has had century wind energy has had various degrees of success at generating various degrees of success at generating electricity.electricity.

• In the 1930s small wind machines were In the 1930s small wind machines were manufactured for charging batteries.manufactured for charging batteries.

• Not until the 1980s was it that the Not until the 1980s was it that the technology was sufficiently mature to technology was sufficiently mature to enable viable large scale industry to evolve.enable viable large scale industry to evolve.

• The industry was centered around the The industry was centered around the manufacturing of large turbines, for the manufacturing of large turbines, for the production of electricity.production of electricity.

• The cost of wind turbines has been The cost of wind turbines has been declining steadily from the early 1980s to declining steadily from the early 1980s to the early 2000s.the early 2000s.

History Cont…..

History Cont…..History Cont…..

• Wind power is now one of the fastest growing Wind power is now one of the fastest growing renewable energy technologies world wide.renewable energy technologies world wide.

• By the end of 2002 31000 megawatts of wind By the end of 2002 31000 megawatts of wind generating capacity had been installed (4x the generating capacity had been installed (4x the amount than in 1997).amount than in 1997).

• It is now one of the most cost effective methods It is now one of the most cost effective methods of electricity generation available.of electricity generation available.

• The technology is constantly being improved The technology is constantly being improved upon, making it both cheaper and more reliable.upon, making it both cheaper and more reliable.

• Because of this, wind energy is expected to be Because of this, wind energy is expected to be even more competitive in the future.even more competitive in the future.

Types of Wind TurbinesTypes of Wind TurbinesHorizontalHorizontal

•Most horizontal axis wind turbines Most horizontal axis wind turbines operate with their rotation axis in line operate with their rotation axis in line with the wind direction, known as axial with the wind direction, known as axial flow devices.flow devices.•This position is maintained in line by a This position is maintained in line by a yawning mechanism, which responds to yawning mechanism, which responds to any change in wind direction.any change in wind direction.•The rotor diameter and swept area The rotor diameter and swept area influence a turbines performance, as well influence a turbines performance, as well as, the length of the blade chord, the tip as, the length of the blade chord, the tip speed ratio, the blade pitch angle, the speed ratio, the blade pitch angle, the relative wind angle, and the angle of relative wind angle, and the angle of attack.attack.

Vertical Wind Turbine

Horizontal Wind Turbine

Types of Wind TurbinesTypes of Wind TurbinesVerticalVertical

• Vertical Axis Wind Turbines are cross-Vertical Axis Wind Turbines are cross-flow devices. This means that the flow devices. This means that the direction from which the direction from which the undistributed wind flow comes from is undistributed wind flow comes from is at right angles to the axis of rotation.at right angles to the axis of rotation.

• Vertical Axis Wind Turbines will Vertical Axis Wind Turbines will function with wind blowing from any function with wind blowing from any direction.direction.

Micro & Mini Wind TurbinesMicro & Mini Wind Turbines

• suitable for recreational suitable for recreational vehicles, sail boats fence vehicles, sail boats fence charging and other low power charging and other low power uses uses

• will generate about 300 kWh will generate about 300 kWh per year at site where the per year at site where the average wind speed is 5.5m/s average wind speed is 5.5m/s i.e. the Great Plains i.e. the Great Plains

• LVM is a British based LVM is a British based manufacturing company that manufacturing company that produces micro and mini wind produces micro and mini wind turbines, which are usually made turbines, which are usually made for marine uses for marine uses

• Mini wind turbines are slightly Mini wind turbines are slightly larger than micro and are best larger than micro and are best suitable for vacation cabinssuitable for vacation cabins

• They can produce 1000-2000 kWh They can produce 1000-2000 kWh per yearper year

How Much Power??How Much Power??Wind EnergyWind Energy

• Kinetic Energy = .5pAV^3Kinetic Energy = .5pAV^3

p = density of air, density is lower at p = density of air, density is lower at higher elevations.higher elevations.

A = the area through which wind is A = the area through which wind is passing.passing.

V= The wind velocity, or speed the V= The wind velocity, or speed the wind is blowing.wind is blowing.

Energy Produced From Energy Produced From TurbinesTurbines

• Annual Production of Electricity Annual Production of Electricity (kilowatt-hours per year) = KV^3AT(kilowatt-hours per year) = KV^3AT

K= Turbine Performance, generally K= Turbine Performance, generally around 3.2around 3.2

V= the particular sites annual mean V= the particular sites annual mean wind speed (metres/second)wind speed (metres/second)

A= Swept Area of a turbine (square A= Swept Area of a turbine (square metres)metres)

T= Number of TurbinesT= Number of Turbines

The future of wind energy.The future of wind energy.

