WILDFLOWERS & NATIVE PLANTS · Page 4 Contents 2.8 WILDFLOWERS AND NATIVE PLANTS COMPLETED PROJECTS PROJECT No PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE No AFP-1A An analysis

RIRDC Completed Projects in 1999-2000

and Research in Progress as at June 2000

Sub Program 2.8

WILDFLOWERS & NATIVE PLANTS

August 2000 RIRDC Publication No 00/87

Page 2

© 2000 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 0 642 58118 5 ISSN 1440 6845 "RIRDC Completed Projects in 1999-00 and Research in Progress as at June 2000 - 2.8 Wildflowers and Native Plants" Publication No 00/87 The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of persons consulted. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole or in part on the contents of this report. This publication is copyright. However, RIRDC encourages wide dissemination of its research, providing the Corporation is clearly acknowledged. For any other enquiries concerning reproduction, contact the Publications Manager on phone 02 6272 3186.

RIRDC Wildflowers and Native Plants Research Manager Dr David Evans RIRDC Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604

Phone: 02 4454 3039 Fax: 02 4454 5131 Email: [email protected] RIRDC Publications Manager Cecile Ferguson Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 1, AMA House 42 Macquarie Street BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6272 3186 Fax: 02 6272 5877 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.rirdc.gov.au

Published in August 2000 Printed on environmentally friendly paper by Canprint

Page 3

Foreword

This year RIRDC has produced Research in Progress, June '00, which contains short summaries of continuing projects as well as those that were completed during 1999-2000 for all of the Corporation’s 21 program areas. The complete report on all the programs is only available in electronic format on our website at http://www.rirdc.gov.au The following report is a hardcopy extract covering Sub-Program 2.8. It contains all entries from continuing and completed Wildflowers and Native Plants research projects funded by RIRDC. This program aims to improve the profitability, productivity and sustainability of the Australian wildflower and native plant industry. This report is the newest addition to our extensive catalogue of almost 400 research reports, videos and CD-Roms of projects supported by RIRDC. Please contact us for the latest publications catalogue or view it on our website: • downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Index.htm • purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop

Peter Core Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

Page 4

Contents

2.8 WILDFLOWERS AND NATIVE PLANTS

COMPLETED PROJECTS

PROJECT No

PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE No

AFP-1A An analysis of the Australian domestic market for wildflowers

Mrs Christine Horsman (08) 8389 3057 Australian Flora and Protea Growers Association

5

AFP-2A An Implementation Planning Workshop for Identified Marketing Strategies for Wildflowers

Mrs Christine Horsman (08) 8389 3057 Australian Flora and Protea Growers Association

6

DAQ-236A DOOR in the Australian Wildflower and Native Plants Industry

Mr Garth Hayes (07) 3824 9514 Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

7

DAQ-238A Enhancement strategy for the Agrilink kit ‘Should I grow wildflowers?’

Ms Cynthia Carson (07) 3286 1488 Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

8

DAV-116A Development of an integrated control program for Elsinoe scab of cut flower Proteaceae

Mr Gordon Berg Ms Angelika Ziehrl

(03) 9210 9200 (03) 9201 9222

Department of Natural Resources & Environment

10

DAV-149A Improved fumigation techniques for postharvest disinfestation of wildflowers for export

Dr Peter Williams (03) 9210 9222 Department of Natural Resources & Environment

11

DAV-151A 5th National Workshop for Australian Wildflowers Mr Tony Slater (03) 9210 9222 Department of Natural Resources & Environment

13

RBG-2A Development of a flannel flower production system Ms Catherine Offord (02) 4648 2477 Royal Botanic Gardens 14 SMI-1A Micropropagation of the Gymea Lily Mr Jeremy Smith (02) 4372 1393 16 UQ-53A Uptake preservation of cut flowers and foliage of

Australian native plants Dr Margaret Johnston (07) 5460 1240 The University of Queensland 17

UWA-29A Propogation and production of yellow bells (Geleznowia verrucosa)

Dr Julie Plummer (08) 9380 1786 University of Western Australia 19

2.8 WILDFLOWERS AND NATIVE PLANTS RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

PROJECT

No PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE

No BAF-1A Delivering industry a significantly superior double

flowering wax by reducing propagation difficulties Mr George Lullfitz (08) 9405 1607 Boutique Australian Flora 20

BAF-2A Development of Boronia heterphylla for improved commercial application

Mr George Lullfitz (08) 9405 1607 Boutique Australian Flora 21

BAF-3A Development of scholtzia for improved commercial application

Mr George Lullfitz (08) 9405 1607 Boutique Australian Flora 22

CCR-1A Flower 2000 Australian Flower Conference Professor Les Eastcott (02) 4323 9587 Central Coast Regional Development Corporation Inc.

23

DAN-181A Grafting Eriostemon australasius Mr Jonathan Lidbetter (02) 4348 1931 NSW Department of Agriculture 24 DAQ-262A Identify and evaluate the commercial potential for

new foliage and cutflower species from north Queensland

Mr Michael Daysh (07) 4044 1613 Department of Primary Industries – Qld

25

DAS-45A Varietal development and disease management of Ixodia achillaeoides for cutflower production

Ms Gail Barth (08) 8303 9580 South Australian Research and Development Institute

26

DAV-141A Developing Leptospermum species as an export cutflower crop

Mr Tony Slater (03) 9210 9222 Department of Natural Resources and Environment

27

DAV-161A Postharvest protocols to increase numbers of exportable Australian wildflower species

Dr Virginia Williamson (03) 9210 9222 Department of Natural Resources and Environment

28

DAW-76A The selection propagation and cultivation of golden cascade (Corynanthera flava) for cutflower production

Mr Neville Burton Dr Kevin Seaton

(08) 9368 3220 (08) 9368 3244

Agriculture Western Australia 29

DAW-89A Cultivation of blue smokebush (Conospermum spp.) for cutflower production

Dr Kevin Seaton (08) 9368 3244 Agriculture Western Australia 30

FEC-3A Reprint and update of the ‘Australian Flowers’ identification catalogue

Mr Drew King (03) 9258 6139 Flower Export Council of Australia Inc. (FECA)

31

UA-52A Production and postharvest handling of eucalypt bud and flower lines

Professor Margaret Sedgley (08) 8303 7249 The University of Adelaide 32

UWA-35A Development of new and improved cut flower cultivars through selection and sexual hybridisation within the Chamelaucium alliance

Dr Guijun Yan (08) 9380 1240 University of Western Australia 33

UWA-46A Breeding off-season Leucadendron varieties through interspecific hybridisation

Dr Guijun Yan (08) 9380 1240 University of Western Australia 34

Page 5

2.8 WILDFLOWERS AND NATIVE PLANTS COMPLETED PROJECTS

Project Title

An analysis of the Australian domestic market for wildflowes

RIRDC Project No.:

AFP-1A

Researcher: Christine Horsman Organisation: Australian Flora and Protea Growers Association

C/- Post Office KERSBROOK SA 5231

Phone: (08) 8389 3057 Fax: (08) 8389 3057 Objectives

• To identify strategies to improve the market share for wildflowers, by

determining the current flower and wildflower buying patterns, and by analysing consumers’ attitudes and perceptions about wildflowers

Background Production of cultivated wildflowers has increased dramatically over the last

20 years. Export sales have also increased dramatically over this time. However, sales on the domestic market have not kept pace with this increase, and there are large numbers of florists who stock few, if any, wildflowers.

