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Winter 2016. Volume 16, Issue 1. Produced by UCLA's Student Wellness Commission.
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total wellnessa ucla student wellness commission publicationn
wild about wellness
rabies
the science behind it
+
winter 2016| vol 16 | issue 1
arachnophobia
myth busting
pet allergiesand how to treat them
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FEATURES
22 too much sugar?
29 chlorine chemistry
04message from the director & editor’s note
05
features
words from the commissioner
09in the news
10q&a
16beeswax
32rabies
con
ten
ts12self careposture
20
article columns
cover storyarachnophobia
26breathe wellpet allergies
30body in focus
fish pedicures
37credits
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a message from the directorWelcome to Total Wellness’s first issue of Volume 16! To launch this volume, we wanted to explore the interconnectedness between us and Earth’s creatures, paying particular attention to the symbiotic relationship we have with animals and how that impacts our health. After all, how do animals affect our well-being?
Beyond the typical predator-prey dichotomy, animals live in a complex web of connections that can influence how they interact with us. But don’t forget that animal ecosystems can also affect our health. Taking a look back at previous Total Wellness articles such as “How Nature Can Help Your Mind” (Volume 14, Issue 5) and “Trekking the Trails” (Volume 14, Issue 4), I am reminded how green exercise, a physical activity undertaken in a natural environment, confers health benefits on the body, mind, and spirit. By preserving our natural habitats, we will not only provide nurturing environments for our fellow creatures to live in, but also allow ourselves to enjoy the benefits of green exercise.
Christopher PhanDirector
Hello readers! I hope this first issue of Volume 16 finds you well. Remember that in the midst of our busy and stressful schedules, it is always necessary to find some time for health and wellness. To get in you in a positive mood, the articles in this issue have a surprise for you—animals!
This issue is not about animals per se, but about how animals affect our health. Animals are our fellow Earth-dwellers and they influence us just as we influence them. We rely on them for work, companionship, and food. Importantly, they may induce affection, fear, attachment, and many other emotions in us. If you’re one of the many people in the world who are afraid of spiders, be sure to check out the article on arachnophobia on page 20. If you start sneezing or itching whenever you find yourself near a dog or cat, definitely read the article on pet allergies on page 26. And if you’re wondering how animals can be of potential medical use, take a look at the article on fish pedicures on page 30.
Of all the relationships in nature, the human-animal one is special since it is dynamic and mutually beneficial. The therapeutic benefits of interacting with animals such as walking a dog, playing with a cat, or watching fish are currently being studied by researchers and may be effective ways of improving wellness. So in this issue, we delve into how fish pedicures exfoliate the skin, discuss how beeswax is used in cosmetics and medicine, and mythbust the reality of rabies. By examining how we relate to animals and how we can mutually improve our well-being, we can live healthy lifestyles with our pets no matter where we are on the planet.
With midterms, papers, and projects all looming in the distance, it can be easy for us Bruins to forget to keep our bear necessities met. So even if you are as busy as a bee, don’t neglect your health!
I hope these articles pique your interest in the relationship between the biome and our health. Everything around us may potentially have some influence on our mental and physical well-being, and some of these influences we are only beginning to understand. As always, if you ever have comments on our articles or any ideas or suggestions for future issues, do not hesitate to contact us and let us know. We would love to get feedback from our readers.
Omid MirfendereskiEditor-in-Chief
Cheers to your health,
Wishing you strength and wellness,
editor’s note
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words from the commissioner
Hello Bruins! Happy Winter Quarter! I am honored to welcome you all to the first issue of Volume 16 as well. The Student Wellness Commission (SWC) is ready to host several great events for UCLA this Winter Quarter. Looking to build upon the success of the 1st annual Healthcoming in the Fall, this quarter we are hosting a month long campaign for February called reFRESH to help inform and optimize health and wellness in a college student lifestyle. Winter Quarter is a tough one just like every quarter, but we want to help people start off the new year in the healthy and well way that they would like! Our themes for our reFRESH month are: reFINE your oral health, reVITALIZE your sexual and bodily health, reCYCLE your environmental and personal health, and reCHARGE your sleep and mental health. We will be hosting events all month, with participation from all the lovely committees of SWC. In addition to the efforts of the entire SWC, several committees have already hosted and will be hosting signature events for this quarter! Active
Minds just finished their 2nd annual Mental Health Networking night and more weekly programming is to come throughout the rest of the quarter. Body Image Task Force will be hosting I Love My Body Week this quarter with events all throughout Week 6. Bruin Consent Coalition just wrapped up their eventful 3rd annual Consent Week this past Week 2. The CPR/FA program will continue to host weekly classes throughout the quarter. EARTH will be launching a brand new Instagram and blog starting with weekly national park features. Stop by to LATC, Week 7, to Bruins in the Kitchen hosted by Health Nutrition & Fitness to learn healthy and simple, Mediterranean-themed recipes. SEARCH will be hosting their signature Stress Less Fair at the the beginning of February. Learn from the Sexperts at one of their many workshops this quarter. The SHAs will be hosting their #DIYHealth event on the hill Week 7, and together with SWC and the Ashe Center will be making flu packs for some quick relief to be distributed at the Ashe Center and the SWC office, Kerckhoff 308.
These are just some of the larger events SWC will be hosting, in addition to the many, many more throughout the whole quarter. Check out our blog, calendar, and more at our newly-designed website at swc.ucla.edu, and also on social media to keep in touch with SWC.
Stay healthy and stay well UCLA,
Marvin Chen Student Wellness Commissioner
Total Wellness is a division of the Student Wellness Commission that is dedicated to spreading awareness of and sharing knowledge on issues of student health and health care. By providing an understanding of health and lifestyle issues, elucidating health concepts, providing recommendations for physical, mental, and social well-being, and making visible and accessible various health resources, programs, and events occurring at UCLA, Total Wellness seeks to empower students with up-to-date and accurate knowledge on the appropriate management of their health.
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leadership
PAYAM MIRFENDERESKICopy Editor
RUCHI DESAIFinance Director
NANCY VUManaging Editor
JACKIE NGUYENArt Director
ALISON JENGAssistant Art Director
RACHELLE JUANWeb Director
NEGIN AMINIANOutreach Director
TALIN MARKARIANOutreach Director
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director Christopher Phan
editor-in-chief Omid Mirfendereski
art director Jackie Nguyen
managing editorNancy Vu
copy editorPayam Mirfendereski
writersSydnie BuiRuchi Desai
Shriya DidwaniaKatie Farr
Momoko IshiiYoon Syuk Jun
Omid Mirfendereski Payam Mirfendereski
Masumi PadhyeSepideh Parhami
Christopher PhanJamie Shin
Jasmine SidhuSabrin Sidhu
Richa VakhariaNatalie Vawter
Nancy VuJefferey Yeung
designSophia Fang
Jenna LeAmir LjuljanovicJackie NguyenNezia RahmanEdith RamirezKimberly Rich
Eun Ji SongKandice Tsoi
advisory & reviewChristopher Conway, PhD
Postdoctoral Scholar, UCLA Department of Psychology
David Fish, MD, MPHAssociate Director, UCLA Pain Medicine Fellowship Program
Rita Kachru, MDAssistant Professor, UCLA School of Medicine
Lan Kao, LAcClinical Specialist, UCLA Center for East-West Medicine
Alex Korb, PhDPostdoctoral Scholar, UCLA Department of Psychiatry
Eve Lahijani, MS, RDNutrition Health Educator, UCLA Bruin Resource Center
Gregory Moran, MDProfessor, UCLA School of Medicine
Anabella Pascucci, MDDermatologist, UCLA Health
Andrew Shubov, MDAssistant Clinical Professor, UCLA Center for East-West Medicine
Veena Vanchinathan, MDDermatologist, UCLA Health
Total Wellness is a free, student-run publication and is supported by advertisers, the Student Wellness Commission (SWC), the Undergraduate Students Association (USAC), the Arthur Ashe Student Health and Wellness Center, UCLA
Healthy Campus Initiative (HCI), UCLA Recreation, and UCLA Center for East-West Medicine.
Contact308 Westwood Blvd., Kerckhoff Hall 308
Los Angeles, CA 90024Phone 310.825.7586, Fax 310.267.4732
Subscription, past issues, and advertising rates available upon request.
Volume 16, Issue 01
© 2016 by Total Wellness Magazine. All rights reserved. Parts of this magazine may be reproduced only with written permission from the editor. Although every precaution has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the published material, Total Wellness cannot be held responsible for the opinions expressed or facts supplied by authors. We do not necessarily endorse products and services advertised.
