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WILDLIFE GOVERNANCE & WILDLIFE GOVERNANCE & MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS DR SUBRAT MUKHERJEE, DR SUBRAT MUKHERJEE, IFS IFS FIELD DIRECTOR FIELD DIRECTOR SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVE SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVE

Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

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Page 1: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

WILDLIFE GOVERNANCE &WILDLIFE GOVERNANCE & MITIGATION OF CONFLICTSMITIGATION OF CONFLICTS

DR SUBRAT MUKHERJEE, DR SUBRAT MUKHERJEE, IFSIFSFIELD DIRECTORFIELD DIRECTOR

SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVESUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVE

Page 2: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

INDIANINDIANSUNDARBANSSUNDARBANS

(4265 SQ KM approx)(4265 SQ KM approx)BANGLADESHBANGLADESHSUNDARBANSSUNDARBANS

(6000 SQ KM approx)(6000 SQ KM approx)STRSTR(2585 SQ KM)(2585 SQ KM)

SOUTHSOUTH24 PGS24 PGS

(1680 SQ KM)(1680 SQ KM)BUFFER AREABUFFER AREA

NP OF STR = WHSNP OF STR = WHS(1330 SQ KM)(1330 SQ KM)

Page 3: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

THE HUMAN-TIGER THE HUMAN-TIGER INTERFACEINTERFACE

CIVIL BLOCKSCIVIL BLOCKS• BLOCKs – 29

• GRAM PANCHAYATs – 312

• TOTAL AREA – 8165.05 SQ KM

• POPULATION DENSITY – 846 / SQ KM

• TOTAL FRINGE POPULATION – 4.2 MILLION

• MAJOR OCCUPATION –

AGRICULTURE AND FISHING

FOREST BLOCKS

SOUTH 24 PGS DISTSOUTH 24 PGS DISTWEST BENGAL, INDIAWEST BENGAL, INDIA

SUNDARBANSSUNDARBANS

TOTAL MANGROVE R.F. – 4265 SQ.KMS.

SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVE – 2585 SQ.KMS

S. 24 PGS FOREST DIVISION – 1680 SQ.KMS

PROTECTED AREAS

AREA OF SUNDARBAN N.P. – 1330 SQ.KMS

AREA OF SWLS – 362 SQ.KMS

AREA OF LOTHIAN WLS – 38 SQ.KMS

AREA OF HALIDAY WLS – 6 SQ.KMS

Page 4: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

JT. DIRECTORJT. DIRECTOR( CF RANK)

FIELD DIRECTORFIELD DIRECTOR( CF RANK)

DFO/S.24 PGS DIVNDFO/S.24 PGS DIVNDFO/N.24 PGS. DIVNDFO/N.24 PGS. DIVN

( DCF RANK)

DFD/SUNDARBAN DFD/SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVETIGER RESERVE

( DCF RANK)

ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF SBR

DIRECTOR SBR ( CCF RANK)( CCF RANK)

DIVNDIVN TERRITORIAL TERRITORIAL RANGE RANGE

BEATBEAT

STRSTR 44 1717

S.24 PGSS.24 PGS 88 2323

N.24 PGSN.24 PGS 55 1212

ADFOs ( ACF RANK)( ACF RANK)

FOREST RANGERS AND DEPUTY RANGERS

AND FRONTLINE STAFFSS

TT

RR

S 24 S 24 PG PG

DIVNDIVN

N24 N24

PGPG

DIVNDIVN

Page 5: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

WILDLIFE GOVERNANCEWILDLIFE GOVERNANCE

• INTENSIVE PROTECTION OF FLORA & FAUNAINTENSIVE PROTECTION OF FLORA & FAUNA• MITIGATION OF CONFLICTSMITIGATION OF CONFLICTS• ECODEVELOPMENT WORKSECODEVELOPMENT WORKS• ECO-TOURISMECO-TOURISM• RESEARCH, MONITORING & EVALUATIONRESEARCH, MONITORING & EVALUATION

Page 6: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

Target Population There are seven CD ( out of 19 in total ) Blocks harbouring 51 FPCs and 14 EDCs comprising of 46 proximal villages ( out of 65 in total ) accounting for over 210302 people ( out of 3.5 million in total as per 2001 census and projected as 4.2 million in total in 2011 ) – who make particularly high demand of the ecosystem and thus form the basic target basic target population.population.