For the industry to be successful, all sectors of the industry need to be profitable. Growers need a more detailed understanding of what the domestic consumer wants, so that they can provide the appropriate material. To understand what the domestic consumer wants, the industry needs to understand the buying preferences of their customers. If the customers are unaware of the product availability and strengths, then a program of education and promotion can be conducted that will improve the domestic profile of wildflowers with the consumers

Research

The research consisted of a series of three group discussions with general consumers in Sydney, and twelve in-depth interviews with florists, eight in Sydney and four in Melbourne. The participants in the group discussions were recruited on the basis of their frequent flower purchasing (i.e. they had purchased flowers on at least three occasions in the past twelve months). Two groups consisted of females (one of these groups consisted of women in paid employment, the other of women who worked at home) and one of males. A range of age groups was represented. The discussions were all conducted during the week commencing November 1, 1999. The in-depth interviews were conducted with florists who were high users of wildflowers (30 – 40% of ordering) as well as those who were low users (5 – 30%). In both Sydney and Melbourne, the number of each was skewed towards low users. The Sydney interviews took place during the week commencing November 8, and those in Melbourne on November 17 1999

Outcomes

Consumers had some very negative perceptions about wildflowers, and could imagine only limited uses for them. There was a lack of awareness of the variety of wildflowers available. Florists were generally more positive, but felt that florist training in the uses of wildflowers was lacking

Implications

Consumer education must become a top priority for industry if market share is to be increased. This must also extend to florists, both new and experienced, which will require a co-ordinated and co-operative approach across all industry sectors

Page 6

Project Title:

Wildflower Marketing Workshop

RIRDC Project No.:

AFP – 2A

Researcher: Christine Horsman Organisation: Australian Flora and Protea Growers Association Phone: (08) 8389 3057 Fax: (08) 8389 3057 Email: [email protected] Objectives

To disseminate the information gained through the market research funded under project AFP – 1A, and to develop a plan for implementing the identified market strategies.

Background In November 1999, the AFPGA, commissioned research into the domestic market for wildflowers. (RIRDC project AFP-1A). It aimed to find out consumers’ attitudes to wildflowers, and, based on that information, to identify strategies that would increase the market share for wildflowers.

Research A group of 25 industry leaders from around Australia attended a one day strategic planning workshop, held in Melbourne in early May 2000. The group included representatives of grower organisations in all states, exporters, researchers, wholesalers and florists. Attendees were given a copy of the final report presented by Woolcott Research, prior to the workshop, so that they could discuss it with their peers. The workshop was facilitated by Dr Stuart de Jong MBA, who is a totally independent consultant. Topics discussed included industry fragmentation, the market image of wildflowers and the declining domestic market share for wildflowers. An industry SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) was carried out.

Outcomes An industry vision, mission statement and objective were agreed. Three mechanisms for increasing exposure to target markets were identified – education of florists and consumers, preparation and continual presentation of promotional material, and improvement of the supply chain. A federal steering committee was elected to refine and prioritise the strategies, set targets and start implementing the plan formulated by the workshop.

Implications The strategies identified give industry both short term and long term goals. They should serve to focus and co-ordinate the efforts and money which various groups currently have at their disposal. If groups work together, sharing the resources they have, duplication of effort should be avoided and florists and the public will receive consistent and frequent messages about wildflowers. This workshop served an important purpose, in that it brought together such a diversity of industry people, who shared their knowledge and opinions freely. With fragmentation identified as one of the industry’s main weaknesses, this is a big step in the right direction, with useful networks beginning to form. Of course, this is only a beginning, and there is still much work to be done.

Page 7

Project Title

DOOR in the Australian Wildflower and Native Plants Industry

RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-236A

Researcher: Mal Hunter. Organisation: Queensland Department of Primary Industries

Anova Solutions Pty. Ltd. Phone: (07) 3378 7525 Fax: (07) 3378 7525 Objectives

• Assessing the feasibility of applying the Do Our Own Research (DOOR)

approach to the Australian Wildflower and Protea Industries.

Background Do Our Own Research (DOOR) is a concept of grower initiated, grower controlled, grower directed and grower conducted sound statistical research. Growers solve their own problems on their own property with a focus on ‘recipe’ research rather than creative research. ‘Recipe’ research involves fine tuning the levels of already identified inputs such as cultivars, fertilisers, irrigation, herbicides, growth control agents, etc. The concept has been endorsed by the Nursery Industry of Australia Association.

Research

The approach with wildflowers, that was piloted in Queensland and Western Australia, included growers’ and participants’ surveys, DOOR awareness presentations and 2 workshops for all participants, separated by 12-15 month period during which they were expected to be involved in their own research. The emphasis was on group autonomy (its own control and responsibility) with the allocation of a trainee DOOR consultant to each group for advice and support as necessary. Evaluation of the applicability of the concept was by way of performance assessment, completion of experiments, review and feedback from participants and consultants.

Outcomes

Useful statistically sound data was collected from 2 workshop experiments, 2 groups, 2 family operations and 1 operator in a total of 8 experiments. Results from some of these experiments provided important new industry information. While 27 people established experiments, only 18 saw their experiment through (38% of the 49 participants who started the course). Some of these are planning further experiments. A Compendium of 4 Research Recipes (soil amendments, cultivars, nitrogen and irrigation) has been developed. DOOR is applicable to well established and motivated wildflower growers who have had some experience in this sort of research. A better appreciation by all of the preferred roles, responsibilities and relationships of participants and consultants would have increased the number of participants completing the course. Research activities generally took far longer to complete than most participants expected.

Implications

The adoption and implementation of DOOR by the industry, in the conduct of ‘recipe’ research, will result in the generation and use of site specific information that will enhance the quality of crop management and profitability. Participating growers will develop a more critical approach to problem definition and problem solving that will impact positively on many of their management decisions.

Publications

Morris Cox (1999). Southern Protea Group’s DOOR project. In ‘NewFlowers, Products and Technologies’. 5th Australian Wildflower Conference, 14-17 April. David Hockings (1999). DOOR project: nematode control. In ‘NewFlowers, Products and Technologies’. 5th Australian Wildflower Conference, 14-17 April.

Page 8

Project Title

Enhancement strategy for the Agrilink kit ‘Should I grow wildflowers?’

RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-238A

Researcher: Cynthia Carson Organisation: Centre for Amenity and Environmental Horticulture

PO Box 327 CLEVELAND Q'LD 4163

Phone: (07) 3286 1488 Fax: Email:

(07) 3286 3094 [email protected]

Objectives

To produce a user-friendly information book for intending wildflower growers, enhanced by the participation of four experienced wildflower growers from four different districts: Far North Queensland, Central Queensland and two areas in South East Queensland

Background The Department of Primary Industries (DPI) Queensland has released a series of Agrilink kits on fruit and vegetable crops. The Agrilink concept was a DPI initiative to provide information that is closely aligned with the way primary producers prefer to access it. The structure and format of the kits assist in ease of access to information and it's use. In 1998, the DPI committed a major investment of resources and staff to develop a kit for the Queensland wildflower industry. In the same year RIRDC provided $2 500 to broaden the scope of the kit to involve four experienced growers representative of different regional areas and sectors of the wildflower industry within Queensland.

Research

From the 29th April to 1st May 1998, an information gathering workshop was conducted to put together the framework and much of the content of the publication “Should I grow wildflowers?" Present at the workshop were four growers and six DPI staff. Expenses for the growers [from Jandowae (Southern Queensland), Gatton (SouthEast Queensland), Emerald (Central Queensland) and Mareeba (Far North Queensland)] to travel to and from the workshop were provided by RIRDC. Subsequently, the Project Leader (coordinating author) added to the initial framework, circulated drafts to all authors, collected photographs, amalgamated and reconciled the drafts and performed technical editing functions in preparation for printing.

