William ShakespeareWidely regarded as the greatest writer in English Literature

Shakespeare: The Bio Lived 1563-1616

Lived in Stratford-on-Avon, England

Wrote 37 plays

About 154 sonnets

Started out as an actor

Stage Celebrity Actor for Lord Chamberlain’s Men (London theater co.)

Also principal playwright for them 1599

Lord Ch. Co. built Globe Theater where most of Sh. Play’s were perform

The GenresComedy (e.g. A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Twelfth Night)

Tragedy (Othello and Hamlet)

History (Richard III)

Romance (The Tempest)

The Problem Play/ Mixed Genre (Measure for Measure)

ComedyDefinition: a drama, novel, film, text that moves toward a happy ending and implies a re-ordering of the world. Plot structure is that at the beginning the world is “out of order” but through the course of the play the natural/normal order is restored equaling a “happy ending”Comedies often have humor, but it is not a prerequisite

e. g. The Divine Comedy by Dante

Comedy Cont. Comedies often take us to the brink of tragedy, but it is the lack of death or serious harm that make these plots a comedy.Comedies focus on a group or a community, and often have general titles because of it. Comedies usually resolve in the last 5 minutes and often end in marriage. Types of comedy: farce, satire, slapstick, intrigue comedy, romantic comedy, tragicomedy, religious comedy, black comedy and mannered comedy. Shakespeare always mixes the types of comedy in his plays never adhering to just one format.

TragedyTragedy is when a text moves from order to disorderTragedy usually focuses on one individual not the society as a wholeThe end of the play should bring about a catharsis The hero of a tragedy is usually of an elite class and has a “tragic flaw” that will be exposed and exploited through the playTragedy involves choices and there consequencesOften have a fatalistic tone

Romance "Romance" was not a generic classification in Shakespeare's time.  The modern term "romance" refers to a new kind of play, a hybrid of comic and tragic elementsIt was developed by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher with their play Plilaster in 1609

Shakespeare took on this genre at the end of his career with: The Tempest, The Winter’s Tale, Cymbeline, and Pericles

Romance Cont. Sometimes called tragi-comedies because they combine elements of those two genres. Plots of romances involve a tragic event that leads to reconciliation or restoration and forgiveness However, the endings are always muted happiness as opposed to the “pure” happiness of a comedyPlots usually focus on the whole human community and healing rifts. Finally, the plots of romances always contain supernatural elementsCharacters are either larger than life or one-dimensional

History• History plays focus on historical events, but often

contain opinionated subtext about the event• Shakespeare wrote about two types of history:

Roman and English• For the English Histories, Holinshed's

Chronicles (1587), but he also drew on other sources, e.g. the anonymous history play The Famous Victories of Henry the Fifth (1598)

• The main source for the Roman plays was Plutarch (which Shakespeare would have studied in grammar school)

The Problem PlaysThese plays focus on a problem in society, but they have no true solution or ending; instead, their endings are awkward. In these plays, the situation faced by the protagonist is put forward by the author as a representative instance of a contemporary social problemShakespeare's "problem plays" set out to explore specific moral dilemmas and social problems through their central characters. The problem plays are characterized by their complex and ambiguous tone, which shifts violently between dark, psychological drama and more straightforward comic material

Theater in the Ren. Theater was NOT a high class affair. It was a red light district activity, which meant that it was competing with Bear baiting, sex shows, sword fights, punch and judy shows, etc. for an audiencePick pockets were a major concern at theaterAll the actors were menThe classes were separated in the theater seating.