The information in Total Wellness is not intended as medical advice and should not replace the advice of your physician. Always consult a health care provider for clarification.
total wellness
assistant art director Alison Jeng
finance directorRuchi Desai
webAlyssa HermanRachelle Juan
Jia-Tern NgHarold KimErika Yoon
web directorRachelle Juan
outreach directorNegin Aminian
outreach directorTalin Markarian
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know your resources!
Each committee within SWC holds health-related programs throughout the year for the UCLA student body. Like us on Facebook or visit swc.ucla.edu to learn more, and never miss an opportunity to improve your health!
BRUIN RUN/WALK
committees meet the
of
[Bruin Consent Coalition]
The Body Image Task Force’s mission is to spread self acceptance and positive body image, which encompasses mental, physical, and emotional health. Love yourself and be confident in who you are!
Aids Awareness works to increase campus awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and promote safe sex practices.
HNF is devoted to hosting fun and educational events that promote proper nutrition, an active lifestyle, and overall well-being.
Active Minds holds workshops and events to educate students and the surrounding Los Angeles community on the importance of mental health.
EARTH is committed to promoting student awareness about the dynamic relationship that exists between individual health and the health of the environment.
“SHA”s are trained to educate other students about various health issues including relationships and communication, stress management, body image, and alcohol harm reduction.
Bruin Run/Walk puts on an annual 5K charity run to raise awareness and funds to support the Chase Child Life Program at the Mattel Children’s Hospital UCLA.
SEARCH (Student Education And Research of Contemporary Health) researches health topics pertinent to the UCLA student body to create interesting and educational events.BCC’s goal is to promote consensual
sex, effective bystander intervention, and access to university resources that support survivors of sexual assault.
The Sexperts committee is dedicated to increasing the awareness of gender-related health issues, stigmas, and identity at UCLA and beyond.
The CPR and First Aid Program offers low-cost American Heart Association CPR and First Aid courses to the UCLA community ($10 for UCLA students, $15 for community members).
Total Wellness is dedicated to spreading awareness of and sharing knowledge on issues of student health and health care through quarterly magazine publications.
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in the news
keeping up with animalsby payam mirfendereski & omid mirfendereski| design by alison jeng
Florida State University professor Thomas Joiner has proposed that human suicide is an evolutionary product of self-sacrificial behavior.1 Certain animal species, especially insects like ants and wasps, are eusocial, meaning that they display complex or “true” communal organization. Eusocial animal species display three primary characteristics: division of labor, overlapping generations, and cooperative care of young. In a paper published in Psychological Review, Joiner and his colleagues suggested that humans too are a eusocial species, and that this eusocial behavior is a major contributing factor to our perceived evolutionary fitness.2 Suicide in turn can also be theorized as an evolutionary recourse for individuals that are a burden to the eusocial “community.” Suicidal decisions can be triggered by a desire to avoid being a burden to one’s family and to society in general. Such thinking certainly indicates self-sacrifice and, according to Joiner and colleagues, a deranged form of eusociality that nonetheless contributes to a net gain on the genetic level for the human species.1
References 1. “Honeybees, ants may provide clues to suicide in humans.” sciencedaily.com. (2016).2. “Suicide as a Derangement of the Self-Sacrificial Aspect of Eusociality.” Psychol Rev. (2015).3. “Dog Flu Spreading Fast Across U.S., Vets Issue Guidelines.” news.discovery.com. (2016).4. “Canine Influenza FAQ.” avma.org. (2016).5. “Chinese Scientists Create ‘Autistic’ Monkeys.” news.discovery.com. (2016).6. “Autism-like behaviours and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2.” Nature. (2016).7. “Mice can be male without Y chromosome.” sciencenews.org. (2016).8. “Two Y genes can replace the entire Y chromosome for assisted reproduction in the mouse.” Science. (2014).9. “Two genes substitute for the mouse Y chromosome for spermatogenesis and reproduction.” Science. (2016).
IS THERE AN EVOLUTIONARY BASIS TO HUMAN SUICIDE?
The canine influenza epidemic that started in April 2015 in Chicago has thus far affected thousands of dogs in the U.S. Caused by the highly contagious H3N2 strain of the dog flu, the epidemic has entered almost all states and is still
spreading. The dog flu has taken the greatest toll on older and weaker dogs, and although less than 10% of dogs die from the flu, less healthy dogs can get fatal flu-induced pneumonia. The flu can moreover weaken dogs’ immune systems
and make them more vulnerable to bacterial infections. The symptoms caused by the dog flu include severe coughing, reduced appetite, and very high fever. Although no cases have been reported so far of dogs transmitting the H3N2 strain
to humans, other strains of the dog flu may potentially be transmittable to humans. Most dogs can battle the flu and regain their health within two or three weeks with their owners’ support and better animal care practices, but it’s best to be on
the safe side: if your dog starts showing any flu symptoms, visit a veterinarian for a check-up.3,4
HAS YOUR DOG GOTTEN THE FLU?
Chinese researchers have engineered macaques using a human gene involved in autism in the hopes of better studying the developmental disorder and finding treatments for it.5 Previously, mice have been used as animal models for autism, but monkeys promise to be more effective animal models due to their genetic and behavioral similarities with humans. In the study published in Nature earlier this year, the Chinese researchers overexpressed the human gene MECP2 in macaques, since duplication of this gene is known to result in symptoms similar to those seen in autism. The resulting transgenic monkeys showed increased repetitive behavior, increased anxiety, and reduced social interaction with their peers, symptoms analogous to those of autistic individuals. The researchers suggest that these engineered monkeys provide a new way to study brain disorders and autism in particular.6
CAN MONKEYS BE USED TO STUDY AUTISM?
A study conducted by researchers at the University of Hawaii suggests that mice can produce sperm without the Y chromosome.7 Two genes on the Y chromosome that are thought to be important for male reproduction are the sex-
determining region Y (SRY) and a spermatogonial proliferation factor gene called Eif2s3y.8 In the study published in Science earlier this year, researchers manually activated the downstream target of SRY and a homolog of Eif2s3y located on the X chromosome. The results were male mice without Y chromosomes that could produce sperm and sire offspring via in vitro fertilization. The results suggest that there may be some redundancy in the genes encoded on the Y chromosome, such that these genes are not necessary for male gamete production. Nevertheless, the researchers indicate that the Y
chromosome is still important for unassisted fertilization and full natural masculinity.9
DO MICE NEED Y CHROMOSOMES TO BE MALE?
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if you’ve ever ordered steak...by ruchi desai | design by kandice tsoi
If you’ve ever ordered steak at a restaurant, then you’ve probably been asked how you would like your meat cooked. While some people prefer a rare, bloody steak that reminds them of their caveman origins, others prefer a more well-done steak, where anything remotely pink has become brown. However, still others like it right in the middle, medium or medium-rare.
For the steak virgins out there, trying to figure out what all the different categories of meat doneness mean can be daunting. However, it’s not as complicated as it seems, and there are actually 3 features that define meat doneness: color, internal temperature, and texture. Generally, meat transitions from a red, cool, and soft appearance to a brownish-gray, warm, and firm appearance as cooking time increases.
Q: what is a safe minimum internal temperature? A: Regardless of which type of steak you prefer, there is a safe minimum internal temperature to which all meat should be cooked, as well as a standard rest time. The safe minimum internal temperature for any slab of steak is 145°F and the standard rest time after the meat has been cooked is 3 minutes according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).1 Letting the meat rest after cooking causes the juices to redistribute, creating a juicier and more tender slab of meat, and allows the internal temperature to rise. The general rule of thumb is that the meat’s internal temperature will rise about 5 to 10 degrees for every 10 minutes that it is allowed to rest.2
Q: what are the different types of doneness?
Known as the “bloody” steak, about 75% of the center has a distinct red.
125°F
medium rare
This is a steak with a warm and about 50% red in the center. It is firmer than rare steak but still a little soft.
135°F
This has a warm pink center and is firm.
145°F
medium well
This has a small hint of pink in the center.
150°F
This usually has little or no pink. It is often 100% a gray-brown color in the center and is firm. The texture may also be described as chewy.
160°F
rare
medium
welldone
A: The concept of meat doneness is a flexible and unscientific one. However, according to food bloggers and steak enthusiasts on the Internet, the descriptions and categories on the right seem to be most popular.3,4
q & a
type descriptioninternal
temperature
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if you’ve ever ordered steak...