Outcomes

One thousand copies of Should I Grow Wildflowers? were printed in June 2000. The book is 140 pages long and has 22 colour pages on 20 different crops. It provides quality information that is easy to use, up-to-date and comprehensive. It guides new and potential commercial cut flower or foliage producers of Australian native flora and South African Proteaceae through the important elements to consider before getting started⎯including site selection and crop choice, planting, the equipment and labour needed and marketing. Sufficient detail is provided to enable growers to make an informed decision as to whether they wish to enter the industry. The book also features six sample budgets, a directory of key industry contacts, references for further information and an index. The work of the four consultant growers was crucial to gaining a balanced perspective on suitable crops, regional issues and the viewpoint of new and intending entrants into the wildflower industry. The DPI is gearing up for an advertising campaign for the book commencing in late July. It will target flower grower groups, exporters and industry magazines. In addition, press releases will be sent to rural newspapers throughout Queensland. Three thousand colour fliers are

Page 9

to be produced. The book will retail at $65 plus $6.50 GST plus $5.00 postage.

Implications

The involvement of growers in the development of Should I Grow Wildflowers? has increased the relevance of this Queensland-based product to other states of Australia. Co-operation from inter-state crop specialists was excellent. There is strong potential to involve other research and development providers and growers in other areas of Australia in formulating a product relevant to the national industry.

Publications

"Should I grow wildflowers?" (2000), Carson, C., Beal, P., Young, K., Turnbull, L., Forsberg, L., McMah, A., Sullivan, G. and Doull, S., Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Australia.

Page 10

Project Title:

Integrated management of Elsinoe scab of Proteacea

RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-116A

Researcher: Angelika Ziehrl, Gordon Berg, Ian Pascoe and Ian J. Porter Organisation: Institute for Horticultural Development

Private Bag 15 SOUTH EASTERN MAIL CENTRE VIC 3176.

Phone: (03) 9210 9222 Fax: (03) 9800 3521 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Objectives

• To limit the spread of disease from nursery stock and infested sites • To improve efficacy of control strategies • To gain a better understanding of the biology and epidemiology of the disease • To determine key factors associated with infection and disease development • To develop an integrated control program for Elsinoe scab of cut flower Proteaceae

Background A 1994/5 RIRDC study on the incidence and economic impact of Elsinoe scab (Pascoe, Ziehrl and Porter 1995) found that Elsinoe scab was rated by survey respondents from both plantations and nurseries as the most important disease of cut flower Proteaceae. Loss of production, crop re-establishment and disease control, were determined to be costing the industry in excess of $600,000 per annum.

Research This research investigated problems and practices associated with control of the disease, developed new research methods for conducting trials, studied the susceptibility to the disease of a number of South African and Australian native varieties and selections and the efficacy of fungicides. Research undertaken also included studies on the biology and epidemiology of the disease including field, glasshouse and laboratory trials and surveys.

Outcomes Better understanding of: • Australian isolates of Elsinoe spp. and the susceptibility of cultivars and selections

of Proteaceae, Banksia and Dryandra spp. to these. Seasonal occurrence of the disease. Prevalence of the disease in nurseries and factors influencing this. Management and environmental factors affecting disease development. Fungicidal efficacy and IPM strategies.

Implications This project has investigated and proposed better strategies for Integrated Management

of Elsinoe in Proteaceae. It has demonstrated that Proteaceae hosts can carry Elsinoe without showing symptoms. Development of nursery hygiene programs may help reduce disease spread. Also, since some Australian native Proteaceae were able to be infected with Elsinoe spp. isolated from South African varieties, and therefore have the ability to harbour the disease, a broad review of plant hygiene and distribution practices within the Australian Protea and Wildflower industries may be warranted.

Publications Ziehrl, A., Pascoe, I. and Porter, I. J. (1995). Incidence and economic impact of Elsinoe scab of cut flower Proteaceae in Australia. Journal of the International Protea Association. 29:18-21. Ziehrl A., Pascoe I. and Porter I. (1996). Elsinoe scab on South African Proteaceae: What the researchers know. Australian Horticulture. 94:1, 58-61 Pascoe, I., Ziehrl, A. and Porter, I. J. (1995). Incidence and economic impact of Elsinoe scab of cut flower Proteaceae in Australia. 10th Biennial Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference. Lincoln. New Zealand. Ziehrl, A. (1996). Elsinoe project update. 11th annual Australian Flora and Protea Growers Association conference. Ziehrl, A. and Berg, G. (1997). Elsinoe research update. 12th annual Australian Flora and Protea Growers Association conference. Ziehrl, A., Pascoe, I., Hepworth, G. and Berg, G. (1999). Susceptibility of Proteaceae in Australia to Elsinoe spp. 5th annual Australian Wildflower Conference.

Page 11

Project Title

Improved fumigation techniques for postharvest disinfestation of wildflowers for export

RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-149A

Researcher: Peter Williams Organisation: Institute for Horticultural Development

Private Bag 15 SOUTH EASTERN MAIL CENTRE VIC 3176.


• To modify a new fumigation technique using phosphine to reduce

treatment time to less than 16 hours. • To ensure treatments provide effective control of insects without damage

to flowers and to extend the range of pests and flowers tested.

Background Exports of cut flowers are expanding; the value of exports from Victoria in 1998/99 was $7.6 million, a 25% increase from 1997/98. Detection of live insects in flowers results in downgrading or rejection. Methyl bromide is generally used for control of problem pests, but it damages some flowers. Also it is an ozone-depletor and its use is being restricted by international agreement. A previous project supported by RIRDC identified phosphine as a potential alternative and developed a schedule for fumigation of wildflowers with Phosfume® (renamed ECO2FUME®), a cylinder gas formulation of phosphine. This project aimed to improve the fumigation schedule, extend the range of insects and wildflowers tested, and assist the manufacturer, BOC Gases, in registering the product.

Research Fumigation schedules were tested in a 27 m3 modified shipping container.

Combinations of Pestigas® (pyrethrum with CO2 as a carrier gas) and ECO2FUME® (phosphine with CO2 as a carrier gas) were used with exposure times of 13 and 15 hours. Additional CO2 was added in fumigations with exposure times of 8 and 13hours. A wide range of cut flowers could be fumigated with any of the schedules tested without their marketability being impaired. Most tests involving combinations of Pestigas® and ECO2FUME® with 15 hours exposure. Some insects survived treatment with this gas combination for 13 hours but most were killed in 15 hours. When additional CO2 was introduced 8 hour exposure failed to kill all insects but 13 hour treatment was effective.

Outcomes

ECO2FUME® is now registered for fumigation of cut flowers. It can be applied alone to give a phosphine concentration of 700ppm or in combination with Pestigas®, in which case the phosphine concentration can be reduced. The exposure period is 15 hours at a minimum temperature of 15oC.This project has contributed to registration of an exposure period of 15 rather than 16 hours and has demonstrated potential for a reduction to 13 hours if additional carbon dioxide is applied. Numbers of species of insects controlled and flowers suitable for fumigation have been extended. Flowers for export are now fumigated with ECO2FUME® at Ausflora Pacific Pty. Ltd., Gembrook, Victoria.

Implications

Fumigation of cut flowers with ECO2FUME® provides a useful alternative to methyl bromide for control of a range of insect pests. ECO2FUME® has handling advantages compared with solid phosphine generating formulations, which take time to generate phosphine and leave residues, which must be disposed of after fumigation. These advantages give ECO2FUME® the potential for use on other horticultural produce.