STR has a very small interface STR has a very small interface whereas whereas

24 Parganas (S) Division 24 Parganas (S) Division has large interfacehas large interface

Population growth curve in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve

19651970197519801985199019952000200520102015

1 2 3 4

Year

00.5

11.52

2.533.5

44.5

Popu

lation

(in m

illion

) Year

Population (in million)

Page 7: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

‘‘ALP’ TO REDUCE DEPENDENCE ON ALP’ TO REDUCE DEPENDENCE ON FOREST – WHY SO IMPORTANT ???FOREST – WHY SO IMPORTANT ???

• bcoz all seasonal occupations are bcoz all seasonal occupations are forest dependent EXCEPT forest dependent EXCEPT

AGRICULTURE FROM APRIL-JUNEAGRICULTURE FROM APRIL-JUNE

80

5

0.5

0.5

14

OCCUPATION REGIME

AGRICULTURE

FISHING

BUSINESS

SERVICE

HONEY COLLECTION

OCCUPATION REGIME

30

60

90.50.5

AGRICULTURE

FISHING

BUSINESS

SERVICE

LABOURS

OCCUPATION REGIME

20

70

90.50.5

AGRICULTURE

FISHING

BUSINESS

SERVICE

TOURISM

Ap

ril

– Ju

ne

Ap

ril

– Ju

ne

July

– O

cto

ber

July

– O

cto

ber

No

v –

Mar

chN

ov

– M

arch

Page 8: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

ECODEVELOPMENT WORKS ECODEVELOPMENT WORKS & TRUST BUILDING ACTIVITIES& TRUST BUILDING ACTIVITIES

S. .N. ECO-DEVELOPMENT WORKS QUANTUM

1 Ponds 83

2 Smokeless Chullah 13900

3 Irrigation Channel (In Km.) 70

4 Medical Camps 142

5 Awareness & Training Camps 73

6 Deep Tube Wells 107

7 Nursery ( In Ha. = 2500 Seedlings) 725

8 Fuel wood Plantation (Ha.) 1145

9   Fruit Plants 62000

10 Brick Path (Km.) 73

11 Solar Lights 165

12   Solar Lanterns 610

13   Micro-Planning Trainings 19

14 Study Tours 21

15 Community Centers 17

16 Jetty 61

17   Vocational Trainings 27

Joint Forest management has won the trust of people to a reasonably good level and needs to be consolidated

Page 9: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

YEAR FUNDING(IN INR) IPI(IN $)IPI(IN $)

1998-99 4400016.00 10.4410.44

1999-00 2965000.00 7.047.04

2000-01 4592930.00 10.9010.90

2001-02 2706397.00 6.426.42

2002-03 3685781.00 8.758.75

2003-04 6275000.00 14.8914.89

2004-05 7855000.00 18.6518.65

2005-06 4154000.00 9.869.86

2006-07 2200000.00 5.225.22

2007-08 8200000.00 19.4719.47

2008-09 12800000.00 20.2120.21

2009-10 14600000.00 21.2221.22

2010-11 16700000.00 23.6723.67

INPUT PER INDIVIDUALINPUT PER INDIVIDUAL

Page 10: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

HUMAN-TIGER CONFLICT IN THE UNDIVIDED SUNDERBANS

YEAR No. of Men Carried Away

No. of Tigers Killed

1881-82 161 3

1883-84 168 8

1907-08 120 9

1911-12 112 61

1914-15 79 36

1915-16 60 33Source: A.C. Gupta, West Bengal Forests (Centenary Commemoration Volume,1964)