References
A: Even though the USDA guidelines state that steak should be cooked to an internal temperature of 145°F, rare and medium-rare steaks fall outside this safe range.Unfortunately, there are a number of foodborne organisms associated with insufficiently cooked beef. These include the bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes.1 In fact, between 2009 and 2013, the CDC counted 75 outbreaks associated with beef, 35% of which were caused by E. coli and 23% by salmonella.5 Fortunately, many of these bacteria are killed by cooking. In a 2015 study published in the International Journal of Food Microbiology, researchers prepared meats with three types of pathogens and measured their residual presence after cooking the steak to various levels of doneness. In comparison to the well-done steak which only had a residual detection of 18%, the medium steak had 70% and the rare had 90%.6 Thus, consuming rare and even medium-rare steaks may put you at a greater exposure risk to pathogenic bacteria.
A: This may come as a surprise, but there are actually risks to overcooking meat or eating well-done meat, apart from the potential culinary downside of a dry and chewy steak. Meat cooked at high temperatures is correlated with heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrogen-containing chemicals that are considered to be mutagenic, meaning that they may alter DNA and thereby cause cancer. The formation of HCAs and PAHs varies based on type of meat and doneness level; however, well-done slabs of steak have been found to contain relatively high levels of HCAs.7
Q: what are the risks of consuming “rare” meat?
Q: what are the risks of eating meat cooked for long periods of time?
A: Various studies, including a 1991 study published in Carcinogenesis and a 2004 study published in Cancer Science, have used animal models and found that exposure to HCAs and PAHs causes tumor formation and cancer in these organisms.8,9 In addition, numerous epidemiological studies, including a 2009 study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology and a 2010 study published in Cancer Research, have found that consumption of well-done, barbecued, or fried meats is correlated with increased risk of prostate and colorectal cancer respectively.10,11 However, these epidemiological studies are general population studies of humans, and they have not been able to establish a causal link between HCAs and PAHs from cooked meat to cancer, as there are a number of confounding variables that cannot be controlled for. It is also very difficult to measure the amount of mutagenic chemicals that an individual has been exposed to. In addition, the majority of these studies have been correlative and have been unable to identify the underlying mechanisms of how these chemicals work to cause cancer.12 While the above studies seem to indicate that consuming meats cooked at high temperatures is potentially dangerous, there are currently no federal guidelines for the consumption of meat that may contain HCAs and PAHs.7
Steak doneness is a personal preference. While some individuals prefer their meat on the rare end of the spectrum, others like it to be well-done. There are potential risks associated with both undercooking meat and overcooking it. While there seems to be no clear answer for how well done steak should be, it is best to follow USDA guidelines and cook your steak to a minimum internal temperature of 145°F, which is about the temperature of a medium or medium-well steak. This seems to avoid the major bacteria problems of undercooked steaks and the potential HCA and PAH presence in well-done steaks. t w
Q: what does the science say about HCAs and PAHs?
bottom line
1. “Beef from Farm to Table.” usda.gov. (2014). 2. “Meat and Poultry Cooking Guide.” webmed.com. (2015). 3. “Degree of Doneness.” certifiedagnusbeef.com. (2015). 4. “The Ultimate Steak Doneness Chart.” finedininglovers.com. (2015).5. “CDC Shares Data on E. Coli and Salmonella in Beef.” foodsafetynews.com. (2014).6. “Effectiveness of inactivation of foodborne pathogens during simulated home pan frying of steak, hamburger or meat strips.” Int J of Food Microbiol. (2015). 7. “Chemicals in Meat Cooked at High Temperatures and Cancer Risk.” cancer.gov. (2015). 8. “A new colon and mammary carcinogen in cooked food, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP).” Carcingenesis. (1991). 9. “Heterocyclic amines: Mutagens/carcinogens produced during cooking of meat and fish.” Cancer Sci. (2004). 10. “Meat and Meat-related Compounds and Risk of Prostate Cancer in a Large Prospective Cohort Study in the United States.” Am J Epidemiol. (2009). 11. “A Large Prospective Study of Meat Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk: An Investigation of Potential Mechanisms Underlying this Association.” Cancer Res. (2010). 12. “Heterocyclic Amine Content of Cooked Meat and Risk of Prostate Cancer.” J Natl Cancer I. (1999).
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the importance of postureby elsbeth sites | design by jenna le
Mothers around the world have said it for centuries: stop slouching! It seems like common knowledge that no one wants drooping shoulders and a low hanging head, but it isn’t always clear how poor posture develops. Here is some scientific evidence that supports your mother’s
argument—sit up straight!
self care
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what causes poor posture?
Poor posture can be defined as an inefficient balance of the body over its base of support, or an alteration of normal body movement and therefore increased stress and strain on supporting structures.1 Genetics may play a role in the curvature of the spine, but more often poor posture occurs as a result of repeated or long-term activities.2 Unfortunately for office workers, students, and just about everyone nowadays, computer use is one of the leading causes of improper posture. According to the National Statistical Office, with the increasing amount of people in possession of a computer and with internet access, the average weekly time that a person will spend at a computer has dramatically increased from 5.9 hours in 1997 to 14.6 hours in 2003, with 56.2% of computer owners using their machine for 10 or more hours each week.2
how can poor posture affect my physical well-being?
turtle neck
Staring at a monitor located below the height of eyesight for a long time makes the head move forward and requires an exaggerated curve in the lower spine and upper vertebrae in order to maintain balance. This has been dubbed forward head posture, or turtle neck posture.2
overall muscle imbalance
Forward head posture may not only affect the neck but also cause back pain and headaches and possibly lead to overall imbalance in the musculoskeletal system.3 Because of this imbalance, the bones and joints in the lower back have to support more weight than they were designed to do. These muscles must then work harder to compensate, which may eventually lead to back strain and injury.4
poor energy flow
From the viewpoint of a Chinese medicine practitioner, good posture allows for the smooth flow of blood and Qi (life energy) through the acupuncture channels or meridians of the body. Poor posture can inhibit the flow of blood and qi, which can lead to development of symptoms of illness within the body.
poor posture may make positive thinking more difficult
A 2004 study in Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback assessed whether it was easier to generate positive and negative thoughts in either an upright or slumped position. Participants rated which type of thought was easiest to generate in the two postures. Significantly more participants (92%) indicated that it was easier to generate positive thoughts in the upright position. This study suggests that positive thoughts are more easily recalled in the upright posture.6
strong posture may help in enduring pain or distress
A 2012 study published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology found that by simply adopting more dominant poses, people felt more powerful, in control, and able to tolerate distress. Of the individuals studied, those who used the most dominant posture were able to comfortably handle more pain than those assigned a more neutral or submissive stance.7
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strong posture may help in enduring pain or distress
A 2012 study published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology found that by simply adopting more dominant poses, people felt more powerful, in control, and able to tolerate distress. Of the individuals studied, those who used the most dominant posture were able to comfortably handle more pain than those assigned a more neutral or submissive stance.7
can posture affect mental well-being?
weak posture may induce negative feelings
A 1992 study published in Shinrigaku Kenkyu: the Japanese Journal of Psychology suggests that posture exerts a strong influence on one’s emotions. The study consisted of one group who assumed various postures and another group that only imagined the postural changes. Subjects estimated their mood and emotions with 34 adjectives (such as feeble or lifeless) on a 3 point scale. Their data suggests a correlation between negative feelings and weak posture, especially when the subject had a hunched back and a hanging head.5
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how can I improve my posture?
look for ergonomically designed equipment
There is an entire field of science called ergonomics devoted to designing workplace equipment. The field focuses on maximizing productivity by reducing operator fatigue and discomfort. For example, in an ergonomic chair the seat height, seat depth, and lumbar (lower back) support are all specificallyengineered to promote good posture.8
move your computer monitor
According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the center of the computer monitor should normally be located 15° to 20° below horizontal eye level and 20 to 40 inches away from the eye.9
get up and move
As muscles tire, slouching becomes more likely. In order to maintain a relaxed but supported posture, change positions frequently. Take a break from sitting in an office chair every half hour for 2 minutes in order to stretch, stand, or walk.10
pilates and yoga
A 1998 study in the Journal of Dance Medicine and Science examined the dynamic posture (posture while moving) of ballet dancers after training with pilates (a type of fitness system). The participants of the experimental group were found to be more stable in the upper body region than the control group. This suggests that training with pilates-based exercises can improve dynamic posture.11 Similarly, yoga poses like balasana (child’s pose) aid the spine into alignment, while poses like bhujangasana (cobra pose) pull the shoulder back and open up the chest.12
integrative modalities
tai chi and qigong
Tai chi is a healing exercise that emulates the motions of ancient Chinese martial art, while encouraging those who practice to be tranquil and calm. The movements, when practiced consistently, train the body to pull back the shoulders and properly align the spine.13 Qigong exercises are a collection of orchestrated practices involving posture, movement, breath pattern, and meditation, all designed to optimize and balance inner energy. As both of these practices require heightened bodily awareness, they can train the mind to continually correct poor posture throughout the day.14
Alexander Technique
The Alexander Technique is an educational method that aims to change faulty postural habits, thus enabling improved mobility and posture, along with relief of chronic stiffness, tension and stress. By teaching how to recognize and unlearn habits of tension and poor posture, this technique can enable individuals of all ages to maintain good posture for the long-term.15
core-strengthening exercises
The consensus seems to be that having strong abdominal, oblique, and back muscles acts as a girdle of sorts that holds your torso erect. Try an exercise like the single leg extension, designed to train your core muscles to work together to stabilize your pelvis.