Page 12

Publications Williams, P. 1999. Fumigating wildflowers for export. Ornamentals Update 14: 1, 17. Williams, P. and Muhunthan, M. 1998. Phosphine for postharvest control of insect pests of horticultural produce. Proc. 6th Aust. Appl. Ent. Res. Conf., Brisbane 1998, 353. Williams, P. and Muhunthan, M. 1999. Phosphine for postharvest control of insect pests of wildflowers. Proc.5th Aust Wildflower Conf. Melbourne 1999, 160. Williams, P. and Muhunthan, M. 1999. Postharvest control of insect pests of flowers and fruit using phosphine. Proc. Aust. Postharvest Hort. Conf., Waitangi, New Zealand, 20.

Page 13

Project Title

5th National Workshop for Australian Wildflowers

RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-151A

Researcher: Anthony T Slater and John D Faragher Organisation: Department of Agriculture Victoria

Private Bag 15 SOUTH EAST MAIL CENTRE VIC 3176


• To organise and run a Conference for members of the wildflower

industry that has a practical content that will be of interest to members of the industry

Background The 5th Australian Wildflower Conference was held in Melbourne from the

14-17th April 1999. The previous workshops and conferences that had been held were in: Perth 1982 - The production and marketing of Australian wildflowers for export Perth 1989 - The production and marketing of Australian Flora Gatton 1994 - 1994 National workshop for Australian native flowers Perth 1996 - 4th National workshop for Australian native flowers At the 1996 conference in Perth, Victoria offered to host the 5th Conference in Melbourne to coincide with the Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show. The two previous conferences had attracted close to two hundred registrants. These registrants included growers, exporters, wholesalers, florists, R&D providers, and members of the nursery and other allied industries.

Research Outcomes

The Conference adopted the theme ‘New Flowers, Products and Technologies’, which was reflected in the speaker’s program. The conference contained 53 presentations in the Speaker program and 13 posters. The presentations were published in a Book of Proceedings, that was distributed at the Conference. The Conference was attended by 198 delegates, including 17 International delegates.

Implications

The Conference is a very important tool for the industry Australia wide. It provided an opportunity for members of the industry from all States of Australia to discuss new flowers, postharvest issues, Quality Assurance, Plant Breeders Rights and Intellectual Property. The professionalism of the Conference is an example of the maturity and growth in professionalism of the industry. The Conference also highlighted the need for industry investment for research and development, and for growers to increase their size to supply marketable amounts of product.

Publications

Book of proceedings. 5th Australian Wildflower Conference 14-17 April 1999. Melbourne. A few copies are still available for sale from Tony Slater.

Page 14

Project Title

Development of a flannel flower production system

RIRDC Project No.:

RBG-2A

Researcher: Catherine Offord Organisation: Royal Botanic Garden Sydney, Mount Annan Botanic Garden Phone: (02) 4648 2477 Fax: (02) 4648 2465 Objectives

To investigate systems for flannel flower cut-flower production by evaluating varieties at different sites around Australia.

Background Flannel flowers are sought after as focal filler cut flowers. At present the export market is supplied by only a few growers and the domestic product is almost exclusively bush-harvested. Basic propagation and cultivation methods were investigated in a previous report by the authors. This current project investigates the factors involved in cultivation of the flannel flowers at different sites using a range of selections. It identifies field production requirements and areas for further development.

Research

Trials were conducted on 19 sites around Australia. The sites were chosen to give the greatest geographic range and management styles. Plants of different flannel flower varieties were sent to each site where they were planted by the grower. The plants were assessed for survival and growth characteristics including the number of saleable stems (> 40 cm long). Soil characteristics, aspect, soil preparation, fertiliser regime, irrigation and other site or management aspects were also recorded.

Outcomes

Areas where flannel flowers may be grown were identified. The most important factors affecting plant growth were wind protection, weed competition, fertiliser, frost protection, time of planting and cultivar. Plants can be established in Spring or Autumn in northerly regions but only in Spring in the south. One cultivar performed better at most sites although there is scope to further investigate genotype by site interactions to maximise production for the export market and ensure a greater spread of supply times.

Implications

Flannel flowers can be grown in wider geographical area than they had previously been grown (mainly confined to the east coast of Australia). This means that the industry can develop further and supply to export market in greater numbers. The establishment of basic growing conditions means that these can be further refined by the industry. Supply of planting material remains a problem and the industry needs to develop a cost effective production method.

Publications

Bullock, S., Summerell, B.A. and von Richter, L. (1998). First record of vascular wilt of Flannel flower caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Australasian Plant Pathology 27: 49-50. Offord, C.A. and Tyler, J.L. (1993b). Propagation and cultivation of Flannel Flower. In ‘Proceedings of the 17th Biennial Seminar, Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants’. 7pp. (Macquarie University). Offord, C.A. (1994). The horticultural potential of Flannel Flowers. In ‘Proceedings III National Workshop for Australian Native Flowers’. 5 pp. (Gatton College).

Page 15

Offord, C.A. and Tyler, J.L. (1993). Flannel Flowers have a promising future. Australian Horticulture 91(12): 50-52. Offord, C.A. and Tyler, J.L. (1996). Flannel Flowers. In ‘Horticulture of Australian Plants’, (Eds M. Burchett and K. Johnston). pp. 212-217. (UNSW Press: Sydney). Tyler, J. von Richter, L. and Offord, C. (1999). Flannel flowers. RBG Horticultural Research Fact Sheet No 3, 2 pages.

von Richter, L. and Offord, C.A. (1996). Flannel Flowers as cut-flowers. In ‘Proceedings IV National Workshop for Australian Native Flowers’. pp. 253-258. (University of Western Australia). von Richter, L.V. and Offord, C.A. (1997a). Flannel flowers put to the test. Australian Horticulture 95(8): 35 -37. von Richter, L.V. and Offord, C.A. (1997b). Flannel flowers go national. Flower Link 15(169): 24-27. von Richter, L.V. and Offord, C.A. (1997c). Development of Flannel Flowersas cut flowers. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Finalreport RBG-1A.(http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/Index.htm#Wildflowers_Native_Plants) von Richter, L. and Offord, C. (1998a). Flannel flowers. In ‘the New Rural Industries, A Handbook for Farmers and Investors’. (Ed K. W. Hyde). pp. 505-511. (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra). von Richter, L and Offord, C. (1998b). Propagation of Flannel flowers. Combined Proceedings of the International Plant Propagators Society. 47: 71-73. von Richter, L.V. and Offord, C.A. (1999). Factors affecting field performance of flannel flowers. 5th Australian Wildflower Conference, 14-17 April 1999 Carlton Crest hotel, Melbourne pp 124-125.

Page 16

Project Title

Micropropagation of the Gymea Lily

RIRDC Project No.:

SMA-1A

Researcher: Jeremy Smith Organisation: The Wildflower Farm, Somersby Phone: (02) 4372 1393 Fax: (02) 4372 1774

[email protected] Objectives

To investigate a propagation method that may assist in the early maturation and potential precocious flowering of Doryanthes excelsa by developing a series of protocols that utilises sections of immature floral tissues as source material for tissue culturing. It is expected that this method will allow for commercialisation of this unusual Australian monocot to proceed and therefore eliminate the need to harvest this unique cutflower from the wild.

Background The interest in D. excelsa as a cutflower and foliage and for amenity horticulture, both for domestic and export sales has been steadily increasing in recent years. This species has a restricted distribution, which has serious ecological implications as all cutflower material is harvested from wild populations. It is essential that appropriate in vitro propagation methods be determined to expedite the introduction to cultivation. Successful micropropagation outcomes will be of major benefit to the floriculture industry making bush harvesting unnecessary thus greatly assisting in the conservation of this unique Australian plant.