Germany Leads the Way!Germany Leads the Way!• Germany has installed more wind Germany has installed more wind

technology than all of North America technology than all of North America (nearly 2900MW at the end of 1998). Only (nearly 2900MW at the end of 1998). Only 400 MW were installed at peak of 400 MW were installed at peak of California’s wind development.California’s wind development.

• The German market for wind turbines The German market for wind turbines represents about 1 billion U.S dollars.represents about 1 billion U.S dollars.

The Developing WorldThe Developing World

• Although small wind turbines produce little Although small wind turbines produce little electricity, in absolute terms they have the ability electricity, in absolute terms they have the ability to furnish important services in small third world to furnish important services in small third world countries such as India and China. countries such as India and China.

• One kilowatt hour of electricity produces 10x One kilowatt hour of electricity produces 10x more services in India than the state of Indiana.more services in India than the state of Indiana.

• Two 10 kilowatt wind turbines, sufficient to supply Two 10 kilowatt wind turbines, sufficient to supply two U.S households with electric heat, could two U.S households with electric heat, could pump enough safe drinking water for 4000 people pump enough safe drinking water for 4000 people in the country of Morrocco.in the country of Morrocco.Wind Energy = Cost effective, environmentally Wind Energy = Cost effective, environmentally friendly way to provide power services in the friendly way to provide power services in the developing world.developing world.

Cape Wind Power ProjectCape Wind Power Project

• When the wind park is fully When the wind park is fully operational, it will eliminate operational, it will eliminate 4,642 tons of sulfur dioxide, 4,642 tons of sulfur dioxide, 120 tons of carbon monoxide, 120 tons of carbon monoxide, 1,566 tons of nitrous oxides, 1,566 tons of nitrous oxides, more than a million tons of more than a million tons of greenhouse gases, and 448 greenhouse gases, and 448 tons of particulates from being tons of particulates from being dumped into the air annuallydumped into the air annually

• stronger more constant winds stronger more constant winds are found off-shore rather are found off-shore rather than on landthan on land

• Horseshoe Shoal is shallow Horseshoe Shoal is shallow which would avoid any which would avoid any interference with marine life interference with marine life or commercial boatsor commercial boats

More From Cape CodMore From Cape Cod

• electricity from fossil fuels is not able to receive fixed rates for energy because of electricity from fossil fuels is not able to receive fixed rates for energy because of the always fluctuating market but with wind power, “fuel is free and operating the always fluctuating market but with wind power, “fuel is free and operating and maintenance costs are highly predictable, electricity producers who use wind and maintenance costs are highly predictable, electricity producers who use wind power can offer long-term fixed price contracts.” power can offer long-term fixed price contracts.”

• could potentially save New England $800 million in energy costs over the next could potentially save New England $800 million in energy costs over the next two decades two decades

• year round projects will provide jobs for locals year round projects will provide jobs for locals • ““To ensure peak efficiency, the turbines will be monitored 24 hours a day from a To ensure peak efficiency, the turbines will be monitored 24 hours a day from a

high-tech control center located on the Cape and will receive regular preventive high-tech control center located on the Cape and will receive regular preventive maintenance checks.” maintenance checks.”

Impacts of Cape WindImpacts of Cape Wind

• The site, construction and operations of the wind park are designed to The site, construction and operations of the wind park are designed to ensure that the wind park co-exists successfully with fish and the fishing ensure that the wind park co-exists successfully with fish and the fishing industry. industry.

• The towers will be spaced at least a 1/3 mile to a 1/2 mile apart, allowing The towers will be spaced at least a 1/3 mile to a 1/2 mile apart, allowing most commercial fishing vessels to navigate without obstruction most commercial fishing vessels to navigate without obstruction

• Birds: there will be relatively little change to the avian population as a Birds: there will be relatively little change to the avian population as a result of the installation and operation of the wind park result of the installation and operation of the wind park

• Bottom dwelling animals: Based on comprehensive field investigations, Bottom dwelling animals: Based on comprehensive field investigations, previous studies of Nantucket Sound and agency consultations, the impact previous studies of Nantucket Sound and agency consultations, the impact to benthic fauna from construction activity will be localized, temporary and to benthic fauna from construction activity will be localized, temporary and short-term short-term

• Ocean Floor: installation and construction methods will have minimal Ocean Floor: installation and construction methods will have minimal impact to the ocean floor. Any dispersion of sediment during construction impact to the ocean floor. Any dispersion of sediment during construction will be short term. Studies of the sediment in the area of the cable and will be short term. Studies of the sediment in the area of the cable and wind park indicated an absence of elevated chemical constituents, so the wind park indicated an absence of elevated chemical constituents, so the disturbance and re-suspension of sediments should not change the existing disturbance and re-suspension of sediments should not change the existing

ocean floor.ocean floor.