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core stabilizer: single leg extension
Starting position: Lie on your back with your knees bent, feet planted flat on the floor, and hands behind your neck providing support. Press your lower back into the floor, and curl your head up off the floor.
Action: Exhale strongly and pull your navel in towards your spine. Slowly pull one knee into your chest, keeping your lower back pressed onto the floor, while extending your other leg straight out, 45° off the floor. Keep your abdominal muscles pulled in and your lower back on the floor. If your lower back begins to arch off the floor, extend your leg higher toward the ceiling. Switch legs. Try starting out with 5 to 10 extensions on each side.12
take-home message
Sitting in front of the computer for long periods of time is a leading cause of poor posture, but there are steps that can be taken to sit up straighter and avoid the negative effects of slouching. Look for ergonomically-designed office equipment, check out OSHA’s guidelines for a posture-friendly workspace, and strengthen your core muscles to keep your spine straight and happy.
References 1. “Good Posture, Bad Posture - Sway Back.” sportsinjurybulletin.com. (2007).2. “The Effect of the Forward Head Posture on Postural Balance in Long Term Computer Based Worker.” Ann Rehabil Med. (2012).3. “Incidence of Common Postural Abnormalities in the Cervical, Shoulder, and Thoracic Regions and their Association with Pain in Two Age Groups of Healthy Subjects.” Phys Ther. (1992).4. “Proper Posture to Prevent Arthritis Pain.” health.howstuffworks.com. (2013).5. “Effects of inclination of trunk and head on emotional awareness.” Shinrigaku Kenkyu: The Japanese Journal of Psychology. (1992).6. “The effects of upright and slumped postures on the recall of positive and negative thoughts.” Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. (2004).7. “It hurts when I do this (or you do that): Posture and pain tolerance.” J Exp Soc Psych. (2012).8. “Choosing the Right Ergonomic Chair.” spine-health.com. (2013).9. “OSHA Ergonomic Solutions: Computer Workstations.” osha.gov. (2013). 10. “Ten Tips for Improving Posture and Ergonomics.” spine-health.com. (2013).11. “The Effect of Pilates-based Training on Dancers’ Dynamic Posture.” J Dance Med & Sci. (1998).
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The self-care column is sponsored by UCLA Center for East-West Medicine.
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mind your beeswax: the health and cosmetic
benefits of beeswax by masumi padhye | design by edith ramirez
Honeycombs are made of a useful and increasingly popular substance that has potential cosmetic, culinary, and medicinal properties: beeswax. The production of beeswax is essential
to the bee colony and is used to construct the combs in which the bees store pollen and surplus honey for the winter. Worker bees secrete beeswax from eight glands situated in their lower
abdomen. The beeswax hardens on the abdominal region and breaks off into clear flat scales that are then chewed, softened, and formed into hexagonal cells within the existing honeycomb.1 Read
on to learn about the potential values of beeswax!
feature
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beeswax for the skin
beeswax and eczema
Beeswax has potential anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. According to a 2004 article published in Bee World, beeswax is found to be particularly active against the bacterium Proteus vulgaris, which is implicated in some wound infections. Beeswax antiseptic balm may be an effective home remedy for protecting wounds from bacterial activity.5,6
Eczema is inflammation of the skin, often manifesting as an itchy rash, typically caused or worsened by excessive dryness.7 The long fatty acid chains in beeswax, such as palmitate and palmitoleate, may help calm the skin and reduce redness while keeping the skin hydrated. Beeswax may help provide a barrier for the skin against the environment. The waxy coating helps the skin retain its natural moisturizing factors. Additionally, beeswax is non-comedogenic, meaning that is does not clog skin pores.8
beeswax and vitamin A
Beeswax contains vitamin A that may boost skin cell turnover, resulting in a rejuvenated, fresh appearance to the skin.8
beeswax in cosmetic products
Beeswax use is increasingly popular in the cosmetic industry. Some commonly used products that may contain beeswax include lip balm, lotion, petroleum jelly substitute, and depilatory wax. One of the most common reasons beeswax is used in cosmetic preparations is due to its moisturizing properties as a result of its thick, waxy texture. It also has an appealing sweet smell and taste.8 The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has assessed the safety of beeswax and concluded that beeswax is safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products.10 The increasing popularity of beeswax in cosmetic use may be at least in part due to shifting consumer preferences to naturally occurring ingredients.
When tested alone, beeswax was not found to be irritating to the eyes. Clinical safety studies have shown that products containing 10% beeswax are not phototoxic, meaning that they do not cause skin irritation when activated by UV rays. Additionally, a product containing 4% beeswax was not shown to cause sensitivity to the skin.10
Chemically, beeswax may be practical for cosmetic products. Beeswax helps prevent an emulsion from separating into its oil and liquid components, which is especially helpful in cosmetics and personal care products that require a creamy consistency. Beeswax also increases the thickness of the lipid (oil) portion of solid and stick-like products such as lipstick, giving them structure, allowing for a smooth application, and keeping them solid. When used in eye makeup, the waxes stiffen but do not harden the product, and the flexibility and plasticity of the waxes facilitate application. These waxes may also function in depilatory products to mechanically remove unwanted hair.10
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chemical properties of beeswax
Beeswax is a lipid that is composed of various long-chain alcohols and fatty acid esters.2 Beeswax is indigestible and does not contain nutrients that can be utilized by the body; therefore, it has insignificant nutritional value.3 However, it is commonly used as a glazing agent in cooking instead of butter or oil because of perceived health benefits and a favorable texture.4
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References 1. “What is honeycomb?” savannahbee.com. (2014).2. “Wax.” chemwiki.ucdavis.edu. (n.d).3. “Nutrition of Honeycomb Beeswax.” livestrong.com. (2011). 4. “Beeswax 901.” efsa.europa.eu. (2007).5. “Beeswax: Quality issues today.” Bee World. (2004).6. “Proteus Infections.” medscape.com. (n.d).7. “Eczema.” emedicinehealth.com. (n.d).8. “Beeswax” nutrawiki.org. (2015).9. “Psoriasis - Topic Overview.” webmd.com (n.d). 10. “Beeswax.” cosmeticsinfo.org. (n.d). 11. “Nutritional significance and metabolism of very long chain fatty alcohols and acids from dietary waxes.” Exp Biol Med. (2004).12. “Good vs. Bad Cholesterol.” heart.org. (2015). 13. “Systemic Contact Dermatitis from Propolis Ingestion.” Ann Dermatol. (2011).
Beeswax has many potential benefits and uses. It may be used to treat, protect, and enhance the skin. Products containing beeswax have become increasingly popular over the years and are found in many stores. When used appropriately and ensuring no allergic reaction, beeswax may be beneficial to one’s health and wellness. From a medicinal standpoint, however, more research is required to draw concrete conclusions about beeswax.
bottom line
Before using products that contain beeswax, it is important to make sure you are not allergic. Propolis, a resinous substance found in beeswax can cause an allergic reaction. A 2011 article published in the Annals of Dermatology reported that an increase in the use and popularity of propolis-containing products has been associated with an increased frequency of propolis-related allergic contact dermatitis, marked by inflammation of the skin. Most of the current cases of reactions are the result of the use of propolis-containing products that are either applied topically or ingested. Therefore, it is very important to ensure you aren’t allergic to any components prior to using beeswax-containing products.13
caution to using beeswax
beeswax in medicine
Potential therapeutic applications for beeswax are still in the early stages, but some studies show promising results for future, more in-depth studies.
beeswax and cholesterol A 2004 study in Experimental Biology and Medicine concluded that very long-chain fatty alcohols found in beeswax exert regulatory roles in cholesterol metabolism. D-002, a mixture of six primary aliphatic alcohols, is obtained from the purification from beeswax. Reports suggest that consuming 5 to 20 mg of these long-chain alcohols per day lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by 21% to 29% and raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) by 8% to 15%.11 LDL cholesterol is considered “bad” cholesterol because it contributes to plaque formation in the arteries and HDL cholesterol is considered “good” cholesterol because it helps remove LDL cholesterol from the arteries.12
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totalwellness ›› on the cover
“We have more to learn from animals than animals have to learn from us.”