Research

Tissue culture of Australian arborescent monocotyledons is not widely reported in the literature and this is the first recorded study outlining micropropagation procedures for Doryanthes excelsa as an important horticultural subject. Research presented in this report outlines the development of micropropagation protocols for culture induction of D. excelsa. This study has shed some light on the control of deleterious phenolic reactions (blackening of tissues) in explant tissues, derived an appropriate sterilisation procedure for commencement of tissue culturing and identified tissue types from immature flowering stems most likely to result in successful regeneration. This study also examined vast combinations of plant growth hormones to determine which concentrations are likely to provide successful organogenesis.

Outcomes

This in vitro study on D. excelsa ran for 32 weeks and it is assumed, given the range and concentrations of growth regulators tested, longer incubation time is required to achieve the objectives set at the commencement of the project. Furthermore, it is postulated that the lack of response in explants exposed to medium and high concentrations of hormones, reported to give organogenesis in related species, may be an effect of endogenous gibberellins contained in immature floral tissues.

Implications

The derivation of micropropagation protocols to assist in the early maturation and potentially lead to precocious flowering in Doryanthes excelsa has enormous implications for commercial cutflower production as it is reported to take 10 years or longer for this giant monocot to develop its first flower. Further experimental work and manipulation of tissues with various plant hormones are imperative for improving the likelihood of in vitro success in this unique monocot given the results obtained from previous research in related monocotyledonous genera. From this study it is clear that the lack of in vitro responses of D. excelsa when compared to in vitro growth in taxa of closely related families indicate the equally unique attributes this species has under in vitro conditions.

Page 17

Project Title

Uptake preservation of cutflowers and foliage of Australian native plants

RIRDC Project No.: UQ-53A Researcher: Dr Margaret Johnston Organisation: The University of Queensland Gatton Phone Fax:

(07) 5460 1240 (07) 5460 1455

Email: Internet:

[email protected] http://www.aghort.uq.edu.au

Objectives

This project aims to improve chemical uptake of a range of Australian plant materials through determining: • The various methods used by industry for preservation (survey) • The influence of plant and environmental factors on the uptake and

distribution of preservatives • The range of chemicals to preserve (humectants and adjuvants) and

colour plant materials The interaction between preservative solutions and the environment (storage or display).

Background The dried and preserved flowers export and domestic sales were valued at A$6.2 and A$2 million per annum in 1994 (Karingal Consultants 1994) and according to this review “every effort should be made to expand this market, particularly by the development of improved preservation technology”. Hence, this research was undertaken to improve the quality of dried and preserved products processed by uptake preservation methods.

Research Experiments were carried out to study the influence of plant anatomical and morphological characteristics on uptake of solutions. In addition, the influenceof simple modifications to the processing environment on solution uptake was studied. Experiments investigated the effect of humectant type, adjuvants and plant growth regulators on solution uptake. Methods of maintaining quality during storage and display were devised and evaluated.

Outcomes

To maximise outturn quality fresh plant tissues are required and the time between harvest and preservation needs to be minimised (less than 12 h). Simple modifications to the environment in the processing area will results in more rapid and uniform uptake of preservative solutions and improved outturn quality of preserved products. Glycerol was found to be an appropriate humectant for all species while polyethylene glycol was not (at the concentrations tested). Commercial adjuvants and plant growth regulators did not improve uptake of glycerol solutions in this study. Processors need to consider the environmental conditions during processing and storage, as preserved stems are susceptible to high or low relative humidities. Adoption of the equilibrium relative humidity test could determine the suitability of the product to the environmental conditions of the consumers display area or be used to refine the preservation process.

Implications Minor modifications to current practices can add to the efficiencies of the process,and significantly improve outturn quality of these flowers and foliage and should ultimately result in better economic returns for industry.

Page 18

Publications Bhandari, B. (1997). Physio-chemical properties of humectants. Proceedings

of a workshop on preservation of cut flowers and foliage of Australian native plants. The University of Queensland Gatton College. pp 3-8. Johnston, M. (1997). Uptake preservation of Australian plant material. Proceedings of a workshop on preservation of cut flowers and foliage of Australian native plants. The University of Queensland Gatton College. pp 9-12. Johnston, M.E., Joyce, D., Bhandari, B., Moncada, N., and Vuthapanich, S. (1999). Effects of different relative humidities and packaging treatments on the outturn quality of glycerined Stenanthemum cut flowers. New Flowers, Products and Technologies. Fifth Australian Wildflower Conference, Melbourne.pp. 91-94. Joyce, D. (1997). Equilibium relative humidity test applied to quality assurance for ornamental plant material preserved with humectants. Proceedings of a workshop on preservation of cut flowers and foliage of Australian native plants. The University of Queensland Gatton College. pp 25-33. Joyce, D. (1998). Dried and preserved ornamental plant material: not new, but often overlooked and underrated. Acta Horticulturae 454:133-145. Moncada, N., Vuthapanich, S., Joyce D.C., Johnston, M.E., and Bhandari, B.(1997). Respiration of cut Eucalyptus robusta and E. tetragona foliage during uptake preservation with glycerol. Proceedings of the Australasian Postharvest Conference. Moncada, N. (1997). Environmental effects on the uptake of preservation solution. Proceedings of a workshop on preservation of cut flowers and foliage of Australian native plants. The University of Queensland Gatton College. pp 13-17. Zucon, J. (1997). Foliage preservation using immersion technology. Proceedings of a workshop on preservation of cut flowers and foliage of Australian native plants. The University of Queensland Gatton College. pp 18-24.

Page 19

Project Title

Propogation and production of yellow bells (Geleznowia verrucosa)

RIRDC Project No.:

UWA-29A

Researcher: Dr Julie A Plummer Organisation: University of Western Australia

Faculty of Agriculture NEDLANDS WA 6907


• To develop a new floricultural for export of high quality flowers to the

demanding markets of Asia and Europe • To locate and sample the genetic variance within Geleznowia verrucosa • To improve the rate and uniformity of germination of smoke-treated

seed • To improve seedling establishment, and develop commercial production • To develop postharvest procedures for fresh material • To assess and expand markets in Australia, Asia, Europe and the USA

Background Geleznowia verrucosa produce spectacular clusters of bright yellow flowers are they are used a feature filler. Yellow bells have long been bush picked and they consistently demand a premium of 40-80% over other bush-picked flowers. The season is short and lasts only 4-5 weeks with approximately 50,000 stems/week available. Quality from bush picked material is variable. Exporters estimate that with better quality and supply, sales of 500,000 stems/week should be feasible.

Research

Treatment and environmental requirements for optimum seed germination were established. Specimens from the range of types and populations within G. verrucosa were grown and their growth habit, flowering time and flower quality were monitored under cultivated conditions. Two floricultural forms were superior. The effect of planting density and pruning on plant survival, growth and yield were investigated. The influence of flower development, chemical treatment and temperature on flower vase life was examined. Barriers preventing access to American and Japanese markets were determined.

Outcomes

Seed orchards for two forms have been established. Harvested seed has been distributed to growers. Planting density, pruning regimes, irrigation and fertiliser requirements have been determined. Postharvest handling procedures have been developed. Procedures to overcome barriers to market access have been developed for Japan, the process has commenced for access to the USA.

Implications

Production of fresh flowering stems of Geleznowia verrucosa will provide a profitable alternative to current crops. Access to Japan appears available.

Publications

Brennan RF, Crowhurst AM and Webb MG 1998. The growth of Yellow Bells (Geleznowia verrucosa) seedlings in response to additions of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous fertiliser. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38: 385-390. Plummer JA, Crawford A, Watkins P, Growns D and Hall DG 2000. Taming Yellow Bells: Floricultural diversity within Glelznowia verrucosa (Rutaceae). Acta Horticulture (in press).