• A REWARD OF RS 200/- WAS ANNOUNCED FOR EACH TIGER KILL IN 1910 AND CONTINUED TILL INDEPENDENCE• TILL POST INDEPENDENCE, TIGER WAS CONSIDERED AS ‘PEST’

Page 11: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

HUMAN – TIGER CONFLICTSHUMAN – TIGER CONFLICTSCLASSIFIEDCLASSIFIED

CONFLICT INSIDE FORESTCONFLICT INSIDE FOREST

DUE TO BIOTIC INTERFERENCE CAUSED BY FISHERMEN, HONEY COLLECTORS, WOOD COLLECTORS ETC

CONFLICT OUTSIDE FORESTCONFLICT OUTSIDE FOREST

WHEN TIGER STRAYS IN A VILLAGE AND KILLS/INJURES LIVESTOCK AND HUMAN BEINGS

Page 12: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

TIGER STARYING - CLASSIFIEDTIGER STARYING - CLASSIFIED

•TEMPORARY STRAYING

STRAY TO THE VILLAGE AND RETURN TO JUNGLE OF ITS OWN STRAY TO THE VILLAGE AND RETURN TO JUNGLE OF ITS OWN

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS – DRIVING / TRAPPINGMANAGEMENT OPTIONS – DRIVING / TRAPPING

•PERMANENT STRAYING

ENTRY DEEP INSIDE VILLAGE AND LOSS OF DIRECTION , ENTRY DEEP INSIDE VILLAGE AND LOSS OF DIRECTION ,

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS - TRANQUILIZATION, TRANSLOCATION AND RELEASEMANAGEMENT OPTIONS - TRANQUILIZATION, TRANSLOCATION AND RELEASE

Page 13: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

MAJOR CAUSES OF TIGER STARYINGMAJOR CAUSES OF TIGER STARYING

• TERRITORIAL FIGHTTERRITORIAL FIGHT

• BREEDING / LITTERING TIMEBREEDING / LITTERING TIME

• INTERMINGLED FOREST AND VILLAGEINTERMINGLED FOREST AND VILLAGE

• IN SEARCH OF EASY PREYIN SEARCH OF EASY PREY

• INJURY AND OLD AGEINJURY AND OLD AGE

Page 14: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

11STST GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1973(PT DECLARATION) – 1988(NFP) ] GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1973(PT DECLARATION) – 1988(NFP) ]

STATUSSTATUS

• PEOPLE KILLED – MAINLY FISHERMEN, HONEY COLLECTORS, COUPE OPERATORS• TIGERS KILLED – BY POACHERS, RETALIATORY KILLING • TOTAL STRAYING CASES – 303 NOSTOTAL STRAYING CASES – 303 NOS

MITIGATION METHODS MITIGATION METHODS

• USE OF MASKSUSE OF MASKS• USE OF ELECTRIC DUMMIESUSE OF ELECTRIC DUMMIES• EXCAVATION OF SWEET WATER PONDSEXCAVATION OF SWEET WATER PONDS

USE OF MASK ELECTRIC DUMMY SWEET WATER POND

Page 15: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

22NDND GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1988(NFP) – 2001 ] GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1988(NFP) – 2001 ]

MITIGATION METHODSMITIGATION METHODS

EMPHASIS ON REDUCING STRAYINGEMPHASIS ON REDUCING STRAYING• USE OF GORAN (USE OF GORAN (CeriopsCeriops) - GEWA () - GEWA (ExcoecariaExcoecaria) CHITTA FENCING ALONG FRINGE) CHITTA FENCING ALONG FRINGE• INITIATION OF TRAINED TRANQUILIZATION SQUADINITIATION OF TRAINED TRANQUILIZATION SQUAD• INTRODUCTION OF NYLON NET FENCINGINTRODUCTION OF NYLON NET FENCING