– ANTHONY DOUGLAS WILLIAMS
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cover story
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arachnophobiawhy do we fear our eight-legged friends?
by sabrin sidhu | design by amir ljuljanovic
You’re casually relaxing on your bed listening to your favorite music when, all of a sudden, a monster creeps up on you. You’re paralyzed
with terror. You hysterically try to attack the fiend with your old gym shoe, but nothing seems to stop this all too familiar demon. Its eight menacing legs, creepy head, and crawling body keep on
moving your way—you realize you have a spider situation.
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arachno —Arachno is a Greek word meaning spider and it is used to describe a group of animals called arachnids. Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, and more than 100,000 other similar species.2
Arachnophobia is defined as the unreasonable and possibly debilitating fear of spiders.1 Typically, as is the case with most phobias, the spiders induce anxiety, fear, and avoidance even though they may not pose any danger. In fact, only 0.1 to 0.3% of all spiders are actually poisonous. Despite the fact that most spiders are relatively small and fairly common, they are one of the top five animals most feared by humans across the world.2 What exactly is it about these creepy crawly fiends that makes them so disgusting? Afterall, with plenty of off-the-shelf pest sprays, it is not intuitive that people should still be afraid of these common household guests. Keep reading to explore the world of arachnophobia and discover more about our ancient history with spiders!
what is arachnophobia?
who does it affect?
Arachnophobia is considered the most prevalent form of animal phobia in the world, meaning spiders outrank snakes, bees, and other animals in terms of phobia induced in humans.2 Typically, the onset of arachnophobia is around the time of early childhood and, depending on the severity of the phobia or amount of treatment, it can either disappear as an individual gets older or last a lifetime.5 Additionally, a 1994 study in Society and Animals found that the fear of spiders was much more prevalent in the Western world than in other places. In many African, Asian, and Middle Eastern countries, spiders do not have a negative association and do not evoke immense fear or discomfort.5
what are the symptoms?
The main symptoms of arachnophobia are similar to those produced by other phobias. Individuals are usually faced with uncontrollable panic, difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and crying. In more extreme cases or situations, arachnophobia can result in psychological reactions, intense anxiety, and, in younger children, tantrums or clinging. The severity of symptoms varies with the level of phobia.1
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main symptoms of arachnophobia are uncontrollable panic, difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and crying.
of all spiders are actually poisonous and pose a danger to humans when bitten.
of spider-fearing individuals have recovered from arachnophobia through popular systematic desensitization treatments.
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why are people afraid
of spiders?
›Additionally, it has been found that arachnophobia often runs in the family.4 Individuals who
have parents or siblings that fear spiders are typically more likely
to fear spiders themselves. This is because disgust sensitivity level
(excessive disgust or fear shown at the sight of a spider) imbues other
family members with the same fears. Essentially, this is the result of social learning which includes
observations and experiences that can directly or indirectly cause
individuals to be afraid of spiders.
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Pop culture and its portrayal of spiders often negatively precondition people into believing that spiders are creatures to be feared and
avoided.4 For example, during Halloween, spiders are used as decor because they appear evil and menacing. Projections like
this perpetuate the notion that spiders are dangerous, whereas
in reality, they often pose relatively little physical threat.
cultureEvolution is thought to contribute to arachnophobia. In fact, a 2009 study published in Evolution and Human Behavior claims that the fear of spiders is actually part of “biological preparedness,” an innate mechanism which keeps humans from approaching potentially dangerous things.2 A 2015 study published in the Journal of Evolution and Human Behavior by scientists at Columbia University claims that the fear of spiders may even be in our DNA. When presented with numerous visual images, participants of the main study were found to pick out outlines of spiders comparatively quickly, suggesting that the visual recognition and subsequent fear of spiders may be part of the biophysical mechanisms that serve as a protective reflex.3
evolution
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what can I do?
If you think you have arachnophobia, it is important to see your doctor or a psychologist. Clinical interviews can be useful for diagnosis and can help psychologists understand what treatment option may be best for you, depending on the severity of your phobia. Nevertheless, whether your arachnophobia is mild or severe, there are many treatment options available. Most of them pertain to systematic desensitization, which involves gradually exposing an individual to their phobia in hopes of eventually eliminating or reducing anxiety, and cognitive behavioral therapy, which teaches individuals how to change the behaviors and irrational thought processes associated with their phobia.6
some prominent treatment options
One popular systematic desensitization treatment option that is currently being heavily researched and developed involves presenting images of spiders to the arachnophobic individuals in question. The images shown are not spiders, but are objects or things that share many of the same characteristics as spiders (i.e. camera that stands with spider-like legs). So far, this treatment has proven effective. In fact, one 2007 Brazilian study in the Journal of Neural Plasticity found that after 6 months of completing treatment, 92% of spider-fearing individuals had recovered and some could even approach or hold spiders without feeling immense anxiety.7
For younger children, psychoeducative programs that use cognitive behavioral therapy are currently being developed to treat arachnophobia and other irrational fears at an early age. These programs attempt to break the preconceived notions that many individuals have from a young age regarding certain objects, events, or animals.8
Newer popular treatments involve 3D simulations and exposures to spiders. One 2006 study in Technology and Healthcare manipulated a 3D video game by adding spiders throughout the game. They recorded a significant improvement in individuals participating in the study after continued exposure to the game. Improvement was measured through questionnaires and tests.9
The general process of treating spider phobia involves teaching people the reality about spiders, ridding them of their prejudices, showing them images and reproductions of spiders, and gradually helping them become more comfortable in the presence of spiders.
The fear of spiders is sometimes attributed to the Black Death of the Middle Ages. Because infectious diseases were spreading rapidly during this time, many doctors and people began to associate spiders with disease.4
Hindus in the South Bengal release spiders at weddings as a sign of good luck.
In Africa, spiders are considered wise, and locals often preserve and protect their habitats.4
There are more than 40,000 species of spiders worldwide!
Spiders have been living on Earth since long before the dinosaurs appeared.
Only 50% of spiders actually make spider webs.
fun facts
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bottom lineMost of the time, spiders are just unwanted guests that sometimes cross our paths. As you’ve seen, arachnophobia is a common and widespread problem. Many people suffer from mild versions of this phobia, but if you feel your fear is debilitating and extreme, it’s important that you contact a health professional and look into potential treatment options. It’s time to get the creepy crawlies out of your mind! t w
References 1. “Phobias.” mayoclinic.org. (2014).2. “Spiders are special: fear and disgust evoked by pictures of arthropods.” Evol Hum Behav. (2009).3. “Spiders at the cocktail party: an ancestral threat that surmounts inattentional blindness.” Evol Hum Behav. (2015). 4. “The ‘Disgusting’ Spider: The Role of Disease and Illness in the Perpetuation of Fear of Spiders.” Soc and Anim. (1994). 5. “Biased interpretation and memory in children with varying levels of spider fear.” Cogn Emot. (2014). 6. “Functional Neuroimaging in Psychiatry.” Dtsch Arztebl. (2006). 7. “A Spiderless Arachnophobia Therapy: Comparison between Placebo and Treatment Groups and Six-Month Follow-Up Study.” Neural Plast. (2007). 8. “Psychoeducation leads to a reduction in fear of spiders in 8- to 9-year-old children - a pilot study.” Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. (2012). 9. “Effectiveness of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of arachnophobia using 3D games.” Technol Health Care. (2006).
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breathe well
achoo!pet allergies
You’re ready. You’ve made up your mind. You see that adorable little puppy in the windowsill, the one you’ve been eyeing for days, and you know that
today’s the day. You’re going to bring that excited, lovable little thing home. But as soon you walk inside, you start sneezing. Your eyes start watering. “Oh no!” you think,
“What’s happening?”
by richa vakharia | design by jenna le
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› › what is a pet allergy?
Millions of people start sneezing, coughing, or start scratching their skin in the presence of a pet. They all say the same thing: they’re allergic. But what exactly does that mean? Essentially, a pet allergy is any sort of allergic reaction to the proteins found in an animal’s skin cells, saliva, or urine. The most common trigger is the dead skin flakes (known as dander) that a pet sheds.1 Dander can be found anywhere, from air vents to sofa pillows, so what can people with pet allergies do? Are they doomed?
› › what happens during an allergic reaction?
how do you know if you’re allergic to pets?› ›
First things first, to diagnose someone with a pet allergy, you must understand what an allergy actually is. Our body contains a natural defense system called the immune system. If you’re allergic to pet dander, for example, the immune system identifies it as an invader, or an allergen. It then releases antibodies called Immunoglobulin E, or IgE. The IgEs travel to cells that release chemicals that then produces an allergic reaction, or what we call “allergies.”2
Pet allergies come in a wide variety. In fact, you may be allergic yourself! For those who are unsure, symptoms include, but are not limited to, the following when in the presence of an animal:
Though allergies are dependent on the individual affected, the type of animal may also affect the symptoms. The most common allergens come from domestic cats, dogs, and horses, although allergies to rodents, rabbits and guinea pigs aren’t unheard of.
To truly diagnose a pet allergy, experts most commonly use the simple skin-prick test. They first place a small extract of the allergen on the skin, which is then pricked with a fine, sterile probe. This allows for the allergen to seep beneath the skin. For the next 15 to 20 minutes, the pricked area is monitored for any signs of an allergic reaction, such as redness or swelling. Essentially, it is a direct and quick way to figure out if it is really the animal that is causing the allergy, rather than any environmental factors.3
› SneezingRunny noseItchy, red, or watery eyesItchy nose, roof of mouth, or throatCoughingFacial pressure and painSwollen, blue-colored skin under the eyesItchy skin
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how to treat the symptoms
There are several treatments that could help soothe the symptoms of an allergic reaction, but it is important to note that it may not work for everyone. That being said, the American College of Allergies, Asthma and Immunology has come up with a list of helpful tips:
Taking allergy medications is another viable option, but these medications aren’t specific to pet allergies. They soothe allergy symptoms that are caused by a number of factors, but nonetheless can be effective in pet allergies as well.1
Of course, the best treatment advice for you will most likely come from your allergist or doctor. They can determine the best paths to take for your specific allergy and body.3
› › how to prevent allergies—is there such a thing?
› ›
There are several experimental techniques in preventing pet allergies. However, it is important to note that these are not guaranteed to work for everybody.
The age-old technique of avoidance is one that requires very little money, but a considerable amount of effort. Of course, if you don’t go near the source of your allergies, then you won’t experience the symptoms. However, it may be difficult since evidence of allergens, such as dander, have been found in areas where pets aren’t usually kept.
› › hypoallergenic pets
Hypoallergenic pets, or pets that have less hair or are likely to shed less hair, are many owners’ solution to allergies. However, even though some breeds are marketed to reduce allergies, it may not always be the case. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology goes as far to say that there are no true “hypoallergenic” breeds, because a pet can only be hypoallergenic if it doesn’t shed at all.5
If a cat walks by a store, for example, it will still shed hair. Though that one store may not allow pets inside, if you are severely allergic to cats, you will still experience allergy symptoms while walking past. Therefore, though avoidance is effective, it may be difficult to pursue.
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General avoidance: stay away from pets that you’re allergic to as much as possibleKeep the pet out of the bedroom and restrict it only a few roomsDon’t hug, pet, or kiss the pet; if you do, make sure to wash your hands with soapConstantly running high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) cleaners can reduce allergen levels over timeRegular use of high efficiency vacuum cleaners or a central vacuum can reduce allergen levels2
immunotherapy is a process of desensitization wherein repeated high doses of the allergen can alter the immune response so that an allergic reaction is not triggered with exposure to the allergen. It has been shown to work better for cat allergies than for dog allergies. Tests have shown that successful immunotherapy treatments may require a higher allergen dose. However, a higher allergen dose also means worse side effects and late-phase responses, so it is not a foolproof prevention plan.4
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Furthermore, a study published in Methods in 2014 demonstrated higher expression of allergens in hypoallergenic dog breeds than in “normal” breeds. In fact, cats and dogs have such diverse allergen panels that it is difficult to find a specific pattern that can be used to suit any one person’s allergies in general. Bottom line: the study suggests that hypoallergenic pets may not be the solution for pet owners with pet allergies- they may actually worsen allergies!4
› › will having pets as a kid make us more susceptible to future pet allergies or resistant to them?
bottom line
This is an interesting discussion because there is no solid answer to this question. Some researchers, like the ones who conducted the study published in Clinical and Experimental Allergy in 1999, found that children exposed to pets during the first year of life were less likely to show allergies at 7 to 9 years old and asthma at 12 to 13 years old.6
However, another study published in Allergy in 2003 found that having a dog or a cat in the home increased the risk of developing allergic asthma to animals. The participants were chosen from a pool of 15 to 69 year olds with either pets in the household or no pets in the household. There were already certain participants who showed symptoms and certain who did not. After about 8 years, blood samples were taken from the same participants to re-test allergic symptoms. The results showed that prior exposure to pets was indeed associated with increased allergy symptoms.7
Unfortunately, even in today’s day and age, there is no perfect solution for pet allergies. However, that doesn’t mean there are no treatments at all. When there’s a will, there’s always a way! So, for the millions out there who are allergic to pets, don’t worry. By following these tips and talking to a doctor, you may still be able to be a proud pet owner. So maybe not today, but someday, that puppy will be yours. t w
References1. “Pet Allergy.” mayoclinic.org. (2015). 2. “Allergic Reactions.” aaaai.org. (2015).3. “Types of Allergies: Pet Allergies.” acaai.org. (2014).4. “Mammalian-derived respiratory allergens-implicationsfor diagnosis and therapy for individuals allegic to furryanimals.” Methods. (2014). 5. “Pet Allergy.” aaaai.org. (2014).6. “Does early exposure to cat or dog protect against later allergy development?” C Clin Allergy. (1999). 7. “Pets in the home and the development of pet allergy inadulthood.” Allergy. (2003).
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feeding on feet:
by syndie bui | design by edith ramirez
what are fish pedicures?
uses
psoriasis
A 2006 pilot study from Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine investigated the effectiveness of 2 hour ichthyotherapy followed by ultraviolet A (UVA) sunbed radiation as a remedy for patients with psoriasis. After 3 weeks of treatment, patients reported decreased severity in symptoms. However, there was no control group in the study for comparison. Furthermore, the study was done in a highly regulated setting, using one tub per person over 3 weeks, which may not reflect normal spa practices. As a result, the conclusions should still be taken with a grain of salt.4
case study for ichthyosis
Congenital lamellar ichthyosis is a skin condition present from birth. It is characterized by dry, thick, and scaly skin, particularly around the joints. In a case study, a boy diagnosed with this condition underwent 3 weeks of ichthyotherapy. He was able to move painlessly and to perspire, which he was unable to do before. Routine treatment was necessary for him to maintain a better quality of life. 2
Because only a handful of studies have been conducted on the medical value of ichthyotherapy, these findings cannot be generalized to the general population. More studies need to be done before any reliable medical claims can be made.
fish pedicures
If you’ve ever stepped into a foot spa, you’ve probably experienced the usual feet soak, peeling scrub, and massage. Now imagine a tickling sensation, as if something is gently nibbling at your feet. This is what is commonly experienced during fish pedicures. Fish pedicures, also known as “ichthyotherapy,” involve dipping your feet in a tub of fresh water full of Garra rufa, or “doctor” fish,
which nibble off the dead skin on your feet, revealing a fresh new layer of smooth skin. The fish are native to the Middle East, where the practice originated as a medical practice to treat skin conditions.1 At the hot springs of Kangal, Turkey, for instance, G. rufa
feed on the skin of people affected by psoriasis, an autoimmune skin disease that results in red, scaly patches of skin.2,3
aesthetics
The fish are primarily used for aesthetic purposes in spas, acting as live exfoliants that remove calluses. An exfoliant is a mechanical or chemical instrument used to remove dead skin cells, and calluses are thick, hardened areas of skin.
medical treatment
Researchers have been exploring the potential for ichthyotherapy to serve as a medical treatment as well, although this is still considered a novelty.
body in focus
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References1. “Fish Pedicures and Fish Spas.” cdc.gov. (2012).2. “Ichthyotherapy.” Biotherapy - History, Principles, and Practice: A Practical Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease Using Living Organisms. (2013).3. “About Psoriasis.” psoriasis.org. (2015).4. “Ichthyotherapy as Alternative Treatment for Patients with Psoriasis: A Pilot Study.” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2006).5. “Phototherapy for Psoriasis.” webmd.com. (2014).6. “Doctor Fish – Cure for Psoriasis?” raps.org. (2012).7. “Industry Bulletin 4/10/2013 Fish Pedicures.” barbercosmo.ca.gov. (2013).8. “Zoonotic Disease Pathogens in Fish Used for Pedicure.” Emerg Infect Dis. (2012).9. “The Microbiological Quality of Water in Fish Spas with Garra Rufa Fish, the Netherlands, October to November 2012.” Eurosurveillance. (2015).10. “Guidance on the management of the public health risks from fish pedicures.” gov.uk. (2011).