Page 20

2.8 WILDFLOWERS AND NATIVE PLANTS

RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

Project Title

Delivering industry a significantly superior double flowering wax by reducing propagation difficulties

RIRDC Project No.:

BAF-1A

Start Date: 21/06/99 Finish Date: 30/05/00 Researcher: Mr. George Lullfitz Organisation: Boutique Australian Flora

PO Box 34 WANNEROO WA 6065


• Increased propagation success rate of superior double flowering wax,

thereby enabling more cost efficient multiplication of plants for industry. • Improved documentation of propagation techniques for this unique variety

of wax. • Industry focused commercialisation of a superior double flowering existing

waxflower. • Improved quality and extended flowering and marketing timeframes for

waxflower products utilised by the Floriculture Industry.

Current Progress

Waxflower, Chamelaucium uncinatum accounts for a large proportion of the native plant flower exports from Australia. A new variety of wax has been discovered and developed. This variety is new and unique. When available commercially will provide a different type of waxflower having double flowers. The normal vegetative propagation technique for waxes is by cuttings. The success rate in the propagation of the different varieties of wax varies considerably depending on the environmental conditions, type of vegetative material used and the clone. The success rate for the double flowering wax is low under normal conditions compared to other varieties such as 'Purple Pride'. The purpose of this short project was to investigate means of increasing the success rate in propagation. Trials have been undertaken using different vegetative material, propagation media and plant growth regulator treatments. Also, the plant has been initiated into tissue culture to investigate another option for propagation.

Page 21

Project Title

Development of Boronia heterophylla for improved commercial application

RIRDC Project No.:

BAF-2A




• To provide a series of clones of Boronia heterophylla which have been

developed and exhibit a wide range of flowering times (earlier/later) and flowering habit. This will enable growers and exporters to supply the flower market with this sought after and well established product with more continuity.

• These improved clones would be produced as outcomes of the program involving:

• Evaluating and refining existing selected clones of Boronia heterpohylla • Establishing a selection program utilising the existing selections as source

parent material.

Current Progress

Boronia heterophylla has been grown for the cut flower market for many years. Supplies have been sourced from natural and cultivated stands until recently when picking from natural stands has been terminated by government intervention. The existing time over which the flowers are available is short. It is important to develop a range of new clones which provide a wider range of flowering times thereby enabling the market to be supplied over a longer over a longer period of time. This would provide benefits to both the grower and the market. Additionally it is desirable that plants be developed which display less shoot grow through and better location of flowers. This project will assess a range of selected clones of Boronia heterophylla to develop suitable propagation regimes to multiply, trial and evaluate them for their flowering times and growth habit. Currently several clones are being propagated so that they can evaluated in field trials.

Page 22

Project Title

Development of scholtzia for improved commercial application

RIRDC Project No.:

BAF-3A




• To formally assess and deliver to industry a range of improved Scholtzia

involucrata varieties from the existing plants along with the cultural information required for the commercial application in the Australian Floriculture Industry.

• The subsequent release will secure the market position of the species by extending the present supply period and improve product quality. This will relieve the environmental pressures and market supply uncertainty of 'bushpicking'.

• To establish an ongoing selection program utilising the superior genetic material and to continue to develop new varieties for improved commercial application.

Current Progress

Scholtzia involucrata forms a significant part of the market share for export cut flowers from Australia. Flowers are supplied over the summer period following on from the major cut flower crop waxflower. It is important to introduce Scholtzia involucrata into cultivation for several reasons. Firstly, to relieve the pressure on the natural environment by harvesting natural bush stands. Next, provision of superior selected varieties from which continuity of supply can be maintained, not available when harvested from natural stands. Finally, to provide varieties which flower over a longer period of time. This is important for the producer and market since it spreads the product over a longer period. This project will assess a range of selected clones of Scholtzia involucrata for their suitability for market and production requirements. Currently several clones are being propagated for field trials.

Page 23

Project Title

Flower 2000 Australian Flower Conference

RIRDC Project No.:

CCR-1A

Start Date: 26/08/99 Finish Date: 30/09/00 Researcher: Prof. Les Eastcott Organisation: Central Coast Regional Development Corporation Inc

University of Newcastle PO Box 127 OURIMBAH NSW 2257

Phone: (02) 4323 9587 Fax: (02) 4324 5134 Email: [email protected] Objectives

• A better informed and educated industry which has access to world wide

trends and the latest technology, R&D initiatives and industry advancements.

Current Progress

The second and final Conference brochure will be available in early June. From the previous first announcement, over 100 participants have already pre-registered for the Conference. A comprehensive program has been prepared, with acceptances received from 65 Australian and International speakers. The Research and Development Program provides an opportunity for researchers to meet and be updated on current R&D projects in floriculture being undertaken by universities, state Departments of Agriculture, CSIRO, Botanic Gardens and others. Speakers include Professor Mike Parrella from the University of California presenting a paper on Funding Floriculture R&D in the USA, Professor John Considine from the University of Western Australia who will provide an insight into International Models for Funding R&D, and Dr Peter Chudleigh from Agtrans Research outlining the costs and benefits of Horticultural R&D. A panel representing major industry research corporations and growers will also analyse the success to date of the floriculture R&D industry The program also offers sessions for Post Harvest, Crop Production, Marketing, Traditional Flowers and Australian Natives and Proteas.

Page 24

Project Title

Grafting Eriostemon australasius

RIRDC Project No.:

DAN-181A

Start Date: 23/06/99 Finish Date: 30/05/02 Researcher: Mr. Jonathon Lidbetter Organisation: NSW Department of Agriculture

Locked Bag 21 ORANGE NSW 2800


• To develop Eriostemon australisius as a cutflower crop with superior

selections extending the flowering season and site suitability to include heavier soil types. This project aims to:

• Bring a range of E.australasius selections into commercial production on suitable root stocks

• Overcome the difficulty of propagating superior cut-flower forms and field survival problems

• And shorten the lead time in developing cultivated eriostemon as a major domestic and export crop.

Current Progress

Five natural populations of Eriostemon australasius have been surveyed for sources of elite clonal material. Significant variation was found in petal colour, petal width, flower diameter, leaf size and plant vigour. Flower colour ranged from pure white to deep pink (RHS 73D) and mauve (81C), flower diameter ranged between 25 and 39mm and petal width from 5 to 11mm. Unusual variants included semi doubles and unusual flecked forms. Thirty varieties with desirable characteristics have been identified. Of these eleven varieties have been successfully established in tissue culture. Over 800 seedlings of E. australasius have been germinated in the nursery for grafting trials. Preliminary trials indicate that scion material collected direct from wild populations can be successfully grafted onto these seedlings. Similarly, tissue cultured material has been grafted directly onto seedlings with a success rate of over 80%. These techniques allow for the establishment of mother stock material to provide shoots for future grafting. Grafting trials to assess compatibility have commenced using a commercial form of E. australasius as scion material and hardy species from three closely related genera as rootstocks. These rootstocks and scions have been joined using three grafting techniques and three methods to prevent scions desiccating. To date, each rootstock and treatment combination have been successful to varying degrees.

Page 25

Project Title

Identify and evaluate the commercial potential for new foliage and cutflower species form north Queensland

RIRDC Project No.:

DAQ-262A

Start Date: 1/09/99 Finish Date: 30/11/02 Researcher: Mr. Michael Daysh Organisation: Department of Primary Industries (Qld)

Queensland Horticulture Institute PO Box 652 CAIRNS QLD 4870


• The identification of the export potential of a range of new foliage and

cutflower species native to north Queensland. • Establish propagation, establishment, agronomic and postharvest

requirements for new species. • Determine preliminary compatibility for production in other regions in

Australia

Current Progress

A market review of twenty-seven species of north Queensland native plants was completed in December 1999. Flower exporters from across Australia participated in the review and indicated many of the species had market potential. Eighteen species that consistently rated highly were selected to proceed to propagation, cultivation, postharvest and further market evaluations. The seventeen species include five species for flower production and thirteen for foliage production. The initial screening of postharvest vaselife of the species is in progress with the preliminary evaluation of one flower species being completed and the foliage species underway. Propagation trials are in progress at Yuruga Nursery. Demonstration site holders are currently being identified and demonstration sites will be established in May.

Page 26

Project Title

Varietal development and disease management of Ixodia achillaeoides for cutflower production

RIRDC Project No.:

DAS-45A

Start Date: 31/07/95 Finish Date: 30/09/00 Researcher: Ms. Gail Barth Organisation: South Australian Research and Development Institute

GPO Box 397 ADELAIDE SA 5001


• To increase the production levels of Ixodia daisy for export markets by

overcoming production based problems currently limiting uptake and expansion of this crop.

Current Progress

Data was analysed for sixty varieties grown at Lenswood Research Centre over a three year period. Selection of superior varieties has been made based on performance in our assessment trials, appearance and market acceptability based on grower survey. These selected varieties were established in blocks as standard self supporting bushes and also utilising flower support systems. Yield comparisons have been made between cultivation methods. Flower and stem data has been collected and analysed for preliminary PBR comparator trials. Poorly performing varieties have been removed from the stock plant inventory and assessment program.. An additional fifty-two varieties ( new collections, seedlings and progeny from our controlled crossing program ) were harvested for either their first or second year yield and stem length data. 300 seedlings have being assessed in pot culture in the shadehouse utilising daylength and temperature manipulation in growth rooms to initiate flowering out of season. Selections from this group will be field planted this November next to selected progeny from earlier crosses which will be assessed starting Nov 2000. The results of the phytophthora control trials involving 2 field inoculations were evaluated after 18 months. Foli-R-Fos was the most effective residual fungicide tested and a recommendation program has been drawn involving a combination of fungicides for most effective management of phytophthora established in ixodia plantings. Preliminary discussions were held with industry members in relation to commercialisation of varieties.

Page 27

Project Title

Developing Leptospermum species as an export cutflower crop

RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-141A

Start Date: 1/07/97 Finish Date: 30/06/01 Researcher: Mr. Tony Slater Organisation: Department of Natural Resources & Environment

Institute of Horticultural Development Private Bag 15 SOUTH EASTERN MAIL CENTRE VIC 3176


• To develop a range of Leptospermum species with long vase life, novel

colour forms and varying flowering times for release as a new cut flower crop for export.

Current Progress

Leptospermum species and cultivars have been collected from commercial sources, Botanic Gardens and natural populations. Material has been obtained from all States (except SA), and we have obtained 245 selections. The reproductive biology of Leptospermum flowers has been examined, and a breeding program established. This work has established techniques for successful hybridisation and the advancement of seed germination. This breeding program is designed to increase the colour range of flowers available that have good vase life, over an extended season. There are currently 513 hybrid seedlings established at a field site, and a further 640 seedlings have been germinated and will be planted out when they are large enough. The remainder of the nuts from last seasons breeding are being processed. Two arboreta of selections were established to determine the growth and flowering of plants growing in the field. A trial is also under way to determine the variations in growth and flowering in Victoria and Queensland. This comparison is important as a number of cut flowers selected from south-eastern Australia are not flowering well enough to be commercial in Queensland. Postharvest trials have been conducted to look at the effect of pre-transport treatments, and simulated export storage on vase life.

Page 28

Project Title

Postharvest protocols to increase numbers of exportable Australian wildflower species

RIRDC Project No.:

DAV-161A

Start Date: 5/05/99 Finish Date: 15/06/01 Researcher: Dr. Virginia Williamson Organisation: Department of Natural Resources & Environment

Private Bag 15 SOUTH EASTERN MAIL CENTRE VIC 3176


• An analysis of whether suberin treatments can be used to enhance water

uptake and increase vase life of selected Australian native flowers. This will further enhance the export reputation of Australian cut flowers and increase the number of exportable species. Recommendations from the project will be made to industry. The species tested will be decided with industry, but could include Boronia, Cassinia, Grevillea, Leptospermum, Pimelea, and Thryptomene.

Current Progress

Suberin is an hydrophobic substance deposited in plants as a general response to wounding. Suberin-inhibiting treatments in this project have included cycloheximide and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). In addition, antioxidants, e.g. ascorbic acid, and organic acids (citric acid), the latter being known to reduce xylem blockages, have also been tested. Where applicable, silver thiosulphate (STS) treatments were used to determine whether ethylene is a contributing factor in a particular flower’s senescence. Vase life results indicate that Crowea exalata responds to STS treatment. To date, vase life data for the following species has been obtained: Acacia (foliage), Baeckea, Crowea, Ceratopetalum, Grevillea (foliage) and Lophomyrtus (foliage). In all but one experiment, the suberin-inhibiting treatments were in the group which produced the significantly longest vase life. Further pursuing the wounding hypothesis, “washing” experiments have been devised and performed with Ceratopetalum gummiferum, Crowea exalata and, currently, Hakea laurina. In these experiments there was a constant changeover of the vase water, to remove any potentially inhibiting substance from the wounded (or cut) end of flower stems. These results have shown that there is a significantly longer vase life in stems that received the constant changeover of vase water. Other species to be tested in the near future include Correa, Persoonia, Ptilotus and Thryptomene.

Page 29

Project Title

The selection propagation and cultivation of golden cascade (Corynanthera flava) for cutflower production

RIRDC Project No.:

DAW-76A

Start Date: 1/10/96 Finish Date: 30/10/00 Researcher: Dr. Kevin Seaton Organisation: Agriculture Western Australia

Locked Bag No 4 BENTLEY DELIVERY CENTRE WA 6983


• To provide the wildflower industry with a new, unusual and potentially

highly profitable cutflower by studying the biology of golden cascade (Corynanthera flava) in its natural environment, selecting commercially desirable forms and developing methods of establishing and cultivating these for commercial cutflower production.

Current Progress

Golden cascades (Corynanthera flava) continues to be in demand as a cut flower with its wispy yellow flowers occurring in November/December - which flowers from October to December is a sought after flower on export markets. Supplies of stems are currently from managed bush stands and guidelines for sustainable harvesting have been provided to the industry. Trials are being conducted to develop methods to cultivate plants, with a particular emphasis on best irrigation practice. Through surveys of natural populations, several selections of Golden cascades with cut flower potential have been identified. These have been propagated from cuttings and tissue culture. Cutting grown plants have been evaluated at Medina Research Station over two years and are providing good quality cutting material for bulking up plants for field trials. Tissue culture methods have been developed for successful plant multiplication and root initiation and methods are being developed for improving plant survival from tissue culture.

Page 30

Project Title

Cultivation of blue smokebush (Conospermum spp.) for cut flower production

RIRDC Project No.:

DAW-89A

Start Date: 1/11/97 Finish Date: 30/10/00 Researcher: Dr. Kevin Seaton Organisation: Agriculture Western Australia

Locked Bag No 4 BENTLEY DELIVERY CENTRE WA 6983


• To develop blue smokebush as a new cutflower available over an extended

season for the feature filler export market. This project aims to develop superior clones, propagation, cultivation and postharvest (for fresh and dried product) methods for commercial production of blue smokebush. It will encourage industry development throughout Australia and promote the crop on Australian and export markets.