EMPHASIS ON REDUCING NUMBER OF PEOPLE ENTRYEMPHASIS ON REDUCING NUMBER OF PEOPLE ENTRY• ECODEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN VILLAGESECODEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN VILLAGES• EMPHASIS ON FARM BASED ACTIVITIES FROM FOREST ACTIVITIESEMPHASIS ON FARM BASED ACTIVITIES FROM FOREST ACTIVITIES• COUPE OPERATION STOPPEDCOUPE OPERATION STOPPED• NUMBER OF HONEY COLLECTORS REDUCEDNUMBER OF HONEY COLLECTORS REDUCED

GORAN CHITA FENCING AGRICULTURE INPUT TRANQUILIZATION

Page 16: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

22NDND GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1988(NFP) – 2001 ] GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 1988(NFP) – 2001 ]

STATUS OF CONFLICTSTATUS OF CONFLICT• TOTAL TIGER STRAYING CASES – 280TOTAL TIGER STRAYING CASES – 280• HUMAN DEATH REDUCEDHUMAN DEATH REDUCED

Persons Killed by Tiger in Sunderban Tiger Reserve since 1985-86

32

2521

14

9

43

3834

31

4 35

2

1315

1214

8

20 0

6 75

0

10

20

30

40

50

1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Year

Tota

l Num

ber

No.

Page 17: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

33RDRD GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 2002 – TILL DATE GENERATION MANAGEMENT [ 2002 – TILL DATE (REASONING,ANALYSIS) ](REASONING,ANALYSIS) ]

MITIGATION METHODSMITIGATION METHODS• USE OF NYLON NET FENCING ( 48 KM OUT OF 65 KM INTERFACE )USE OF NYLON NET FENCING ( 48 KM OUT OF 65 KM INTERFACE )• REDUCED REACTION TIMEREDUCED REACTION TIME• 6 EQUIPPED ‘TSCF’6 EQUIPPED ‘TSCF’• LARGE SCALE ECODEVELOPMENT WORKSLARGE SCALE ECODEVELOPMENT WORKS• HRD & CAPACITY BUILDING HRD & CAPACITY BUILDING

NYLON NET FENCE ALONG FOREST‘TSCF’ WITH TIGER GUARD

8-10 FT8-10 FT

MESH – 4”X4”

METAL RUNNER

STATUS OF CONFLICTSTATUS OF CONFLICT

• 2 STRAYED TIGER WERE KILLED BY PEOPLE (2001)2 STRAYED TIGER WERE KILLED BY PEOPLE (2001)• HUMAN DEATHS REDUCEDHUMAN DEATHS REDUCED• STRAYING REDUCEDSTRAYING REDUCED

Page 18: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

(A)(A)

(B)(B)

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENTRESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

(A) EARLIER THE STRAYED OUT (A) EARLIER THE STRAYED OUT CAPTURED TIGER WAS CAPTURED TIGER WAS

RELEASED RELEASED ‘‘ON LAND’ ON LAND’ TILL TILL 20012001

(B) NOW THE TIGER IS BEING (B) NOW THE TIGER IS BEING

RELEASED FROM RELEASED FROM ‘‘BOAT’BOAT’

Page 19: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

REASEARCH & DEVELOPMENTREASEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

• CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ‘ALP’ FOR FUTURE PLANING OF PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT - AN ‘IUCN-MFF’ SMALL GRANT PROJECT

• EAR-TAGGING AND MICROCHIPPING – EAR-TAGGING AND MICROCHIPPING – TILL DATE 2 FEMALES AND 2 MALES TIGER TILL DATE 2 FEMALES AND 2 MALES TIGER

HAVE BEEN EAR-TAGGED AND HAVE BEEN EAR-TAGGED AND MICROCHIPPED TO STUDY THEIR STRAYING MICROCHIPPED TO STUDY THEIR STRAYING BEHAVIOUR - ONLY BEHAVIOUR - ONLY ONE FEMALE ONE FEMALE SHOWED SHOWED SUCH REPEATED STRAYING TENDENCYSUCH REPEATED STRAYING TENDENCY