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how does it work? are there risks?
Although this list is not exhaustive, there are several possible reasons that ichthyotherapy may work on skin conditions:
1. Not only do the fish nibble away the dead skin, but the physical contact itself provides a micro-massage.2
2. The fish may prefer scaly skin over healthy skin because it is easier to remove.2
3. Ichthyotherapy may enhance the effects of UV therapy for patients with psoriasis because it allows the UV rays to penetrate deeper into the skin by removing superficial layers of the skin.2UV therapy works by slowing the growth of new skin cells.5
4. Stress may cause psoriasis symptoms to worsen. The relaxing atmosphere of spas may result in psychological stress reduction.2
5. The oral secretions of G. rufa may have anti-inflammatory properties. Although no studies have examined G. rufa secretions specifically, other studies have shown that the mucus of other fish species plays a role in preventing bacterial colonization and halting cell division, a condition observed in psoriasis.2
Fish pedicures are popular in spas around Europe and Asia.6 However, they are banned in some states in the US, including California, due to the following health concerns7:
1. The fish cannot be disinfected or cleaned between each therapeutic session, which may increase the risk of transmitting infections.1
2. Chinchin fish, which have teeth, might be mislabeled as G. rufa. Using them can cause bleeding, which can further increase the risk of infection.1
A 2012 letter to the editor in Emerging Infectious Diseases reported a disease outbreak of the bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae, known to colonize human skin, in fish supplied to the UK from Indonesia, as well as other pathogens capable of causing soft-tissue infections in humans. Although there are only a few reports of human infection to date, the authors discouraged any patients with underlying conditions such as diabetes or immunosuppression from undergoing the treatment, especially if they had open cuts or wounds.8 However, in a 2015 survey of water quality published in Eurosurveillance, 24 spas in the Netherlands were tested for bacteria and while each water sample contained several types of bacteria, the levels were low enough for health risks to be considered minimal. The authors concluded that, aside from the same risk groups mentioned earlier, fish spas aregenerally safe.9
health risks
The fish used in therapeutic spas may be starved so that they will eat skin, and this may be classified as animal cruelty. G. rufa typically eat phyto- and zooplankton, but when these food sources are scarce, they eat dead skin instead.1,4,10
other concerns
Fish pedicures have been used by the public for aesthetic exfoliation purposes, and studies indicate that they can potentially alleviate skin diseases like psoriasis. To date, reports have found that the health risks associated with fish pedicures are low, but fish pedicures are not recommended if you have an infection, open wound, or anything that weakens your immune system. Although fish won’t be nibbling on your feet in California anytime soon, you can still enjoy a relaxing day at the foot spa in the meantime.
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crazy about rabies?
With all the hype around rabies and the possible “zombie-like” behavior it can induce, it is important to get to the bottom of what’s real and what’s not. Although the rabies virus is
deadly and can have serious consequences following the aftermath of a bite, many people don’t realize that not every animal is a carrier of the virus. Whether you have pets or not, it is important to understand what the rabies virus is and how it is actually transmitted. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 59,000 people worldwide die
from rabies each year.1 Read on to discover whether what you’ve heard about rabies is the truth or a myth!
feature
by jasmine sidhu | design by alison jeng
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Every 10 minutes someone dies from the rabies virus somewhere in the world.2 Of the 59,000 people rabies kills each year, the majority of these cases occur in Asia and Africa because of the lack of sufficient preventative treatments and the lack of rabies control in animals.1 According to the World Health Organization, rabies threatens over 4.5 billion people globally and is present in every continent except Antarctica.3
why should you care about rabies?
rabies is deadly: fact!However, contrary to popular belief, rabies-related death is not as prevalent in the United States and infected individuals usually have contracted the disease from another country. There are only 2 to 3 rabies-related deaths annually in the United States. This is largely due to the development of vaccines for animals and humans.4
rabies is common in the U.S.: myth!
Rabies is a viral, transmittable disease caused by lyssaviruses that infect the central nervous system, and it virtually always leads to death after symptoms have begun. In an effort to protect the body from the virus, the immune system causes inflammation in the brain.5 Inflammation is a protective, physiological response in which part of the body swells up in an effort to rid the body of foreign substances. Studies published in the Journal of Virology in 1998 and the Journal of Developmental Biology in 2008 found that inflammation has a major role in clearing the rabies virus from the central nervous system but can result in many uncomfortable symptoms.6,7
what is rabies and are you at risk?
rabies is viral and transmittable: fact!
Early symptoms in humans include fever, fatigue, vertigo, nausea, and agitation. Later, more abnormal symptoms include hallucinations, anxiety, depression, paralysis, hypersalivation, and hydrophobia. Coma and death shortly follow the onset of later symptoms.4,8 In animals, symptoms include hypersensitivity to touch, light, and sound, paralysis in the jaw that leads to foaming in the mouth, disorientation, loss of appetite, and seizures. Animals who are generally friendly become irritable and those who are reserved become hyperactive. They will tend to scratch and lick the site of their bites, which come from other animals that are already infected with the disease. If symptoms start to appear, it is essential that you take your pet to the veterinarian as soon as possible and avoid contact with them.9
rabies have severe symptoms: fact! (but not like in the movies)
In humans, the virus can be transmitted by human or animal agents. It is most often transmitted via a bite or scratch. However, it can be transmitted from infected agents if their saliva comes into contact with open wounds or human mucosa, which lines the lips, eyelids, nostrils, and ears.3 Animals, like humans, are also at high risk of getting rabies via bites and scratches. Domestic animals like dogs and cats are often bitten or scratched by raccoons or coyotes. Furthermore, if their mucosa comes in contact with an infected agent’s saliva, they can receive the virus as well.
agents of transmission
rabies can be transmitted through a bite or scratch: fact!
Human transmission of rabies is very rare. It can only be transferred from human to human via organ transplants or bites. It is not airborne like the common flu.4,5
I will get rabies if I come in contact with someone who has rabies: myth!
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In humans, the virus can be transmitted by human or animal agents. It is most often transmitted via a bite or scratch. However, it can be transmitted from infected agents if their saliva comes into contact with open wounds or human mucosa, which lines the lips, eyelids, nostrils, and ears.3 Animals, like humans, are also at high risk of getting rabies via bites and scratches. Domestic animals like dogs and cats are often bitten or scratched by raccoons or coyotes. Furthermore, if their mucosa comes in contact with an infected agent’s saliva, they can receive the virus as well.
which animals carry the rabies virus?
all animals carry the rabies virus and are capable of transferring it to humans: myth!
wild animals: bats, wolves, raccoons, coyotes, foxes, skunks, mountain lions
Will transmit rabies According to the CDC, 90% of all rabies cases occur in wildlife. Most of these occur in raccoons. However, humans are more threatened by domestic animals than wild animals due to greater amount of exposure to domestic animals.10
non-mammals: fish, birds, insects, reptiles (snakes, lizards, etc.)
Do not transmit rabies.10
domestic animals: dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, sheep, and goats
Will transmit rabiesHumans are more likely to get exposed to the virus from their pets than from wildlife. According to the World Health Organization, domestic dogs are the most common carriers of the rabies virus worldwide with more than 95% of human rabies-related deaths caused by dogs with rabies.11
small creatures: squirrels, mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, chipmunks, rabbits, and hares
Do not transmit rabies to humans.10
It is important to acknowledge that all bites from animals are serious and should receive medical attention immediately. In particular, if you are bitten by a bat, seek medical attention immediately because bats are very common carriers of the disease. If you are bitten by sick cats or dogs, the risk of contracting rabies depends on which part of the country you live in, so you should check with a physician or your local public health department. However, if you are bitten by a squirrel, rabbit, or snake, seek medical attention, but know that you won’t develop rabies because these animals cannot spread the virus.12
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treatmentsFirst, it is important to consider that there is no effective treatment for rabies once symptoms have begun, but there are ways to prevent infection from taking place in people who have been bitten. In the case that you have been bitten by a rabies-carrying agent, then you will have to receive one fast-acting shot (immune globulin) and a series of vaccines to prevent the virus from spreading. Typically, four injections are given over the course of 14 days.13
However, rabies can be prevented via prophylaxis treatment taken to prevent the disease by specified means. Pre-exposure prophylaxis and post-exposure prophylaxis involve treating patients with the Human Diploid Cell Vaccine and Purified Chick Embryo Cell Vaccine.14 Preexposure prophylaxis should be given if someone is spending more than 1 month abroad in a high-risk rabies country and is administered every 6 months to every 2 years depending on the risk factor.13,15,16
how to keep yourself protectedRegardless of whether you’re a pet owner or not, there are a few precautions you should take to protect yourself from this disease. It is important to recognize that rabies can affect anyone and once symptoms appear, they spare no one. The good news is that rabies is a 100% preventable disease!15,16
Make sure your pets have their rabies shots, which are core vaccines legally required. They should receive one shot after birth. The frequency of the shots is determined by state guidelines. Stay away from unfamiliar animals and wildlife. Common animals that get rabies are raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes.If you’re out camping, make sure you don’t disturb or try to engage in activity with these wild animals. 90% of animal rabies cases reported to the CDC are in wild animals.Keep your pets indoors and if they leave the home make sure someone is supervising them, especially if you live in an isolated area.Keep your garbage covered and closed to avoid unfriendly creatures in search of their dinner.