Current Progress

Test marketing in Japan has shown that blue smokebush is in demand as a high value cut flower. It is used in displays, wedding bouquets and the ikebana trade. Given certain production requirements are implemented Conospermum eatoniae (blue lace) and C. caeruleum (slender smokebush) were found to respond to cultivation with an increase in stem production between seasons. A production package is now available to industry detailing the field management and postharvest handling of blue smokebush. Through selection several new high yielding, long stem, early and late flowering forms have been identified. Plants have been established in tissue culture. Clones with high multiplication rates and rooting ability have been identified. Methods are being developed to initiate quality roots on several selections suitable for planting out. Comparative plantings were made of nine selections of blue smokebush at Medina Research Station in November. Plants have established well over summer and responded to cultivation, with plants expected to flower this winter. Results from these trials will be analysed and form the basis for choosing the best selections for further planting out on growers properties in spring.

Page 31

Project Title

Reprint and update of the ‘Austalian Flowers’ identification catalogue

RIRDC Project No.:

FEC-3A

Start Date: 8/06/99 Finish Date: 30/09/00 Researcher: Joanne Prior Organisation: Flower Export Council of Australia Inc. (FECA) Phone: (03) 9258 6139 Fax: (03) 9258 6112 Objectives

To update and revise a widley circulated educative tool for all members of

the Australian flower and foliages industry.

Current Progress

To summarise this project, the Australian Flowers booklet, originally published in 1995, is in the process of being updated. The booklet will be of DL size, and approximately 100 pages long, published by FECA in association with Rural Industries Press. It will contain a short introductory section followed by photographs of floricultural products available from Australia. There will be nine images per page, each with the scientific name (Genus species) and common name/s, also translated into Japanese. There will be five sections to the book, Australian Wildflowers, Exotic Proteaceae and Others, Australian Foliages, Traditional Flowers, and Dried and Preserved Flowers and Foliages. At the end of the book will be an index and advertising space, offered to FECA members and allied industries such as airlines etc. Originally due in January 2000, the reprint of the Australian Flowers Booklet has been delayed due to changes made to the contents late in the design process. It has been decided to re-introduce Japanese as a second language in the book. This has meant having to source a translator which FECA is in the process of doing. Many of the images sourced for inclusion in the booklet were also found to be not of export quality flowers and therefore new images had to be sourced. There has also been some changing of the flowers included, particularly in the Dried Flower section. As of now, the list of products included in the booklet has been finalised and over 95% of the images have been obtained. It is now envisaged that the booklet will be published and printed in September 2000.

Page 32

Project Title

Production and postharvest handling of eucalypt bud and flower lines

RIRDC Project No.:

UA-52A

Start Date: 20/09/99 Finish Date: 5/07/04 Researcher: Prof. Margaret Sedgley Organisation: The University of Adelaide

Department of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology Waite Agricultural Research Institute GLEN OSMOND SA 5064


• Hybridisation of novel eucalypt lines for fresh bud and flower cut stems • Field trial of the novel lines to develop training and pruning regimes for

optimum production • Investigation of clonal propagation of superior lines • Development of postharvest treatments to allow transport of quality product

to distant markets. • Investigation of marketability of lines.

Current Progress

1. Hybridisation. Pollen has been collected and stored from the species identified with ornamental merit for cut flower and bud. Pollinations will commence August. Crossing programs have been divided into 5 groups based on relatedness to increase the likelihood of success.

2. Field trails. Over 400 hybrids have been planted out in field trials for assessment and selection. A table of selection criteria has been drawn up and all hybrids will be assessed using these criteria. Pruning trials. Discussion with industry has resulted in the development of a large scale pruning trial on 9 species.

3. Clonal propagation. Research has commenced into in vitro micropropagation. Rootstocks have been planted for future grafting experiments. Coppice growth has been stimulated for cutting experiments.

4. Postharvest. A protocol has been developed for the testing of a large number of superior individuals to determine vase life with minimal treatment. Trials will commence during August. Protocol developed after discussion with industry partner (Geoff Sullivan).

5. Investigation of marketability of lines. As soon as superior lines reach a point where sufficient material is available, market acceptability will be assessed (Geoff Sullivan, Denis Tricks).

Page 33

Project Title

Development of new and improved cut flower cultivars through selection and sexual hybridisation within the Chamelaucium alliance

RIRDC Project No.:

UWA-35A

Start Date: 1/01/97 Finish Date: 31/12/00 Researcher: Dr. Guijun Yan Organisation: University of Western Australia

Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Agriculture NEDLANDS WA 6009


• To enhance the economic strength of the Australia wildflower industry by

assuring the supply of new and unique plant cultivars through narrow and wide crosses and, for the long term, by the training of a plant breeder and studying the biology underlying the breeding of the Chamelaucium alliance.

Current Progress

Our research during the last year was concentrated on the molecular studies of waxflowers to support the breeding program. RAPD analysis was found to be highly reproducible in waxflowers. One particular primer - GTCACTGCTC among the 15 primers used was found to be able to differentiate all 14 waxflower genotypes. This information can be used for the identification of parentage of natural hybrids. Phylogenetic analysis of molecular data suggested that it is highly feasible to understand the relationships of waxflowers using molecular techniques. Chloroplast DNA of waxflowers was found to be highly variable and there are at least 11 cytotypes in waxflowers. Chloroplast DNA of waxflowers was revealed to be maternally inherited after examining more than 50 interspecifc and intraspecific hybrids and their parents. Embryological studies have suggested that hybrid embryos of waxflowers can be rescued as early as three days after pollination. The highest rescuing rate was achieved at day 18 after pollination. Rescued young embryos could develop in MS medium and grew into hybrid plants. Close examination of embryo production of different cross combinations indicated that hybridization barriers might exist for some cross combinations. Certain male and female plants were recognized to be highly productive when used as parent for interspecific and intergeneric hybridization.

Page 34

Project Title

Breeding off-season Leucadendron varieties through interspecific hybridisation

RIRDC Project No.:

UWA-46A

Start Date: 1/07/98 Finish Date: 30/05/01 Researcher: Dr. Guijun Yan Organisation: University of Western Australia

Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Agriculture NEDLANDS WA 6009


• The establishment of a breeding protocol for making interspecific crosses in

Leucadendron and • The initiation of a long term breeding program for the production of several

new off-season varieties

Current Progress

This is the second year for the Leucadendron breeding project. Progresses have been made in the following three major areas. A preliminary protocol for the breeding of Leucadendron has been developed. The protocol includes detailed methodology of germplasm management, parent selection, pollen collection, isolation of female flowers, pollination, nurturing fruits, cone and seed collection, seed germination, management of seedlings, and planting and assessing hybrids. The protocol is being further refined to increase breeding efficiency. A major experiment has been completed to determine the optimum conditions for long term storage of Leucadendron pollen. The results have shown: 1 Leucadendron pollen can be stored for one year without losing much viability under suitable conditions. 2 Desiccated pollen stored at -80˚C maintained the highest viability during storage (up to 55.3% at day 365). 3 Desiccated pollen stored at -20˚C also maintained good viability (up to 46.3% at day 365). 4 Non-desiccated pollen was not suitable for long term storage. 5 Room temperature (20˚C) and ordinary fridge temperature (4˚C) are not suitable for long term storage of Leucadendron pollen. More than 1,600 interspecific hybrids have been planted on six growers’ properties. The survival rate of the hybrids is more than 95%. The hybrids are growing well and some of them are expected to flower next spring. Hybrids will be evaluated and new varieties will be selected from the planting.

Documents

WILDFLOWERS & NATIVE PLANTS · Page 4 Contents 2.8 WILDFLOWERS AND NATIVE PLANTS COMPLETED PROJECTS PROJECT No PROJECT TITLE RESEARCHER PHONE ORGANISATION PAGE No AFP-1A An analysis