Page 20: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

1ST CAPTUTE

1ST RELEASE

2ND CAPTUTE

2ND RELEASE

1

3

0

K

M

1

1

0

K

M

1

5

0

K

M

JHILLA-1

BAGMARA-7

PIRKHALI-1

DULIBHASANI-3

CAPTURE CAPTURE

& RELOCATION & RELOCATION

OF A SAME TIGRESSOF A SAME TIGRESS

(WLWB/0001)(WLWB/0001)

(30TH JUNE’09)

(3RD JULY’09)

(31ST JULY’09)

(2ND AUGUST’09)

Page 21: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

REASEARCH & DEVELOPMENTREASEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

• TREATMENT OF INJURED TIGER –TREATMENT OF INJURED TIGER – TILL DATE 3 MALE TIGERS AND 1 FEMALE TIGER HAVE BEEN FOUND STRAYING DUE TILL DATE 3 MALE TIGERS AND 1 FEMALE TIGER HAVE BEEN FOUND STRAYING DUE

HUNTING INCAPABILITY AND THEY WERE TREATED AT KOLKATA ZOO AND HUNTING INCAPABILITY AND THEY WERE TREATED AT KOLKATA ZOO AND 2 (TWO) 2 (TWO) OF THEM TRANSLOCATED BACK TO THE WILDOF THEM TRANSLOCATED BACK TO THE WILD

• BEHAVIOURAL STUDY –BEHAVIOURAL STUDY – STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SUNDARBAN TIGERS ARE LESS IN BODY STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT SUNDARBAN TIGERS ARE LESS IN BODY

WEIGHT & SMALLER IN SIZE COMPARED TO MAIN LAND TIGERSWEIGHT & SMALLER IN SIZE COMPARED TO MAIN LAND TIGERS

ANIMAL ANIMAL SEXSEX DATEDATE ACTUALACTUALWEIGHTWEIGHT

LENGTH (Cm.)LENGTH (Cm.) NECK NECK GIRTHGIRTH(cm.)(cm.)

CHEST CHEST GIRTHGIRTH(cm.)(cm.)

SHOULDERSHOULDERHEIGHTHEIGHT

(cm.)(cm.)Nose Nose tip to tip to HeadHead

Head Head to to

AnusAnus

Tail Tail lengthlength

TotalTotal

TigerTiger MaleMale 22.05.1022.05.10 97 kg97 kg 32.532.5 137137 8383 252.5252.5 5353 8989 8989

TigerTiger MaleMale 22.05.1022.05.10 115 kg115 kg 3535 133133 8484 252.0252.0 5656 9292 9494

TigerTiger FemaleFemale 27.06.1027.06.10 72 kg72 kg 3030 127127 8282 239.0239.0 4848 8787 6767

TigerTiger MaleMale 22.10.1022.10.10 98 kg98 kg 3333 148148 8080 261261 5757 8989 9494

13.03.200913.03.2009 22.07.200922.07.2009

Page 22: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

THE WAY AHEADTHE WAY AHEAD

• RESEARCH ON TIGER ETHOLOGY & STRAYING BEHAVIOURETHOLOGY & STRAYING BEHAVIOUR• PROVISION OF ‘ALP’ ‘ALP’ TO REDUCE DEPENDENCY ON NATURAL RESOURCES• COVERING THE ENTIRE 68 KM 68 KM FRINGE BY NYLON NET FENCING• RESTOCKINGRESTOCKING OF PREY BASE• CONSTRUCTION OF RELOCATION CENTER RELOCATION CENTER FOR TIGER AT JHARKHALI• INSTALLATION OF SOLAR LIGHT SOLAR LIGHT ALONG THE FRINGE EMBANKMENT• COMMUNITY PATROLLING COMMUNITY PATROLLING ON VOLUNTARY BASIS• AWARENESS GENERATION & OUTREACHOUTREACH PROGRAM

Page 23: Wildlife governance and mitigation of conflicts

PROPOSED PROPOSED INDO – BANGLA INDO – BANGLA

COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMSCOLLABORATIVE PROGRAMS

• TRANSFER OF GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICESTRANSFER OF GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES• SHARING OF INTELLIGENCE INFORMATIONSHARING OF INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION