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The Documentation ofInstructional MaterialsSubmitted By:Wilmer G. Diacor

MODELSPUPPETSModels are three dimensional representation of real things, witch could be smaller, larger or of the same size as the real thing. It may complete details or simplified for instructional purposes. Examples are globes and puppets.

ADVANTAGEModels can be viewed, handled and examined by students from various angles.Some models simplify real objects for better study by removing some significant details and reducing or enlarging objects to desirable sizes.LIMITATIONSome models demand classroom space in terms of storage.Models are generally more expensive than pictures and graphics.Availability of models could be a problems.

DioramaDioramas are statistic display creating a realistic scene that consist of a three dimensional foreground, usually models of people, animals, equipment, vehicle or buildings and flat back ground, usually a photograph , drawing or painting and also called Exhibits in the box.

flt4ADVANTAGEExhibits can be used to reproduced scenes from the past or depict scenes in the future.

LIMITATIONExhibits demand enough space in a room.Preparation of exhibits may take a lot of time.

Utilization GuidelinesThe exhibit must be large enough to be easily seen.The exhibit must attract attention.The exhibit must be well lighted.The exhibit must be built around one central idea.The captions of the exhibit must be short and simple.The exhibit must convery the message at a glance.The materials in the exhibit must not be crowded together.

Pop-upsPop-ups containing folded cut-out pictures that rise up to form a three dimensional scene or figure when the page is turned.

ADVANTAGE Pop-ups can lend visual stimulation. They also stimulate students creativity an interest.Pop-ups provide students with additional learning.Preview of the lesson to be presented can be illustrated in the flip chart to motivate students.LimitationIn interpreting cartoons and strip drawings, there is tendency to focus only on the colorful drawings rather than on the words accompanying them.Pictures or drawings are usually exaggerated, which could lead to misinterpretation.

FLASH CARDSFlash cards are valuable materials for drill activities particularly in the teaching of mathematics, english , and filipino. Flash cards come in form of picture cards, word cards, phrase cards, sentence cards.

ADVANTAGEFlash cards can be an important means of fixings skills and automatizing responses of studentsFlash cards can be easily made from recycled materials.Flash cards are easy to use and can be easily carried.LIMITATIONFlash cards may be small to be seen by the entire class.If flashing is too snappy, the student could find difficulty in recognizing what is in the flash cards.Utiliztion Guidelines The flash cards must be bold and big enough to be seen by everybody in the class.Flash cards in a snappy manner to develop fast thinking or response. Flash cards from back to the front.Answers or labels should be written at the back of the flash cards so that the teacher will be able to check whether the answer is correct.Hold the flash cards firmly at the chest level.GRAPHICS ORGANIZERGraphic organizer are non-photographic reconstructions or representations of reality, etched or drawn by an illustrator, like the teacher or students. Illustrations can be black or white or in full color.

ADVANTAGEGraphic organizers could be prepared ahead of time by having it drawn and covered until the class starts.Graphic organizers can be easily prepared once materials are available. They are also easy to utilize because they do not require special equipment.They are less detailed, hence, learners can easily understand their message.LIMITATIONDrawing could be subject to misinterpretation.Technical expertise in drawing could be needed to produce good drawings and illustrations.FLIP CHARTFlip chart is a pad of large paper fastened together at the top and mounted on an easel. Individual sheets of the flip chart each hold a limited verbal/visual message and can be arranged for sequential presentation to a small group.

AdvantageFlip charts can lend visual stimulation. They also stimulate students creativity an interest.Flip charts provide students with additional learning.Preview of the lesson to be presented can be illustrated in the flip chart to motivate students.Displays in flip charts can allow many students to browse contents at the same time.LIMITATIONFlip charts could easily fade and fall down.15Cartoon and strip drawingCartoon and comic strips are colorful line drawings with exaggerated features or symbols that provide humor or satire. Usually appear in newspapers, periodicals and textbooks.

AdvantageStrip drawings can be easily read and understood, thus encourages readingCartoons satisfy childrens idea and art.Aside from verbal cues, cartoons and strip drawings contain illustrations.LIMITATIONIn interpreting cartoons and strip drawings, there is tendency to focus only on the colorful drawings rather than on the words accompanying them.Pictures or drawings are usually exaggerated, which could lead to misinterpretation. Utilization GuidelinesSymbolism in graphs should be taught by terchers to facilitate understanding of graphs.