It is highly recommended that researchers, travelers, and hikers in high-risk areas get a vaccine or pre-exposure immunization.Those who are traveling to Asia and Africa should be especially careful of animals because rabies is most common in these continents.Do not touch a dead animal with bare hands. The rabies virus may still be present in its nervous tissue or saliva.Report animals that are acting strangely, are unusually calm, continuously bite anything and everything, uncontrollably drool, or are sick.Call animal authority if you see a bat inside your home.
bottom lineRabies is a deadly, viral disease that can develop in humans via bites from infected animals, scratches, or contact through mucosa. Domestic animals more commonly transmit the disease to humans than wild animals because of their continuous and intimate contact with humans, but in the US, the risk of a bite from a wild animal like a raccoon or bat is much greater than the risk of a dog or cat bite. Although the prevalence of rabies-related deaths in America is low, it is important to take precaution with pets or when traveling to foreign countries. If you’re scared about getting rabies, then make sure that your pets, especially dogs, are vaccinated. Next time you get bitten by an animal, seek medical treatment immediately, but realize that a bite doesn’t always mean you’ll get rabies because not every animal can be a carrier!
References
1. Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies.” PLoS Negl Trop Dis. (2015).2. “Utility of the health belief model to assess predictors of rabies preventive measures.” J Educ Health Promot. (2014).3. “Rabies.” who.net. (2015). 4. “Is rabies in your state?” cdc.gov. (2015). 5. “Rabies molecular virology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment.” J Virol. (2012). 6. “Collaboration of antibody and inflammation in clearance of rabies virus from the central nervous system.” J Virol. (1998). 7. “Inflammatory responses in the nervous system of mice infected with a street isolate of rabies virus.” Dev Biol. (2008). 8. “Rhabdoviruses: Rabies Virus.” Med Microbiol. (1996). 9. “Rabies in Dogs.” webmd.com. (2014). 10. “What is the risk for my pet?” cdc.gov. (2015).11. “About Rabies.” who.int. (2015).12. “Animal Bites and Rabies Risk.” publichealth.lacounty.gov. (2015). 13. “Diseases and Conditions: Rabies.” mayoclinic.org. (2014). 14. “Preexposure Vaccine.” cdc.gov. (2011). 15. “Overview, prevention, and treatment of rabies.” Pharmacotherapy. (2009).16. “Rabies: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prophylaxis.” Adv Ther. (2007). 17. “The Challenge of Rabies.” cdc.gov. (2015).
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find your parkCory Rosas is the Co-Assistant EARTH Director for the 2015-2016 year.
August 25, 2016 marks the 100th year of stewardship of America’s national parks through the National Park Service. There is no better way to participate in this centennial celebration than to visit your local national park and experience the scenic beauty that nature has to offer.
by cory rosas | design by alison jeng
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The state of California is home to seven national parks encompassing four different major ecosystems, each with an abundant number of native species. These locales are protected because they are housing extremely delicate ecosystems that may not exist elsewhere in the world if not preserved. There is at least one vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered species residing within each of California’s national parks, including the Sierra Nevada bighorn goat (Yosemite National Park), the Sierra Nevada red fox (Sequoia National Park), the desert tortoise (Joshua Tree National Park), the Devil’s Hole pupfish (Death Valley National Park), the Channel Islands fox (Channel Islands National Park), the bald eagle (Lassen Volcanic National Park), and the California condor (Pinnacles National Park).
The Devil’s Hole pupfish, whose numbers have dwindled to as low as 35 living pupfish in April 2013, is a valuable scientific specimen for its ability to adapt to adverse conditions, living in warm temperatures with low oxygen levels. No one knows for sure how the extinction of one particular organism will affect the overarching ecosystem, but the removal of one species within the system has the potential to set off a chain reaction affecting many other groups.
Saving endangered species from extinction and protecting their natural habitats is crucial for preserving biodiversity, which in turn provides us with air and water purification, pollination of crops and natural vegetation, carbon sequestration, and preservation of soil fertility along with other health benefits. Celebrate the diverse environments that California and the National Park Service have to offer and help conserve these natural habitats by visiting FindYourPark.com to see the upcoming centennial events near you, share your stories, and find your park!
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WHEREThe Ashe Center is
conveniently located in Bruin Plaza, right in the
center of campus!
Visit Ashe Today!
ARTHUR ASHESTUDENT HEALTH AND WELLNESS
HOWSCHEDULING
APPOINTMENTS
Onlinestudenthealth.ucla.edu
By Phone(310) 825-4073
In Person1st Floor
Scheduling Station
WHATOUR SERVICES
Primary CareWomen’s Health
Walk-in Urgent CareSpecialty ClinicsImmunizations
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WHOAll registered UCLA
students have access to The Ashe Center, with or without UC SHIP.
HOURSMonday - Thursday
8am - 5:30pm
Fridays9am - 4:30pm
Saturdays9am - 12pm*
*walk-ins only, limited services available
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Want to learn more about IM
& health?
HIGHLIGHTS: Learn about Integrative Medicine and
its role in health cultivation from 10+ UCLA faculty and guest speakers
Experience hands-on workshops of different healing modalities and discover the science behind them
Learn self-care tips on how to live well and healthier
MEDICINE 180: Introduction to Integrative East-West Medicine for Health and
Wellness
UCLA SUMMER SESSION A: JUNE 21-JULY 28, 2016
Space is limited. Now enrolling!
UCLA CENTER FOR EAST-WEST MEDICINE www.exploreim.ucla.edu
Student Testimonials: “I valued the fact that this class made me think outside of the box about how to approach medical diagnosis. Also, from completing this course I realized that I have a knack for Eastern medicine and want to incorporate it in my medical journey.” “I like how this class promoted thinking and it changed my perspective on medicine. I learned a lot about integrative medicine. [We had] good demonstrations and [it was] really insightful!” For more information and to enroll, visit: <http://www.cewm.med.ucla.edu/education/summer-course/>
No prerequisites necessary. Groups who are welcome to take the course: • High School Students • Undergraduate Students • Graduate Students • Healthcare Professionals
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We would like to acknowledge the following people for their contributions to this edition. We would also like to make special mention of the following UCLA physicians, professors, and faculty members who donated their time and expertise to ensuring the accuracy of content published in the following articles:
q&aEve Lahijani, MS, RD, Nutrition Health Educator, UCLA Office of Residential Life
the importance of postureDavid Fish, MD, MPH, Associate Director for the Pain Medicine Fellowship Program, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UCLA David Geffen School of MedicineLan Kao, LAc, Clinical Specialist, UCLA Center for East-West Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
mind your beeswax: the health and cosmetic benefits of beeswaxAnabella Pascucci, MD, Health Sciences Clinical Instructor, Division of Dermatology, UCLA Health, Redondo BeachVeena Vanchinathan, MD, Health Sciences Assistant Clinical Professor, Division of Dermatology, UCLA Health, Porter Ranch
arachnophobia: why do we fear our eight-legged friends?Christopher Conway, PhD, Postdoctoral Scholar, UCLA Department of PsychologyAlex Korb, PhD, Postdoctoral Scholar, UCLA Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences
achoo! pet allergiesRita Kachru, MD, Assistant Professor, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
feeding on feet: fish pedicuresAndrew Shubov, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor, UCLA Center for East-West Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
crazy about rabies?Gregory Moran, MD, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Olive View – UCLA Medical Center
copy-edits and reviewPayam Mirfendereski, Omid Mirfendereski, Christopher Phan, Nancy Vu
layout revisionsAlison Jeng, Jackie Nguyen
cover & table of contentsDesigned by Alison Jeng, Jackie Nguyen
credits
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Look for new classes every quarter. For the current schedule, view the Rec Quarterly online at www.recreation.ucla.edu/recquarterly.
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